Nuclear Security, Safety and
Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s
Foreword
As the Director General of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM), I am pleased to bring to your attention this report that summarises the results of the projects that we implemented in 2018. These projects were implemented in cooperation with partners in the Russian Federation, Georgia, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova.
SSM’s work is based on a Government instruction, which in turn relates to Sweden’s commitments established in various international fora. These include the Global Partnership, established by the G7, and UN Security Council Resolution 1540, the EU Action Plan on Weapons of Mass Destruction, the MNEPR Agreement, as well as the enduring commitments that arose from the Nuclear Security Summit process during the period 2010-2016. Over the past decades, international contributions to promote nuclear security, safety and non-proliferation have grown to become the “gold standard” and an expression of good faith and good intentions. I am happy that Sweden does its share.
Cooperation in the above-mentioned areas is meaningful not only to the recipient organizations and government agencies and regulators abroad. My organization is also capable of extracting many valuable lessons from our interaction with partners. This contributes to the experience base that SSM has and utilises to influence the development of international standards and rules. In a similar manner, it is of great value to us to
implement projects in cooperation with third states. This has an impact on the views that we have and communicate in international settings.
My colleagues and I continually strive to identify and develop the linkages between nuclear security, safety, radiation protection and non-proliferation. In our efforts, we take part in and contribute to an international tendency that is growing in strength. In practical terms, we more and more frequently observe how one project, which for instance has the aim of improving nuclear security, at the same time serves as a contribution to promote radiation protection, radiation safety and non-proliferation.
Part of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority’s work involves improvement of approaches, processes and methods. Over the years, this has been aided by the feedback we receive from colleagues at home and abroad, as well as from our readers. Feel free to contact us and contribute to our ongoing mission.
Nina Cromnier Director General
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority
PH O TO : H AN S AL M Nina Cromnier
When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and 1992, it is likely that Sweden was the first country to initiate cross-border cooperation with the new states. In 1992, Swedish authorities started working with Kazakhstan and Ukraine on various non-proliferation and nuclear materials control issues. While a major international debate went on for many years over the fate of the former Soviet nuclear weapons that were situated in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, Sweden worked with the newly established Ukrainian and Kazakh regulators and facilities in terms of the management and measurement of nuclear materials. The ultimate aim was to ensure that international requirements in these contexts could be met. Slowly and gradually, this was a practical and contributing factor to Ukraine and Kazakhstan being able to join the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the International Atomic Energy Agency, the IAEA.
To some extent, these early efforts represent a trademark as to how Sweden has operated since this time. Sweden and its representatives have worked, and continue to pursue efforts,
in the particular countries designated by the Swedish Government. The main focus of this work is on practical and technical issues that warrant initiatives for modernization, overhauls and upgrades. From time to time, the efforts accomplished can have broader positive impacts that bring about additional dialogue and new areas of cooperation between the parties involved. In this sense, the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority views its efforts as a true example of “collective security”. This implies a situation where no one is threatened and all parties benefit. Improved security and safety at a facility together with strengthened regulatory functions in a third country contribute not only to safety and security locally, but also to the safety and security of people and institutions in Sweden and societies elsewhere.
Sweden and its Minister for Foreign Affairs at the turn of this century, the late Ms Anna Lindh, initiated much of the cooperation and many of the frameworks for relations with the Russian Federation. The MNEPR Agreement (Multilateral Nuclear and Environmental Programmes in Russia) was signed in 2003, and still serves as
Sweden’s international
cooperation and its
broader context
Since the early 1990s, Sweden has been engaged
in international efforts to ensure that radioactive
and nuclear materials, as well as facilities and
installations, are kept safe and secure.
the legal foundation for not only Sweden’s, but also other states’ cooperation, when it comes to dealing with legacy waste from the Cold War era. At around the same time, yet another international framework was established. In 2002, at the G7 Summit in Kananaskis, Canada created the Global Partnership, under which the G7 states also invited other states to work on nuclear security, safety and non-proliferation issues, in particular in the Russian Federation. Over the years, the ambitions have shifted to other beneficiaries. Today, the Global Partnership, with some 30 member states, is the largest of the fora created under the G7.
An additional key framework internationally on the part of SSM, and Sweden, comprises the reports by the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly, as well as the UN General Assembly Resolutions, which since 2002 have been unanimously adopted by the UN General Assembly in support of furthering educational efforts in the fields of non-proliferation and education. These UN documents provide guidance for SSM’s educational efforts.
In 2004, the UN Security Council established the UNSC Resolution 1540. This resolution is binding for all UN Member States and requires states to have proper national control systems for materials and technologies potentially useable for the production of weapons of mass destruction. The “1540 mechanism” also establishes a cooperation and exchange function by which all states may request technical and logistical assistance from each other in order to fulfil the requirements established by the Resolution.
Further frameworks at EU level, such as the EU Strategy Against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, from 2003, and its later updates, also play an important role in keeping the EU committed to shared objectives. The Nuclear Security Summit process and its four Summits between 2010 and 2016 produced four communiqués and a work plan. These documents constitute tremendously important goals and procedures for achieving higher degrees of nuclear security.
In practical terms, the various institutions and frameworks interact. In one setting, such as the Global Partnership, there are usually presentations and discussions on the Nuclear Security Summit, UNSCR 1540, etc., and discussions take place on where the frameworks intersect and progress needs to be made in the field. In the context of the Nuclear Security Summit, it was established how the various frameworks, such as the Global Partnership, UNSCR 1540, the IAEA’s Nuclear Security Fund and others, are encouraged to operate.
From a Swedish point of view, the international frameworks mentioned range from basic starting points to sets of formal obligations.
The following pages provide a summary of SSM’s accomplishments during 2018.
Training in the areas of nuclear non-proliferation and physical protection
Since 2004, Sweden has contributed to securing a broad knowledge base at Russian universities and research institutions in the areas of nuclear non-proliferation and physical protection. This collaboration is devoted to the universities
of Tomsk, Ekaterinburg, Novouralsk and St. Petersburg. Inputs are varied, including financial assistance for Ph.D. students and university teachers, as well as implementation of various courses and research projects. In recent years, SSM has provided support for an initiative entitled “European research technology and methodology”
Cooperation with
regional neighbours:
projects with countries
in Eastern Europe in
the radiation safety
field in 2018
In 2018, the Swedish Radiation Safety
Authority (SSM) carried out project activities
in the countries designated by the Swedish
Government: Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Belarus and
Moldova. In total, 50 projects were ongoing during
the year. The information provided below focuses
on the results of project activities conducted in
cooperation with the above-mentioned countries.
with the aim of aligning the research methods with those of European universities.
SSM provided support for technical research on development of verification methodology within the nuclear safeguards field, which has resulted in a number of articles in international publications. In Ukraine, SSM has continued to provide support to the Odessa Center for Non-Proliferation. The Odessa Center has been developed as a forum and discussion platform for teachers, students and researchers from the Black Sea Region. Various teaching activities are currently underway, primarily linked to security and nuclear weapons issues in the region. With SSM as a source of funding, a study is currently being conducted entitled “Ukrainian Nuclear History”. Starting at 1910-1920, the study describes and analyses how research into nuclear physics and nuclear technology has developed in today’s Ukraine. A final draft of this historical overview has been assessed by researchers in the US and Sweden. The study will be published in book form in 2019 and will be presented both in Ukraine and internationally.
SSM initiated a new project in Ukraine to support university programmes on physical protection and nuclear safeguards. Extensive cooperation was established between SSM, the Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Kiev Technical University. As a first step, premises have been modernised and preparations for purchasing technical equipment are underway. This cooperation will continue for several years.
In Moldova, SSM provides support for a security protection training centre at the University of Chisinau. During the year, the centre further developed course programmes on general radiation safety, including teaching materials, increased awareness among students, and worked to promote non-proliferation of radioactive material.
Emergency preparedness cooperation with Russia
The regulators of Sweden, Norway and Finland (SSM, DSA, and STUK, respectively) conduct cooperation with the Russian organization
Rosatom in the field of emergency preparedness. This project contributes to the exchange of information in the event of a nuclear incident and to effective crisis management in all the countries concerned. Within the framework of this
collaboration, SSM participated in a workshop held at STUK and the Olkiluoto NPP in October 2018. At the annual general meeting, which SSM arranged in Stockholm on 10 December 2018, representatives from Belarusian authorities also participated following an invitation from the other participating interested parties. SSM and Rosatom updated the implementation protocol resulting from Sweden’s agreement with Russia in the field of emergency preparedness. Following an invitation from Rosenergoatom, SSM also participated as an observer at Rosenergoatom’s annual emergency exercises, which were held at the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant on 19–21 September 2018.
Management of spent fuel and radioactive waste in northwest Russia
International cooperation on the cleanup of nuclear and radioactive waste from the days of the Soviet Union is still ongoing. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) remains involved in major projects, as do Norway, Sweden and Italy. In 2017 and 2018, SSM provided support for infrastructure needed at Andreeva Bay (between Murmansk and the Norwegian border) in order for waste to be removed from the site and processed safely.
At the Nerpa Shipyard, decommissioning and dismantling of the Lepse, a fuel transport vessel, have been ongoing for several years. This project is administered and financed by the EBRD NDEP. SSM previously funded installation of some of the physical protection surrounding the area where the work is underway. In 2017 and 2018, SSM also contributed to significant upgrades of the Nerpa Shipyard’s system for environmental monitoring and measurement of radiation levels at the shipyard, especially around areas where high radiation doses are likely. The purpose of the
upgrades is to take effective measures to protect people and the environment.
At year-end 2018, damaged fuel that was on board the Lepse was discharged and transported to Murmansk for further transport by rail to a reprocessing plant at Mayak. In 2018, together with Mayak, SSM initiated collaboration regarding installation of a stationary radiation detection system for checking of all incoming and outgoing transports. This detection system will improve the monitoring of passing transports while also strengthening the safety awareness of the hauliers concerned.
Cooperation with Leningrad and Kola nuclear power plants
The Nordic authorities represented by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM), the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), and the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) conduct cooperation with regional neighbours. These partnerships include the Russian state-owned nuclear energy company, Rosenergoatom (REA), with a focus on the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant (LNPP), nuclear power plants located outside St. Petersburg, and the Kola Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP), located on the Kola Peninsula. The purpose of this project collaboration is to contribute to increased radiation safety at these plants specifically, and thus also in the Russian nuclear power programme in general.
In 2018, the cooperation partners provided equipment for non-destructive inspection of primary components and systems, measuring equipment for environmental monitoring plus diagnosis of safety-related electrical equipment and cables with regard to ageing. Contracts have also been signed for inspection of reactor tanks and steam generator flange joints, vibration monitoring of rotating components, as well as equipment for checking goods from radiologically controlled areas for radioactive contamination.
In the area of transfer of knowledge,
collaboration has been initiated on management and disposal of irradiated graphite from RBMK reactors. International seminars and workshops have been held on waste management and decommissioning, non-destructive testing, and safety assessments in the radiation protection field with a focus on reducing personal doses.
Security at nuclear power plants in Ukraine
In autumn 2018, SSM hosted the annual meeting of the G7/Global Partnership ISI (Information Sharing Initiative), which included participation from several countries active within the Global Partnership in Ukraine.
SSM also provided significant financial support for the modernisation and strengthening of physical protection at Energoatom’s nuclear power plant in Khmelnitsky. This project will continue to provide financial support from SSM and the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority for construction of a central alarm station and setting up a management function connected to the nuclear power plant.
Support to regulatory authorities in Ukraine and Moldova
In 2018, Ukrainian state authorities worked on setting up regional offices for different regulatory and government functions. These efforts are ongoing. This has necessitated new regional offices for enhanced government control. Discussions are underway between SSM, the US Department of State, and the Ukrainian authority, SNRIU, on how these regional offices should be established and staffed.
SSM provides support for maintaining and upgrading the SNRIU nuclear material database, which will consequently enable Ukraine to report its holdings of nuclear material to the IAEA under the Non-Proliferation Agreement. Ukraine’s export control authority is currently carrying out a major streamlining effort to facilitate exports to
the EU. SSM is contributing to the establishment of an online licensing system.
For almost ten years, SSM has collaborated with the National Agency for Regulation of Nuclear and Radiological Activities, NARNRA, with a focus on developing the Agency’s expertise and infrastructure. SSM has also contributed to an upgrade of NARNRA’s premises and the establishment of a technical support unit with forensic capacity.
Another area that is important for NARNRA is related to the search for, and disposal of, radioactive materials and orphan radiation sources that are outside the authority’s normal control. More than 3,000 radioactive radiation sources from defunct industrial companies have been dealt with by NARNRA through support from Sweden. These sources are now stored in Moldova’s intermediate storage facility for radioactive materials, located outside Chisinau.
SSM, in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of NARNRA, organized a regional conference on management of radioactive waste and security protection. As a result, regional cooperation in the form of recurring radioactive waste management conferences has been established
between Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Ukraine (GUAM).
Establishment of a final repository for radioactive waste in Georgia
With the support of SSM and in accordance with international requirements, the Georgian Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety (ANRS) established a national strategy for radioactive waste. This strategy was adopted by the Government of Georgia in 2017. In connection with this, SSM was asked by the European Commission, DEVCO, if SSM would be interested in implementing a major project concerning preparatory steps for establishing a national intermediate storage capacity and a final repository for radioactive waste. In collaboration with Sida, the project began in March 2018, involving the establishment of a design for a waste storage facility and an examination of environmental consequences. SSM contributes one-sixth of the total funding from SSM’s appropriation from the Swedish Government. In Georgia, SSM supports a variety of activities to promote awareness of safety matters and
Ukraine’s ISI GP meeting, held in Stockholm on 8–9 October 2018. This meeting was part of the Information Sharing Initiative, in collaboration with the Global Partnership.
radiation protection, and to combat proliferation of radioactive materials. In the Black Sea Region, organized crime and smuggling of nuclear materials and other radioactive materials do occur. In October 2018, together with the US Department of State, SSM organized the Third Tbilisi International Forum for Regional Stability. The purpose of the Forum is to promote Georgia’s awareness and encourage debate on nuclear safety issues, particularly on how the results of the Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) process should be used in the Black Sea Region to strengthen stability in the region and contribute to
combatting illegal transports and trade in nuclear material and radioactive substances.
Cooperation with Belarus within its nuclear regulatory authority
SSM participated in the launch of an EU project in Minsk, “Support and assistance to strengthen the Belarusian Nuclear Regulatory Authority”, on 15-17 May 2018. This project, an Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation (INSC), is an EU project whose purpose is to promote the safety of nuclear installations by strengthening and improving the capacity of
Source of radio-activity collected in Moldova in 2018. Photo courtesy of INOTEH laboratory.
national regulatory authorities. In this case in Belarus, they correspond to the Ministry of Emergency Situations and Gosatomnadzor, as well as the national Technical Support Organizations (TSOs). After a start-up meeting, SSM conducted an inception meeting for the project component “Support in development of emergency
preparedness and response capabilities”, which SSM has submitted a tender for regarding project management. SSM also appointed two sub-project managers within the component “Support to the regulatory body in the field of nuclear and radiation safety for nuclear installations”. The project, coordinated by RiskAudit, was approved by the Belarusian authorities at the end of 2018 and is scheduled to begin in early 2019.
As of 2016, a Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation and Information Exchange is in place, signed by the Belarusian Gosatomnadzor and the regulators of Sweden (i.e. SSM), Norway and Finland. Since establishment of the activity plan for 2018, two workshops have been held, attended by the Nordic and Belarusian partners. The first workshop had the topic of environmental and radiation monitoring around nuclear
facilities, and the second workshop dealt with exchange of experiences in regulatory supervision of nuclear power plants.
Management of radioactive sources in Ukraine and Moldova
SSM has collaborated for many years with Ukrainian authorities on management of radioactive sources. After contributing to the SNRIU's update of Ukrainian legislation on the control of radioactive sources, SSM contributed to the launch of a new website in 2018 that provides information to the public and communicates an amnesty campaign for the recovery of radioactive sources.
In 2018, the cooperation focused on updating the software and hardware for the Ukrainian national radioactive source register. SSM also participated in an investigation into how radioactive sources placed in drilled wells during
the Soviet era might be retrieved. Together with the US Department of State, SSM delivered containers for transport of radioactive material to a newly built storage facility located at Chernobyl.
SSM also supports long-term efforts to build up a national system in Moldova for final disposal of radioactive waste. In 2018, SSM provided funding and expert support to national Moldovan radioactive waste management companies (RWMC) for carrying out geological and radiological measurements at the existing ground-level repository containing radioactive waste and radiation sources, which is from the Soviet era. Among other things, the purpose is to determine the extent of previous leakage occurring from the repository. SSM also provides financial support for a safety assessment of the final repository in preparation for a future government decision on readmission and treatment of the historical waste.
SSM also financed upgrades of the external physical protection surrounding the repository in order to prevent or obstruct human intrusion and unauthorised access to radiation sources and radioactive materials.
A leaking legacy disposal storage from the Soviet era, containing radioactive sources and waste. The storage will be emptied and the materials stored safely under coming projects between Moldovan and international partners.
Russia
Cooperation with Leningrad NPP regarding decommissioning and waste handling, SSM2017-2225; payments in 2018: 269 kSEK
Cooperation between the LNPP, Rosenergoatom, STUK and SSM on waste management and decommissioning issues continued in 2018 based on an action plan agreed between the parties. Within the cooperation, SSM and STUK co-financed the LNPP’s participation in the International Conference on Nuclear Decommissioning (ICOND 2018) as well as in a workshop held in November 2018 in Aachen, Germany relating to handling and disposal of irradiated graphite from RBMK reactors.
Installation of gas chromatograph equipment at the Leningrad NPP, SSM2017-5474; payments in 2018: 485 kSEK
The purpose of this online gas monitoring system is to obtain data on the chemical/physical composition in the inert gas circuit of the reactor. The data provided is a means for assessing the processes and condition of the graphite stack. The system can also detect leakages and measure the efficiency of the gas purification system. The software was upgraded by the supplier in August 2016; however, some remaining issues are still pending. A new contract was signed in 2018 for further upgrading of the software and delivery of spare parts. The project is co-financed with STUK (Finland).
Spare parts for online vibration monitoring system at the Leningrad NPP, SSM2017-2221; payments in 2018: 668 kSEK
The project comprises upgrading of components and software for the vibration monitoring system for rotating machines at the LNPP. The system, covering all four units of the plant, alerts operators in the event of imbalances and vibrations that might have a negative impact on reactor safety. As part of the system is obsolete, SSM will provide funding for spare parts to make the system more
reliable. A new project was established for delivery of spare parts in 2019. The project is co-financed with STUK.
Equipment for cable diagnostics at the Leningrad NPP, SSM2017-5333; payments in 2018: 147 kSEK
The project comprises procurement, testing and delivery of equipment for cable diagnostics relating to ageing, safety and reliability, combined with training of LNPP staff.
Training and knowledge exchange in the areas of PSA, operation and maintenance of the Leningrad NPP, SSM2018-2773; payments in 2018: 156 kSEK
The project covers activities relating to enhancement of nuclear safety performance. In 2018, LNPP experts were trained through courses on Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA). Moreover, SSM provided funding for the LNPP’s participation in the ISOE (International Information System on Occupational Exposure) Symposium, which took place in Uppsala, Sweden in January 2018, and in Kyoto, Japan in October 2018. Two LNPP experts participated in a course on Fast Source Term Prediction (RASTEP), arranged by Lloyd’s Register in Stockholm in December 2018.
Eddy current testing for reactor pressure vessel head flanges and steam generator flanges at the Kola NPP, SSM2018-1603; payments in 2018: 2,095 kSEK
The project comprises procurement, manufacturing, testing, delivery and staff training relating to semi-automatic equipment for eddy current testing of threaded nuts and holes for reactor pressure vessel head flanges and steam generator flanges. The structural integrity of these test objects is crucial for the safe operation of the plant. The existing equipment is obsolete and spare parts are not available. A tendering process was carried out in 2018, resulting in a contract signed with a Swedish supplier. This project, to be completed in early 2020, is co-financed with STUK.
Kola NPP safety education workshop, SSM2018-2774; payments in 2018: 20 kSEK
SSM provided funding for the participation of two KNPP experts in a workshop on Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), held in August 2018 at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Finland.
Planning and strategy meetings with Rosenergoatom, SSM2017-476; payments in 2018: 501 kSEK
Planning meetings are generally arranged twice a year between SSM and its Russian, Finnish and Norwegian partners. The meetings are arranged in order to provide a general overview of safety work in the Russian nuclear power industry, and to present the frameworks and priorities of the Nordic and Russian partners. The meetings involve reviews of all ongoing projects at the KNPP and LNPP, and discussions of future projects. In May 2018, Rosenergoatom (REA) hosted the first meeting in Moscow, and in December, DSA hosted the second meeting in Oslo, Norway. During the meeting in May, the project programme for 2018 was reviewed. The December meeting focused on proposed projects for 2019 and the division of efforts and funding between the parties.
Non-proliferation education programmes at Russian universities, SSM 2018-677; payments in 2018: 1,118 kSEK
This project promotes education programmes in Russian academia on non-proliferation and nuclear security. The main efforts focus on capacity building to promote and reinforce academic writing at universities in the Urals, Tomsk, St. Petersburg and Obninsk.
Ural Federal University hosted a workshop attended by SSM experts and 25 students on the topic of academic writing skills. SSM supported research conducted in Obninsk on the development of new technical verification methods applied in the fields of nuclear safeguards and nuclear security. Support was provided for a student session on non-proliferation issues, held at the Sarov Physics and Technology Institute. Under the leadership of St. Petersburg State University, a group of Russian researchers continued their work on the book “Nuclear Russia”, planned for completion in 2019.
A new research project on development and use of emerging technologies and their impact on the non-proliferation regime was initiated, involving young researchers from Russian universities in cooperation with experts from the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Unfortunately, the project was cancelled due to external obstacles.
Cooperation with Rosatom and Rostechnadzor, SSM2017-5639; payments in 2018: 1 kSEK
In 2018, SSM continued its cooperation with Rosatom on projects dealing with elimination of the Cold War nuclear legacy, with the aim of protecting people and the environment against the harmful effects of ionising radiation. The joint SSM-Rosatom interdepartmental working group convened at two meetings, where shared concerns were discussed in the areas of nuclear safety, security and non-proliferation from the perspectives of Russia, Sweden and the rest of the world.
In 2018, SSM and the Russian radiation safety authority, Rostechnadzor, conducted planning to arrange for a seminar in Sweden to share experiences and best practices in the areas of safe radioactive waste management and licensing of nuclear power plants. The first visit by Russian experts took place in March 2019.
Nuclear legacy in northwest Russia: Support to SevRAO, SSM2017-4612; payments in 2018: 135 kSEK
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), together with Norway, Sweden and Italy, remain involved in large-scale projects on the cleanup of nuclear and radioactive waste from the days of the Soviet Union.
In 2018, SSM provided support for a former submarine base in Andreeva Bay to help build up its infrastructure for the removal of waste from the base for its safe management. Here, the main efforts involved upgrading the power supply to ensure safe handling of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. The project also includes procurement of containers for disposal of radioactive waste, and the modernization of the base’s IT infrastructure.
Legacy waste at the Nerpa Shipyard,
SSM2017-2658; payments in 2018: 1,526 kSEK
International cooperation efforts on decommissioning and dismantling of the Lepse, a marine vessel, have been ongoing for several years, funded by the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership (NDEP) Support Fund and administered by the EBRD. The complex technical operation, involving infrastructure development and installation of a shelter for safe removal of the spent nuclear fuel, was completed in 2018. The spent nuclear fuel removed from the storage tanks will be transported by ship to Atomflot and further by railway to the enterprise FSUE “PO Mayak”.
In parallel with the infrastructure development, SSM has contributed to the installation and commissioning of an automated radiation monitoring system (“ASKRO”) at the Lepse decommissioning site. This system, an integral part of the existing radiation monitoring system at the Nerpa Shipyard, has the purpose of ensuring effective measures to protect people and the environment against the consequences of elevated levels of ionising radiation.
Installation of transport passage for security checkpoint 3, Ozersk, FSUE “PA Mayak”, SSM2018-2972; payments in 2018: 1,555 kSEK
In 2018, SSM and the enterprise FSUE “PA Mayak” launched cooperation on modernization of a vehicle checkpoint by installing an additional stationary radiation monitoring portal for all incoming and outgoing traffic. This arrangement will improve security monitoring of all movements to and from the town of Ozersk to the Mayak site.
Installation of a new stationary radiation monitoring portal will contribute to improved monitoring of vehicles and decreased risks posed to the environment and population by illicit transportation of radioactive and nuclear materials.
Emergency preparedness cooperation with Russian authorities, SSM2018-2809; payments in 2018: 185 kSEK
SSM conducts extensive and in-depth cooperation with Rosatom in the area of emergency preparedness and
Workshop on radioactive graphite waste management, held at the offices of AINT, the Aachen Institute for Nuclear Training. This workshop was held in Aachen, Germany on 10 November 2018. The photo shows the invited LNPP experts.
response (EP&R). This cooperation takes place within the framework of Nordic partnerships. A few activities were carried out in 2018 under the umbrella of a five-year action plan agreed in 2015 for EP&R cooperation between Russian, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish regulators.
In September 2018, SSM participated as an observer in an emergency preparedness and response exercise held at the Balakovo nuclear power plant in Russia. The exercise was initiated in Moscow and carried out at the Balakovo site. In October, SSM attended a workshop arranged in Helsinki by STUK, which included a site visit at the Olkiluoto nuclear power plant. The annual Russian-Nordic EP&R working group meeting was arranged by SSM in December in Stockholm, where EP&R activities conducted during 2018 were reported on and further activities planned for 2019 were agreed upon. In addition, overall planning was initiated concerning a bilateral tabletop exercise, Sea Eagle, which will take place in Sweden during the autumn of 2019.
Seminar on nuclear disarmament verification, SSM2018-677; payments in 2018: 250 kSEK
In cooperation with the Moscow-based PIR Center, which is specialised in nuclear issues and international relations, SSM implemented a seminar on the verification of nuclear weapons disarmament. The seminar brought together Russian and international experts in order to present and discuss ongoing international initiatives in the field as well as Russian experience from implementing US – Russian nuclear arms control agreements. SSM and the PIR Center aim at carrying out a seminar or round table in 2019 on related issues, with a view to deepening the exchange from 2018.
Cooperation with the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene (IRH), SSM2018-1455; payments in 2018: 462 kSEK
SSM provides financing and project management for cooperation conducted between the Research Group of Medical Radiation Physics Malmö, Lund University (LU), and the Institute of Radiation Hygiene (IRH) on radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident.
In 2018, SSM signed a two-year agreement with LU on cooperation with the IRH regarding radiological impact
of the Chernobyl accident. The IRH is also a TSO to the Russian radiation protection authorities. This cooperation has been expanded to include Belarus and its Institute for Radiation Biology. Also during the year, two radiation measurement expeditions to Gomel, the region in Belarus most impacted by the Chernobyl accident, took place. The results have been analysed and presented at international workshops and conferences. The aim is to contribute to the improvement and harmonisation of radiological emergency preparedness.
Ukraine
Coordination with SNRIU and Energoatom, SSM5010073-00, payments in 2018: 33 kSEK
SSM participated in one steering committee meeting with Energoatom and the Norwegian DSA, in addition to a few bilateral project coordination meetings held with the State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine (SNRIU). SSM was the organizer and host of the ISI Global Partnership meeting, held in October 2018 in Stockholm.
Outreach campaign on recovering orphan
radioactive sources under institutional supervision, SSM2018-1441; payments in 2018: 344 kSEK
SSM has long cooperated with Ukrainian authorities on management of radioactive sources. After supporting SNRIU to update the national legislation, SSM contributed to the establishment and administration of a website providing information to the public on how to act in cases of orphan sources. The website has also promoted the amnesty campaign for recovery of orphan radioactive sources by disseminating relevant details to different target groups in the country. The website has also been a part of information campaigns conducted as part of a US cooperation project run in the Dnepropetrovsk Region on management of orphan sources.
Improvement of physical protection system at the Khmelnitsky NPP, SSM2017-3910; payments in 2018: 1,087 kSEK
SSM conducts a trilateral cooperation project between Ukraine, Norway and Sweden on nuclear safety and security. The purpose is to assist the Khmelnitsky NPP in the areas of modernization and improvement of the plant’s physical protection system (PPS). The project was launched in 2015 in order to meet international standards and deal with security challenges, including aspects such as access control, CCTV surveillance, the central control room, and the perimeter.
In 2018, SSM provided significant financial support for this extensive task. The project will continue, through financial support from SSM and DSA (Norway) for finalizing the central alarm station and overall PPS in accordance with international standards and regulatory requirements.
Physical protection central alarm station at the Khmelnitsky Nuclear Power Plant, SSM2018-5319; payments in 2018: 6,345 kSEK
This project, launched in 2018, is the third one carried out within the framework of the trilateral cooperation mentioned above concerning nuclear safety and security, established between Ukraine, Norway and Sweden. The aim is to improve the physical protection system at the Khmelnitsky NPP. By means of financial support from SSM and DSA, the central alarm station will be finalized in 2020, in addition to improvements to the overall physical protection system, in accordance with international standards and regulatory requirements.
G7/GP Programme on Nuclear and
Radiological Security, Information Sharing Initiative meeting in Stockholm, SSM2018-2710; payments in 2018: 437 kSEK
In October 2018, SSM hosted an annual meeting within the Global Partnership Information Sharing Initiative, with participation from several countries with operations in Ukraine in the field of nuclear and radiation security. The meeting comprised exchange of information on different activities performed by different countries, and
coordination of shared efforts to achieve optimal efficiency and effectiveness.
Through this mechanism, SSM can also increase the effect from the resources contributed by Sweden in the form of coordination with other countries. For instance, SSM conducts a project co-financed with Norway regarding construction and modernization of the system for physical protection at the Khmelnitsky NPP. Other examples are procurement of transport and storage containers for disused radioactive sources together with US and other partners, and efforts coordinated with Canada on establishing a university course programme on physical protection of nuclear facilities.
Pilot project for removal of disused radioactive sources from well-type storages, SSM2016-3948; payments in 2018: 380 kSEK
Under the G7/GP Programme, all disused radioactive sources shall be moved to Vector, a newly built, long-term central storage facility located in the Chernobyl exclusion zone. Transports of sources began in 2018 and are expected to continue for several years.
In connection with this, SSM signed a new contract with SC Radon regarding a pilot project on the detailed design for removal of disused radioactive sources from a representative well-type storage located at the Kiev Radon site.
To date, two progress reports have been delivered, and additional radiological investigations into the pilot well storage were performed in 2018 for risk evaluations relating to the design of adequate radiation protection. A special container for transport of the sources from the pilot well storage was procured in 2018, and a neutron detector was purchased for management of these sources.
Implementation of PSA software at NNEGC Energoatom, Ukraine, SSM2017-5741; payments in 2018: 663 kSEK
In collaboration with the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), SSM purchased a three-year licence for PSA software tools for the upgrades, support and maintenance needed for implementing the Risk Monitoring System (RMS). The software will be implemented at NNEGC Energoatom’s nuclear power plants.
This task is to improve reactor safety by implementation of PSA methods at nuclear power plants, as required by the national regulator SNRIU.
Modernization of radiation and dosimetry control system and environmental radiation monitoring equipment at Izotop, a Ukrainian state enterprise, SSM2017-4609; 911 kSEK
In 2018, SSM provided financial support to the state enterprise Izotop for modernization of its radiation and dosimetry control system and environmental radiation monitoring equipment at the facility. In the medical, research and industry sectors, the company is the main supplier of ionising radioactive sources in Ukraine. Another important mission on national level is management of orphan sources.
With the new equipment in operation, radiation safety at the facility has been significantly improved to match international standards and lower radiological risks for the personnel and the environment.
Upgrade of the Ukrainian national registry of ionising radiation sources in operation, SSM2017-2093; payments in 2018: 116 kSEK
The Ukrainian nuclear regulator is in the process of setting up regional regulatory offices in order to tighten national control over radioactive sources. In 2018, SSM provided financial support to the registry of the SNRIU through development and modernization of its database for radioactive radiation sources in accordance with regulatory requirements.
A workshop was held in 2018 for the personnel of the registry from all regional offices, with the aim of exchanging information and experiences and discussing solutions for future challenges.
Modernization of radiological laboratories at Odessa National Polytechnic University (ONPU), SSM2016-3188; payments in 2018: 387 kSEK
Over the past four to five years, there have been plans and efforts in Ukraine in order to broaden and deepen the base for training and education of nuclear experts.
In 2018, SSM equipped the radiological laboratory at ONPU with new, up-to-date equipment containing spectrometers, detectors and digital technologies to respond to requirements for quality education for nuclear engineers.
Ukrainian participation in the OECD/NEA research projects of the Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project (SCIP), SSM2016-3188; payments in 2018: 102 kSEK
Since 2017, SSM has provided funding to enable the participation of the Ukrainian consortium in OECD/ NEA to take part in the research projects, SCIP. This consortium consists of the four leading Ukrainian research institutions in the nuclear field, represented by the ONPU. The project focuses on management of damaged fuel and improvement of reactor safety.
15th Ukrainian Conference on Nuclear and Radiological Security, SSM2018-2034; payments in 2018: 230 kSEK
The conference, held in September 2018 at the Zaporozhe NPP, is the most significant event in Ukraine for the national nuclear and radiological security community. The conference gathers all relevant stakeholders for the exchange of experiences and discussion of new challenges in nuclear and radiological security, and in law enforcement.
This area not only includes traditional fields of nuclear materials accountancy and control, international safeguards, and physical protection of nuclear facilities, but also radiological security of radioactive sources that have recently become a subject of increasing international concern. The project was co-financed by DSA.
Support for non-proliferation education and academic research capacity building, SSM 2018-407; payments in 2018: 488 kSEK
In 2015, through the support of SSM, a research centre was established at Odessa National University. The main role of the Odessa Center for Nonproliferation (OdCNP) is to strengthen Ukraine’s work to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The support focuses
on analysis of political, technological, legal and societal processes and factors affecting non-proliferation work in the Black Sea Region.
In 2018, the OdCNP continued a research project to survey the history of the Ukrainian nuclear sector. International experts from USA, Sweden and Georgia performed reviews and gave advice to the Ukrainian researchers. The report will be finished and published in book form in 2019.
In 2018, SSM supported a PhD programme at Odessa National University and the arrangement of an international summer seminar at the OdCNP to increase awareness of regional security challenges among the young non-proliferation community in Ukraine.
Research on history of disarmament of nuclear tactical weapons in Ukraine, SSM 2018-1016; payments in 2018: 96 kSEK
The project aims to conduct a survey and study, culminating in a research report on the withdrawal of tactical nuclear warheads as part of the denuclearization process in Ukraine. The report will provide a historical overview, describe the withdrawal process, and analyse consequences for the current nuclear and security situation in Ukraine. The report will contribute to transparency and a better understanding of the denuclearization process in Ukraine. The report also aims to strengthen nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament policy values in the country. The study is to be completed in 2019.
Development of nuclear security academic education at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, SSM 2018-406, SSM 2018-5894; payments in 2018: 378 kSEK
The objective of the programme is to contribute to the enhancement and strengthening of knowledge and research capabilities in the field of nuclear security, both at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute (KPI), and among nuclear security professionals at nuclear power plants and related facilities in Ukraine. The KPI has been mandated by the Ukrainian government to establish a nuclear security Master’s degree programme, to be launched at the KPI in the autumn of 2019.
In 2018, SSM provided financial support to KPI to rebuild laboratories used for training of students. Within
the framework of the Global Partnership programme, SSM has established a cooperation agreement with the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development of Canada in support of the implementation of the KPI Master’s degree programme in nuclear security. The tasks under the Swedish and Canadian agreement will be implemented during 2019.
Technical support for SNRIU’s database for IAEA safeguards inspections, SSM 2018-375; payments in 2018: 170 kSEK
SSM assists SNRIU by providing technical support for a special-purpose database for recordkeeping of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards inspections in Ukraine. The objectives include ensuring that the safeguards agreement between Ukraine and the IAEA is properly applied, as well as the correct functioning of SNRIU’s nuclear material accountancy reporting to the IAEA. In 2018, database update support was provided as agreed between SSM and SNRIU. Funding was provided to SNRIU safeguards staff to develop their skills and competence in the form of their participation at international conferences on safeguards issues.
Strengthening of export control in Ukraine, SSM2017-1088; payments in 2018: 102 kSEK
This project focuses on facilitating Ukraine’s adjustment process to the EU’s export control principles and
procedures. The main partner is the State Service of Export Control of Ukraine (SSECU). SSM continued its support, which was initiated in 2017 to update the SSECU website through specialized modules for exporters, including online instructions on preliminary identification of goods, and search tools for control lists regulated by multilateral export control regimes.
Belarus
EU project on support and assistance to strengthen the capabilities of the Belarusian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, SSM2018-2323; payments in 2018: 201 kSEK
In spring 2018, SSM participated in a kick-off meeting within the EU project “Support and assistance to strengthen the capabilities of the Belarusian Nuclear Regulatory Authority” (BE/RA/09), conducted within the framework “Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation” (INSC).
The overall aim of the project is to strengthen the capacity and enhance the capabilities of the regulatory authority in Belarus and its Technical Support Organizations in specific regulatory activities relating to the assessment and review of licence applications submitted for the planned nuclear power plant. The project, approved by the Belarusian authorities in late 2018, is planned to launch in 2019.
Cooperation on emergency preparedness, SSM2016-4328; payments in 2018: 33 kSEK
An introductory meeting was organised in May 2018 having the subject of environmental protection/emergency preparedness regarding experience from installation and use of online environmental and radiation monitoring systems in the vicinity of nuclear facilities. This was followed by a workshop on project experiences from enhancement of environmental and radiation monitoring systems in the vicinity of nuclear facilities in Minsk. This workshop was held in September 2018. The Nordic countries were represented by national experts. In addition to staff of GAN (Gosatomnadzor), key Belarusian organizations were represented, whose operations were encompassed by the workshop. These organizations included the Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, and the Belarusian NPP. In December 2018, a workshop was carried out in Stockholm on the topic of exchange of experiences in regulatory supervision of nuclear power plants. Experts from all the Nordic countries and Gosatomnadzor had the opportunity to exchange experiences and discuss possible further cooperation in areas such as supervision and supervisory methodologies, improvement of regulatory and legal frameworks, specific supervisory practices, and safety culture aspects.
Moldova
Technical support and infrastructure development at NARNRA, SSM2017-5630; payments in 2018: 150 kSEK
SSM supports the National Agency for Regulation of Nuclear and Radiological Activities (NARNRA) to develop Moldovan infrastructure and human resources for effective performance of NARNRA’s regulatory functions. A focus area for 2018 was to develop the national forensic capacity at the INOTEH laboratory.
By providing expert advice to NARNRA, SSM also supported development of the legal and regulatory framework governing radioactive waste management. The purpose was to clarify the need to update Moldovan legislation to enable future actions in connection with retrieval, treatment, storage and final disposal of radioactive waste.
Support for IRRS mission to Moldova, SSM2017-5630; payments in 2018: 53 kSEK
NARNRA requested that SSM provide support for document preparation and translation into English in connection with an IAEA IRRS mission to Moldova in December 2018. The IRRS team evaluated Moldova’s regulatory infrastructure for safety in relation to the IAEA’s safety standards.
Securing radioactive sources outside regulatory control, SSM2017-632; payments in 2018: 100 kSEK
For several years, SSM has supported the Republic of Moldova in strengthening its regulatory control over orphan radiological sources in the contexts of inspections, handling and recovery of all radioactive sources. This activity was carried out according to the legislative framework for safety and according to the national infrastructure for control of radiation sources. During 2018, more than 600 radioactive sources were found during inspections carried out by NARNRA, and subsequently transported to the National Radioactive Waste Management Company’s special-purpose facilities 5101 and 5012 for storage.
Cooperation on radioactive waste management in Moldova, SSM2017-631; payments in 2018: 252 kSEK
In close cooperation with NARNRA and the Radioactive Waste Management Company (RWMC), SSM provides support for the long-term development of a national system for radioactive waste management in Moldova. In 2018, SSM supported the RWMC’s efforts to carry out environmental and radiological investigations at a legacy radioactive waste storage and disposal site located near Chisinau. The objective was to determine the extent of an earlier leakage of radionuclides that occurred from the legacy Radon-type disposal facility at the site, and to provide data for a radiological risk assessment. SSM also provided financing and Swedish expertise during 2018 to carry out the radiological risk assessment, with the aim of supporting governmental decision making on possible retrieval and treatment of the radioactive waste.
International conference on waste management issues, SSM2017-5328; payments in 2018: 231 kSEK
In September 2018, NARNRA, in partnership with SSM, the IAEA and US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, hosted an international conference in Chisinau entitled “Regional Challenges and Perspectives in Radioactive Waste
Management and Decommissioning Issues in the GUAM Countries”. The conference provided decision makers and experts in the field of nuclear safety and security from GUAM and other European countries with an opportunity to exchange views and best practices concerning
radioactive waste management, decommissioning of nuclear and radioactive waste facilities, and disposal sites. Regional nuclear security threats were also reviewed, and ways to further improve states’ nuclear security regimes were identified.
As the conference recognized a lack of appropriate information exchange on best practices in radioactive waste management and decommissioning, SSM took the initiative to launch a series of annual regional conferences. These conferences are to mainly focus on radioactive waste management for the GUAM countries, using a “rotation” approach while also addressing issues of mutual concern. The next conference is planned to be held in Tbilisi, Georgia in October 2019.
Upgrades of the Physical Protection System at the National Radioactive Waste Management Company in Chisinau: Reconstruction of the perimeter security fence, SSM2018-3156; payments in 2018: 971 kSEK (UK) and 200 kSEK (Sweden)
The objective of this co-financed project is to enhance the security level at the Radioactive Waste Management Company (NRWMC) by strengthening the perimeter of the site. This will provide security in line with international recommendations and reduce the risk of malicious acts.
The existing physical protection system at the NRWMC’s special-purpose facilities 5101 and 5102 does not meet international requirements for nuclear facilities that house radioactive materials. An effective system of physical protection in place also plays an important role in preventing illicit trafficking of radioactive materials and their use for malicious purposes.
In 2018, the existing designs of the perimeter wall were updated and reconstruction works of the perimeter fence were started. The first phase of the project was implemented by means of financial support provided by the UK
Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.
Support for the purchase of equipment for the National Radioactive Waste Management Company’s (NRWMC) special-purpose facilities 5101 and 5102, SSM2018-1369; payments in 2018: 218 kSEK
The aim of the project is to procure equipment for maintenance of outer facilities at the NRWMC storage site near Chisinau for processing and deposition of radioactive waste. Acquisition of relevant equipment makes it possible to effectively keep the plant free from vegetation and thus contribute to the improved monitoring of unauthorized access and physical protection of the site.
Nuclear security education and training at the Technical University of Moldova, SSM2018-997; payments in 2018: 53 kSEK
In 2018, SSM continued to provide support for capacity building of the Nuclear Security Support Centre (NSSC) of the Technical University of Moldova. The main support was directed at enhancement of the NSSC’s curriculum and further technical improvement of the NSSC training laboratory.
Georgia
EU project on establishment of a repository for radioactive waste, SSM2016-5426; payments in 2018: 2,000 kSEK
The framework of the project is to develop a preliminary design for a repository in Georgia for radioactive and nuclear materials.
During 2018, SSM and the Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety (ANRS) in Georgia implemented the first two tasks of the EU project. The first task is an assessment of the existing radioactive waste management inventory in Georgia, and the second a compilation of geoscientific and other relevant data about the Saakadze site for an assessment of its suitability for the development of a national facility for storage, treatment and possible disposal of radioactive waste.
The project, to be finalized at the end of 2019, will include environmental risk assessments and preparation of government approval for the design. The European Commission will provide a total of 1 million euros for the project, and SSM will add 200,000 euros.
Remediation efforts at the Anaseuli site, SSM2016-5426; payments in 2018: 350 kSEK
This project is SSM’s bilateral contribution for the major EU project. Throughout 2018, SSM contributed to a radiological assessment of the situation at the former “Tea and Subtropical Plant Research Institute” close to the village of Anaseuli. The site, originating from the Soviet era, became contaminated when radionuclides were used to assess the effectiveness of different phytoremediation methods, and for other scientific purposes. The site was also used as disposal ground for different types of radioactive waste that originated during this time.
The investigation was carried out by specialists from the Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety (ANRS) and the Department for Radioactive Waste Management (DRWM). A report has been presented to SSM describing the radiological assessment of the situation at the Anaseuli site, and an analysis of geological data for assessment of possible routes for radionuclide distribution and identification of activities for converting the site into a safe area.
The 3rd Tbilisi International Forum for Regional Stability, SSM2017-2274; payments in 2018: 381 kSEK
The 3rd Tbilisi International Forum for Regional Stability, “Challenges and Responses to Nuclear Security and Non-Proliferation”, was held in Tbilisi, Georgia in October 2018. The Forum brought together high level officials and international experts working in the area of nuclear non-proliferation and security. Its aim was to increase the level of interest and motivation among stakeholder participants for launching a substantial debate in Georgia and other countries in the Black Sea Region on strengthening of the global nuclear security architecture, and generally speaking, for promoting a broader regional debate on vital issues of global security.
Representatives of the Georgian government, as well as other countries in the region, together with international experts and major international partners from donor countries such as Sweden and USA, discussed the views of international and national organizations relating to challenges to nuclear non-proliferation globally, and emerging CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear) terrorism threats and responses.
Non-proliferation education, SSM2018-405; payments in 2018: 349 kSEK
Since 2015, SSM has supported the improvement of non-proliferation education programmes at Georgian universities. In 2018, the textbook “An Introduction to Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Safeguards” in the Georgian language was published, modelled on a textbook used at universities in Sweden.
The third Non-Proliferation Summer University was held in Batumi. This event contributed to broadening of discussions in academia regarding Georgia’s policy and actions in terms of its international obligations to combat terrorism, as well as improvement of the national export control system for strategic goods. Another activity was aimed to improve collaboration among Georgian researchers and international experts to evaluate human and technical capacities for nuclear and radiation monitoring and emergency response in Georgia in the case of a nuclear accident in neighbouring countries.
List of abbreviations
ANRS Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety (Georgia)
CBRN Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear
CCTV Closed-circuit television
DSA Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EP&R Emergency preparedness and response FSUE Federal State Unitary Enterprise (Russia) G7 The Group of Seven (Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and United States)
GP Global Partnership
GUAM Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IRRS Integrated Regulatory Review Service ISI Information Sharing Initiative KNPP Kola nuclear power plant (Russia) LNPP Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia) NARNRA National Agency for Regulation of
Nuclear and Radiological Activities (Moldova)
NDEP Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership
NPP Nuclear power plant
NSSC Nuclear Security Support Centre (Moldova)
OdCNP Odessa Center for Non-proliferation (Ukraine)
OECD/NEA Nuclear Energy Agency within the OECD ONPU Odessa National Polytechnic University
(Ukraine)
PSA Probabilistic Safety Assessment RBMK Russian reactor type, graphite
moderated
REA Rosenergoatom (Russia)
RMS Risk monitoring system
RWMC Radioactive Waste Management Company (Moldova)
SCIP Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project (Sweden)
SevRAO Federal Enterprise for Radioactive Waste Management (Russia)
Sida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SKB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company
SNRIU State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine
SSECU State Service of Export Control of Ukraine
SSM Swedish Radiation Safety Authority STUK Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety
Authority
S tr å ls ä ker h e ts m yn d ig h e ten 2 0 19 . P ri n ti n g : A le t ry ck er i.
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority Solna strandväg 96, SE-171 16 Stockholm +46 8 799 40 00
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