• No results found

Denna avhandling beskriver både distriktssköterskors/sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om vården av patienter med KOL och patienters upplevelse av sin egen rökning och försök att sluta röka. Den vård som patienter med KOL får beror på om de möter en uppgifts- eller individorienterad sjuksköterska. Uppgiftsorienterade sjuksköterskor kan behöva stöd i att

patienternas egen motivation och tro på sin förmåga kan ha en påverkan på vilket beslut patienten tar om sin egen rökning. Det finns ett flertal frågeformulär som mäter olika aspekter av rökning och cigarettberoende men inga av dessa mäter de faktorer som påverkar patienter med KOL i deras rökstoppsförsök. TTQ kan därför vara ett viktigt instrument för att medvetandegöra både patienten och vårdpersonalen om förekommande negativa faktorer som kan påverka rökstoppsförsök. Medvetenhet om faktorerna kan hjälpa sjuksköterskor att individualisera stödet till rökande patienter med KOL.

11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis would not have been possible without the incredible support and generosity I have received from family, colleagues, supervisors and friends. I wish to express my sincerely gratitude to all participating nurses and patients in primary health care for contributed with their knowledge, the nurses about the care of patients with COPD and patients with their feelings and thoughts about smoking and smoking cessation.

I would like to direct special thanks here to some people, who have been central in helping me with this thesis.

Lena Törnkvist, my main supervisor, without you this thesis had not been done. You are an excellent guide in an academic world, always supporting and encourage me forward.

Rosaria Galanti, my co-supervisor for being an excellent guide in quantitative research.

Thanks for open-minded support and constructive criticism.

Hans Gilljam, my co-supervisor for your excellent expertise in COPD and smoking cessation. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.

Leif Rosenhall, co-author for expertise in COPD and education in treatment of COPD. I am sorry that you are not here to read this thesis.

Ingrid Hylander, associate professor, co-author, for giving guidance and knowledge on Grounded theory methodology and for contributing with excellent analytic guidance

Hassan Alinaghizadeh, co - author and statistician, for your expertise in statistics and interesting discussion about psychometrics.

Kim Kane, former scientific editor at CeFAM, for professional teaching and supervision in English, providing good comments and advice in linguistics

Lotta Egmar, my mentor, for encouragement and good listening.

Colleagues and friends at Academic Primary Health Care Centre (APC), former CeFAM, nurses working at the Continuing Education Department. I would rather mention you all by name, but since you are so many, I am afraid that I should forget someone.

The administration at APC Yvonne Jaurell and Lena Olsson for administration issues, Cecilia Wittzell-Tibbling for help with the economy, Georg “Jojje” Holm for always giving quick support in IT issues, Maria Axelsson with employment issues, Jessica Lindh for always being friendly and helpful with administration issues such as invoices, and Angelici Gompaki with all KU-rules

The participants in the Qualitative group Lena Swedberg, Mia Barimani and Sonja Modin, for interesting discussion about qualitative research.

The PhD student group, Annica Lagerin, Erika Berggren, Eva Sundborg and Christina Sandlund, Ing-Britt Rydeman, Helena Sherman and Elisabeth Bos, for interesting discussions about research and life.

Swedish Nurses Against Tobacco, the board, Mona Wahlgren, Ann Post, Ulla Lennartsson, Susann Holm, Bitte Jacobsson, Mona Ringbjer and Yvonne Bergmark Bröske, for that you always inspiring me

The network YMT (Yrkesföreningarna mot tobak), for updating and inspiring discussions in Tobacco Prevention issues. I hope that the vision and goal of Tobacco Endgame in Sweden year 2025 come true.

“Cross-check in COPD” group (Tvärkoll på KOL), Ann-Britt Zakrisson, Hanna Sandelowsky, Mats Arne, Kersti Theander , Stina Engelheart, Sigrid Odencrantz, Björn Ställberg and Karin Lisspers for inspiring discussions about research in COPD. I am looking forward to continued collaboration.

My family, mother Maila and father Taito for love, guidance, for supporting my aspiration to higher education and for always being proud of me. My beloved daughters: Malin with partner Johan and my grandson Arvid, and Maria with partner Victor, for love and support.

I love you!

My sisters Taina with family and Leila with family (far away in Australia), for always believing in me and supporting me.

Finally I would thank my beloved husband Örjan, you are always there and without you this work had not been possible. Your patient and encouragement are worth all attention. This is also your doctoral thesis as well as mine. I love you

The work on this thesis was done at Center for Public Health and Center for Family Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet. The work was supported financially by grants from the Stockholm County Council (SLL).

12 REFERENCES

1. The Swedish national board of Health and Welfare.Socialstyrelsen. National guidelines for asthma and COPD. Socialstyrelsens riktlinjer för vård av astma och kroniskt obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL): faktadokument och beslutsstöd för prioriteringar.

Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen; 2004.

2. Global Inititative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Pocketguide to COPD diagnosis, management and prevention. A guide for health care professionals. Updated 2013 [database on the Internet]. www.goldcopd.org 2013.

3. Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM. Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. European Respiratory Journal. 2006, 2006. sept; 28(3):523-32.

4. Wipfli H. The Tobacco Atlas, Fourth Edition. American Journal of Epidemiology. 15, 2012 Dec;176(12):1193.

5. Juul L, Maindal HT, Frydenberg M, Kristensen JK, Sandbaek A. Quality of type 2 diabetes management in general practice is associated with involvement of general practice nurses. Primary Care Diabetes. 2012;6(3):221-8.

6. Renders CM, Valk GD, Griffin S, Wagner EH, Eijk JT, Assendelft WJ. Interventions to improve the management of diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient and community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001(1):CD001481.

7. Törnkvist L, Institutionen för Klinisk Vetenskap., Institutionen för Omvårdnad. Care by district nurses: management of patients with chronic-pain conditions, patient satisfaction and effects of pain advisers. Stockholm,2001.

8. Zakrisson AB, Engfeldt P, Hagglund D, Odencrants S, Hasselgren M, Arne M, et al.

Nurse-led multidisciplinary programme for patients with COPD in primary health care:

a controlled trial. Prim Care Respir J. 2011 Dec;20(4):427-33.

9. Lisspers K, Johansson G, Jansson C, Larsson K, Stratelis G, Hedegaard M, et al.

Improvement in COPD management by access to asthma/COPD clinics in primary care: Data from the observational PATHOS study. Respiratory Medicine.

2014;108(9):1345-54.

10. Richardson GC, Derouin AL, Vorderstrasse AA, Hipkens J, Thompson JA. Nurse practitioner management of type 2 diabetes. Perm J. 2014 Spring;18(2):e134-40.

11. Lofdahl CG, Tilling B, Ekstrom T, Jorgensen L, Johansson G, Larsson K. COPD health care in Sweden. A study in primary and secondary care. Respir Med. 2010;104(3):404-11.

12. Lisspers K, Stallberg B, Hasselgren M, Johansson G, Svardsudd K. Organisation of asthma care in primary health care in Mid-Sweden. Prim Care Respir J. 2005 Jun;14(3):147-53.

13. Kull I, Johansson GS, Lisspers K, Jagorstrand B, Romberg K, Tilling B, et al. [Efficient care in asthma/COPD primary health care clinics]. Lakartidningen. 2008 Oct; 15-21;105(42):2937-40.

14. Carlfjord S, Lindberg M. Asthma and COPD in primary health care, quality according to national guidelines: a cross-sectional and a retrospective study. BMC Fam Pract.

2008;9(1):36.

15. Zwerink M, Brusse-Keizer M, van der Valk PD, Zielhuis GA, Monninkhof EM, van der Palen J, et al. Self management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD002990.

16. Simmons MS, Connett JE, Nides MA, Lindgren PG, Kleerup EC, Murray RP, et al.

Smoking reduction and the rate of decline in FEV(1): results from the Lung Health Study. Eur Respir J. 2005 Jun;25(6):1011-7.

17. Lindgren S, Storli SL, Wiklund-Gustin L. Living in negotiation: patients' experiences of being in the diagnostic process of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis.

2014;9:441-51.

18. Gysels M, Bausewein C, Higginson IJ. Experiences of breathlessness: a systematic review of the qualitative literature. Palliat Support Care. 2007 Sep;5(3):281-302.

19. Nicolson P, Anderson P. Quality of life, distress and self-esteem: a focus group study of people with chronic bronchitis. Br J Health Psychol. 2003 2003 Sep;8(Pt 3):251-70.

20. Arne M, Emtner M, Janson S, Wilde-Larsson B. COPD patients perspectives at the time of diagnosis: a qualitative study. Prim Care Respir J. 2007 Aug;16(4):215-21.

21. Jonsdottir H. Life patterns of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:

isolation and being closed in. Nurs Sci Q. 1998 1998 Winter;11(4):160-6.

22. Lindqvist G, Hallberg LR-M. ‘Feelings of Guilt due to Self-inflicted Disease’: A Grounded Theory of Suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Journal of Health Psychology. 2010 April 1, 2010;15(3):456-66.

23. Halding AG, Heggdal K, Wahl A. Experiences of self-blame and stigmatisation for self-infliction among individuals living with COPD. Scand J Caring Sci. 2011 Mar;25(1):100-7.

24. Mikkelsen RL, Middelboe T, Pisinger C, Stage KB. Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A review. Nord J Psychiatry.

2004;58(1):65-70.

25. Wagena EJ, van Amelsvoort LG, Kant I, Wouters EF. Chronic bronchitis, cigarette smoking, and the subsequent onset of depression and anxiety: results from a prospective population-based cohort study. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(4):656-60.

26. Elofsson LC, Öhlén J. Meanings of being old and living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Palliative Medicine. 2004 Oct;18(7):611-8.

27. Ream E, Richardson A. Fatigue: a concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 1996;33(5):519-29.

28. Theander K, Jakobsson P, Torstensson O, Unosson M. Severity of fatigue is related to functional limitation and health in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Int J Nurs Pract. 2008 Dec;14(6):455-62.

29. Agusti AG, Noguera A, Sauleda J, Sala E, Pons J, Busquets X. Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003 Feb;21(2):347-60.

30. Landbo C, Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J, Almdal TP. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;160(6):1856-61.

31. Odencrants S, Ehnfors M, Ehrenberg A. Nutritional status and patient characteristics for hospitalised older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Nurs.

2008 Jul;17(13):1771-8.

32. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Overweight and obesity and weight change in middle aged men: impact on cardiovascular disease and diabetes. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005 Feb;59(2):134-9.

33. Çolak Y, Marott JL, Vestbo J, Lange P. Overweight and Obesity May Lead to Under-diagnosis of Airflow Limitation: Findings from the Copenhagen City Heart Study.

COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

34. Schols AM, Broekhuizen R, Weling-Scheepers CA, Wouters EF. Body composition and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1):53-9.

35. Shahab L, Jarvis MJ, Britton J, West R. Prevalence, diagnosis and relation to tobacco dependence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a nationally representative population sample. Thorax. 2006 Dec;61(12):1043-7.

36. Aryal S, Diaz-Guzman E, Mannino DM. COPD and gender differences: an update.

Transl Res. 2013 Oct;162(4):208-18.

37. Giacomini M, DeJean D, Simeonov D, Smith A. Experiences of living and dying with COPD: a systematic review and synthesis of the qualitative empirical literature. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12(13):1-47.

38. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1984.

39. Hesselink AE, Penninx BW, Schlosser MA, Wijnhoven HA, van der Windt DA, Kriegsman DM, et al. The role of coping resources and coping style in quality of life of patients with asthma or COPD. Qual Life Res. 2004 Mar;13(2):509-18.

40. Ketelaars CA, Schlosser MA, Mostert R, Huyer Abu-Saad H, Halfens RJ, Wouters EF.

Determinants of health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1996 Jan;51(1):39-43.

41. Ninot G, Fortes M, Poulain M, Brun A, Desplan J, Prefaut C, et al. Gender difference in coping strategies among patients enrolled in an inpatient rehabilitation program.

Heart Lung. 2006 Mar-Apr;35(2):130-6.

42. DiClemente CC, Prochaska JO, Fairhurst SK, Velicer WF, Velasquez MM, Rossi JS.

The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.

1991;59(2):295-304.

43. Mitchell RS, Filley GF. Chronic Obstructive Bronchopulmonary Disease. I. Clinical Features. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1964 1964 Mar;89:360-71.

44. Lundback B, Lindberg A, Lindstrom M, Ronmark E, Jonsson AC, Jonsson E, et al. Not 15 but 50% of smokers develop COPD?--Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies. Respir Med. 2003 2003 Feb;97(2):115-22.

45. Lindberg A, Bjerg A, Ronmark E, Larsson LG, Lundback B. Prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD by disease severity and the attributable fraction of smoking Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies. Respir Med.

2006 Feb;100(2):264-72.

46. The National Board of Health and Welfare. Socialstyrelsen. OFFICIAL STATISTICS OF SWEDEN. Statistics – Health and Medical Care. Cause of Death 2008. Stockholm:

Socialstyrelsen 2010.

47. The National Board of Health and Welfare. Socialstyrelsen Statistics – Health and Diseases Causes of death 1998 Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen. The National Board of Health and Welfare 2001.

48. Baron K. To smoke or not to smoke: predictors of smoking behaviour in people with head and neck cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [Doctor of Philosphy]. Philadelphia: Drexel University; 2003.

49. Airway Register. Luftvägsregistret. Year report 2013 Årsrapport 2013. Göteborg. 2013.

50. Stallberg B, Janson C, Johansson G, Larsson K, Stratelis G, Telg G, et al. Management, morbidity and mortality of COPD during an 11-year period: an observational retrospective epidemiological register study in Sweden (PATHOS). Prim Care Respir J.

2014 Mar;23(1):38-45.

51. Gysels M, Higginson IJ. The experience of breathlessness: the social course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010 Mar;39(3):555-63.

52. Bailey PH, Montgomery P, Boyles CM. COPD stories of complex causal 'truths' 'Sure I've smoked all my life/but I also put in 37 years at the mine'. J Clin Nurs. 2009 Jul;18(14):1994-2002.

53. Schofield I, Kerr S, Tolson D. An exploration of the smoking-related health beliefs of older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Nurs. 2007 Sep;16(9):1726-35.

54. Caress A, Luker K, Chalmers K. Promoting the health of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: patients' and carers' views. J Clin Nurs. 2010 Feb;19 3-4):564-73.

55. Benowitz NL. Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Smoking Cessation Treatment. The American Journal of Medicine. 2008;121(4, Supplement):S3-S10.

56. D'Souza MS, Markou A. Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2011 Jul;6(1):4-16.

57. Kapella MC, Larson JL, Patel MK, Covey MK, Berry JK. Subjective fatigue, influencing variables, and consequences in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Nurs Res. 2006 Jan-Feb;55(1):10-7.

58. Kim HFS, Kunik ME, Molinari VA, Hillman SL, Lalani S, Orengo CA, et al.

Functional Impairment in COPD Patients: The Impact of Anxiety and Depression.

Psychosomatics. 2000;41(6):465-71.

59. American Psychiatric A, American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on D-I.

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC:

American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

60. World Health O. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders:

clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: WHO; 1992.

61. Goodwin RD, Lavoie KL, Lemeshow AR, Jenkins E, Brown ES, Fedoronko DA.

Depression, anxiety, and COPD: the unexamined role of nicotine dependence. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012 Feb;14(2):176-83.

62. Taylor G, McNeill A, Girling A, Farley A, Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P. Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj.

[10.1136/bmj.g1151]. 2014;348.

63. Jimenez-Ruiz CA, Masa F, Miravitlles M, Gabriel R, Viejo JL, Villasante C, et al.

Smoking characteristics: differences in attitudes and dependence between healthy smokers and smokers with COPD. Chest. 2001 May;119(5):1365-70.

64. Schlam TR, Baker TB. Interventions for Tobacco Smoking. Annu Rev Clin Psychol.

2013 Jan 3.

65. Wiltshire S, Bancroft A, Parry O, Amos A. 'I came back here and started smoking again': perceptions and experiences of quitting among disadvantaged smokers. Health Educ Res. 2003 Jun;18(3):292-303.

67. Wilson JS, Elborn JS, Fitzsimons D. 'It's not worth stopping now': why do smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease continue to smoke? A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs. 2011 Mar;20(5-6):819-27.

68. Disler RT, Gallagher RD, Davidson PM. Factors influencing self-management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012 Feb;49(2):230-42.

69. Tashkin DP, Murray RP. Smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Respir Med. 2009 Jul;103(7):963-74.

70. Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Rodriguez-Roisin R. The 2011 revision of the global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD (GOLD)--why and what? Clin Respir J. 2012 Oct;6(4):208-14.

71. Freedman S, Fletcher CM. Changes of smoking habits and cough in men smoking cigarettes with 30% NSM tobacco substitute. Br Med J. 1976 Jun 12;1(6023):1427-30.

72. Pauwels R. Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung diseases (GOLD): time to act.

Eur Respir J. 2001 2001 Dec;18(6):901-2.

73. Tonnesen P, Carrozzi L, Fagerstrom KO, Gratziou C, Jimenez-Ruiz C, Nardini S, et al.

Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory diseases: a high priority, integral component of therapy. Eur Respir J. 2007 Feb;29(2):390-417.

74. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, Altose MD, Bailey WC, Buist AS, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA. 1994 1994 Nov 16;272(19):1497-505.

75. Buist AS. The US Lung Health Study. Respirology. 1997;2(4):303-7.

76. Fiore MC, Jaen CR. A clinical blueprint to accelerate the elimination of tobacco use.

JAMA. 2008 May 7;299(17):2083-5.

77. The National Board on Health and Welfare. Socialstyrelsen. National guidelines for methods of preventing disease. Nationella riktlinjer för sjukdomsförebyggande metoder 2011 Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen 2011.

78. Rice VH, Hartmann-Boyce J, Stead LF. Nursing interventions for smoking cessation.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD001188.

79. Vaidya V, Hufstader-Gabriel M, Gangan N, Shah S, Bechtol R. Utilization of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapy among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014 Jun;30(6):1043-50.

80. Murray RP, Connett JE, Rand CS, Pan W, Anthonisen NR. Persistence of the effect of the Lung Health Study (LHS) smoking intervention over eleven years. Prev Med. 2002 Oct;35(4):314-9.

81. Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Hartmann-Boyce J, Cahill K, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.

2012;11:CD000146.

82. Stead LF, Buitrago D, Preciado N, Sanchez G, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T.

Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.

2013;5:CD000165.

83. Stead LF, Lancaster T. Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD008286.

84. Shiffman S. Dynamic influences on smoking relapse process. J Pers. 2005 Dec;73(6):1715-48.

85. Baldwin AS, Rothman AJ, Hertel AW, Linde JA, Jeffery RW, Finch EA, et al.

Specifying the determinants of the initiation and maintenance of behavior change: an examination of self-efficacy, satisfaction, and smoking cessation. Health Psychol. 2006 Sep;25(5):626-34.

86. Jonsdottir R, Jonsdottir H. The experience of women with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of repeatedly relapsing to smoking. Scand J Caring Sci. 2007 Sep;21(3):297-304.

87. Menninga KM, Dijkstra A, Gebhardt WA. Mixed feelings: ambivalence as a predictor of relapse in ex-smokers. Br J Health Psychol. 2011 Sep;16(3):580-91.

88. Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005(2):CD001292.

89. Miller WR. Motivational interviewing: research, practice, and puzzles. Addict Behav.

1996 1996 Nov-Dec;21(6):835-42.

90. Fagerström K-O. Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addictive Behaviors. 1978;3(3–4):235-41.

91. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991 Sep;86(9):1119-27.

92. Korte KJ, Capron DW, Zvolensky M, Schmidt NB. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: Do revisions in the item scoring enhance the psychometric properties?

Addictive Behaviors. 2013;38(3):1757-63.

93. Etter J-F, Le Houezec J, Perneger TV. A Self-Administered Questionnaire to Measure Dependence on Cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale. Neuropsychopharmaco-logy. 2003;28(2):359-70.

94. Etter J-F. A Self-Administered Questionnaire to Measure Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms: The Cigarette Withdrawal Scale. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2005 February 1, 2005;7(1):47-57.

95. Hughes JR, Hatsukami D. SIgns and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986;43(3):289-94.

96. Shiffman S, Jarvik M. Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence.

Psychopharmacology. 1976 1976/01/01;50(1):35-9.

97. West R, Hajek P. Evaluation of the mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS) to assess cigarette withdrawal. Psychopharmacology. 2004 2004/12/01;177(1-2):195-9.

98. Bandura A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall; 1977.

99. Speak V LF, Chatrou M, van Kempen S, Pouwer F, Pop V. Development of a smoking Abstinence Self-efficacy Questionnaire. Int. J Behav Med. 2013 Sep;20(3):444-9. doi:

10.1007/s12529-012-9229-2..

100. Hendricks PS, Wood SB, Baker MR, Delucchi KL, Hall SM. The Smoking Abstinence Questionnaire: measurement of smokers' abstinence-related expectancies. Addiction.

2011 Apr;106(4):716-28.

101. Rash CJ, Copeland AL. The Brief Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult (BSCQ-A): development of a short form of the SCQ-A. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Nov;10(11):1633-43.

102. Meleis AIa. Theoretical nursing: development and progress. Fifth Edition. ed.

Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011; 2012.

103. Benner PE, Wrubel J. The primacy of caring: stress and coping in health and illness.

Menlo Park, Calif ; Wokingham: Addison-Wesley; 1989.

104. Ekman I, Swedberg K, Taft C, Lindseth A, Norberg A, Brink E, et al. Person-centered care--ready for prime time. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2011 Dec;10(4):248-51.

105. McCormack B, McCance T. Person-centred nursing : theory and practice. Oxford:

Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

106. Starfield B. Is patient-centered care the same as person-focused care? Perm J. 2011 Spring;15(2):63-9.

107. Sjöström B, Dahlgren LO. Applying phenomenography in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2002;40(3):339-45.

108. Marton F. Phenomenography - describing conceptions of the world around us.

Instructional Science. 1981;10:177-200.

109. Uljens M. Phenomenography: research about perceptions. Fenomenografi : forskning om uppfattningar. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 1989.

110. Marton F. Phenomenography: Exploring Different Conceptions of Reality. In:

Fetterman D, editor. Qualitative Approaches to Evalution in Education The Silent Scientific Revolution. New York: Praeger; 1988. p. 177-205.

111. Marton F, Booth S. Learning and awareness. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum; 1997.

112. Malterud K, Almqvist I, Strang P. Qualitative methods in medical research. Kvalitativa metoder i medicinsk forskning. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 1998.

Related documents