Observation of Long-Range Elliptic Azimuthal Anisotropies in
p
ffiffi
s
¼ 13
and 2.76 TeV
pp Collisions with the ATLAS Detector
G. Aadet al.* (ATLAS Collaboration)
(Received 15 September 2015; revised manuscript received 19 November 2015; published 27 April 2016) ATLAS has measured two-particle correlations as a function of the relative azimuthal angle,Δϕ, and pseudorapidity,Δη, inpffiffiffis¼ 13 and 2.76 TeV pp collisions at the LHC using charged particles measured in the pseudorapidity interval jηj < 2.5. The correlation functions evaluated in different intervals of measured charged-particle multiplicity show a multiplicity-dependent enhancement atΔϕ ∼ 0 that extends over a wide range ofΔη, which has been referred to as the “ridge.” Per-trigger-particle yields, YðΔϕÞ, are measured over2 < jΔηj < 5. For both collision energies, the YðΔϕÞ distribution in all multiplicity intervals is found to be consistent with a linear combination of the per-trigger-particle yields measured in collisions with less than 20 reconstructed tracks, and a constant combinatoric contribution modulated by cosð2ΔϕÞ. The fitted Fourier coefficient, v2;2, exhibits factorization, suggesting that the ridge results from per-event
cosð2ϕÞ modulation of the single-particle distribution with Fourier coefficients v2. The v2 values are
presented as a function of multiplicity and transverse momentum. They are found to be approximately constant as a function of multiplicity and to have a pT dependence similar to that measured in p þ Pb
and Pbþ Pb collisions. The v2values in the 13 and 2.76 TeV data are consistent within uncertainties. These results suggest that the ridge in pp collisions arises from the same or similar underlying physics as observed in p þ Pb collisions, and that the dynamics responsible for the ridge has no strong pffiffiffis dependence.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.172301
Measurements of two-particle angular correlations in high-multiplicity proton-proton (pp) collisions at a center-of-mass energy pffiffiffis¼ 7 TeV at the LHC showed an enhancement in the production of pairs at small azimu-thal-angle separation,Δϕ, that extends over a wide range of pseudorapidity differences,Δη, and which is often referred to as the“ridge”[1]. The ridge has also been observed in proton-lead (p þ Pb) collisions[2–7], where it is found to result from a global sinusoidal modulation of the per-event single-particle azimuthal angle distributions [3–6]. While many theoretical interpretations of the ridge, including those based on hydrodynamics[8–12], saturation[13–23], or other mechanisms [24–30], have been, or could be applied to both pp and p þ Pb collisions, it has not yet been demonstrated that the ridge in pp collisions results from single-particle azimuthal anisotropies. Testing whether the ridges in pp and p þ Pb collisions arise from the same underlying features of the single-particle distri-butions may provide insight into the physics responsible for the phenomena. Separately, a study of thepffiffiffisdependence
of the ridge in pp collisions may help distinguish between competing explanations.
This Letter uses 14 nb−1 of pffiffiffis¼ 13 TeV data and 4.0 pb−1ofpffiffiffis¼ 2.76 TeV data recorded during LHC run 2 and run 1, respectively, to address these issues. The maximum number of inelastic interactions per crossing was 0.04 and 0.5 for the 13 and 2.76 TeV data, respectively. Two-particle angular correlations are measured as a func-tion ofΔη and Δϕ in different intervals of the measured charged-particle multiplicity and different pT intervals spanning 0.3 < pT< 5 GeV: 0.3–0.5 GeV, 0.5–1 GeV, 1–2 GeV, 2–3 GeV, 3–5 GeV. Separate pT-integrated results use 0.5 < pT< 5 GeV. Per-trigger-particle yields are obtained from the long-range (jΔηj > 2) component of the correlation. A new template-fitting method is applied to these yields to test for sinusoidal modulation similar to that observed in p þ Pb collisions.
The measurements were performed using the ATLAS inner detector (ID), minimum-bias trigger scintillators (MBTSs), forward calorimeter (FCal), and the trigger and data acquisition systems [31]. The ID detects charged particles within jηj < 2.5 using a combination of silicon pixel detectors, silicon microstrip detectors (SCTs), and a straw-tube transition radiation tracker (TRT), all immersed in a 2 T axial magnetic field[32,33]. The MBTS system detects charged particles using two hodoscopes of counters positioned at z ¼ 3.6 m. The FCal covers 3.1 < jηj < 4.9 and uses tungsten and copper absorbers with liquid argon
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as the active medium. Between run 1 and run 2, an additional, innermost pixel layer was added to the ID and the MBTS was replaced.
The ATLAS trigger system[34]consists of a level-1 (L1) trigger implemented using a combination of dedicated electronics and programmable logic, and a software-based high-level trigger (HLT). Charged-particle tracks were reconstructed in the HLT using methods similar to those applied in the offline analysis, allowing triggers that select on the number of tracks with pT> 0.4 GeV associated with a single vertex. For the 13 TeV measurements, a minimum-bias L1 trigger required one or more signals in the MBTS while the high-multiplicity trigger (HMT) required at least 900 SCT hits and at least 60 HLT-reconstructed tracks. For the 2.76 TeV data, the mini-mum-bias trigger selected random crossings at L1 and applied a threshold to the number of SCTs and pixel hits in the HLT, while several HMT triggers were formed by applying thresholds on the total FCal transverse energy at L1 and different thresholds on the number of HLT-reconstructed tracks. HMT triggers are only used where their multiplicity selection is more than 90% efficient. The inefficiency of the HMT triggers does not affect the measurements presented in this Letter. This has been checked by comparing the results obtained with and without the HMT-triggered events, over the Nrec
ch range where the HMT is not fully efficient.
Charged-particle tracks and collision vertices are recon-structed in the ID using algorithms that were re-optimized between LHC runs 1 and 2[35]. Tracks used in the analysis are required to have pT> 0.3 GeV, jηj < 2.5 and to satisfy additional selection criteria that differ slightly between the 2.76[4] and 13 TeV[36]data.
Events used in the analysis are required to have at least one reconstructed vertex. For events containing multiple vertices (pileup), only tracks associated with the vertex having the largestPp2T, where the sum is over all tracks
associated with the vertex, are used. The measured charged-particle multiplicity, Nrec
ch, is defined as the number of tracks having pT> 0.4 GeV associated with this vertex. The distributions of Nrec
ch are shown in Fig.1. The structures in the distributions result from the different HMT trigger thresholds.
The efficiency, ϵðpT; ηÞ, of the track reconstruction and track selection requirements is evaluated using simulated nondiffractive pp events obtained from thePYTHIA8[37] event generator (A2 tune[38], MSTW2008LO PDFs[39]) that are passed through a GEANT4 [40] simulation of the ATLAS detector response and reconstructed using the algorithms applied to the data [41]. The efficiencies for the two data sets are similar, but differ due to changes in the detector and reconstruction algorithms between runs 1 and 2. In the simulated events, the efficiency reduces the measured multiplicity relative to the PYTHIA 8 pT> 0.4 GeV charged-particle multiplicity by approximately multiplicity-independent factors of1.18 0.05 and 1.22 0.05 for the 13 and 2.76 TeV data, respectively. The uncertainties in these factors result from systematic uncer-tainties in the tracking efficiencies, which are described in detail in Ref.[36]. Those systematic uncertainties vary with pseudorapidity between 1.1% (central) and 6.5% (forward) and result from uncertainties on the material description.
The present analysis follows methods used in previous ATLAS two-particle correlation measurements in Pbþ Pb and p þ Pb collisions [4,6,42–44]. Two-particle correla-tions for charged particle pairs with transverse momenta pa T and pb
T are measured as a function ofΔϕ ≡ ϕa− ϕb and Δη ≡ ηa− ηb, withjΔηj ≤ 5, determined by the acceptance of the ID. The particles a and b are conventionally referred to as the“trigger” and “associated” particles, respectively. The correlation function is defined as
CðΔη; ΔϕÞ ¼SðΔη; ΔϕÞ BðΔη; ΔϕÞ; ð1Þ rec ch N 0 50 100 150 Events / 3 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 ATLAS =2.76 TeV s rec ch N 0 50 100 150 200 ATLAS =13 TeV s
FIG. 1. Distributions of the multiplicity, Nrec
ch, of reconstructed charged particles having pT> 0.4 GeV for the 2.76 (left) and 13 TeV
where S and B represent the same event and “mixed event” pair distributions, respectively [45]. When constructing S and B, pairs are weighted by the inverse product of their reconstruction efficiencies1=½ϵðpaT; ηaÞϵðpbT; ηbÞ. Detector acceptance effects largely cancel in the S=B ratio.
Examples of correlation functions in the 13 TeV data are shown in Fig. 2 for Nrec
ch intervals 0–20 (left) and ≥ 120 (right), respectively, for0.5<pa;bT <5GeV. The CðΔη; ΔϕÞ distributions have been truncated at different maximum values to suppress a strong peak at Δη ¼ Δϕ ¼ 0 that arises primarily from jets. The correlation functions also show a Δη-dependent enhancement centered at Δϕ ¼ π, which is understood to result primarily from dijets. In the higher Nrec
ch interval, a ridge is observed as the enhancement near Δϕ ¼ 0 that extends over the full Δη range of the measurement.
One-dimensional correlation functions, CðΔϕÞ, are obtained by integrating the numerator and denominator of Eq.(1)over the long-range part of the correlation function, 2 < jΔηj < 5. These are converted into “per-trigger-particle yields,” YðΔϕÞ, according to[4,6,45]
YðΔϕÞ ¼ R BðΔϕÞdΔϕ NaR dΔϕ CðΔϕÞ; ð2Þ
where Na denotes the efficiency-corrected total number of trigger particles. Results are shown in Fig.3for selected Nrec ch intervals in the 13 and 2.76 TeV data, for the pa;bT ranges 0.5 < pa;b
T < 5 GeV. Panel (a) in the figure shows YðΔϕÞ for0 ≤ Nrec
ch < 20 for both collision energies; these exhibit a minimum at Δϕ ¼ 0 and a broad peak at Δϕ ∼ π that is understood to result primarily from dijets but may also include contributions from low-pT resonance decays and
global momentum conservation. The higher YðΔϕÞ values for the 2.76 TeV data are due to the relative inefficiency of the 2.76 TeV triggers for the lowest multiplicity events, which results in largerhNrec
chi for the 2.76 TeV data in this Nrecch interval. Panels (b), (d), and (f) show results from the 13 TeV data for the 40–50, 60–70, and ≥ 90 Nrec
ch intervals, respec-tively. Panels (c) and (e) show the results from the 2.76 TeV data for 50–60 and 70–80 Nrec
ch intervals, respectively. With increasing Nrec
ch, the minimum atΔϕ ¼ 0 fills in, and a peak appears and increases in amplitude.
To separate the ridge from angular correlations present in low-multiplicity pp collisions, a template fitting procedure is applied to the YðΔϕÞ distributions. Motivated by the peripheral subtraction method applied in p þ Pb collisions [4], the measured YðΔϕÞ distributions are assumed to result from a superposition of a“peripheral” YðΔϕÞ distribution, scaled up by a multiplicative factor and a constant modu-lated by cosð2ΔϕÞ. The resulting template fit function,
YtemplðΔϕÞ ¼ FYperiphðΔϕÞ þ YridgeðΔϕÞ; ð3Þ where
YridgeðΔϕÞ ¼ G½1 þ 2v
2;2cosð2ΔϕÞ; ð4Þ has two free parameters, F and v2;2. The coefficient, G, which represents the magnitude of the combinatoric component of YridgeðΔϕÞ, is fixed by requiring that Rπ
0 dΔϕ Ytempl¼ Rπ
0dΔϕ Y. The peripheral distribution is obtained from the 0 ≤ Nrec
ch < 20 interval. In the fitting procedure, the χ2 is calculated accounting for statistical uncertainties in both YðΔϕÞ and YperiphðΔϕÞ distributions.
φ Δ 0 2 4 η Δ -4 -2 0 2 4 )φ Δ, ηΔ C( 0.9 1 1.1 ATLAS =13 TeV s <5.0 GeV a,b T 0.5<p <20 rec ch N ≤ 0 φ Δ 0 2 4 η Δ -4 -2 0 2 4 )φ Δ, ηΔ C( 0.98 1 1.02 ATLAS =13 TeV s <5.0 GeV a,b T 0.5<p 120 ≥ rec ch N
FIG. 2. Two-particle correlation functions, CðΔη; ΔϕÞ, in 13 TeV pp collisions in Nrec
ch intervals 0–20 (left) and ≥ 120 (right) for
charged particles having0.5 < pa;bT < 5 GeV. The distributions have been truncated to suppress the peak at Δη ¼ Δϕ ¼ 0 and are shown overjηj < 4.6 to avoid statistical fluctuations at larger jΔηj.
Some results of the template fitting procedure are shown in panels (b)–(f) of Fig. 3; a complete set of fit results is provided in Ref. [46]. The scaled YperiphðΔϕÞ distributions shifted up by G are shown with open points; the YridgeðΔϕÞ functions shifted up by FYperiphð0Þ are shown with the dashed lines, and the full fit function is shown by the solid curves. The function in Eq. (3) successfully describes the measured YðΔϕÞ distributions in all Nrecch intervals. In particular, it simultaneously describes the ridge, which arises from an interplay of the concave YperiphðΔϕÞ and the cosine function, the height of the peak in the YðΔϕÞ at Δϕ ∼ π, and the narrowing of that peak which results from a negative contribution of the2v2;2cosð2ΔϕÞ term in the region near
Δϕ ¼ π=2. The agreement between the template functions and the data allows for no significant Nrec
ch-dependent variation in the width of the dijet peak at Δϕ ¼ π except for that accounted for by the sinusoidal component of the fit function. Including additional cosð3ΔϕÞ and cosð4ΔϕÞ terms in Eq. (4) produces changes in the extracted v2;2values that are negligible compared to their statistical uncertainties.
Previous analyses of two-particle angular correlations in pp, p þ Pb, and Pb þ Pb collisions have traditionally relied on the“zero yield at minimum” (ZYAM) hypothesis to separate the ridge from the dijet peak atΔϕ ∼ π. In the ZYAM method, the ridge is functionally defined to be YðΔϕÞ − Yminover the restricted rangejΔϕj < ϕmin, where
0 2 4 )φ Δ Y( 0.5 0.6 0.7 =13 TeV s =2.76 TeV s ATLAS <20 rec ch N ≤ 0 |<5.0 η Δ 2.0<| <5.0 GeV a,b T 0.5<p (a) )φ Δ Y( 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.45 ) φ Δ Y( )+G φ Δ ( periph FY (0) periph + FY ridge Y ) φ Δ ( templ Y =13 TeV s <50 rec ch N ≤ 40 (b) φ Δ 0 2 4 )φ Δ Y( 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 =2.76 TeV s <60 rec ch N ≤ 50 (c) φ Δ 0 2 4 )φ Δ Y( 3.4 3.45 3.5 3.55 3.6 =13 TeV s <70 rec ch N ≤ 60 φ Δ 0 2 4 )φ Δ Y( 4 4.1 4.2 =2.76 TeV s <80 rec ch N ≤ 70 (e) φ Δ 0 2 4 )φ Δ Y( 5.5 5.6 5.7 =13 TeV s 90 ≥ rec ch N (f)
FIG. 3. Per-trigger-particle yields, YðΔϕÞ, for 0.5 < pa;bT < 5 GeV in different Nrecch intervals in the 2.76 and 13 TeV data. Panel
(a) 0 ≤ Nrec
ch < 20 for both data sets. Panels (c) and (e) 50–60 and 70–80 Nrecch intervals for the 2.76 TeV data. Panels (b), (d) and
(f) 40–50, 60–70, and ≥ 90 Nrec
ch intervals for the 13 TeV data. In panels (b)–(f), the open points and curves show different components
ϕmin is the location of the minimum of YðΔϕÞ and Ymin¼ YðϕminÞ. However, the YðΔϕÞ distributions mea-sured in low-Nrec
ch bins are concave in the region near Δϕ ∼ 0. As a result, if the ridge and dijet correlations add— an assumption that is implicit in all previous analyses using the ZYAM method and is explicit in the template method used here—then the ZYAM method will both under-estimate the ridge yield and produceϕminvalues that vary, unphysically, with the ridge amplitude. In contrast, the template method used here explicitly accounts for the concave shape of the peripheral YðΔϕÞ. Thus, the template fitting procedure, for example, extracts a nonzero ridge amplitude from thepffiffiffis¼ 2.76 TeV, 50 ≤ Nrecch ≤ 60 YðΔϕÞ distribution (middle left panel of Fig.3) which is approx-imately flat near Δϕ ∼ 0, and would, as a result, have approximately zero ridge signal using the ZYAM method. Previous p þ Pb analyses used the peripheral-subtraction method, but applied the ZYAM procedure to the peripheral reference and, so, subtracted Yð0Þ from YperiphðΔϕÞ. Such a subtraction will necessarily change the v2;2values, and, when applied to the 13 TeV data, it reduces the measured v2;2 by a multiplicative factor that varies from 0.4 to 0.8 over 30 ≤ Nrec
ch < 130[46]. However, if, as suggested by the data, YperiphðΔϕÞ contains not only a hard component, YhardðΔϕÞ, but also a modulated soft component,
YperiphðΔϕÞ ¼ YhardðΔϕÞ þ G
0½1 þ 2v02;2cosð2ΔϕÞ; ð5Þ the peripheral ZYAM method will subtract 2FG0v02;2cosð2ΔϕÞ as part of the template fit, thereby reducing the extracted v2;2. In contrast, the procedure used in this analysis subtracts FG0½1 þ 2v02;2cosð2ΔϕÞ, which reduces G in Eq.(4)but has less impact on v2;2. In particular, if v02;2is equal to the real v2;2in a given Nrecch interval, there will be no bias. Since the measured v2;2 is approximately Nrecch independent, the bias resulting from the presence of v2;2 in the peripheral sample is expected to be small. Thus, the use of the nonsubtracted peripheral reference is preferred over the more strongly biased ZYAM-subtracted reference.
If the cosð2ΔϕÞ dependence of YðΔϕÞ arises from modulation of the single-particle ϕ distributions, then v2;2should factorize such that v2;2ðpaT;pbTÞ ¼ v2ðpaTÞv2ðpbTÞ [42–44], where v2 is the cosð2ϕÞ Fourier coefficient of the single-particle anisotropy. To test this, the analysis was performed using three pbTintervals: 0.5–5, 0.5–1, and 2–3 GeV with 0.5 < pa
T< 5 GeV; results from the 2.76 TeV data for the 2–3 GeV interval were obtained using wider Nrec
ch intervals to improve statistics. Results are shown in the top panels of Fig. 4; the left and right panels show the 2.76 and 13 TeV data, respectively. A significant pb
Tdependence is seen. Separately, the same analysis was applied requiring both paTand pbTto fall within the above intervals. If factorization holds, the v2 values calculated using v2ðpT1Þ ¼ v2;2ðpT1; pT2Þ= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi v2;2ðpT2; pT2Þ q ; ð6Þ
where pT1 and pT2 indicate which of the three intervals,
0.5–5, 0.5–1, and 2–3 GeV, pa
T and pbT are required to lie within, should be independent of pT2. The v2values obtained using Eq.(6)are shown in the middle panels of Fig.4. For both collision energies, the three sets of v2 values agree within uncertainties, indicating that v2;2 factorizes.
This analysis is sensitive to potential Nrecch-dependent changes in the shape of the peripheral reference. For example, the PYTHIA 8 sample shows a modest Nrecch -dependent change in the width of the dijet peak for small Nrec
ch. Also, the v2;2 could vary with Nrecch over the 0 < Nrec
ch < 20 range. To test the sensitivity of the results presented here to such shape changes, the analysis was repeated using 0–5, 0–10, and 10–20 Nrec
ch intervals to form YperiphðΔϕÞ. The largest resulting change in v
2;2was taken as a systematic uncertainty. The relative uncertainty varies from 6% at Nrec
ch ¼ 30 to 2% for Nrecch ≥ 60 in the 13 TeV data, and is less than < 6% for all Nrec
ch for the 2.76 TeV data. When using the 0–5 Nrecch interval for YperiphðΔϕÞ, v2;2 values consistent with those shown in Fig.4are measured in Nrec
ch intervals 5–10, 10–15 and 15–20.
Potential systematic uncertainties on v2;2 due to a residual Δϕ dependence of the two-particle acceptance that does not cancel in the S=B ratio are evaluated following Ref.[47]and are found to be less than 1%. The effect of the uncertainty on the tracking efficiency on v2;2is determined to be less than 1%. A separate systematic on v2;2 due to the ϕ and pT resolution of the charged-particle meas-urement is estimated to be 2% (6%) for pT> 0.5 GeV (pT< 0.5 GeV). Events with unresolved multiple vertices decrease the measured v2;2 by increasing the combinatoric pedestal in YðΔϕÞ without increasing the modulation. The resulting systematic on v2;2 increases with Nrecch and is estimated to be less than 0.25% and 5% for the 13 and 2.76 TeV data, respectively. The combined systematic uncertainties on v2;2 and on v2 are shown by the shaded boxes in Fig. 4. The total v2;2 systematic uncertainty for 0.5 < pa;b
T < 5 GeV varies between ∼5% at low Nrecch to ∼3% at high Nrec
ch in the 13 TeV data, while in the 2.76 TeV data the uncertainty is 8% for all Nrec
ch. The systematic uncertainty on v2 is approximately half that for v2;2.
As shown in Fig.4, the measured v2are independent of Nrec
ch and are consistent between the two collision energies within uncertainties. The pT dependence of v2 for the 50–60 Nrec
ch interval, shown in the bottom left panel of Fig.4, is similar for both collision energies to that previously measured in p þ Pb and Pb þ Pb collisions. It increases with pTat low pT, reaches a maximum between 2 and 3 GeV, and then decreases at higher pT. The bottom right panel of Fig. 4 shows the pT dependence of v2 for different Nrecch intervals; no significant dependence is observed.
In summary, ATLAS has measured the multiplicity and pTffiffiffi dependence of two-charged-particle correlations in
s p
¼ 13 and 2.76 TeV pp collisions at the LHC. The correlation functions at both energies show a ridge whose strength increases with multiplicity. A new template fitting
procedure shows that the per-trigger-particle yields for jΔηj > 2 are described well by a superposition of the yields measured in a low-multiplicity interval and a constant modulated by cosð2ΔϕÞ. Thus, as observed in p þ Pb collisions [4], the pp data presented here are
rec ch N 20 40 60 80 100 2,2
v
0.002 0.004 0.006 =2.76 TeV s ATLAS s=13 TeV rec chN
20 40 60 80 2v
0.05 0.1 s=2.76 TeV rec chN
20 40 60 80 100 120 <5.0 GeV b T 0.5<p <1.0 GeV b T 0.5<p <3.0 GeV b T 2.0<p =13 TeV s |<5.0 η Δ 2.0<| <5.0 GeV a T 0.5<p[GeV]
a Tp
0 1 2 3 4 2v
0.05 0.1 =2.76 TeV s =13 TeV s ATLAS |<5.0 η Δ 2.0<| <5.0 GeV b T 0.5<p <60 rec ch N ≤ 50[GeV]
a Tp
1 2 3 4 <50 rec ch N ≤ 40 <80 rec ch N ≤ 70 100 ≥ rec ch N =13 TeV sFIG. 4. Measured v2;2(top) and v2(middle) values versus Nrecch for different pa;bT intervals for the 2.76 (left) and 13 TeV (right) data.
Results are averaged over Nrec
ch bins of width 10 spanning the range20 ≤ Nrecch < 100 and 20 ≤ Nrecch < 130 for the 2.76 and 13 TeV data,
respectively, except for the2 < pb
T< 3 GeV results for the 2.76 TeV data which are averaged over bins of width 20. Measured v2values
versus pa
T(bottom) spanning the range0.3 < paT< 5.0 GeV for the 13 and 2.76 TeV data for the 50 ≤ Nrecch < 60 interval (left) and for
three Nrec
ch intervals in the 13 TeV data (right). Results are averaged over the paTintervals indicated by horizontal error bars. On all points,
the vertical error bars indicate statistical uncertainties. The shaded bands indicate systematic uncertainties. For clarity, they are only shown for the0.5 < pb
T< 5 GeV case in the middle, for the 2.76 TeV data in the lower left, and for the 40 ≤ Nrecch < 50 case in the lower
compatible with both a “near-side” ridge centered at Δϕ ¼ 0 and an “away-side” ridge centered at Δϕ ¼ π that both result from a sinusoidal component of the two-particle correlation. The extracted Fourier coefficients, v2;2, exhibit factorization, which is characteristic of a global modulation of the per-event single-particle distributions also seen in p þ Pb and Pb þ Pb collisions. The amplitudes, v2, of the single-particle modulation, are Nrecch independent and agree between 2.76 and 13 TeV within uncertainties. They increase with pT for pT≲ 3 GeV and then decrease at higher pT, following a trend similar to that observed in p þ Pb and Pb þ Pb collisions. These results suggest that the ridges in pp and p þ Pb collisions may arise from a similar physical mechanism which does not have a strongffiffiffi
s p
dependence.
We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1
(Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide. Note added.—Recently, we became aware of a related work[48].
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A. Gorišek,75E. Gornicki,39A. T. Goshaw,45 C. Gössling,43M. I. Gostkin,65D. Goujdami,135cA. G. Goussiou,138 N. Govender,145b E. Gozani,152L. Graber,54I. Grabowska-Bold,38a P. O. J. Gradin,166P. Grafström,20a,20b J. Gramling,49
E. Gramstad,119S. Grancagnolo,16V. Gratchev,123 H. M. Gray,30 E. Graziani,134aZ. D. Greenwood,79,qC. Grefe,21 K. Gregersen,78I. M. Gregor,42P. Grenier,143J. Griffiths,8A. A. Grillo,137 K. Grimm,72S. Grinstein,12,r Ph. Gris,34 J.-F. Grivaz,117S. Groh,83J. P. Grohs,44A. Grohsjean,42E. Gross,172 J. Grosse-Knetter,54 G. C. Grossi,79 Z. J. Grout,149
L. Guan,89J. Guenther,128F. Guescini,49D. Guest,163O. Gueta,153E. Guido,50a,50bT. Guillemin,117S. Guindon,2U. Gul,53 C. Gumpert,30J. Guo,33e Y. Guo,33b,p S. Gupta,120 G. Gustavino,132a,132bP. Gutierrez,113 N. G. Gutierrez Ortiz,78 C. Gutschow,44C. Guyot,136C. Gwenlan,120C. B. Gwilliam,74A. Haas,110C. Haber,15H. K. Hadavand,8 N. Haddad,135e
P. Haefner,21S. Hageböck,21Z. Hajduk,39H. Hakobyan,177 M. Haleem,42 J. Haley,114 D. Hall,120G. Halladjian,90 G. D. Hallewell,85K. Hamacher,175 P. Hamal,115K. Hamano,169A. Hamilton,145aG. N. Hamity,139 P. G. Hamnett,42
L. Han,33bK. Hanagaki,66,sK. Hanawa,155M. Hance,137B. Haney,122 P. Hanke,58a R. Hanna,136J. B. Hansen,36 J. D. Hansen,36M. C. Hansen,21P. H. Hansen,36K. Hara,160 A. S. Hard,173 T. Harenberg,175F. Hariri,117S. Harkusha,92 R. D. Harrington,46P. F. Harrison,170F. Hartjes,107M. Hasegawa,67Y. Hasegawa,140A. Hasib,113S. Hassani,136S. Haug,17
R. Hauser,90L. Hauswald,44 M. Havranek,127 C. M. Hawkes,18R. J. Hawkings,30A. D. Hawkins,81 T. Hayashi,160 D. Hayden,90C. P. Hays,120 J. M. Hays,76H. S. Hayward,74S. J. Haywood,131S. J. Head,18T. Heck,83V. Hedberg,81
L. Heelan,8S. Heim,122T. Heim,175B. Heinemann,15L. Heinrich,110 J. Hejbal,127L. Helary,22S. Hellman,146a,146b C. Helsens,30J. Henderson,120R. C. W. Henderson,72Y. Heng,173 C. Hengler,42 S. Henkelmann,168 A. Henrichs,176
A. M. Henriques Correia,30S. Henrot-Versille,117G. H. Herbert,16Y. Hernández Jiménez,167G. Herten,48 R. Hertenberger,100L. Hervas,30G. G. Hesketh,78N. P. Hessey,107J. W. Hetherly,40R. Hickling,76E. Higón-Rodriguez,167
E. Hill,169J. C. Hill,28K. H. Hiller,42S. J. Hillier,18I. Hinchliffe,15E. Hines,122 R. R. Hinman,15 M. Hirose,157 D. Hirschbuehl,175J. Hobbs,148 N. Hod,107M. C. Hodgkinson,139P. Hodgson,139 A. Hoecker,30 M. R. Hoeferkamp,105
F. Hoenig,100 M. Hohlfeld,83D. Hohn,21 T. R. Holmes,15M. Homann,43 T. M. Hong,125 B. H. Hooberman,165 W. H. Hopkins,116Y. Horii,103A. J. Horton,142J-Y. Hostachy,55S. Hou,151A. Hoummada,135aJ. Howard,120J. Howarth,42 M. Hrabovsky,115I. Hristova,16J. Hrivnac,117T. Hryn’ova,5A. Hrynevich,93C. Hsu,145cP. J. Hsu,151,tS.-C. Hsu,138D. Hu,35 Q. Hu,33bX. Hu,89Y. Huang,42Z. Hubacek,128F. Hubaut,85F. Huegging,21T. B. Huffman,120E. W. Hughes,35G. Hughes,72 M. Huhtinen,30 T. A. Hülsing,83N. Huseynov,65,c J. Huston,90J. Huth,57 G. Iacobucci,49G. Iakovidis,25I. Ibragimov,141 L. Iconomidou-Fayard,117E. Ideal,176Z. Idrissi,135eP. Iengo,30O. Igonkina,107T. Iizawa,171Y. Ikegami,66K. Ikematsu,141
M. Ikeno,66Y. Ilchenko,31,u D. Iliadis,154N. Ilic,143 T. Ince,101 G. Introzzi,121a,121bP. Ioannou,9 M. Iodice,134a K. Iordanidou,35V. Ippolito,57A. Irles Quiles,167 C. Isaksson,166 M. Ishino,68M. Ishitsuka,157R. Ishmukhametov,111 C. Issever,120S. Istin,19a J. M. Iturbe Ponce,84R. Iuppa,133a,133bJ. Ivarsson,81W. Iwanski,39H. Iwasaki,66J. M. Izen,41 V. Izzo,104a S. Jabbar,3B. Jackson,122M. Jackson,74P. Jackson,1 M. R. Jaekel,30 V. Jain,2 K. B. Jakobi,83K. Jakobs,48 S. Jakobsen,30T. Jakoubek,127J. Jakubek,128D. O. Jamin,114D. K. Jana,79E. Jansen,78R. Jansky,62J. Janssen,21M. Janus,54 G. Jarlskog,81N. Javadov,65,cT. Javůrek,48L. Jeanty,15J. Jejelava,51a,vG.-Y. Jeng,150D. Jennens,88P. Jenni,48,wJ. Jentzsch,43
C. Jeske,170 S. Jézéquel,5 H. Ji,173 J. Jia,148 Y. Jiang,33b S. Jiggins,78J. Jimenez Pena,167 S. Jin,33a A. Jinaru,26b O. Jinnouchi,157 M. D. Joergensen,36P. Johansson,139 K. A. Johns,7W. J. Johnson,138K. Jon-And,146a,146bG. Jones,170
R. W. L. Jones,72T. J. Jones,74J. Jongmanns,58a P. M. Jorge,126a,126bK. D. Joshi,84J. Jovicevic,159aX. Ju,173 A. Juste Rozas,12,rM. Kaci,167A. Kaczmarska,39M. Kado,117H. Kagan,111M. Kagan,143S. J. Kahn,85E. Kajomovitz,45
C. W. Kalderon,120 A. Kaluza,83S. Kama,40A. Kamenshchikov,130N. Kanaya,155S. Kaneti,28V. A. Kantserov,98 J. Kanzaki,66B. Kaplan,110L. S. Kaplan,173A. Kapliy,31D. Kar,145cK. Karakostas,10A. Karamaoun,3N. Karastathis,10,107
M. J. Kareem,54E. Karentzos,10M. Karnevskiy,83S. N. Karpov,65Z. M. Karpova,65 K. Karthik,110V. Kartvelishvili,72 A. N. Karyukhin,130 K. Kasahara,160 L. Kashif,173R. D. Kass,111A. Kastanas,14Y. Kataoka,155C. Kato,155A. Katre,49 J. Katzy,42K. Kawade,103K. Kawagoe,70T. Kawamoto,155G. Kawamura,54S. Kazama,155V. F. Kazanin,109,dR. Keeler,169 R. Kehoe,40J. S. Keller,42J. J. Kempster,77H. Keoshkerian,84O. Kepka,127B. P. Kerševan,75S. Kersten,175R. A. Keyes,87 F. Khalil-zada,11H. Khandanyan,146a,146bA. Khanov,114A. G. Kharlamov,109,dT. J. Khoo,28V. Khovanskiy,97E. Khramov,65 J. Khubua,51b,x S. Kido,67H. Y. Kim,8 S. H. Kim,160Y. K. Kim,31N. Kimura,154O. M. Kind,16B. T. King,74M. King,167 S. B. King,168 J. Kirk,131 A. E. Kiryunin,101 T. Kishimoto,67 D. Kisielewska,38a F. Kiss,48K. Kiuchi,160 O. Kivernyk,136
E. Kladiva,144b M. H. Klein,35M. Klein,74U. Klein,74 K. Kleinknecht,83 P. Klimek,146a,146bA. Klimentov,25 R. Klingenberg,43J. A. Klinger,139T. Klioutchnikova,30E.-E. Kluge,58aP. Kluit,107S. Kluth,101J. Knapik,39E. Kneringer,62
E. B. F. G. Knoops,85A. Knue,53A. Kobayashi,155D. Kobayashi,157 T. Kobayashi,155M. Kobel,44M. Kocian,143 P. Kodys,129T. Koffas,29E. Koffeman,107L. A. Kogan,120 S. Kohlmann,175 Z. Kohout,128 T. Kohriki,66 T. Koi,143 H. Kolanoski,16M. Kolb,58bI. Koletsou,5 A. A. Komar,96,a Y. Komori,155T. Kondo,66 N. Kondrashova,42K. Köneke,48
A. C. König,106T. Kono,66R. Konoplich,110,yN. Konstantinidis,78R. Kopeliansky,152S. Koperny,38a L. Köpke,83 A. K. Kopp,48K. Korcyl,39K. Kordas,154 A. Korn,78A. A. Korol,109,d I. Korolkov,12E. V. Korolkova,139 O. Kortner,101
C. Kourkoumelis,9 V. Kouskoura,25A. Koutsman,159aR. Kowalewski,169T. Z. Kowalski,38a W. Kozanecki,136 A. S. Kozhin,130 V. A. Kramarenko,99 G. Kramberger,75D. Krasnopevtsev,98M. W. Krasny,80A. Krasznahorkay,30 J. K. Kraus,21A. Kravchenko,25S. Kreiss,110M. Kretz,58c J. Kretzschmar,74K. Kreutzfeldt,52P. Krieger,158 K. Krizka,31
K. Kroeninger,43 H. Kroha,101 J. Kroll,122J. Kroseberg,21 J. Krstic,13U. Kruchonak,65H. Krüger,21 N. Krumnack,64 A. Kruse,173 M. C. Kruse,45M. Kruskal,22T. Kubota,88H. Kucuk,78 S. Kuday,4bS. Kuehn,48A. Kugel,58c F. Kuger,174
A. Kuhl,137T. Kuhl,42V. Kukhtin,65R. Kukla,136 Y. Kulchitsky,92 S. Kuleshov,32b M. Kuna,132a,132bT. Kunigo,68 A. Kupco,127H. Kurashige,67Y. A. Kurochkin,92V. Kus,127E. S. Kuwertz,169M. Kuze,157J. Kvita,115T. Kwan,169 D. Kyriazopoulos,139A. La Rosa,137J. L. La Rosa Navarro,24dL. La Rotonda,37a,37bC. Lacasta,167 F. Lacava,132a,132b J. Lacey,29H. Lacker,16 D. Lacour,80V. R. Lacuesta,167 E. Ladygin,65R. Lafaye,5 B. Laforge,80 T. Lagouri,176S. Lai,54 L. Lambourne,78S. Lammers,61C. L. Lampen,7W. Lampl,7E. Lançon,136U. Landgraf,48M. P. J. Landon,76V. S. Lang,58a J. C. Lange,12A. J. Lankford,163F. Lanni,25 K. Lantzsch,21 A. Lanza,121aS. Laplace,80C. Lapoire,30J. F. Laporte,136 T. Lari,91aF. Lasagni Manghi,20a,20bM. Lassnig,30P. Laurelli,47W. Lavrijsen,15A. T. Law,137P. Laycock,74T. Lazovich,57
O. Le Dortz,80 E. Le Guirriec,85E. Le Menedeu,12M. LeBlanc,169 T. LeCompte,6 F. Ledroit-Guillon,55C. A. Lee,145a S. C. Lee,151L. Lee,1G. Lefebvre,80M. Lefebvre,169F. Legger,100C. Leggett,15A. Lehan,74G. Lehmann Miotto,30X. Lei,7
W. A. Leight,29A. Leisos,154,z A. G. Leister,176M. A. L. Leite,24dR. Leitner,129 D. Lellouch,172B. Lemmer,54 K. J. C. Leney,78T. Lenz,21B. Lenzi,30R. Leone,7 S. Leone,124a,124bC. Leonidopoulos,46S. Leontsinis,10C. Leroy,95 C. G. Lester,28 M. Levchenko,123J. Levêque,5 D. Levin,89L. J. Levinson,172M. Levy,18A. Lewis,120A. M. Leyko,21 M. Leyton,41B. Li,33b,aaH. Li,148H. L. Li,31L. Li,45L. Li,33eS. Li,45X. Li,84Y. Li,33c,bbZ. Liang,137H. Liao,34B. Liberti,133a A. Liblong,158P. Lichard,30K. Lie,165J. Liebal,21W. Liebig,14C. Limbach,21A. Limosani,150S. C. Lin,151,ccT. H. Lin,83 F. Linde,107B. E. Lindquist,148J. T. Linnemann,90E. Lipeles,122A. Lipniacka,14M. Lisovyi,58bT. M. Liss,165D. Lissauer,25 A. Lister,168A. M. Litke,137B. Liu,151,ddD. Liu,151H. Liu,89J. Liu,85J. B. Liu,33bK. Liu,85L. Liu,165M. Liu,45M. Liu,33b Y. Liu,33bM. Livan,121a,121bA. Lleres,55J. Llorente Merino,82S. L. Lloyd,76F. Lo Sterzo,151E. Lobodzinska,42P. Loch,7 W. S. Lockman,137F. K. Loebinger,84A. E. Loevschall-Jensen,36K. M. Loew,23A. Loginov,176T. Lohse,16K. Lohwasser,42
M. Lokajicek,127B. A. Long,22J. D. Long,165 R. E. Long,72K. A. Looper,111L. Lopes,126aD. Lopez Mateos,57 B. Lopez Paredes,139 I. Lopez Paz,12J. Lorenz,100 N. Lorenzo Martinez,61M. Losada,162 P. J. Lösel,100X. Lou,33a A. Lounis,117 J. Love,6 P. A. Love,72H. Lu,60a N. Lu,89H. J. Lubatti,138 C. Luci,132a,132bA. Lucotte,55C. Luedtke,48 F. Luehring,61W. Lukas,62L. Luminari,132aO. Lundberg,146a,146bB. Lund-Jensen,147D. Lynn,25R. Lysak,127E. Lytken,81 H. Ma,25L. L. Ma,33dG. Maccarrone,47A. Macchiolo,101C. M. Macdonald,139 B. Maček,75J. Machado Miguens,122,126b D. Macina,30D. Madaffari,85R. Madar,34H. J. Maddocks,72W. F. Mader,44 A. Madsen,42J. Maeda,67S. Maeland,14
T. Maeno,25A. Maevskiy,99E. Magradze,54K. Mahboubi,48J. Mahlstedt,107C. Maiani,136 C. Maidantchik,24a A. A. Maier,101T. Maier,100A. Maio,126a,126b,126dS. Majewski,116Y. Makida,66N. Makovec,117B. Malaescu,80Pa. Malecki,39
V. P. Maleev,123F. Malek,55U. Mallik,63 D. Malon,6 C. Malone,143 S. Maltezos,10V. M. Malyshev,109S. Malyukov,30 J. Mamuzic,42G. Mancini,47 B. Mandelli,30 L. Mandelli,91aI. Mandić,75R. Mandrysch,63J. Maneira,126a,126b L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho,24bJ. Manjarres Ramos,159b A. Mann,100A. Manousakis-Katsikakis,9 B. Mansoulie,136
R. Mantifel,87M. Mantoani,54 L. Mapelli,30L. March,145cG. Marchiori,80M. Marcisovsky,127C. P. Marino,169 M. Marjanovic,13D. E. Marley,89F. Marroquim,24aS. P. Marsden,84Z. Marshall,15 L. F. Marti,17S. Marti-Garcia,167 B. Martin,90T. A. Martin,170V. J. Martin,46B. Martin dit Latour,14M. Martinez,12,rS. Martin-Haugh,131V. S. Martoiu,26b A. C. Martyniuk,78M. Marx,138F. Marzano,132aA. Marzin,30L. Masetti,83T. Mashimo,155R. Mashinistov,96J. Masik,84
A. L. Maslennikov,109,d I. Massa,20a,20b L. Massa,20a,20b P. Mastrandrea,5A. Mastroberardino,37a,37bT. Masubuchi,155 P. Mättig,175 J. Mattmann,83 J. Maurer,26b S. J. Maxfield,74D. A. Maximov,109,d R. Mazini,151S. M. Mazza,91a,91b
G. Mc Goldrick,158S. P. Mc Kee,89A. McCarn,89R. L. McCarthy,148T. G. McCarthy,29N. A. McCubbin,131 K. W. McFarlane,56,a J. A. Mcfayden,78G. Mchedlidze,54S. J. McMahon,131R. A. McPherson,169,mM. Medinnis,42 S. Meehan,138S. Mehlhase,100A. Mehta,74K. Meier,58aC. Meineck,100B. Meirose,41B. R. Mellado Garcia,145cF. Meloni,17
A. Mengarelli,20a,20b S. Menke,101E. Meoni,161 K. M. Mercurio,57S. Mergelmeyer,21P. Mermod,49L. Merola,104a,104b C. Meroni,91a F. S. Merritt,31A. Messina,132a,132bJ. Metcalfe,6 A. S. Mete,163C. Meyer,83C. Meyer,122J-P. Meyer,136 J. Meyer,107H. Meyer Zu Theenhausen,58a R. P. Middleton,131S. Miglioranzi,164a,164c L. Mijović,21G. Mikenberg,172 M. Mikestikova,127M. Mikuž,75M. Milesi,88A. Milic,30D. W. Miller,31C. Mills,46A. Milov,172D. A. Milstead,146a,146b A. A. Minaenko,130Y. Minami,155I. A. Minashvili,65A. I. Mincer,110B. Mindur,38aM. Mineev,65Y. Ming,173L. M. Mir,12
T. Moa,146a,146bK. Mochizuki,85S. Mohapatra,35W. Mohr,48S. Molander,146a,146bR. Moles-Valls,21R. Monden,68 M. C. Mondragon,90K. Mönig,42C. Monini,55J. Monk,36E. Monnier,85A. Montalbano,148 J. Montejo Berlingen,30 F. Monticelli,71S. Monzani,132a,132bR. W. Moore,3 N. Morange,117 D. Moreno,162M. Moreno Llácer,54 P. Morettini,50a
D. Mori,142T. Mori,155 M. Morii,57M. Morinaga,155 V. Morisbak,119 S. Moritz,83A. K. Morley,150G. Mornacchi,30 J. D. Morris,76S. S. Mortensen,36A. Morton,53L. Morvaj,103M. Mosidze,51bJ. Moss,143K. Motohashi,157R. Mount,143
E. Mountricha,25S. V. Mouraviev,96,a E. J. W. Moyse,86S. Muanza,85R. D. Mudd,18 F. Mueller,101 J. Mueller,125 R. S. P. Mueller,100 T. Mueller,28D. Muenstermann,49P. Mullen,53G. A. Mullier,17F. J. Munoz Sanchez,84 J. A. Murillo Quijada,18W. J. Murray,170,131H. Musheghyan,54E. Musto,152A. G. Myagkov,130,ee M. Myska,128 B. P. Nachman,143 O. Nackenhorst,54J. Nadal,54K. Nagai,120R. Nagai,157Y. Nagai,85K. Nagano,66A. Nagarkar,111 Y. Nagasaka,59K. Nagata,160M. Nagel,101 E. Nagy,85A. M. Nairz,30Y. Nakahama,30 K. Nakamura,66T. Nakamura,155 I. Nakano,112H. Namasivayam,41R. F. Naranjo Garcia,42R. Narayan,31D. I. Narrias Villar,58aT. Naumann,42G. Navarro,162 R. Nayyar,7H. A. Neal,89P. Yu. Nechaeva,96T. J. Neep,84P. D. Nef,143A. Negri,121a,121bM. Negrini,20aS. Nektarijevic,106
C. Nellist,117A. Nelson,163 S. Nemecek,127 P. Nemethy,110 A. A. Nepomuceno,24a M. Nessi,30,ffM. S. Neubauer,165 M. Neumann,175 R. M. Neves,110P. Nevski,25 P. R. Newman,18D. H. Nguyen,6 R. B. Nickerson,120R. Nicolaidou,136 B. Nicquevert,30J. Nielsen,137N. Nikiforou,35A. Nikiforov,16V. Nikolaenko,130,eeI. Nikolic-Audit,80K. Nikolopoulos,18
J. K. Nilsen,119P. Nilsson,25 Y. Ninomiya,155A. Nisati,132aR. Nisius,101 T. Nobe,155 M. Nomachi,118 I. Nomidis,29 T. Nooney,76S. Norberg,113 M. Nordberg,30O. Novgorodova,44S. Nowak,101 M. Nozaki,66L. Nozka,115K. Ntekas,10 G. Nunes Hanninger,88T. Nunnemann,100E. Nurse,78F. Nuti,88F. O’grady,7D. C. O’Neil,142V. O’Shea,53F. G. Oakham,29,e H. Oberlack,101T. Obermann,21J. Ocariz,80A. Ochi,67I. Ochoa,35J. P. Ochoa-Ricoux,32aS. Oda,70S. Odaka,66H. Ogren,61 A. Oh,84S. H. Oh,45C. C. Ohm,15H. Ohman,166H. Oide,30W. Okamura,118H. Okawa,160Y. Okumura,31T. Okuyama,66 A. Olariu,26bS. A. Olivares Pino,46D. Oliveira Damazio,25A. Olszewski,39J. Olszowska,39A. Onofre,126a,126eK. Onogi,103 P. U. E. Onyisi,31,uC. J. Oram,159aM. J. Oreglia,31Y. Oren,153D. Orestano,134a,134bN. Orlando,154C. Oropeza Barrera,53
R. S. Orr,158B. Osculati,50a,50bR. Ospanov,84G. Otero y Garzon,27H. Otono,70M. Ouchrif,135d F. Ould-Saada,119 A. Ouraou,136 K. P. Oussoren,107 Q. Ouyang,33a A. Ovcharova,15M. Owen,53R. E. Owen,18V. E. Ozcan,19a N. Ozturk,8 K. Pachal,142A. Pacheco Pages,12C. Padilla Aranda,12M. Pagáčová,48S. Pagan Griso,15E. Paganis,139F. Paige,25P. Pais,86
K. Pajchel,119G. Palacino,159b S. Palestini,30 M. Palka,38b D. Pallin,34 A. Palma,126a,126bY. B. Pan,173 E. St. Panagiotopoulou,10C. E. Pandini,80J. G. Panduro Vazquez,77 P. Pani,146a,146bS. Panitkin,25 D. Pantea,26b L. Paolozzi,49Th. D. Papadopoulou,10 K. Papageorgiou,154A. Paramonov,6 D. Paredes Hernandez,154 M. A. Parker,28 K. A. Parker,139 F. Parodi,50a,50bJ. A. Parsons,35U. Parzefall,48E. Pasqualucci,132aS. Passaggio,50aF. Pastore,134a,134b,a Fr. Pastore,77G. Pásztor,29S. Pataraia,175N. D. Patel,150J. R. Pater,84T. Pauly,30J. Pearce,169B. Pearson,113L. E. Pedersen,36
M. Pedersen,119S. Pedraza Lopez,167R. Pedro,126a,126bS. V. Peleganchuk,109,dD. Pelikan,166 O. Penc,127C. Peng,33a H. Peng,33bB. Penning,31J. Penwell,61D. V. Perepelitsa,25E. Perez Codina,159aM. T. Pérez García-Estañ,167L. Perini,91a,91b
H. Pernegger,30S. Perrella,104a,104bR. Peschke,42V. D. Peshekhonov,65 K. Peters,30R. F. Y. Peters,84B. A. Petersen,30 T. C. Petersen,36E. Petit,42A. Petridis,1C. Petridou,154P. Petroff,117E. Petrolo,132aF. Petrucci,134a,134bN. E. Pettersson,157
R. Pezoa,32b P. W. Phillips,131 G. Piacquadio,143E. Pianori,170A. Picazio,49E. Piccaro,76M. Piccinini,20a,20b M. A. Pickering,120R. Piegaia,27D. T. Pignotti,111J. E. Pilcher,31A. D. Pilkington,84A. W. J. Pin,84J. Pina,126a,126b,126d
M. Pinamonti,164a,164c,gg J. L. Pinfold,3 A. Pingel,36S. Pires,80H. Pirumov,42M. Pitt,172C. Pizio,91a,91bL. Plazak,144a M.-A. Pleier,25V. Pleskot,129E. Plotnikova,65P. Plucinski,146a,146bD. Pluth,64R. Poettgen,146a,146bL. Poggioli,117D. Pohl,21
G. Polesello,121a A. Poley,42A. Policicchio,37a,37b R. Polifka,158 A. Polini,20a C. S. Pollard,53V. Polychronakos,25 K. Pommès,30 L. Pontecorvo,132a B. G. Pope,90G. A. Popeneciu,26c D. S. Popovic,13 A. Poppleton,30S. Pospisil,128
K. Potamianos,15I. N. Potrap,65C. J. Potter,149C. T. Potter,116 G. Poulard,30J. Poveda,30V. Pozdnyakov,65 M. E. Pozo Astigarraga,30P. Pralavorio,85A. Pranko,15S. Prasad,30S. Prell,64D. Price,84L. E. Price,6 M. Primavera,73a
S. Prince,87M. Proissl,46K. Prokofiev,60c F. Prokoshin,32bE. Protopapadaki,136S. Protopopescu,25 J. Proudfoot,6 M. Przybycien,38aE. Ptacek,116D. Puddu,134a,134bE. Pueschel,86D. Puldon,148 M. Purohit,25,hhP. Puzo,117 J. Qian,89 G. Qin,53Y. Qin,84A. Quadt,54D. R. Quarrie,15W. B. Quayle,164a,164bM. Queitsch-Maitland,84D. Quilty,53S. Raddum,119 V. Radeka,25V. Radescu,42S. K. Radhakrishnan,148P. Radloff,116P. Rados,88F. Ragusa,91a,91bG. Rahal,178S. Rajagopalan,25
M. Rammensee,30C. Rangel-Smith,166 F. Rauscher,100 S. Rave,83T. Ravenscroft,53M. Raymond,30A. L. Read,119 N. P. Readioff,74D. M. Rebuzzi,121a,121bA. Redelbach,174 G. Redlinger,25R. Reece,137 K. Reeves,41L. Rehnisch,16 J. Reichert,122H. Reisin,27C. Rembser,30H. Ren,33aA. Renaud,117M. Rescigno,132aS. Resconi,91a O. L. Rezanova,109,d
P. Reznicek,129R. Rezvani,95R. Richter,101S. Richter,78E. Richter-Was,38bO. Ricken,21M. Ridel,80P. Rieck,16 C. J. Riegel,175J. Rieger,54O. Rifki,113M. Rijssenbeek,148A. Rimoldi,121a,121bL. Rinaldi,20aB. Ristić,49E. Ritsch,30I. Riu,12
F. Rizatdinova,114 E. Rizvi,76S. H. Robertson,87,mA. Robichaud-Veronneau,87D. Robinson,28 J. E. M. Robinson,42 A. Robson,53C. Roda,124a,124bS. Roe,30 O. Røhne,119 A. Romaniouk,98M. Romano,20a,20bS. M. Romano Saez,34 E. Romero Adam,167 N. Rompotis,138 M. Ronzani,48L. Roos,80E. Ros,167S. Rosati,132aK. Rosbach,48P. Rose,137 O. Rosenthal,141V. Rossetti,146a,146bE. Rossi,104a,104bL. P. Rossi,50aJ. H. N. Rosten,28R. Rosten,138M. Rotaru,26bI. Roth,172
J. Rothberg,138D. Rousseau,117C. R. Royon,136 A. Rozanov,85Y. Rozen,152X. Ruan,145cF. Rubbo,143I. Rubinskiy,42 V. I. Rud,99C. Rudolph,44M. S. Rudolph,158F. Rühr,48A. Ruiz-Martinez,30 Z. Rurikova,48N. A. Rusakovich,65 A. Ruschke,100 H. L. Russell,138J. P. Rutherfoord,7 N. Ruthmann,30Y. F. Ryabov,123M. Rybar,165 G. Rybkin,117 N. C. Ryder,120A. Ryzhov,130A. F. Saavedra,150 G. Sabato,107S. Sacerdoti,27A. Saddique,3 H. F-W. Sadrozinski,137 R. Sadykov,65F. Safai Tehrani,132aP. Saha,108M. Sahinsoy,58aM. Saimpert,136T. Saito,155H. Sakamoto,155Y. Sakurai,171
G. Salamanna,134a,134bA. Salamon,133aJ. E. Salazar Loyola,32b M. Saleem,113D. Salek,107P. H. Sales De Bruin,138 D. Salihagic,101A. Salnikov,143J. Salt,167D. Salvatore,37a,37bF. Salvatore,149A. Salvucci,60aA. Salzburger,30D. Sammel,48
D. Sampsonidis,154 A. Sanchez,104a,104bJ. Sánchez,167V. Sanchez Martinez,167 H. Sandaker,119R. L. Sandbach,76 H. G. Sander,83M. P. Sanders,100M. Sandhoff,175C. Sandoval,162R. Sandstroem,101D. P. C. Sankey,131M. Sannino,50a,50b
A. Sansoni,47C. Santoni,34R. Santonico,133a,133bH. Santos,126aI. Santoyo Castillo,149K. Sapp,125A. Sapronov,65 J. G. Saraiva,126a,126dB. Sarrazin,21O. Sasaki,66Y. Sasaki,155 K. Sato,160G. Sauvage,5,a E. Sauvan,5 G. Savage,77 P. Savard,158,eC. Sawyer,131L. Sawyer,79,qJ. Saxon,31C. Sbarra,20a A. Sbrizzi,20a,20bT. Scanlon,78D. A. Scannicchio,163
M. Scarcella,150 V. Scarfone,37a,37bJ. Schaarschmidt,172 P. Schacht,101 D. Schaefer,30R. Schaefer,42J. Schaeffer,83 S. Schaepe,21 S. Schaetzel,58b U. Schäfer,83A. C. Schaffer,117D. Schaile,100R. D. Schamberger,148V. Scharf,58a V. A. Schegelsky,123 D. Scheirich,129 M. Schernau,163C. Schiavi,50a,50bC. Schillo,48M. Schioppa,37a,37bS. Schlenker,30 K. Schmieden,30C. Schmitt,83S. Schmitt,58bS. Schmitt,42S. Schmitz,83B. Schneider,159aY. J. Schnellbach,74U. Schnoor,44 L. Schoeffel,136A. Schoening,58bB. D. Schoenrock,90E. Schopf,21A. L. S. Schorlemmer,54M. Schott,83D. Schouten,159a J. Schovancova,8 S. Schramm,49M. Schreyer,174N. Schuh,83M. J. Schultens,21H.-C. Schultz-Coulon,58a H. Schulz,16
M. Schumacher,48 B. A. Schumm,137 Ph. Schune,136C. Schwanenberger,84A. Schwartzman,143T. A. Schwarz,89 Ph. Schwegler,101H. Schweiger,84Ph. Schwemling,136 R. Schwienhorst,90J. Schwindling,136T. Schwindt,21E. Scifo,117 G. Sciolla,23F. Scuri,124a,124bF. Scutti,21J. Searcy,89G. Sedov,42E. Sedykh,123P. Seema,21S. C. Seidel,105A. Seiden,137
F. Seifert,128J. M. Seixas,24a G. Sekhniaidze,104aK. Sekhon,89 S. J. Sekula,40D. M. Seliverstov,123,a N. Semprini-Cesari,20a,20b C. Serfon,30L. Serin,117L. Serkin,164a,164bT. Serre,85M. Sessa,134a,134bR. Seuster,159a H. Severini,113T. Sfiligoj,75F. Sforza,30A. Sfyrla,30E. Shabalina,54M. Shamim,116L. Y. Shan,33aR. Shang,165J. T. Shank,22
M. Shapiro,15P. B. Shatalov,97K. Shaw,164a,164bS. M. Shaw,84A. Shcherbakova,146a,146bC. Y. Shehu,149 P. Sherwood,78 L. Shi,151,ii S. Shimizu,67C. O. Shimmin,163 M. Shimojima,102 M. Shiyakova,65 A. Shmeleva,96D. Shoaleh Saadi,95 M. J. Shochet,31S. Shojaii,91a,91bS. Shrestha,111E. Shulga,98M. A. Shupe,7P. Sicho,127P. E. Sidebo,147O. Sidiropoulou,174
D. Sidorov,114A. Sidoti,20a,20bF. Siegert,44Dj. Sijacki,13J. Silva,126a,126dY. Silver,153S. B. Silverstein,146aV. Simak,128 O. Simard,5Lj. Simic,13S. Simion,117E. Simioni,83B. Simmons,78D. Simon,34M. Simon,83P. Sinervo,158N. B. Sinev,116 M. Sioli,20a,20bG. Siragusa,174A. N. Sisakyan,65,a S. Yu. Sivoklokov,99J. Sjölin,146a,146bT. B. Sjursen,14M. B. Skinner,72 H. P. Skottowe,57 P. Skubic,113 M. Slater,18T. Slavicek,128M. Slawinska,107 K. Sliwa,161V. Smakhtin,172B. H. Smart,46
L. Smestad,14 S. Yu. Smirnov,98Y. Smirnov,98L. N. Smirnova,99,jj O. Smirnova,81M. N. K. Smith,35R. W. Smith,35 M. Smizanska,72K. Smolek,128 A. A. Snesarev,96G. Snidero,76S. Snyder,25R. Sobie,169,m F. Socher,44A. Soffer,153
D. A. Soh,151,ii G. Sokhrannyi,75C. A. Solans,30M. Solar,128 J. Solc,128E. Yu. Soldatov,98U. Soldevila,167 A. A. Solodkov,130 A. Soloshenko,65 O. V. Solovyanov,130 V. Solovyev,123 P. Sommer,48H. Y. Song,33b,aa N. Soni,1 A. Sood,15A. Sopczak,128B. Sopko,128 V. Sopko,128V. Sorin,12 D. Sosa,58bM. Sosebee,8C. L. Sotiropoulou,124a,124b
R. Soualah,164a,164cA. M. Soukharev,109,d D. South,42B. C. Sowden,77S. Spagnolo,73a,73bM. Spalla,124a,124b M. Spangenberg,170F. Spanò,77W. R. Spearman,57D. Sperlich,16F. Spettel,101 R. Spighi,20a G. Spigo,30L. A. Spiller,88
M. Spousta,129 R. D. St. Denis,53,a A. Stabile,91a S. Staerz,30 J. Stahlman,122R. Stamen,58a S. Stamm,16E. Stanecka,39 C. Stanescu,134aM. Stanescu-Bellu,42M. M. Stanitzki,42S. Stapnes,119 E. A. Starchenko,130 J. Stark,55P. Staroba,127
P. Starovoitov,58a R. Staszewski,39P. Steinberg,25B. Stelzer,142H. J. Stelzer,30O. Stelzer-Chilton,159aH. Stenzel,52 G. A. Stewart,53J. A. Stillings,21M. C. Stockton,87M. Stoebe,87G. Stoicea,26bP. Stolte,54S. Stonjek,101A. R. Stradling,8 A. Straessner,44M. E. Stramaglia,17J. Strandberg,147S. Strandberg,146a,146bA. Strandlie,119 E. Strauss,143 M. Strauss,113
P. Strizenec,144bR. Ströhmer,174D. M. Strom,116R. Stroynowski,40A. Strubig,106S. A. Stucci,17B. Stugu,14N. A. Styles,42 D. Su,143J. Su,125R. Subramaniam,79A. Succurro,12S. Suchek,58aY. Sugaya,118M. Suk,128V. V. Sulin,96S. Sultansoy,4c T. Sumida,68S. Sun,57X. Sun,33a J. E. Sundermann,48K. Suruliz,149G. Susinno,37a,37b M. R. Sutton,149 S. Suzuki,66 M. Svatos,127 M. Swiatlowski,31I. Sykora,144a T. Sykora,129 D. Ta,48C. Taccini,134a,134bK. Tackmann,42J. Taenzer,158
A. Taffard,163 R. Tafirout,159aN. Taiblum,153H. Takai,25R. Takashima,69H. Takeda,67T. Takeshita,140Y. Takubo,66 M. Talby,85A. A. Talyshev,109,dJ. Y. C. Tam,174K. G. Tan,88J. Tanaka,155R. Tanaka,117S. Tanaka,66B. B. Tannenwald,111
S. Tapia Araya,32bS. Tapprogge,83S. Tarem,152 F. Tarrade,29G. F. Tartarelli,91a P. Tas,129M. Tasevsky,127T. Tashiro,68 E. Tassi,37a,37bA. Tavares Delgado,126a,126bY. Tayalati,135dA. C. Taylor,105F. E. Taylor,94G. N. Taylor,88P. T. E. Taylor,88
W. Taylor,159b F. A. Teischinger,30M. Teixeira Dias Castanheira,76P. Teixeira-Dias,77K. K. Temming,48D. Temple,142 H. Ten Kate,30P. K. Teng,151J. J. Teoh,118F. Tepel,175S. Terada,66K. Terashi,155J. Terron,82S. Terzo,101 M. Testa,47 R. J. Teuscher,158,mT. Theveneaux-Pelzer,34J. P. Thomas,18J. Thomas-Wilsker,77E. N. Thompson,35P. D. Thompson,18 R. J. Thompson,84A. S. Thompson,53L. A. Thomsen,176E. Thomson,122M. Thomson,28R. P. Thun,89,a M. J. Tibbetts,15
R. E. Ticse Torres,85 V. O. Tikhomirov,96,kk Yu. A. Tikhonov,109,d S. Timoshenko,98E. Tiouchichine,85P. Tipton,176 S. Tisserant,85K. Todome,157T. Todorov,5,aS. Todorova-Nova,129J. Tojo,70S. Tokár,144aK. Tokushuku,66K. Tollefson,90 E. Tolley,57L. Tomlinson,84M. Tomoto,103L. Tompkins,143,ll K. Toms,105E. Torrence,116H. Torres,142E. Torró Pastor,138 J. Toth,85,mmF. Touchard,85D. R. Tovey,139T. Trefzger,174L. Tremblet,30A. Tricoli,30I. M. Trigger,159aS. Trincaz-Duvoid,80 M. F. Tripiana,12W. Trischuk,158B. Trocmé,55C. Troncon,91aM. Trottier-McDonald,15M. Trovatelli,169L. Truong,164a,164c
M. Trzebinski,39A. Trzupek,39C. Tsarouchas,30J. C-L. Tseng,120P. V. Tsiareshka,92D. Tsionou,154 G. Tsipolitis,10 N. Tsirintanis,9 S. Tsiskaridze,12V. Tsiskaridze,48E. G. Tskhadadze,51a K. M. Tsui,60aI. I. Tsukerman,97V. Tsulaia,15
S. Tsuno,66D. Tsybychev,148 A. Tudorache,26b V. Tudorache,26bA. N. Tuna,57S. A. Tupputi,20a,20bS. Turchikhin,99,jj D. Turecek,128 R. Turra,91a,91b A. J. Turvey,40 P. M. Tuts,35A. Tykhonov,49M. Tylmad,146a,146bM. Tyndel,131 I. Ueda,155
R. Ueno,29M. Ughetto,146a,146bF. Ukegawa,160G. Unal,30A. Undrus,25G. Unel,163 F. C. Ungaro,88Y. Unno,66 C. Unverdorben,100 J. Urban,144b P. Urquijo,88P. Urrejola,83G. Usai,8 A. Usanova,62L. Vacavant,85 V. Vacek,128 B. Vachon,87C. Valderanis,83N. Valencic,107S. Valentinetti,20a,20bA. Valero,167L. Valery,12S. Valkar,129S. Vallecorsa,49
J. A. Valls Ferrer,167 W. Van Den Wollenberg,107 P. C. Van Der Deijl,107 R. van der Geer,107 H. van der Graaf,107 N. van Eldik,152P. van Gemmeren,6J. Van Nieuwkoop,142I. van Vulpen,107 M. C. van Woerden,30M. Vanadia,132a,132b
W. Vandelli,30 R. Vanguri,122A. Vaniachine,6 F. Vannucci,80G. Vardanyan,177R. Vari,132aE. W. Varnes,7T. Varol,40 D. Varouchas,80A. Vartapetian,8 K. E. Varvell,150F. Vazeille,34T. Vazquez Schroeder,87J. Veatch,7 L. M. Veloce,158 F. Veloso,126a,126cT. Velz,21S. Veneziano,132aA. Ventura,73a,73bD. Ventura,86M. Venturi,169N. Venturi,158A. Venturini,23
V. Vercesi,121aM. Verducci,132a,132bW. Verkerke,107 J. C. Vermeulen,107A. Vest,44M. C. Vetterli,142,e O. Viazlo,81 I. Vichou,165 T. Vickey,139 O. E. Vickey Boeriu,139G. H. A. Viehhauser,120 S. Viel,15R. Vigne,62M. Villa,20a,20b M. Villaplana Perez,91a,91bE. Vilucchi,47M. G. Vincter,29V. B. Vinogradov,65I. Vivarelli,149S. Vlachos,10D. Vladoiu,100
M. Vlasak,128M. Vogel,32a P. Vokac,128G. Volpi,124a,124bM. Volpi,88 H. von der Schmitt,101H. von Radziewski,48 E. von Toerne,21V. Vorobel,129K. Vorobev,98M. Vos,167R. Voss,30 J. H. Vossebeld,74 N. Vranjes,13 M. Vranjes Milosavljevic,13V. Vrba,127M. Vreeswijk,107 R. Vuillermet,30I. Vukotic,31 Z. Vykydal,128 P. Wagner,21 W. Wagner,175H. Wahlberg,71S. Wahrmund,44J. Wakabayashi,103J. Walder,72R. Walker,100W. Walkowiak,141C. Wang,151 F. Wang,173H. Wang,15H. Wang,40J. Wang,42J. Wang,150K. Wang,87R. Wang,6 S. M. Wang,151T. Wang,21T. Wang,35
X. Wang,176C. Wanotayaroj,116 A. Warburton,87 C. P. Ward,28D. R. Wardrope,78A. Washbrook,46C. Wasicki,42 P. M. Watkins,18A. T. Watson,18I. J. Watson,150 M. F. Watson,18G. Watts,138 S. Watts,84B. M. Waugh,78S. Webb,84 M. S. Weber,17S. W. Weber,174J. S. Webster,6A. R. Weidberg,120B. Weinert,61J. Weingarten,54C. Weiser,48H. Weits,107 P. S. Wells,30T. Wenaus,25T. Wengler,30S. Wenig,30N. Wermes,21M. Werner,48P. Werner,30M. Wessels,58aJ. Wetter,161 K. Whalen,116A. M. Wharton,72A. White,8M. J. White,1R. White,32bS. White,124a,124bD. Whiteson,163F. J. Wickens,131
W. Wiedenmann,173M. Wielers,131 P. Wienemann,21C. Wiglesworth,36L. A. M. Wiik-Fuchs,21A. Wildauer,101 H. G. Wilkens,30H. H. Williams,122S. Williams,107 C. Willis,90S. Willocq,86A. Wilson,89J. A. Wilson,18 I. Wingerter-Seez,5 F. Winklmeier,116B. T. Winter,21M. Wittgen,143J. Wittkowski,100 S. J. Wollstadt,83M. W. Wolter,39 H. Wolters,126a,126cB. K. Wosiek,39J. Wotschack,30M. J. Woudstra,84K. W. Wozniak,39M. Wu,55M. Wu,31S. L. Wu,173 X. Wu,49Y. Wu,89T. R. Wyatt,84B. M. Wynne,46S. Xella,36D. Xu,33aL. Xu,25B. Yabsley,150S. Yacoob,145aR. Yakabe,67 M. Yamada,66D. Yamaguchi,157Y. Yamaguchi,118 A. Yamamoto,66S. Yamamoto,155 T. Yamanaka,155K. Yamauchi,103
