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the Farm

a new urban condition

Thesis question

How do you combine vastly different programs in a city block and what does it become?

The City

The Farm is a speculative proposal for a self sustainable city block where as much food is produces as is consumed by it’s inhabitants. It is utilising the

potential that arise when the greenery of farming is brought in to the cities in creating a new hybrid that blends with the city fabric with the aim of

con-tributing to the areas multiplicity and vibrant life.

The aim of the project has been that through architecture design; study the possibility to go from a throughput society, where everything we consume

is produced outside of the community, to a society that produces what it consumes within the community in a cyclical integrated sustainable way. Can

we produce what we consume with in a city and what happens when the production, which in this case is the cultivation of crops and plants, merge with

the existing city fabric? What happens if the cultivation is combined with a traditional apartment program and what does it become? Can the programs

thrive together in symbiosis or will one of the programs become a parasite of the other? How does the vast open spaces required for farming relate to

the small intimate spaces suitable for living spaces? What is their interrelationship, how do they effect each other?

Diploma project in Architecture 2012

by Jesper Arvidsson

Performative Design Studio

Royal College of Technology (KTH)

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Advantages of the Vertical Farm*

• Year-round crop production

• No weather-related crop failures

• No agricultural runoff

• Allowance for ecosystem restoration (when farmland is freed)

• No use of pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers

• Use of 70-95 percent less water

• Greatly reduced food miles

• More control of food safety and security

• New employment opportunities

• Animal feed from post harvested plant material

Some other positive side effects with the Vertical Farm concept is that it has the potential of being the solution to some of the main crises the world

faces today such as deforestation, lack of food due to population increases, climate change, pollution, depleting resources, dwindling ecology,

over-fertilization etc, etc, etc.

* The Vertical Farm, by Dr. Dickson Despommier

To meet the needs for a predicted world population of 10 billion people an agricultural footprint equal to the size of Brazil will be required. Since almost

all land suited for farming is already being used the land required simply doesn’t exist.

Today about 50% of all people live in the cites while in 2050 up to 80% will be living in cities.

Todays agricultural system isn’t sustainable since it relies heavily on fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides which in turn ends up as agricultural runoff

poisoning ground water and killing off sea life. And since most people live in the cities everything has to be transported from the farms into the city

causing even more pollution.

Today there is no food shortage in the world but we are using almost all arable land in the world to meet the demand. In 2050 the world population

is predicted increase from todays 7 billion people to around 9.5 billion. The consequence of the is that if we continue to farm in the traditional way we

would need another Brazil of arable land to feed all new mouths. A problem here is that this much new arable land simply doesn’t exist!

Why Urban Farming?

How?

Program

Todays

Feeding the world

Tomorrow

2012

2050

Gray water

remidation

City drinking

water

City power

grid

Biogas or

plasma arc

gasification

Energy

Clean water

Eco-City

Sustainability thru cyclical integration

Urban Farming

Food

Metabolic by

products

Liquid muncipal

waste

Resources in

Water

Energy

Food

Black water

Gray water

Muncipal waste

Waste out

The City

Throughput society

Requires

20% of fosil fuel

consumption

70% of available

fresh water

pestisides

Food

Agricultural runoff*

* Agricultural runoff is responsible for more ecosystem disruption then any oter single kind of pollution, killing off coral reefs and fishery.

fertilizers

herbicides

Traditional agriculture

Unsustainable in the long run

Produces

Hydroponic and aerophonic farming

To achieve the efficiency required the very resource effective ways of

hydrophobic and aerophonic farming will by utilised. In hydrophonic

cultivation plants stand in a mineral nutrient water solutions which

irriga-tion speed is carefully regulated.. The water is then recycled which leads to

a 10% water consumption compared to traditional farming.

The constant flow of water eliminates the risk of under or over watering of

plants that are the most common error when growing in soil.

Almost any plant will grow with hydroponic cultivation but there are some

plants that can’t and for them the more advanced aerophonic farming can

be used. In aerophonic cultivation the roots are continuously kept in a fine

mist of nutrient solution. Any species of plants can be grown aerophonic.

The overall scheme for the complex is to be a self sustainable city block. The program has been dimensioned to consist of as many apartment as if this

block would have been developed as a standard extruded city block. The apartments are suspended between cultivation towers which contains the

amount of cultivation area equal to it’s inhabitants ecological footprint in regards to food consumption. In addition to this it also contains an food

market and elevated park on top of the podium as well as an aquaculture in the towers ground imprint.

Where?

The proposed project is to be considered a show case and a pilot to set focus on the potential of cultivation plants and crops within the city in the

move towards a sustainable society. For it to be realised it needs to be located in a context where there is both the political will and the economic

power exist to carry it out.

The new development of Stockholm Royal Seaport is an areas that could fulfil those requirements. The project has very high goals in becoming an

environmentally sustainable city district. The goal is to secure Stockholms leading position in environmental friendly development. To reach this goal

the environmental design will focus on the following areas:

I believe that these goals can be raised to also include sustainability in a brother sense as proposed for this project.

• Renewable energy partly locally generated from sun and wind

• Low energy usage thru zero-energy buildings

• Environmentally effective transportations

• Adapt to a changing climate

• Food waste will be refined into biogas

• Support a sustainable lifestyle which minimizes transportations

Typology and Structure

The overall composition build on the idéa of a skyscraper complex by OMA to create a urban condition that blends with the city fabric and offers

variety and programmatic richness. The complex consists of three clusters of bundle towers which are arranged to create an enclosed intimate area

in the city. The bundle towers penetrates an podium and generates an imprint in the ground. The podium connects the bundle towers to create

programmatic continuity between them . The bundles are connected themselves by the infill structure between them to allow for an internal

programmatic continuity and circulation between them and not making them into dead end vertical corridors.

The towers are utilizing Faslur Kahns idé of an X-brazing xsoskeletion first introduced in the John Hancock Center in Chicago. This allows for the

core of the tower to be completely free of structure and thereby providing the best lighting environment for the cultivation of crops and plants.

The towers are groped within bundles to buttress each other and therefor be able to be lighter and slimmer then otherwise possible. This forms

them into the type of bundled towers first produced by FOA in their WTC proposal. They do how ever not buttress each other directly. Instead the

apartment slabs are spanned between them as an infill structure in what would otherwise has been a void space in between them and thereby

also acts as the join the buttress.

The  farm

Program

area

area  sqm floor  heigth Volume

Hydroponic  or  aeroponic  farm  area  

4,5  hectares*

45  000

3

112  500

Nursery

300  m2  *

300

5

1  500

Monitoring  facility

100  m2  

100

4

400

Quality  control  room

50  m2  

50

4

200

Laboratories  (3)

150  m2  

150

5

750

Workshop

100  m2

100

5

500

Mechanical/technical

2%  of  farming  area

900

5

4  500

Offices  for  management

300  m2

300

4

1  200

Dressing  rooms  (2)

100  m2

100

4

400

Toilets

50  m2

50

4

200

Delivery  dock  (for  receiving  and  shipping) 250  m2

250

6

1  500

Storage

500  m2

500

4

2  000

Parking

1%  of  farming  space

450

3

1  350

Foyer  with  information  area

200  m2

200

5

1  000

Education  centre

300  m2

300

4

1  200

Coatroom

50  m2

50

3

150

Café

300  m2

300

5

1  500

Green  market

1000  m2

1  000

6

6  000

Total  area  for  the  Vertical  Farm

50  100

136  850

*  The  farm  area  is  based  dimensioned  for  420  people  each  using  107  sqm  of  higly  efficient  farm  land

Apartments

Program No  of  units Inhabitants Total  inhabitants Area Total  Area Floor  Height Volume Volume  per  unit

1,5  room 32 1 32 45 1440 3,5 5040 158 2  room 50 2 100 55 2750 3,5 9625 193 3  room 34 3 102 70 2380 3,5 8330 245 4  room 26 3 78 90 2340 3,5 8190 315 5  room 24 4 96 110 2640 3,5 9240 385 6  room 4 3 12 125 500 3,5 1750 438 Appartments 170 420 12050 42175 Laundry 1 20 20 4 80 Storage 170 5 850 4 3400 Mechanical 1 500 500 4 2000 Parking  0,5  per/app. 85 12 1020 3 3060

Bicykle  parking  2,2/app 374 1 374 3 1122

Recycling 5 15 75 3 225

Services 2839 9887

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Värtahamnen in Stockholm Royal Seaport - scale 1:2000

0 25 50 cm 0 2,5 5 m 0 5 10 m 0 10 20 m skala 1:5 skala 1:50 0 2,5 m skala 1:25 skala 1:100 0 5 15 m skala 1:150 skala 1:200 0 20 40 m 0 25 50 m 0 50 100 m 0 100 200 m skala 1:400 0 40 80 m skala 1:800 0 24 40 m skala 1:800 skala 1:500 skala 1:1000 skala 1:2000 0 250 500 m 500 m skala 1:5000 0 1 km skala 1:10000

(4)

Ground plan - scale 1:400

0 25 50 cm 0 2,5 5 m 0 5 10 m 0 10 20 m skala 1:5 skala 1:50 0 2,5 m skala 1:25 skala 1:100 0 5 15 m skala 1:150 skala 1:200 0 20 40 m 0 25 50 m 0 50 100 m 0 100 200 m skala 1:400 0 40 80 m skala 1:800 0 24 40 m skala 1:800 skala 1:500 skala 1:1000 skala 1:2000 0 250 500 m 500 m skala 1:5000 0 1 km skala 1:10000

(5)

Park and Apartment plan - scale 1:400

0 25 50 cm 0 2,5 5 m 0 5 10 m 0 10 20 m skala 1:5 skala 1:50 0 2,5 m skala 1:25 skala 1:100 0 5 15 m skala 1:150 skala 1:200 0 20 40 m 0 25 50 m 0 50 100 m 0 100 200 m skala 1:400 0 40 80 m skala 1:800 0 24 40 m skala 1:800 skala 1:500 skala 1:1000 skala 1:2000 0 250 500 m 500 m skala 1:5000 0 1 km skala 1:10000

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Cross section - scale 1:200 0 25 50 cm 0 2,5 5 m 0 5 10 m 0 10 20 m skala 1:5 skala 1:50 0 2,5 m skala 1:25 skala 1:100 0 5 15 m skala 1:150 skala 1:200 0 20 40 m 0 25 50 m 0 50 100 m 0 100 200 m skala 1:400 0 40 80 m skala 1:800 0 24 40 m skala 1:800 skala 1:500 skala 1:1000 skala 1:2000 0 250 500 m 500 m skala 1:5000 0 1 km skala 1:10000

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View from the North

From Solitaire to Clustered Bundle Towers

Solitaire / Extruded Block

Stacking

An evolution driven by breakthroughs in technology, urbanism and program

Super Tall Atrium

XX & Marriot Marquies John Portman

Bundled Tube Structure

Segram Building / Wills Tower, Chicago 1970 SOM - Fazlur Kahn

Steel Frame

Home Insurance Building, Chicago 1885 William Le Baron Jenny First steel frame building.... Steel frame with brick cladding, allowed for large plate-glass windows = the Chicago Win-dow

Vertical steel columns & horizontal I-beams

Skyscraper as classical column : Base - Column - Capital - Cornice

Wainright Building, Chicago 1891 Adler & Sullivan Emphasises on the vertical

Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 1951 Mies van Der Rohe “Fordism” in architecture: standardization, grids, series and endless repetition

Fordism : Rational mass production using prefabricated elements

Sky Lobby

Trussed Tube Structure (Exoskeleton)

John Hancock Center, Chicago 1965

Trussed Tube Structure, not as diagram-matic as it may appear with columns for gravity and diagonals for lateral forces, it is in fact a hybird.

Structural Expressionist Style First Sky lobby - elevator exchange fl oors

42nd st, New York - project 1994 Zaha Hadid Stacking not extrusion. “Vertical pile of interlocking blocks” Diff erentiation by juxtaposition No extrusion, repetition or hermetic curtain walling.

Ground and sky interface : “Dissolving”

Tour Sans Fins, Paris, 198? (project) Jean Nouvell

“The tower without ends”. The base is dark and recessed within a crater and becomes lighter and clearer as it approach the sky. “You don’t quite know where the cylinder begins and ends because it rises from an excavation and dissipates into the sky.”

The Miglin-Beitler Sky Needle, Chicago, 1990 César Pelli (Project)

Super tall structure utilising the idea a “mast” tied with outriggers to perimeter columns. Later realiset in the Peteronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur 1991-1997, Jin Mao Tower, Shang-hai, SOM and other supertall structures.

Eff ect: “Superfl at”

Hancock Place, Boston, 1968-76 I.M Pei

The consistent monolithic look fi rst envi-sioned by Mies in the Glass Skyscraper pro-jects fi nally realised: the start of the superfl at era.

Extrnal Cores with suspended slabs

Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt 1991-97 Norman Foster

The “ecological” skyscraper. Modular arrangements in “villages” of inte-rior space”

Three external cores, slabs suspended in-between.

Max Reinhardt House, Berlin, 1992 (project) Peter Eisenman

Not an vertical dead end but allows for con-tinuous vertical and horizontal circulation.

Interconnected skyscraper complex / cluster

Togok Towers, Seoul - project 1996 OMA

“A new urban condition” The skyscraper as a solitary type: “It solves all its problems on its own. the contemporary city has be-come a collection of single separate buildings that are connected by streets but not really integrated with the city”

Cavities for Vortex suppression

7 South Dearborn, Chicago, 1998 Skidmore, Owing & Merrill Super tall structure that utilise notches to imped the formation and shedding of wind vortices. (Vortex formation and shedding are the principal cause of high-wind building vibrations.)

“Fordism” in architecture

Continious circulation

Diff erentiated stacking of interlocking blocks

Diff usion of mass Transition from horizontal to vertical extension

New York Times Building, New York, 2003 Renzo Piano

City Life Milano, Milano, 2004 Zaha Hadid Architects

56 Leonard St New York, 2008 Herzog & de Meuron

Sunrise tower, Kuala Lumpur, 2009, Zaha Hadid Architects Tour de Verre, New York, 2007

Atelier Jean Nouvel CCTW, Beijing, 2002

OMA

Museum Plaza, Louisville, Kentucky 2006 OMA/REX

Kowloon Terminus - 2009 Aedas - Andrew Broomberg Kowloon Station Tower - 2000-03

Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates

Diff usion off mass. Fluid and transition or horizontal extension

into vertical extension.

Bundle Towers

Bundle Tower - WTC proposal 2002(?) FOA

Buttress each other structurally No so deep plans A bundle tube with vertical variation

Setbacks

Massing studies, New York 1922 Hugh Ferris

In 1916 New York regulates building massing at certain heights in the Zoning Law resolution to stop massive buildings such as the Equitable Building that prevents light and air to reach the street. The zoning law was usually interpreted as a series of setbacks and gave rise to a new style w hich caught on throughout the world.

City within a City

Rockefeller Center, New York, 1930’ Raymond Hood The “City within a City”

the International Style glass skyscraper

Glass skyscraper, Fredrichstrasse, 1921 (project) Mies van der Rohe

Communicate an open, transparent and light fi lled space within.

The decorated object

Chrystler Building, New Yorik, 1928-30 William van Allen The building as a decorated object

Mast Structure - Super Tall buildings Framed Tube Structure

DeWitt - Chestnut, xx, 1961 Fazlur Kahn

Framed tube Structure ; “a three dimen-sional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lat-eral forces in any direction by cantilever-ing from the foundation.”, Fazlur Kahn Lever Building, New York, 1950-52

SOM

Podium and tower Podium and tower clearly separated.

Segram Building, New York, 1954-58 Mies van Der Rohe Tower inset at plaza

Tower at plaza Emphasis on the ground interface

Ecological

THEAGENDASOFDIFFERENTIATION, INTERFACEANDNAVIGA

-TIONCOMBINETOARTICULATEANEWPARADIGMFORTHE DESIGNOFCOMPLEXTOWERSINURBANCONTEXTS. ON THISNEWBASISTHETOWERTYPOLOGYWILLRECEIVEANEW LEASEOFLIFEINTHECENTRALMETROPOLITANSOCIETIES,

WHERETHEDESIREFORCONNECTIVITY (RATHERTHANPURE QUANTITY) DRIVESURBANDENSITY. INTHEFUTURE, EVEN MORETHANISEVIDENTALREADYNOW, THISSUPER-DENSE BUILDUPWILLBEAMIXED-USEBUILDUP, WHEREMULTIPLE LIFE-PROCESSESINTERSECT. THESELIFE-PROCESSESNEEDTO BEORDEREDININTRICATEWAYSTHATNEVERTHELESSREMAIN LEGIBLE. MORETHANEVER, THETASKOFARCHITECTURAL DESIGNWILLBEABOUTTHETRANSPARENTARTICULATIONOF RELATIONSFORTHESAKEOFORIENTATIONANDCOMMUNICA

-TION. THEDIFFERENTIATION, INTERFACINGANDNAVIGATIONOF SPACESISSTATEDASACLEARAGENDATHATWILLREQUIREA SOPHISTICATED, VERSATILELANGUAGEOFARCHITECTURETOBE ARTICULATEDINALLITSFORMSANDCONTEXTS. PATRIK SCHUMACHER, LONDON 2006

“The skyscraper was born almost 150 years ago, when the elevator made it possible to have access to previously unimaginable levels of a building. Then steel made it possible to build higher and faster, electricity to illuminate deeper spaces and to inject conditioned air: engineers learned how to stabilize these tower-like structures. Over the past 150 years all these technologies have improved, but nothing has essentially changed.

The present generation of Asian skyscrapers only competes on the superfi cial level of height. It does not contribute anything more fundamental to the development of reinvention of the type. Because the Skyscraper is a solitary type – it solves all its problems on its own – the contemporary city has become a collection of single, separate buildings that are connected by streets but not really integrated with the city.

From a distance the skyscraper has a strong aura but its eff ect on the urban condition is usually negative: since most of its life takes place inside, it rarely con-tributes to the energy and intensifi cation of urban life. For almost 50 years now, the traditional solution for the encounter of skyscraper and city has been to place the tower on a plaza, but all over the world the emptiness of such spaces makes them an impoverished caricature of urban life. It is a solution that is no longer credible. Our ambition in this project is to imagine the ‘next’ skyscraper, both in a technical sense, and to create a skyscraper COMPLEX – a new urban condition for the 21st Century. The breakthrough this project represents, is the integration of several buildings into a larger whole. No longer soloists, the diff erent elements support each other in every sense: architecturally, they form an integrated complex; technically, issues of stability, access, circulation and servicing are organized collectively; urbanistically, the entire building becomes an urban quarter of a new kind. The combination of all these breakthroughs generates a quantum leap in quality. Instead of separation, the skyscraper complex creates continuity, variety and programmatic richness instead of repetition. For the city this arrangement means that the Skyscraper is not merely the imposition of a huge parasite, but that it now contributes to the reinvention of a new urban condition, a new way of receiving the public.” OMA 1996

At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st we are at the brink of a great transition: real space and cyberspace coexist . Usually they are seen as each other’s opposites, almost enemies. The next skyscraper should celebrate that new condition and investigate if the coexistence of the real and the virtual can generate/sponsor a revolutionary new urban condition.

Precedents

Contemporary Designs

“THEWORLDSTALLESTBUILDINGREQUIRESANEWHIGH-RISETYPOLOGY. IFWELOOKATTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHE SKYSCRAPERTYPE, WECANSEEAPROCESSINWHICHTHEINCREASEINHEIGHTOFTHESTRUCTURERESULTINATEN

-DENCYOFTHEORGANIZATIONTOCONCENTRATETHESTRUCTURALSECTIONINTHEPERIPHERYOFTHEPLAN, ASTHE LATERALFORCESBECOMESTRONGERTHENTHEGRAVITATIONALONES… THISPROCESSHASEVOLVEDTHEPOSTAND BEAMTYPOLOGY, WHICHDISTRIBUTEDSTRUCTUREEVENLYACROSSTHEPLAN, INTODIFFERENTTYPESOFTUBULAR ORGANIZATIONS, CONCENTRATIONSTRUCTUREINTHEPERIPHERYOFTHEPLAN. ASTHESTRUCTUREGROWSTALLER,

THESTRENGTHOFTHEMATERIALSINSUFFICIENTTOPROVIDESTABILITYTOLATERALFORCES, SOTHEONLYSOLUTION ISTOKEEPINCREASINGTHEDEPTHOFTHEPLANPROPORTIONALLY. THISLEADSINTOBUILDINGTYPESTHATBECOME EXTREMELYDEEP, ANDTHEREFOREHEAVILYDEPENDENTONARTIFICIALLIGHTANDMECHANICALLYCONTROLLED VENTILATION. INORDERTOGENERATEANALTERNATIVETYPEOFHIGH-RISE, OURPROPOSALISTOOPERATEWITHTHE BUILDINGMASS, RATERTHANWITHJUSTTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHESTRUCTURE. OURPROPOSALISTOMAINTAINTHE PHYSICALCONTINUITYOFTHEWHOLEMASS, ANDTOUSEITASASTRUCTURALADVANTAGE, FORMINGTHECOMPLEX ASABUNDLEOFINTERCONNECTEDTOWERSTHATPROVIDEAFLEXIBLEFLOORSIZEANDTHATBUTTRESSEACHOTHER STRUCTURALLY. ASOURTARGETWASTOREACHAPPROXIMATELY 500MINHEIGHT, WENEEDED 100 FLOORSOF ACONVENTIONALFLOORTOFLOORHEIGHTOF 4.5M. THETOTALFLOORPLATEWASAIMEDTOMATCHTHESIZEOF THE TWIN TOWERSINSIXBUNDLEDTOWERSOFAPPROXIMATELY 1000 SQMPERFLOOR, THEAVERAGELEASEIN

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View from the North

From Solitaire to Clustered Bundle Towers

Solitaire / Extruded Block

Stacking

An evolution driven by breakthroughs in technology, urbanism and program

Super Tall Atrium

XX & Marriot Marquies John Portman

Bundled Tube Structure

Segram Building / Wills Tower, Chicago 1970 SOM - Fazlur Kahn

Steel Frame

Home Insurance Building, Chicago 1885 William Le Baron Jenny First steel frame building.... Steel frame with brick cladding, allowed for large plate-glass windows = the Chicago Win-dow

Vertical steel columns & horizontal I-beams

Skyscraper as classical column : Base - Column - Capital - Cornice

Wainright Building, Chicago 1891 Adler & Sullivan Emphasises on the vertical

Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 1951 Mies van Der Rohe “Fordism” in architecture: standardization, grids, series and endless repetition

Fordism : Rational mass production using prefabricated elements

Sky Lobby

Trussed Tube Structure (Exoskeleton)

John Hancock Center, Chicago 1965

Trussed Tube Structure, not as diagram-matic as it may appear with columns for gravity and diagonals for lateral forces, it is in fact a hybird.

Structural Expressionist Style First Sky lobby - elevator exchange fl oors

42nd st, New York - project 1994 Zaha Hadid Stacking not extrusion. “Vertical pile of interlocking blocks” Diff erentiation by juxtaposition No extrusion, repetition or hermetic curtain walling.

Ground and sky interface : “Dissolving”

Tour Sans Fins, Paris, 198? (project) Jean Nouvell

“The tower without ends”. The base is dark and recessed within a crater and becomes lighter and clearer as it approach the sky. “You don’t quite know where the cylinder begins and ends because it rises from an excavation and dissipates into the sky.”

The Miglin-Beitler Sky Needle, Chicago, 1990 César Pelli (Project)

Super tall structure utilising the idea a “mast” tied with outriggers to perimeter columns. Later realiset in the Peteronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur 1991-1997, Jin Mao Tower, Shang-hai, SOM and other supertall structures.

Eff ect: “Superfl at”

Hancock Place, Boston, 1968-76 I.M Pei

The consistent monolithic look fi rst envi-sioned by Mies in the Glass Skyscraper pro-jects fi nally realised: the start of the superfl at era.

Extrnal Cores with suspended slabs

Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt 1991-97 Norman Foster

The “ecological” skyscraper. Modular arrangements in “villages” of inte-rior space”

Three external cores, slabs suspended in-between.

Max Reinhardt House, Berlin, 1992 (project) Peter Eisenman

Not an vertical dead end but allows for con-tinuous vertical and horizontal circulation.

Interconnected skyscraper complex / cluster

Togok Towers, Seoul - project 1996 OMA

“A new urban condition” The skyscraper as a solitary type: “It solves all its problems on its own. the contemporary city has be-come a collection of single separate buildings that are connected by streets but not really integrated with the city”

Cavities for Vortex suppression

7 South Dearborn, Chicago, 1998 Skidmore, Owing & Merrill Super tall structure that utilise notches to imped the formation and shedding of wind vortices. (Vortex formation and shedding are the principal cause of high-wind building vibrations.)

“Fordism” in architecture

Continious circulation

Diff erentiated stacking of interlocking blocks

Diff usion of mass Transition from horizontal to vertical extension

New York Times Building, New York, 2003 Renzo Piano

City Life Milano, Milano, 2004 Zaha Hadid Architects

56 Leonard St New York, 2008 Herzog & de Meuron

Sunrise tower, Kuala Lumpur, 2009, Zaha Hadid Architects Tour de Verre, New York, 2007

Atelier Jean Nouvel CCTW, Beijing, 2002

OMA

Museum Plaza, Louisville, Kentucky 2006 OMA/REX

Kowloon Terminus - 2009 Aedas - Andrew Broomberg Kowloon Station Tower - 2000-03

Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates

Diff usion off mass. Fluid and transition or horizontal extension

into vertical extension.

Bundle Towers

Bundle Tower - WTC proposal 2002(?) FOA

Buttress each other structurally No so deep plans A bundle tube with vertical variation

Setbacks

Massing studies, New York 1922 Hugh Ferris

In 1916 New York regulates building massing at certain heights in the Zoning Law resolution to stop massive buildings such as the Equitable Building that prevents light and air to reach the street. The zoning law was usually interpreted as a series of setbacks and gave rise to a new style w hich caught on throughout the world.

City within a City

Rockefeller Center, New York, 1930’ Raymond Hood The “City within a City”

the International Style glass skyscraper

Glass skyscraper, Fredrichstrasse, 1921 (project) Mies van der Rohe

Communicate an open, transparent and light fi lled space within.

The decorated object

Chrystler Building, New Yorik, 1928-30 William van Allen The building as a decorated object

Mast Structure - Super Tall buildings Framed Tube Structure

DeWitt - Chestnut, xx, 1961 Fazlur Kahn

Framed tube Structure ; “a three dimen-sional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lat-eral forces in any direction by cantilever-ing from the foundation.”, Fazlur Kahn Lever Building, New York, 1950-52

SOM

Podium and tower Podium and tower clearly separated.

Segram Building, New York, 1954-58 Mies van Der Rohe Tower inset at plaza

Tower at plaza Emphasis on the ground interface

Ecological

THEAGENDASOFDIFFERENTIATION, INTERFACEANDNAVIGA

-TIONCOMBINETOARTICULATEANEWPARADIGMFORTHE DESIGNOFCOMPLEXTOWERSINURBANCONTEXTS. ON THISNEWBASISTHETOWERTYPOLOGYWILLRECEIVEANEW LEASEOFLIFEINTHECENTRALMETROPOLITANSOCIETIES,

WHERETHEDESIREFORCONNECTIVITY (RATHERTHANPURE QUANTITY) DRIVESURBANDENSITY. INTHEFUTURE, EVEN MORETHANISEVIDENTALREADYNOW, THISSUPER-DENSE BUILDUPWILLBEAMIXED-USEBUILDUP, WHEREMULTIPLE LIFE-PROCESSESINTERSECT. THESELIFE-PROCESSESNEEDTO BEORDEREDININTRICATEWAYSTHATNEVERTHELESSREMAIN LEGIBLE. MORETHANEVER, THETASKOFARCHITECTURAL DESIGNWILLBEABOUTTHETRANSPARENTARTICULATIONOF RELATIONSFORTHESAKEOFORIENTATIONANDCOMMUNICA

-TION. THEDIFFERENTIATION, INTERFACINGANDNAVIGATIONOF SPACESISSTATEDASACLEARAGENDATHATWILLREQUIREA SOPHISTICATED, VERSATILELANGUAGEOFARCHITECTURETOBE ARTICULATEDINALLITSFORMSANDCONTEXTS. PATRIK SCHUMACHER, LONDON 2006

“The skyscraper was born almost 150 years ago, when the elevator made it possible to have access to previously unimaginable levels of a building. Then steel made it possible to build higher and faster, electricity to illuminate deeper spaces and to inject conditioned air: engineers learned how to stabilize these tower-like structures. Over the past 150 years all these technologies have improved, but nothing has essentially changed.

The present generation of Asian skyscrapers only competes on the superfi cial level of height. It does not contribute anything more fundamental to the development of reinvention of the type. Because the Skyscraper is a solitary type – it solves all its problems on its own – the contemporary city has become a collection of single, separate buildings that are connected by streets but not really integrated with the city.

From a distance the skyscraper has a strong aura but its eff ect on the urban condition is usually negative: since most of its life takes place inside, it rarely con-tributes to the energy and intensifi cation of urban life. For almost 50 years now, the traditional solution for the encounter of skyscraper and city has been to place the tower on a plaza, but all over the world the emptiness of such spaces makes them an impoverished caricature of urban life. It is a solution that is no longer credible. Our ambition in this project is to imagine the ‘next’ skyscraper, both in a technical sense, and to create a skyscraper COMPLEX – a new urban condition for the 21st Century. The breakthrough this project represents, is the integration of several buildings into a larger whole. No longer soloists, the diff erent elements support each other in every sense: architecturally, they form an integrated complex; technically, issues of stability, access, circulation and servicing are organized collectively; urbanistically, the entire building becomes an urban quarter of a new kind. The combination of all these breakthroughs generates a quantum leap in quality. Instead of separation, the skyscraper complex creates continuity, variety and programmatic richness instead of repetition. For the city this arrangement means that the Skyscraper is not merely the imposition of a huge parasite, but that it now contributes to the reinvention of a new urban condition, a new way of receiving the public.” OMA 1996

At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st we are at the brink of a great transition: real space and cyberspace coexist . Usually they are seen as each other’s opposites, almost enemies. The next skyscraper should celebrate that new condition and investigate if the coexistence of the real and the virtual can generate/sponsor a revolutionary new urban condition.

Precedents

Contemporary Designs

“THEWORLDSTALLESTBUILDINGREQUIRESANEWHIGH-RISETYPOLOGY. IFWELOOKATTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHE SKYSCRAPERTYPE, WECANSEEAPROCESSINWHICHTHEINCREASEINHEIGHTOFTHESTRUCTURERESULTINATEN

-DENCYOFTHEORGANIZATIONTOCONCENTRATETHESTRUCTURALSECTIONINTHEPERIPHERYOFTHEPLAN, ASTHE LATERALFORCESBECOMESTRONGERTHENTHEGRAVITATIONALONES… THISPROCESSHASEVOLVEDTHEPOSTAND BEAMTYPOLOGY, WHICHDISTRIBUTEDSTRUCTUREEVENLYACROSSTHEPLAN, INTODIFFERENTTYPESOFTUBULAR ORGANIZATIONS, CONCENTRATIONSTRUCTUREINTHEPERIPHERYOFTHEPLAN. ASTHESTRUCTUREGROWSTALLER,

THESTRENGTHOFTHEMATERIALSINSUFFICIENTTOPROVIDESTABILITYTOLATERALFORCES, SOTHEONLYSOLUTION ISTOKEEPINCREASINGTHEDEPTHOFTHEPLANPROPORTIONALLY. THISLEADSINTOBUILDINGTYPESTHATBECOME EXTREMELYDEEP, ANDTHEREFOREHEAVILYDEPENDENTONARTIFICIALLIGHTANDMECHANICALLYCONTROLLED VENTILATION. INORDERTOGENERATEANALTERNATIVETYPEOFHIGH-RISE, OURPROPOSALISTOOPERATEWITHTHE BUILDINGMASS, RATERTHANWITHJUSTTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHESTRUCTURE. OURPROPOSALISTOMAINTAINTHE PHYSICALCONTINUITYOFTHEWHOLEMASS, ANDTOUSEITASASTRUCTURALADVANTAGE, FORMINGTHECOMPLEX ASABUNDLEOFINTERCONNECTEDTOWERSTHATPROVIDEAFLEXIBLEFLOORSIZEANDTHATBUTTRESSEACHOTHER STRUCTURALLY. ASOURTARGETWASTOREACHAPPROXIMATELY 500MINHEIGHT, WENEEDED 100 FLOORSOF ACONVENTIONALFLOORTOFLOORHEIGHTOF 4.5M. THETOTALFLOORPLATEWASAIMEDTOMATCHTHESIZEOF THE TWIN TOWERSINSIXBUNDLEDTOWERSOFAPPROXIMATELY 1000 SQMPERFLOOR, THEAVERAGELEASEIN

MANHATTAN.” – ALEJANDRO ZAERA-POLO

(10)

From Solitaire to Clustered Bundle Towers

Solitaire / Extruded Block

Stacking

An evolution driven by breakthroughs in technology, urbanism and program

Super Tall Atrium

XX & Marriot Marquies John Portman

Bundled Tube Structure

Segram Building / Wills Tower, Chicago 1970 SOM - Fazlur Kahn

Steel Frame

Home Insurance Building, Chicago 1885 William Le Baron Jenny First steel frame building.... Steel frame with brick cladding, allowed for large plate-glass windows = the Chicago Win-dow

Vertical steel columns & horizontal I-beams

Skyscraper as classical column : Base - Column - Capital - Cornice

Wainright Building, Chicago 1891 Adler & Sullivan Emphasises on the vertical

Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 1951 Mies van Der Rohe “Fordism” in architecture: standardization, grids, series and endless repetition

Fordism : Rational mass production using prefabricated elements

Sky Lobby

Trussed Tube Structure (Exoskeleton)

John Hancock Center, Chicago 1965

Trussed Tube Structure, not as diagram-matic as it may appear with columns for gravity and diagonals for lateral forces, it is in fact a hybird.

Structural Expressionist Style First Sky lobby - elevator exchange fl oors

42nd st, New York - project 1994 Zaha Hadid Stacking not extrusion. “Vertical pile of interlocking blocks” Diff erentiation by juxtaposition No extrusion, repetition or hermetic curtain walling.

Ground and sky interface : “Dissolving”

Tour Sans Fins, Paris, 198? (project) Jean Nouvell

“The tower without ends”. The base is dark and recessed within a crater and becomes lighter and clearer as it approach the sky. “You don’t quite know where the cylinder begins and ends because it rises from an excavation and dissipates into the sky.”

The Miglin-Beitler Sky Needle, Chicago, 1990 César Pelli (Project)

Super tall structure utilising the idea a “mast” tied with outriggers to perimeter columns. Later realiset in the Peteronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur 1991-1997, Jin Mao Tower, Shang-hai, SOM and other supertall structures.

Eff ect: “Superfl at”

Hancock Place, Boston, 1968-76 I.M Pei

The consistent monolithic look fi rst envi-sioned by Mies in the Glass Skyscraper pro-jects fi nally realised: the start of the superfl at era.

Extrnal Cores with suspended slabs

Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt 1991-97 Norman Foster

The “ecological” skyscraper. Modular arrangements in “villages” of inte-rior space”

Three external cores, slabs suspended in-between.

Max Reinhardt House, Berlin, 1992 (project) Peter Eisenman

Not an vertical dead end but allows for con-tinuous vertical and horizontal circulation.

Interconnected skyscraper complex / cluster

Togok Towers, Seoul - project 1996 OMA

“A new urban condition” The skyscraper as a solitary type: “It solves all its problems on its own. the contemporary city has be-come a collection of single separate buildings that are connected by streets but not really integrated with the city”

Cavities for Vortex suppression

7 South Dearborn, Chicago, 1998 Skidmore, Owing & Merrill Super tall structure that utilise notches to imped the formation and shedding of wind vortices. (Vortex formation and shedding are the principal cause of high-wind building vibrations.)

“Fordism” in architecture

Continious circulation

Diff erentiated stacking of interlocking blocks

Diff usion of mass Transition from horizontal to vertical extension

New York Times Building, New York, 2003 Renzo Piano

City Life Milano, Milano, 2004 Zaha Hadid Architects

56 Leonard St New York, 2008 Herzog & de Meuron

Sunrise tower, Kuala Lumpur, 2009, Zaha Hadid Architects Tour de Verre, New York, 2007

Atelier Jean Nouvel CCTW, Beijing, 2002

OMA

Museum Plaza, Louisville, Kentucky 2006 OMA/REX

Kowloon Terminus - 2009 Aedas - Andrew Broomberg Kowloon Station Tower - 2000-03

Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates

Diff usion off mass. Fluid and transition or horizontal extension

into vertical extension.

Bundle Towers

Bundle Tower - WTC proposal 2002(?) FOA

Buttress each other structurally No so deep plans A bundle tube with vertical variation

Setbacks

Massing studies, New York 1922 Hugh Ferris

In 1916 New York regulates building massing at certain heights in the Zoning Law resolution to stop massive buildings such as the Equitable Building that prevents light and air to reach the street. The zoning law was usually interpreted as a series of setbacks and gave rise to a new style w hich caught on throughout the world.

City within a City

Rockefeller Center, New York, 1930’ Raymond Hood The “City within a City”

the International Style glass skyscraper

Glass skyscraper, Fredrichstrasse, 1921 (project) Mies van der Rohe

Communicate an open, transparent and light fi lled space within.

The decorated object

Chrystler Building, New Yorik, 1928-30 William van Allen The building as a decorated object

Mast Structure - Super Tall buildings Framed Tube Structure

DeWitt - Chestnut, xx, 1961 Fazlur Kahn

Framed tube Structure ; “a three dimen-sional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lat-eral forces in any direction by cantilever-ing from the foundation.”, Fazlur Kahn Lever Building, New York, 1950-52

SOM

Podium and tower Podium and tower clearly separated.

Segram Building, New York, 1954-58 Mies van Der Rohe Tower inset at plaza

Tower at plaza Emphasis on the ground interface

Ecological

THEAGENDASOFDIFFERENTIATION, INTERFACEANDNAVIGA

-TIONCOMBINETOARTICULATEANEWPARADIGMFORTHE DESIGNOFCOMPLEXTOWERSINURBANCONTEXTS. ON THISNEWBASISTHETOWERTYPOLOGYWILLRECEIVEANEW LEASEOFLIFEINTHECENTRALMETROPOLITANSOCIETIES,

WHERETHEDESIREFORCONNECTIVITY (RATHERTHANPURE QUANTITY) DRIVESURBANDENSITY. INTHEFUTURE, EVEN MORETHANISEVIDENTALREADYNOW, THISSUPER-DENSE BUILDUPWILLBEAMIXED-USEBUILDUP, WHEREMULTIPLE LIFE-PROCESSESINTERSECT. THESELIFE-PROCESSESNEEDTO BEORDEREDININTRICATEWAYSTHATNEVERTHELESSREMAIN LEGIBLE. MORETHANEVER, THETASKOFARCHITECTURAL DESIGNWILLBEABOUTTHETRANSPARENTARTICULATIONOF RELATIONSFORTHESAKEOFORIENTATIONANDCOMMUNICA

-TION. THEDIFFERENTIATION, INTERFACINGANDNAVIGATIONOF SPACESISSTATEDASACLEARAGENDATHATWILLREQUIREA SOPHISTICATED, VERSATILELANGUAGEOFARCHITECTURETOBE ARTICULATEDINALLITSFORMSANDCONTEXTS. PATRIK SCHUMACHER, LONDON 2006

“The skyscraper was born almost 150 years ago, when the elevator made it possible to have access to previously unimaginable levels of a building. Then steel made it possible to build higher and faster, electricity to illuminate deeper spaces and to inject conditioned air: engineers learned how to stabilize these tower-like structures. Over the past 150 years all these technologies have improved, but nothing has essentially changed.

The present generation of Asian skyscrapers only competes on the superfi cial level of height. It does not contribute anything more fundamental to the development of reinvention of the type. Because the Skyscraper is a solitary type – it solves all its problems on its own – the contemporary city has become a collection of single, separate buildings that are connected by streets but not really integrated with the city.

From a distance the skyscraper has a strong aura but its eff ect on the urban condition is usually negative: since most of its life takes place inside, it rarely con-tributes to the energy and intensifi cation of urban life. For almost 50 years now, the traditional solution for the encounter of skyscraper and city has been to place the tower on a plaza, but all over the world the emptiness of such spaces makes them an impoverished caricature of urban life. It is a solution that is no longer credible. Our ambition in this project is to imagine the ‘next’ skyscraper, both in a technical sense, and to create a skyscraper COMPLEX – a new urban condition for the 21st Century. The breakthrough this project represents, is the integration of several buildings into a larger whole. No longer soloists, the diff erent elements support each other in every sense: architecturally, they form an integrated complex; technically, issues of stability, access, circulation and servicing are organized collectively; urbanistically, the entire building becomes an urban quarter of a new kind. The combination of all these breakthroughs generates a quantum leap in quality. Instead of separation, the skyscraper complex creates continuity, variety and programmatic richness instead of repetition. For the city this arrangement means that the Skyscraper is not merely the imposition of a huge parasite, but that it now contributes to the reinvention of a new urban condition, a new way of receiving the public.” OMA 1996

At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st we are at the brink of a great transition: real space and cyberspace coexist . Usually they are seen as each other’s opposites, almost enemies. The next skyscraper should celebrate that new condition and investigate if the coexistence of the real and the virtual can generate/sponsor a revolutionary new urban condition.

Precedents

Contemporary Designs

“THEWORLDSTALLESTBUILDINGREQUIRESANEWHIGH-RISETYPOLOGY. IFWELOOKATTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHE SKYSCRAPERTYPE, WECANSEEAPROCESSINWHICHTHEINCREASEINHEIGHTOFTHESTRUCTURERESULTINATEN

-DENCYOFTHEORGANIZATIONTOCONCENTRATETHESTRUCTURALSECTIONINTHEPERIPHERYOFTHEPLAN, ASTHE LATERALFORCESBECOMESTRONGERTHENTHEGRAVITATIONALONES… THISPROCESSHASEVOLVEDTHEPOSTAND BEAMTYPOLOGY, WHICHDISTRIBUTEDSTRUCTUREEVENLYACROSSTHEPLAN, INTODIFFERENTTYPESOFTUBULAR ORGANIZATIONS, CONCENTRATIONSTRUCTUREINTHEPERIPHERYOFTHEPLAN. ASTHESTRUCTUREGROWSTALLER,

THESTRENGTHOFTHEMATERIALSINSUFFICIENTTOPROVIDESTABILITYTOLATERALFORCES, SOTHEONLYSOLUTION ISTOKEEPINCREASINGTHEDEPTHOFTHEPLANPROPORTIONALLY. THISLEADSINTOBUILDINGTYPESTHATBECOME EXTREMELYDEEP, ANDTHEREFOREHEAVILYDEPENDENTONARTIFICIALLIGHTANDMECHANICALLYCONTROLLED VENTILATION. INORDERTOGENERATEANALTERNATIVETYPEOFHIGH-RISE, OURPROPOSALISTOOPERATEWITHTHE BUILDINGMASS, RATERTHANWITHJUSTTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHESTRUCTURE. OURPROPOSALISTOMAINTAINTHE PHYSICALCONTINUITYOFTHEWHOLEMASS, ANDTOUSEITASASTRUCTURALADVANTAGE, FORMINGTHECOMPLEX ASABUNDLEOFINTERCONNECTEDTOWERSTHATPROVIDEAFLEXIBLEFLOORSIZEANDTHATBUTTRESSEACHOTHER STRUCTURALLY. ASOURTARGETWASTOREACHAPPROXIMATELY 500MINHEIGHT, WENEEDED 100 FLOORSOF ACONVENTIONALFLOORTOFLOORHEIGHTOF 4.5M. THETOTALFLOORPLATEWASAIMEDTOMATCHTHESIZEOF THE TWIN TOWERSINSIXBUNDLEDTOWERSOFAPPROXIMATELY 1000 SQMPERFLOOR, THEAVERAGELEASEIN

MANHATTAN.” – ALEJANDRO ZAERA-POLO

Conceptual model based inspired by Xylem

Inspiration for a new breath : Interrelationships, packing and mutual deformation

Natural Packing in Xylem

Horisontal cut thru Xylem*

*Xylem is one of two types of transport and mechanically supportive tissue in vascular plants. Its basic function is to transport water, but it also transports some nutrients through the plant.

Vertical cut thru part of Xylem*

Adjacent cells deforms each other depending on size, equal size causes greatest deformation

Fields of different density

Vessels of vascular cells Porous areas of poche

Strong verticality Bulk of cells squezed in

between vessels Voids in the poche

Straight and bent lineworks emerge from cell deformation Gradient transitions from

large cells to small

Oval boundaries between areas with different density

The exception to the deformation rule

Structural poche Natural Packing in Xylem

Horisontal cut thru Xylem*

*Xylem is one of two types of transport and mechanically supportive tissue in vascular plants. Its basic function is to transport water, but it also transports some nutrients through the plant.

Vertical cut thru part of Xylem*

Adjacent cells deforms each other depending on size, equal size causes greatest deformation

Fields of different density

Vessels of vascular cells Porous areas of poche

Strong verticality Bulk of cells squezed in

between vessels Voids in the poche

Straight and bent lineworks emerge from cell deformation Gradient transitions from

large cells to small

Oval boundaries between areas with different density

The exception to the deformation rule

Structural poche

(11)

References

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