I have tried to meet the criticism against using statistical adaptations that erase systems of relations by removing correlations from their social and cultural context in chapter five, where the correlations are given in their morphological contexts. However, the social variables, as they are taken at face value are indeed extracted from their social and cultural context. I have numbers of how many people have university educations, not what kind of university education they have. I have numbers on income per inhabitant but not how this income is made. I have the numbers on “Swedishness”, but not how this is contextual in relation to other national ethnicitys. I have a figure for mobility but not information on where people move from and where they move to, etc. All my social data is thus decontextualized and I try only to recontextualize it in my chapter on morphology by observation and by matching the social types to morphological situations. This would be highly incomplete by Bourdieu’s standards. I hope in the future to supplement my study with systematic observations based on these statistics (Broady 1990:485). Further research could discover the discrepancies
between the field, as objectively constructed and the field as subjectively constructed by different actors. This is what Bourdieu does in examining homologies between the positions of field producers and the standpoints held in such fields. I have merely taken the first step here, by constructing the field objectively. This objective field is not objective in the sense of being the end of all discussion of how the field of residential segregation per subarea is constructed; it is but one (subjective) interpretation of objectivity. How is it objective? Only in that it constructs the areas as objects rather than as areas filled with subjective agents.
The architectural researcher should, like the sociologist, use statistics to help combat and suppress intuitionist representations, spontaneous thinking, daily life consciousness and the implicit assumptions of immediate consciousness (cf. Broady 1990:403-404; 483). Bourdieu merges statistical and ethnographical methods.
A field in the sense used by Bourdieu is, thus, a system of relations between positions. Using my data, then, I constructed the following one-dimensional fields where the elements were the subareas of Malmö: the field of people with university educations, the field of people with upper secondary school educations only, the field of people with compulsory school educations only, the field of mean income, the field of income per inhabitant, the field of mobility, the field of “Swedishness”, the field of employment, the field of gender employment, the field of age, the field of political inclination, the field of reactionariness/radicalness. The elements of the field were subareas, and each of these could be plotted in a position along a single axis in relation to the other elements. The field of the subareas then consists of all these relations seen simultaneously.
I ranked all the areas over most of the variables, giving them one out of five on a relative scale, i.e. the fifth highest ranked were given a ++ designation, the next fifth a + designation, the third fifth a designation of 0, the fourth fifth a designation – and the last fifth a designation --.
A few variables were treated differently from the rest. For age group I examined whether an age group was overrepresented in relation to the figure for Malmö as a whole by checking whether the population number for the age group exceeded the norm for Malmö by 1.25, in which case that age group was overrepresented.
For gender employment I used a similar method, comparing the figures for Malmö as a whole in relation to the figures for the subarea to see whether or not males or females were more often employed than the Malmö norm.
I then used a number of series of linear regression analyses to analyze the material. Before I present the linear regressions, I repeat Bourdieu’s warning against linear thinking: “The structural causality of a network of factors is quite irreducible to the cumulated effects of the set of linear relations, of different explanatory force, which the necessities of analysis oblige one to isolate…” (Bourdieu 1984:107).
Social types
I arranged the subareas into social types according to a hierarchy based primarily on the four social variables education, income, age and ethnicity. I then choose the type value (the most common value in the group) which became the norm value for the social type. As a tiebreaker for the social types if two (or more) values were equal for type value, I used population. I also chose a subarea that was most similar to the most typical values as a reference area. See below.
KEY TO TABLES
Population POP
Education EDU University/Upper secondary school/
Compulsory school
Income INC Mean income/income per inhabitant
“Swedishness” SWE
Overrepresented age group(s) AGE
Mobility MOB
Employment WOR Overall/Gender overrepresentation
Politically blue or red POL DK BLU (dark blue), LT BLU (light blue),
EQ (equal), LT RED (light red), DK RED (dark red)
Politically reactionary/radical RAD REAC (strongly reactionary), reac (slightly reactionary), EQ (equal), rad (slightly radical), RAD (strongly radical) Table 3:1 Key to tables.
Social type A (Hästhagen)
Subareas (delområden)
POP EDU INC SWE AGE MOB WOR POL RAD
Västra Hamnen 700 ++/--/-- +/++ 0 19-44 + -/0 DK
BLU rad
Inre Hamnen 111 ++/--/-- 0/++ ++ 25-44 + +/F N/A N/A
Davidshall 1,622 ++/--/-- 0/++ + 25-44 + +/0 DK
BLU RAD
Hästhagen 1,502 ++/--/-- 0/++ ++ 25-44 + +/F DK
BLU RAD
Rörsjöstaden 4,049 ++/--/-- 0/++ + 25-44 ++ +/0 LT
BLU RAD
Fågelbacken 2,502 ++/-/-- 0/++ ++ 25-44/80+ ++ +/F LT
BLU rad
Rönneholm 6,881 ++/-/-- 0/++ ++ 25-44/80+ + +/F DK
BLU rad
Gamla Staden 7,645 ++/-/-- 0/++ 0 25-44 + 0/0 DK
BLU RAD
Ribersborg 8,042 ++/-/-- 0/++ ++ 80+ 0 +/F DK
BLU rad
Kronborg 1,790 ++/--/-- 0/++ ++ 65+ 0 +/F N/A N/A
Rådmansvången 6,437 ++/--/-- -/+ 0 25-44 + 0/0 EQ RAD
Västra Sorgenfri 5,578 ++/--/-- -/+ + 19-44 ++ 0/0 LT
RED RAD
Social type A 46,859 ++/--/-- 0/++ ++ 25-44 + +/0 DK
BLU RAD
Table 3:2 Social type A (social values).
Primary characteristic: education.
The subareas represented in social type A consist of the highest numbers of people with university educations coupled with the lowest numbers of people with upper secondary school only and the lowest numbers of people with compulsory school only. This characteristic is shared with the subareas of social type D.
Secondary characteristic: income.
The subareas in social type A have both medium levels of mean income and the highest levels of income per inhabitant. This differs from social type D which has the highest levels of both mean income and income per inhabitant.
Tertiary characteristic: age group.
The most overrepresented age group in social type A is the group 25-44. This differs from social type D which has overrepresentation of the age groups 0-18 and 45+.
Fourth-level characteristic: “Swedishness”
The subareas in social type A have high levels of “Swedishness”. This differs from social type D which has the highest level of “Swedishness”.
Other characteristics: mobility, employment and political inclination
Mobility levels are high, employment high, more women are employed in relation to the city norm. The subarea is politically dark blue and strongly radical. This differs from social type D which has the lowest levels of mobility, the highest levels of employment; more men are employed in relation to the city norm, the radical/reactionary ratio is equal.
Hästhagen is the most typical social type A area.
Social type B (Möllevången)
Subareas (delområden)
POP EDU INC MOB SWE AGE WOR POL RAD
Slussen 2,566 +/-/-- -/+ + 0 25-44 0/F LT
BLU rad
Östervärn 2,628 +/-/- -/0 ++ - 19-44 0/F LT
RED RAD
Värnhem 1,806 +/-/- -/- ++ - 19-44 -/0 DK
RED RAD
Katrinelund 1,479 ++/--/- --/- ++ 0 19-24&65+ -/M DK
RED RAD
Möllevången 9,992 +/-/- --/- ++ - 19-44 -/0 DK
RED RAD
Södervärn 1,481 +/-/- --/- ++ - 19-44 -/0 LT
RED RAD
Norra Sofielund 3,524 +/-/0 --/- ++ - 19-44 +/M DK
RED RAD
Social Type B 23,476 +/-/- --/- ++ - 25-44 -/0 DK
RED RAD
Table 3:3 Social type B (social values).
Primary characteristic: education.
The subareas represented in social type B consist of high numbers of people with university educations coupled with low numbers of people with upper secondary school only and low numbers of people with compulsory school only. This characteristic is not directly shared with any other social type though the subareas of social type E are the closest, and only differ in having medium numbers of people with upper secondary school only.
Secondary characteristic: income.
The subareas in social type B have the lowest levels of mean income and low levels of income per inhabitant.
This differs from social type E which has high levels both of mean income and income per inhabitant.
Tertiary characteristic: age group.
The most overrepresented age group in social type B is 19-44. This differs from social type E where the group 65+ is overrepresented.
Fourth-level characteristic: “Swedishness”
The subareas in social type B have low levels of “Swedishness”. This differs from social type E which has high levels of “Swedishness”.
Other characteristics: mobility, employment and political inclination
Mobility levels are the highest, employment medium, no overrepresentation of either sex in relation to employment, politically dark red and strongly radical. This differs from social type E which has low levels of mobility, high levels of employment, more women are employed in relation to the city norm. It is politically light blue and slightly reactionary.
Möllevången is the most typical social type B area.
Social type C (Kirsebergsstaden)
Subareas (delområden)
POP EDU INC MOB SWE AGE WOR POL RAD
Östra Sorgenfri 5,835 +/+/- -/0 + - 19-24/80+ 0/0 DK
RED rad
Ellstorp 1,508 +/+/- --/+ + 0 19-44/80+ +/F EQ rad
Allmänna
Sjukhuset 388 +/0/-- -/+ ++ 0 19-44 0/F N/A N/A
Annelund 1,724 0/+/- --/0 + - 19-44 0/0 DK
RED rad
Lönngården 1,255 0/+/- --/0 ++ - 19-44 0/0 LT
RED rad
Kirsebergsstaden 4,932 0/0/0 -/0 + 0 19-24 0/F DK
RED rad
Social Type C 15,642 0/+/- -/0 + - 19-24 0/0 DK
RED rad
Table 3:4 Social type C (social values).
Primary characteristic: education.
The subareas represented in social type C consist of medium numbers of people with university educations coupled with medium numbers of people with upper secondary school only and low numbers of people with compulsory school only. This characteristic is not directly shared with any other social type, but the subareas of social type E are the closest and only differ in having a high number of people with university educations.
Secondary characteristic: income.
The subareas in social type C have low levels of mean income and medium levels of income per inhabitant.
This differs from social type E which has high levels both of mean income and income per inhabitant.
Tertiary characteristic: age group.
The most overrepresented age groups in social type C are 19-44 and 80+. This differs from social type E where the group 65+ is overrepresented.
Fourth level characteristic: “Swedishness”
The subareas in social type C have low levels of “Swedishness”. This differs from social type E which has high levels of “Swedishness”.
Other characteristics: mobility, employment and political inclination
Mobility levels are high, employment medium, more women are employed in relation to the city norm. It is politically dark red and slightly radical. This differs from social type E which has low levels of mobility, high levels of employment, more women are employed in relation to the city norm. It is politically light blue and slightly reactionary.
Kirsebergsstaden or Östra Sorgenfri is the most typical social type C area.
Social type D (Västervång)
Subareas (delområden)
POP EDU INC MOB SWE AGE WOR POL RAD
Fridhem 1,768 ++/--/-- ++/++ 0 + 45+ +/M DK
BLU EQ
Hyllieby 1,253 ++/--/-- ++/++ -- ++ 45-79 ++/0 DK
BLU rea
Djupadal 3,946 ++/--/-- ++/++ -- ++ 0-18 ++/0 DK
BLU EQ
Nya Bellevue 998 ++/--/-- ++/++ -- ++ 0-18 ++/0 N/A N/A
Rosenvång 2,204 ++/--/-- ++/++ -- ++ 0-18 ++/0 DK
BLU rad
Bellevue 1,213 ++/--/-- ++/++ - + 0-18/45-64 +/0 DK
BLU EQ
Västervång 951 ++/--/-- ++/++ -- ++ 6-18/45-64 ++/0 DK
BLU rad
Solbacken 1,058 ++/-/-- ++/++ -- ++ 65+ +/0 N/A N/A
Teatern 228 +/0/-- ++/++ - ++ 65+ +/M N/A N/A
Social Type D 13,619 ++/--/-- ++/++ -- ++ 6-18 ++/08 DK
BLU EQ9
Table 3:5 Social type D (social values).
Primary characteristic: education.
The subareas represented in social type D consist of the highest numbers of people with university educations coupled with the lowest numbers of people with upper secondary school only and the lowest numbers of people with compulsory school only. This characteristic is shared with the subareas of social type A.
Secondary characteristic: income.
The subareas in social type D have the highest levels both of mean income and income per inhabitant.
This differs from social type A which has medium levels of mean income and the highest levels of income per inhabitant.
Tertiary characteristic: age group.
The most overrepresented age groups in social type D are 0-18 and 45+. This differs from social type A where the group 25-44 is overrepresented
Fourth-level characteristic: “Swedishness”
The subareas in social type D have the highest levels of “Swedishness”. This differs from social type A which has high levels of “Swedishness”.
Other characteristics: mobility, employment and political inclination
Social type D has the lowest levels of mobility, the highest employment, more men are employed in relation to the city norm, politically dark blue and equal parts of reactionaries and radicals. This differs from social type A where mobility levels are high, employment high, more women are employed in relation to the city norm, politically dark blue and strongly radical.
Västervång is the most typical social type D area.
Social type E (Gamla Limhamn)
Subareas (delområden)
POP EDU INC MOB SWE AGE WOR POL RAD
Limhamns
hamnområde 1,106 +/--/- +/++ 0 + 45-79 +/0 N/A N/A
Borgmästaregården 2,300 +/0/- 0/+ -- + 65+ +/0 LT
BLU CON
Dammfri 3,574 +/0/-- -/+ 0 ++ 65+ +/F LT
BLU rea
Mellanheden 1,606 +/-/- -/+ 0 ++ 80+ +/F N/A N/A
Annetorp 2,888 +/0/0 +/+ - ++ 65+ ++/F LT
BLU rea
Lugnet 3,005 +/-/-- 0/+ 0 0 80+ 0/0 LT
BLU rad
Sibbarp 3,650 +/0/- +/++ - ++ 65+ +/M DK
BLU rea
Gamla Limhamn 5,230 +/0/- +/+ - ++ even ++/F LT
BLU rea
Social type E 23,359 +/0/- +/+ 0 ++ 80+ +/F LT
BLU rea
Table 3:6 Social type E (social values).
Primary characteristic: education.
The subareas represented in social type E consist of high numbers of people with university educations coupled with medium numbers of people with upper secondary school only and low numbers of people with compulsory school only. This characteristic is not directly shared with any other social type, but the subareas of social type C and social type B are close; the only differences being in having a medium number of people with university educations or a low number of people with upper secondary school only, respectively. The subareas in social type F consist of high numbers of people with university educations coupled with medium numbers of people with upper secondary school only and the lowest numbers of people with compulsory school only and thus also only differ slightly. The subareas of social type K only differ in having high numbers of people with upper secondary school only.
Secondary characteristic: income.
The subareas in social type E have high levels both of mean income and income per inhabitant. This differs from social type C which has low levels of mean income and medium levels of income per inhabitant, and from social type B which has the lowest levels of mean income and low levels of income per inhabitant The subareas in social type F have the highest levels of mean income and high levels of income per inhabitant.
The subareas of social type K have the highest levels of mean income and high levels of income per inhabitant.
Tertiary characteristic: age group.
The most overrepresented age groups in social type E is 65+. This differs from social type C where the groups 19-44 and 80+ are overrepresented, and from social type B where the group 19-44 is overrepresented. The most overrepresented age group in social type F is 0-18. In social type K the overrepresented age group is the group 6-18.
Fourth-level characteristic: “Swedishness”
The subareas in social type E have high levels of “Swedishness”. This differs from social type C and social type B which both have low levels of “Swedishness”. The subareas in social type F have the highest levels of
“Swedishness”. Social type K has the highest levels of “Swedishness”.
Other characteristics: mobility, employment and political inclination
Social type E has low levels of mobility, high levels of employment, more women are employed in relation to the city norm. It is politically light blue and slightly reactionary.
This differs from social type C which have high levels of mobility, medium levels of employment, more women are employed in relation to the city norm. It is politically dark red and slightly radical. It also differs from social type B which have the highest levels of mobility, medium levels of employment, no gender overrepresentation of either sex in relation to employment, politically dark red and strongly radical. The subareas in social type F have low levels of mobility, the highest levels of employment, no overrepresentation of either sex in relation to employment. Political figures were unavailable owing to the voting district subdivision not coinciding with the subarea divisions. Social type K has the lowest levels of mobility, the highest levels of employment, no gender overrepresentation of either sex in relation to employment. It is dark blue and slightly reactionary.
Gamla Limhamn is the most typical social type E area.
Social type F (Klagshamn)
Subareas (delområden)
POP EDU INC MOB SWE AGE WOR POL RAD
Klagshamn 1,470 +/0/-- ++/+ - ++ 0-18 ++/0 N/A N/A
Vintrie 391 +/0/-- ++/+ 0 + 0-5 ++/0 N/A N/A
Skumparp 148 +/0/- +/0 0 ++ 0-18 ++/0 N/A N/A
Toarp 352 +/-/- +/0 - ++ 0-18 ++/0 N/A N/A
Social type F 2,361 +/0/-- ++/+ - ++ 0-5 ++/0 N/A N/A
Table 3:7 Social type F (social values).
Primary characteristic: education.
The subareas in social type F consist of high numbers of people with university educations coupled with medium numbers of people with upper secondary school only and the lowest numbers of people with compulsory school only. This characteristic is not directly shared with any other social type but the subareas of social type E only differ in having low numbers of people with compulsory school only.
Secondary characteristic: income.
The subareas in social type F have the highest levels of mean income and high levels of income per inhabitant.
This differs from social type E which has medium levels of mean income and the highest levels of income per inhabitant.
Tertiary characteristic: age group.
The most overrepresented age group in social type F is 0-18. This differs from social type E where the group 65+ is overrepresented.
Fourth-level characteristic: “Swedishness”
The subareas in social type F have the highest levels of “Swedishness”. This differs from social type E which has high levels of “Swedishness”.
Other characteristics: mobility, employment and political inclination
The subareas in social type F have low levels of mobility, the highest levels of employment, no
overrepresentation of either sex in relation to employment. Political figures were unavailable due to the district subdivision not coinciding with the subarea divisions. This differs from social type E which has low levels of mobility, high levels of employment, more women are employed in relation to the city norm. It is politically light blue and slightly reactionary.
Klagshamn is the most typical social type F area.
Social type G (Lorensborg)
Subareas (delområden)
POP EDU INC MOB SWE AGE WOR POL RAD
Gröndal 1,836 0/+/+ 0/0 - + 65+ ++/0 LT
RED reac
Södertorp 1,217 0/+/+ 0/+ -- + 45+ 0/F LT
RED reac
Kronprinsen 1,089 0/+/0 -/+ - ++ 65+ 0/F DK
BLU REAC
Lorensborg 3,825 0/+/0 -/0 - + 65+ 0/0 LT
RED reac
Håkanstorp 1,242 0/+/0 0/+ -- + 65+ +/0 LT
RED EQ
Social type G 9,209 0/+/0 0/+10 - + 65+ 0/0 LT
RED reac11 Table 3:8 Social type G (social values).
Primary characteristic: education.
The subareas represented in social type G consist of medium numbers of people with university educations coupled with high numbers of people with upper secondary school only and medium numbers of people with compulsory school only. This characteristic is not directly shared with any other social type but the subareas of social type C and social type H only differ in having medium numbers people with upper secondary school only plus low numbers of people with compulsory school only and medium numbers people with upper secondary school only plus high numbers of people with compulsory school only.
Secondary characteristic: income.
The subareas in social type G have low levels of mean income and medium levels of income per inhabitant.
This characteristic is shared by social type C. This differs from social type H which has medium mean income and low income per inhabitant.
Tertiary characteristic: age group.
The most overrepresented age group in social type G is 65+. This differs from social type C where the groups 19-44 and 80+ are over-represented and social type H where the group 0-18 is over-represented.
Fourth-level characteristic: “Swedishness”
The subareas in social type G have high levels of “Swedishness”. This differs from social types C and H which both have low levels of “Swedishness”.
Other characteristics: mobility, employment and political inclination
The subareas in social type G have low levels of mobility, medium employment, more women are likely to be employed than the city norm. It is politically light red and slightly reactionary. This differs from social type C with regards to mobility and political inclination. It has high levels of mobility, dark red and slightly radical political inclination. This differs from social type H with regards to political inclination which is equal on both the red-blue scale and the radical/reactionary quota. Mobility in social type H is low. Employment in both social types C and H is medium. Social type C has more women likely to be employed in relation to the city norm while social type H has more men likely to be employed in relation to the city norm.
Lorensborg is the most typical social type G area.