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25th Anniversary

A VISION FOR

THE PEACE CORPS

A Summary of Findings and

Recommendations of the

National Seminar on Future Directions

for the Peace Corps

July 8-12, 1986

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Citizens Committee on Future Directions for the

Peace Corps

in Cooperation with

International Development Conference, Washington, D.C.

Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

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I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Summary.. . . .. .... . . .... . .. . ... . ... ... 1

Preface . . . 5

Acknowledgements. . . 8

I. The Peace Corps Mandate in a Changing World· Major Issues and Findings . . . 9

Development Assistance . . . 9

Mutual Understanding and Reciprocity of Service . . . ... . .. ... . . . .. ... . .... . ... 11

Learning to Understand Others Requires Participation by the American People . . . 13

II. Key Recommendations . . . 16

Local Community Bases in the United States . . . 16

Private Sector Participation . . . 17

Long-term International Community Relations . . . . 19

Mutuality of International Peace Corps S ervice . ... 20

State-of-the Art Operations . . . 21

III. Implementation: A Call for Action. . . 24

Appendixes Program of the National S eminar . ... . .. ... .. 25

About the Organizers of the Seminar . . .. ... . . ... 35

List of Papers. . . 36

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SUMMARY

The NATIONAL SEMINAR ON FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE PEACE CORPS was held at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, on July 8-12, 1986. It was sponsored by the Citizens Committee on Future Directions for the Peace Corps, with co-sponsorship by the International Development Conference and Colorado State University.

Some 150 participants, including some from Canada and Peace Corps host countries, put in four days of hard work, honest review, creative thinking and good companionship. Coming from diverse backgrounds and professions, the majority were former Peace Corps Volunteers and staff who assessed the Peace Corps' purpose, experience and potential, and made recommendations for its future.

The Seminar was the only independent effort of the 25th an-niversary year to give systematic attention to the Peace Corps' future directions. Although many opinions and suggestions were put forward and no formal resolutions were adopted, consensus emerged on a number of key issues.

All of the ideas and recommendations aim at a single objective: To give Peace Corps, this unique American institution, the opportunity to fully live up to the mandate which it has been given so as to be an increasingly effective instr:ument for the promotion of world peace and mutual understanding through people-to-people development work.

THE CHALLENGES OF THE MANDATE

In their inquiry, the Seminar participants reaffirmed the Peace Corps mandate given by the United States Congress in 1961, but emphasized the need for a new responsiveness:

The promotion of world peace and friendship as the over-riding mandate of the Peace Corps is, in principle, not limited to poor nations but calls for a broader outreach to all countries. The limits for such outreach should not be set by the average income per capita of a potential host coun-try, but by the creativity and opportunity for new program

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approaches and financing such as Volunteer exchanges and linkages between study and service.

Development work through its people-to-people assignments in local communities is the core of the Peace Corps program and is needed today more than ever before. Agriculture, en-vironmental protection, small scale industry development in agrarian societies and the building of local, indigenous resources are high priorities of the agenda. What has changed is the relationship with hosts. Their emphasis on cultural identity, national-in contrast to international-solutions to development needs, peoples' movements and participation in solving their problems requires a Peace Corps which is less a "giver" of outside aid and more an equal partner in a joint effort.

The promotion of mutual understanding between the host country and the American people is an operative mandate of specific importance. It requires a policy and program

response by the Peace Corps. In the past, this mutual understanding was considered a by-product of Peace Corps' development work; today we know that new forms of serv-ice, mutual and two-way programs, diverse avenues for participation and broad initiatives in the United States will be necessary to respond to these Peace Corps goals.

THE CONSENSUS ON THE PEACE CORPS' FUTURE

In their deliberation, the participants called for the growth of the Peace Corps to its fullest potential:

There was consensus that the Peace Corps mandate requires renewed attention and that its challenges for world peace, understanding and development must find responses in Peace Corps' policies and programs.

There was consensus that the Peace Corps must expand to a more effective size where operational costs can buy a

broader and better program.

There was consensus that the Peace Corps must diversify its programs, length of service and Volunteer and staff

participation.

There was consensus that the Peace Corps should open its doors to mutual and two-way Volunteer and staff service with both existing and new host countries and their volunteer services.

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There was consensus that the Peace Corps must broaden its support structure and participation avenues from the one pillar arrangement of governmental support to a three pillar involvement of: 1. governmental support as the core; 2. local affiliates in U.S. communities;

THE KEY RECOMMENDATIONS

3. private sector participation.

After four days of discussions of diverse issues, despite a maze of detail, trends became apparent, recommendations began to

overlap, and a new vision for the Peace Corps emerged:

1. We recommend the establishment of Peace Corps affiliates, committees, service councils, whatever the name, in American communities as bases for program outreach, support initia-tives and advice.

2. We recommend the expansion and consolidation of the long-term relations with private sector institutions. We believe that sustained and diverse private sector participation in the Peace Corps will come primarily from local communities, business, institutions of higher education, and private volun-tary organizations.

3. We recommend the establishment of long-term

sister-community relations between American and Peace Corps host country communities beyond the current short-term Peace Corps Partnership Program. We believe the latter is a good beginning with solid experience but it should be expanded, diversified and become a two-way exchange relationship. 4. We recommend mutuality of international Peace Corps

serv-ice: a larger role for host country nationals, Volunteer and staff exchanges with host countries, reconnection to similar volunteer services in other countries, and the use of every op-portunity to open the Peace Corps to two-way service.

5. We recommend the review and updating of the day-by-day operations of the Peace Corps on a regular basis so that state-of-the-art standards are achieved and maintained with respect to development policy and programs; recruitment, selection and placement of both Volunteers and staff; training; re-entry after service; and administrative matters.

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THE APPEAL FOR IMPLEMENTATION

The recommendations and good intentions of the Seminar

par-ticipants will be for naught if they are not followed up by clear

steps of review-decision-implementation by those who have the

authority and power. The participants appeal to:

the United States Congress;

the President of the United States;

the Peace Corps Administration;

the former Peace Corps members;

the American people; and

the host country people .. .

to use the 25th anniversary as a launching pad for such new

outreach and growth for a future Peace Corps. We do not claim

sole authorship of the ideas and recommendations presented

here but they come from a solid consensus-forming process

among Seminar participants who are knowledgeable and

interested Peace Corps supporters. To achieve this vision of the

future Peace Corps a concerned effort will be required by all of

us.

Washington, D.C.

April 1987

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PREFACE

The invitation called for a time of creative thinking: "The 25th Anniversary of the Peace Corps is a fitting occasion to undertake an honest review of its experience and accomplishments, and to think creatively about the future of this remarkable Volunteer service." Some 150 participants responded and came to the Na-tional Seminar on Future Directions for the Peace Corps from July 8 to 12, 1986, at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. They included professionals from academia, private in-stitutions, business, and public administration, many of them ex-perts in international relations, development diplomacy, inter-cultural communication, law, management, and training. By far the majority were returned Peace Corps Volunteers (RPCVs) and former Peace Corps staff, while others had worked occasionally with the Peace Corps in program planning, training, or evalua-tion of its performance. Most were U.S. citizens but there were also participants from Canada, Fiji, Jamaica, Liberia, the Philip-pines, and Sri Lanka. Despite their diverse backgrounds, a remarkable team spirit developed quickly. Keynote speakers, chairs, presenters of papers, rapporteurs, contributors to the discussions, and seminar organizers-all pulled together in an ex-citing and hard-working four-day process of deliberation.

The guiding theme for the program of the National Seminar was the mandate that the United States Congress gave to the Peace Corps a quarter of a century ago:

To promote peace and friendship by:

providing trained manpower to those in need (Goal1);

promoting a better understanding of Americans among the people served (Goal 2);

promoting a better understanding of other peoples among the American people (Goal 3).

What does this mandate mean today and for the future? How, for instance, have the development needs of partner countries

changed? And what is mutual understanding in today's world and how does its promotion affect the Peace Corps?

In its search for answers to questions such as these, the Seminar gave careful attention to lessons of the Peace Corps' first 25

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years. For example, there was a time when better understanding between Americans and hosts was not thought of as a Peace Corps program, i.e., something to promote systematically, but as a by-product, and expected outcome, of its foreign aid activities. Today, after more than 120,000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in thousands of communities in 92 countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, we have learned that aid-giving by itself does not necessarily create friends. But we have also learned that mutual and equal relationships with host partners will create the respect and trust that leads to successful develop-ment work. We have learned, too, that Peace Corps Volunteers, who have provided skills in local communities on a people-to-people basis, have been rewarded with an intercultural learning experience no formal education could have given them. Today, host country people ask: "What can we give to the American people and learn in return?" Thus, the relationships between Americans and hosts have matured and require new program responses.

But the Seminar did not only look at the past. It looked ahead to the future. In her opening address, the Peace Corps Director, Loret Miller Ruppe, issued this challenge: "Allow the Peace Corps to be all that it can and should be." She called for a new vision for the Peace Corps for 1987 and beyond and saw the 25th Anniversary as a launching pad for the future. (Later, in the Seminar, Congressman Hank Brown praised the Peace Corps as the most cost-effective foreign assistance effort. But, as other speakers pointed out, with less than 5,000 Volunteers planned for 1987, the Peace Corps is operating at a level well below that which is required to maintain an effective and efficient organiza-tion.) Mrs. Ruppe asked: "What is the bottom line? What is it that we as a society value and respect, and therefore want to in-vest in? When the Pentagon's publications' budget is more than Peace Corps' total budget; when the military marching bands budget is twice as much as the Peace Corps'; when the Peace Corps, the United States' most potent weapon for peace, is listed under "Miscellaneous Number One" in the Foreign Assistance Budget . . . have not both the Administration and the Congress failed to grasp the uniqueness of the Peace Corps? It is more than a foreign assistance agency; it is an American institution in the tradition of volunteerism which, by involving ordinary

citizens from many countries in mutual development work, has created links of lasting friendship all over the world."

While the Seminar as a whole was guided by the overall man-date to promote world peace and friendship, each day was

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devoted to one of the three Peace Corps goals. The topic of the day was introduced in plenary sessions by keynote speakers both from the United States and host countries who opened up the horizon to the wider world in which Peace Corps operates. The panel sessions which followed addressed a wide range of issues related to the respective goal. Afternoon working groups con-tinued the panel discussions and translated them into findings and recommendations. This tight result-oriented process made this Seminar different from regular conferences which tend to be more open-ended.

On the opening day a Pre-Seminar gave RPCV s a special oppor-tunity to meet in regional and skill groups to discuss their Peace Corps experience and make recommendations to the full

Seminar. (As it turned out, the RPCVs' practical approach fitted neatly into the overall Seminar procedure and findings.) Other ad hoc groups met at various times during the Seminar. The detailed program in the Appendix displays the broad range of issues that were addressed.

This report, which has been written largely by Irene Pinkau, with assistance from Maurice L. Albertson and Andrew E Rice, presents the results of the deliberations of the National Seminar in three sections:

the Peace Corps' mandate in a changing world: major issues and findings;

five key recommendations for the future Peace Corps;

a call for implementation.

Following the text of the report are appendixes giving the Seminar program, a list of the principal papers, a roster of par-ticipants, staff, and volunteers, and a description of the three sponsoring organizations.

We do not claim sole authorship of the findings and recommen-dations which appear in this report. They reflect contributions from many sources: earlier research conducted by Seminar par-ticipants and others, RPCV and staff experience, ideas already discussed in the Peace Corps itself, and the forward-looking direction which the U.S. Congress set in motion with its recent amendments to the Peace Corps Act. Together they offer a vision for the Peace Corps of the future.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many people contributed to the success of the National Seminar on Future Directions for the Peace Corps. Above all it was the

par-ticipants themselves who gave generously of their ideas and experience. To those among them who took on leadership roles-as presenters, discussants, rapporteurs-we are especially grateful.

We extend particular thanks also to the keynote speakers: Loret Miller Ruppe, Director, Peace Corps;

Maurice Williams, former United States Ambassador, former Chairman, Development Assistance Committee, OECD;

Ernest Corea, Ambassador of Sri Lanka to the United States;

Gary Wederspahn, intercultural expert in private business (former PC Staff);

Sonia Jones, Attorney at Law, Jamaica;

L. Robert Kohls, Executive Director, Meridian House International;

Chadwick F. Alger, Mershon Professor of Political Science, Ohio State University;

and the Chairs of the day:

John G. Sommer, Dean, Academic Studies Abroad, School for International Training, The Experiment in International Living (former IVS Volunteer, PC Staff); Phillips Ruopp, Senior Associate, Kettering Foundation (former PC Trainer);

Albert R. Wright, intercultural expert in private business (former PC Trainer).

For financial support-which supplemented the fees paid by the participants-we gratefully acknowledge generous grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the George Gund Foundation as well as smaller contributions from a number of organizations and in-dividuals. Both of the co-sponsoring organizations, the International Development Conference and Colorado State University, made contribu-tions in cash and kind. In addition, dozens of volunteers at CSU (their names appear in the Appendix) kept the Seminar running smoothly. Lastly, we express gratitude to the Peace Corps for its support and en-couragement in many ways. Without these it would have been difficult indeed to carry out the Seminar.

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I. THE PEACE CORPS MANDATE IN A

CHANGING WORLD: MAJOR ISSUES

AND FINDINGS

Despite their diversity of background and experience, the Seminar par-ticipants agreed fully that the Peace Corps mandate was as important and relevant today as it was 25 years ago. Moreover, there was agreement that the three goals of the mandate are of equal importance but that in the past inadequate attention had been paid to the second and third goals. Although all are closely related, in the future specific attention must be paid to each of them in developing the Peace Corps program.

But in reaffirming the mandate, Seminar participants also set forth three general directions in which the Peace Corps should move in the years ahead:

expansion of the service to a more effective size where program

outreach and base costs are in better balance;

diversification of programs, participation, and support structures; openness to mutual and two-way volunteer service with hosts and

other volunteer organizations.

One general observation regarding the overall mandate was sounded fre-quently during the Seminar-that the future selection of Peace Corps host countries should not be determined merely by the economic state of their development. Ties should not be lightly cut with a country only because it has made economic progress. In principle, the Peace Corps should serve in all countries of the world. Some participants felt Volunteers had a special role to play in places where they could help reduce conflict and build trust between peoples. As examples, the USSR, China, and Romania were men-tioned as potential Peace Corps partner countries.

DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE

In examining the future of the Peace Corps' first goal-its role in assisting development abroad-the participants first considered the world context in which it must operate. Speaking to this point, Ambassador Maurice Williams, in his keynote address, described the 1980's as a historical period of transition with major changes underway in policy orientation, attitudes, production structures and institutional adaptations. He saw six trends which characterize this period of greater risks and greater opportunities:

Technology: the continued emergence of advanced technologies will

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Population growth: a total of 8 billion people are expected in three

decades or so, with 80% of the world's population living in the Third World and requiring increased investments in food production, in-frastructure and employment;

Reaffirmation of cultural identity: despite growing interdependence

of trade, communications, transportation and financial markets, the search for cultural and racial identity has led to conflict around the world;

Autonomy: more autonomous national policies and development is

favored over international trade as the primary engine of economic growth; it creates less dependence but requires the development of domestic or regional markets among developing countries.

More assertive national policies: the weakening of international

organizations and universal approaches to development is a conse-quence of more assertive national policies, especially in the United Nations agencies, which originally emphasized the reform of the in-ternational economic order. This attitude has overlooked the impor-tance of national policy reforms to achieve development objectives;

Humanistic trends of local initiatives and peoples' movements: despite

their diversity of objectives and styles, these movements tend to be characterized by self-reliance and citizen participation; they are a force in political and economic development which should not be underestimated.

Ambassador Ernest Corea of Sri Lanka, in his corresponding address, underlined the importance of advanced technologies, especially communica-tions, and of the human issues. He added these points to the worldwide overview:

Rethink the forms of governance: the government systems left by

col-onialism did not survive the test of time; freedom belongs to all mankind. But the question is how to govern in multi-cultural, fast-changing young nations;

Societies move at different paces, perhaps accelerated by develop-ment aid; but true acceleration must come from within a society; The negative image of development aid comes from false expecta-tions; human and cultural factors play a significant role in deter-mining how development proceeds;

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Education of the broader population, especially in rural areas, in-cluding modern means of communication (radio, television) makes the difference in the development of a nation.

In the ensuing discussions and panel sessions, these world trends were reviewed with an eye to development policies and programs of the Peace Corps, and their intercultural and human implications. In these discussions, the Seminar participants found the following important for consideration in the Peace Corps development program:

Cultural pride and identification with economic progress are essen-tial aspects of sustained development; therefore, development policy should encourage unity of community interests, respect for local ways and values, tolerance for cultural diversity, and greater freedom for both individual and group expressions.

Populist and democratic trends which release peoples' energies must contine to be supported.

Environmental stability in all PC projects must be stressed because the natural resources of a country comprise the basic fabric of life; thus, it is vital to sustain development.

Food and agricultural production in agrarian societies must be em-phasized in order to eliminate hunger and to provide a sound basis for industrial development.

Local and regional markets-and development of small scale in-dustries and services which build local infrastructure and expand employment opportunities-must be strengthened.

New approaches to education that reach the uneducated masses, especially in rural areas, must be considered.

The specific roles of men and women in development-and the new emerging class of senior citizens in Third World countries who need new opportunities to participate in society-must be closely examined.

Comprehensive and concerted development of the community, in con-trast to single sector programs, must be promoted.

MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING AND RECIPROCITY OF SERVICE

Two strands of thought were most important in the discussion of the Peace Corps' second goal. One emphasized the intercultural effectiveness of

Americans in a host country. In his keynote address, Gary Wederspahn 11

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raised the question: What is the difference between foreigners who work well and those who do not work well in their host countries? All the evidence indicates that it is the level of cross-cultural skills which is the most im-portant factor in determining success or failure in a Peace Corps Volunteer's performance. Technical job skills are far less important. These findings would seem to encourage the Peace Corps not to abandon its long-standing main resource, the "generalist." Of course, the Peace Corps will need also a broader range of technical and professional Volunteers-but they, too, will not perform better because of their special skills and knowledge; they will, first of all, need the ability to adapt to the cross-cultural environment and relate effectively to the host people.

The Seminar participants agreed that the right selection of Volunteers into the right project "slot" and an experience-based training are the keys to becoming a successful intercultural performer. Training must include the active building of skills of observation, analysis, problem-solving, and com-munication (verbal and non-verbal), as well as promotion of positive attitudes vis-a-vis cultural differences. In this connecton, the inter-culturalists and Peace Corps oldtirners at the Seminar confirmed that the Peace Corps of the 1960's was the major force which spawned intercultural research, education, and training at universities, in business, and in public and private institutions. Thanks to the Peace Corps' Five-year Rule, these oldtirners were jettisoned off to freely complete and to further develop the state-of-the-art of intercultural effectiveness. The fruits of this experience are now at hand to bring the Peace Corps up to the highest level of state-of-the-art intercultural effectiveness.

In an interesting paper presented at the Seminar, Young Y. Kim explored this pro-cess of becoming intercultural as a road to personal growth. Coming to grips with one's own psyche and the hidden forces of one's home culture is a maturing process which frees one to be able increasingly to relate to another culture. The more we know and understand our own culture, the more we are able to embrace and under-stand others.

The second strand of thought which emerged in the discussion of the Peace Corps' second goal was the importance of interaction. In an eloquent and reflective ad-dress, Sonia Jones of Jamaica recalled 24 years of experience of her coun-try as a Peace Corps host. Among her many thoughtful observations were the following:

The difference between our cultures is not only life-style, it is a mat-ter of thought-style; only a two-way process of inmat-teraction and pa-tience can create mutual respect and trust.

Respect the difference in our values and pace oflife; it does not pre-vent us from becoming friends.

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Allow us to say "thank you" by inviting Volunteers into our homes; we need to give something in return.

Visit the jewels of our culture: museums, theaters, concert halls; meet our craftsmen and women and artists.

Throughout the National Seminar, the participants from Third World coun-tries voiced similar themes: What can we give to Americans in return? Understanding requires a two-way relationship of giving and receiving. Isn't it time to open the Peace Corps to more participation by host country na-tionals, reciprocity of service and mutual responsibility for the outcome? Others underlined the cultural difference and the challenge it provides for both partners: "Americans readily embrace the newest and the latest, and the Peace Corps is eager to make these available to the peoples of the Third World. But Third World people are not quite sure how to respond to the newest and the latest. PCV s must learn patience, lest those they are trying to help reject their help for being too much, too soon, and too forced." So said Terese Parian of the Philippines.

In sum, the Seminar participants found that the Peace Corps was ready to enter a new stage of maturity and understanding with host countries that would allow for new ways of cooperation and shared responsibilities through broader participation by host country nationals both within the country and at headquarters, and through the opening of channels for reciprocity of serv-ice from host countries to the American people.

LEARNING TO UNDERSTAND OTHERS REQUIRES PARTICIPATION BY THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

The American people are the home-base for the Peace Corps. Their understanding and participation are crucial for Peace Corps' growth, strength and effectiveness. These simple truths were reflected in the keynote addresses, the panel sessions and working groups in the discussion of the Peace Corps' Third Goal. A comparison with the sister organization to the North, CUSO (Canadian Universities Service Overseas), helped to clarify and to sharpen the issues and importance of understanding and support at home.

L. Robert Kohls, in his keynote address, sounded a hopeful note about the American public's increased awareness about global and international issues. People know what "cross-cultural" means; cities call themselves "in-ternational;" newspapers have more lead articles on global problems; more and more American jobs depend on the Third World connection; there are now 55 Master Degree programs in intercultural education at American universities; cultural and national diversity has been accepted in U.S.

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foreign policy as a given. With 120,000 RPCVs back in the United States, the Peace Corps may have gained the critical mass at home to effectively tackle the Third Goal it received from Congress: to promote better under-standing of other peoples on the part of the American people.

In his thoughtful and searching keynote address, Chadwick F. Alger gave depth to this Peace Corps mandate: learning to understand others requires sustained participation in international relations. As a political scientist interested in international relations, he was confronted with students ab-solutely uninterested in lectures about global issues. He developed a com-munity survey to bring to light the local international connections that exist and affect peoples' lives on a daily basis. This project, known as "Columbus (Ohio) in the World, the World in Columbus," became a model and stimulus for many community projects for global learning and international relations throughout the country. From these experiences, it has become clear that we cannot expect Americans to fully understand the world in which we now all live if international relations is seen as a kind of "observer sport." But, by creating local institutions involved in international relations-and pro-viding means for sustained citizen participation in these local enterprises-we can increase the depth of public understanding.

The Peace Corps has already begun to recognize this. The Peace Corps Partnership Program is one of the best efforts to involve Americans with the needs of overseas communities. But it is still small, one-sided and short-term, and too few people know about it. A much broader community-to-community exchange program was proposed at the Seminar, discussed in detail, and found its way into the recommendations. Another good begin-ning is the development education project of the National Council of Return-ed Volunteers which rightly sees RPCV s as the natural resource for a broad range of activities with community organizations, schools, private volun-tary organizations and others in support of Third World development. These are beginnings but not yet a concerted program effor.t in response to the Peace Corps' Third Goal.

What is needed, Seminar participants felt, is more than information about Third World development which often maintains a "we/they" perspective-"we" the givers vis-a-vis "they" the receivers. Rather, the challenge is to learn to look at "us" as a worldwide community with "our" global problems. This change of perspective is involved in the charge to the Peace Corps to promote understanding of others, and to be fully realized it must grow out of an active process of citizen participation.

In sum, the Seminar participants found that the third goal of the Peace Corps cannot merely be a hoped-for outcome, a by-product of service overseas, but a program mandate with clear operational implications, including:

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the need for Peace Corps "home bases" or affiliates in American communities;

the establishment of long-term community relations between American and host country communities;

a broad range of programs from these community bases that involve citizens, schools, universities, business, private volunteer organiza-tions, professional associaorganiza-tions, and churches in activities such as long-term and short-term volunteer service, volunteer exchange and sponsorships of community projects or individual volunteers, etc.; a Peace Corps policy that considers returning volunteers not as "formers" but as the future key resource for the Peace Corps' pro-gram in the United States.

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II. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS

The four-day discussions of so many diverse issues looked at times like a big puzzle whose pieces were lost in a maze of detail. Yet, when the results were compiled and compared, certain trends became apparent, consensus had been formed on many issues, and the puzzle came together to form a new vision for the Peace Corps:

There was consensus that all elements of the Peace Corps mandate required new attention, that its challenges for world peace,

under-standing and development must find new responses in Peace Corps policies and programs.

There was consensus that the Peace Corps must expand to a more effective size where operational expenditures can buy a broader and

better program.

There was a consensus that, in order to grow and be more effective, Peace Corps must diversify its program and its length of service

period so as to attract more Americans of different backgrounds for service: minorities, professionals, technicians, seniors and academics. There was consensus that Peace Corps should open its doors to mutual Volunteer service and Volunteer exchange with hosts and

other volunteer organizations.

There was consensus that the Peace Corps must broaden its support structure and participation avenues in order to move from a one-pillar arrangement of governmental support to a three-one-pillar struc-ture of:

1. Local affiliates in 2. Governmental sup- 3. Private sector U.S. communities; port as the core; participation. Here are the key recommendations:

1. LOCAL COMMUNITY BASES IN THE UNITED STATES

We recommend the establishment of Peace Corps affiliates, committees, service councils-whatever the name-in American communities as bases for program outreach, support initiatives and advice. These community bases will give the Peace Corps important constituent roots in the United States which it now lacks. The purposes of these community bases would be:

To assist the Peace Corps in recruitment, selection and pretraining of Volunteer candidates;

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To open new, and long-range, connections between the private sector and the Peace Corps by involving business, professional associations, educational institutions, churches, private voluntary organizations in a variety of programs;

To participate in the Peace Corps Partnership Programs and expand them to long-term sister community arrangements with host countries;

To conduct global learning programs in the U.S. and to involve more citizens in international relations; and

To raise funds for specific Peace Corps projects.

This expanded activity can build on existing resources. Some 40 local and regional RPCV groups are a key resource from which to expand. Beyond them, the Peace Corps Partnership supporters, participants in the 25th An-niversary community symposia, informal Peace Corps alumni groups at col-leges and universities, and many interested former Peace Corps staff and Volunteers who have individually reconnected with the organization during the 25th Anniversary year are the nuclei from which a network oflocal af-filiates can grow. With them a program outreach and support structure with the American people will be created that is long-term, flexible to changing demands and an enticing conduit for solid, broader participation in the Peace Corps.

2. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

We recommend the expansion and consolidation of long-term relations with private sector institutions. Some can be made directly between Peace Corps headquarters and the headquarters of large corporations, universities and private voluntary organizations, but overall the sustained and diverse private sector participation which we recommend will probably come most effectively in local communities. Both approaches should be pursued.

The basic reason for this recommendation is that the Peace Corps can-not properly fulfill its mandate here and abroad without broad private sec-tor participation. In order to respond to the diverse, often specialized and ever-changing requests for host countries, the Peace Corps needs the pro-fessional and technical expertise ofthe private sector. Also, it is important that Peace Corps should carry on the genuine American democratic tradi-tion that all sectors and groups of this society should be able to participate in public service activities. Peace Corps offers to the private sector an ex-perience of learning and personal growth not many can duplicate.

The private sector comprises many different institutions, but our recom-mendations focus on three main groups:

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1) Business:

Business participation in the Peace Corps can supply the Peace Corps with Volunteer candidates of specific professional or technical ex-pertise for varied service periods;

Peace Corps can provide opportunities for business to participate through Peace Corps community affiliates in various educational and philanthropic programs, both domestic and international ;

Business can sponsor American and host country Volunteers in ex-hange programs that serve communities here and abroad;

2) Higher Education:

The Peace Corps has a long tradition and experience of collaboration with colleges and universities. This collaboration has expanded so as to:

Create closer links between the academic and the experienced-based service/learning of the Peace Corps;

Credit such service/learning in academic and employment terms; Combine resources for specific projects to the advantage of both the academic institution and the Peace Corps;

Joint activities which might include undergraduate credit for Peace Corps service, financial aid for RPCV s to complete their education, forgiveness of student loans for PC service, preservice training dur-ing undergraduate studies, and a Peace Corps "ROTC" program. At the graduate level, PC service might be part of a Masters Degree program and the university might supervise certain Volunteer assignments. And, at the faculty level, short-term assignments, staff exchanges, and service during sabbaticals and after retirement should be explored.

3) Private Voluntary Organizations: With PVOs, too, experience and a tradition of collaboration exist, but projects have been small and for limited periods. An expanded program would:

link PVOs and the Peace Corps for activities where the different nature of each partner can help to maximize the program outreach; pool resources for both overseas service and global learning programs at home wherever such cooperation increases effectiveness;

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jointly build support at home for the various programs aimed at meeting the needs of Third World countries.

It is expected that new, broader linkages with the private sector, such as have been suggested above, will generate new resources both in cash and in kind. We believe, especially, that the financing of limited and specific projects will be attractive.

In order to guide such a take-off into the private world and generate enough sound interest, various advisory councils or task forces would be established. Steps have already been taken to bring together a group of university presidents to explore Peace Corps collaboration with institutions of higher education. Similar groups of prominent businessmen and women, along with PVO leaders, should be created to do likewise in their respec-tive fields.

A word of caution is in order. In the past, private sector cooperation with the Peace Corps was often small, spotty and short-lived. The reasons were that too often such joint efforts were seen as merely a response to a short-term need. Such limited cooperation did not involve real shared responsi-bility and participation in decision-making. The kind of sustained Peace Corps partnership with the private sector which we recommend would be one where both resources and responsibilities are shared.

3. LONG-TERM INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY RELATIONS

We recommend the establishment of long-term sister community rela-tionships between American and Peace Corps host country communities.

Relationships between American and host country communities already exist but they are either short-term or dormant. The Peace Corps Partner-ship Program arranges such relationPartner-ships between a sponsoring American community or institution and a PCV who has applied for funds to meet some need within a host country community. In a few instances, the contacts live on after the project has been completed. In a broader way, the home town of each PCV has, through his or her service, a relationship with the Volunteer's project community. In fact, the Peace Corps has spun a network of such community relationships around the globe but has not yet truly mobilized them for the promotion of mutual helping, learning and understanding-that is, in pursuit of its three goals.

We see long-term, stronger community relations as the cornerstone of all aspects of future Peace Corps service. Through them a two-way bridge between American and host country communities will be established for a variety of joint programs: Peace Corps Partnership Volunteer exchanges; Volunteer scholarships; service-learning arrangements between universities; staff and faculty exchanges; etc.

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4. MUTUALITY OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE CORPS SERVICE

We recommend a larger role for host country nationals in the Peace Corps, including the opening of the Peace Corps to a two-way Volunteer service so that the peoples of the host countries can serve the American people. This recommendation reflects the fact that both the Peace Corps and host coun-tries have matured in their relationships over the years to the point where the time is ripe to move away from a one-sided Volunteer traffic of" giving." Our greater perception of interdependence and the growth of national pride and respect for cultural differences make one-way relationships outdated. We also recommend reconnecting the Peace Corps with other volunteer programs, both those'ofthePeace Corps type,and thosewhichcarry out serv-ice in their own country. Title III of the Peace Corps Act, in fact, calls for the Peace Corps to give special attention to cooperation with, and support of, volunteer services in other -::ountries. And, indeed, in the past the Peace Corps has spawned, midwifed and cooperated with volunteer programs of many other countries. Volunteerism is a truly, although not uniquely, American concept and experience, and one of the best export products this country can offer to the world.

To open the Peace Corps to international collaboration and participation, we recommend in particular:

The establishment of consultative committees of host country na-tionals (HCNs) in each PC country;

The broadening of host country national staff participation so that about half the field staff come from the host country, including assignments as country directors and in posts at headquarters; The introduction, at an early date, of a modest but high-profile reverse service ofHCN Volunteers to the United States which should be gradually expanded to a regular feature of Peace Corps service; The planning of Peace Corps programs to work closely with digenous volunteer services, both private and governmental, in-cluding provision that PCV counterparts could be Volunteers in domestic service programs;

The development of new means of international cooperation with both domestic and overseas volunteer services in order to explore bilateral and multilateral joint ventures;

The combining of overseas study and service, and the promotion of expanded Volunteer opportunities.

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There are many resources for expansion in this direction. The host coun-try nationals already affiliated with the Peace Corps are a prime resource for opening up the service to international participation. Another source are the foreign students from Third World and industrialized countries already coming to the United States. In many of their home countries, study and volunteer service, as part of a single curriculum, are commonplace. The Peace Corps should initiate discussions with various international programs, such as the Fulbright, Hays and AID programs, to include volunteer serv-ice in the United States as part of the foreign studies curriculum from the outset. Peace Corps community affiliates (VISTA, PVOs, etc.) and colleges and universities in the United States would be the partners here to arrange service opportunities and to oversee the academic learning component of their volunteer work. What better way to prepare the future leaders of the world not merely for the application of modern technologies but for their social responsibilities?

Another source for volunteer exchange are the many private and govern-mental volunteer services of other countries, both domestic and interna-tional. In its early years, Peace Corps was a model for- and in some cases helped to establish-programs of this kind. Although the International Secretariat for Volunteer Service no longer exists, connections can be strengthened with other Peace Corps-type services, the United Nations Volunteers and the Council of Europe's standing Volunteer Seminar.

5. STATE-OF-THE-ART OPERATIONS

We recommend the review and updating of policy and operational guidelines of the Peace Corps on a regular basis to ensure state-of-the-art performance. Much has been learned in recent years from both Peace Corps' own experience and from the experience of other groups engaged in inter-national development and intercultural activities. The relatively rapid turn-over of Peace Corps personnel- coupled recently with a lack of attention to its library and documentation resources-has always presented the danger of "memory loss" and the redundancy of "re-inventing the wheel." Neither constitutes an effective use of resources.

Although the seminar participants, especially the former Volunteers and staff, made many recommendations in this area, only the most important can be presented here. We recommend:

Development Policy and Programs: The Peace Corps should reaffirm

a development policy that maintains its traditional people-to-people focus and aims at building local capacities and resources. Special care should be taken that gender gaps are not reinforced and that men and women are addressed equally as the carriers of local development.

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Length of Service: Greater flexibility in the length of Volunteer

serv-ice should be explored. PCVs are outsiders in their host community. Outsider roles are important to mobilize resources, to spark in-itiatives, and to help develop new leaders from all sectors of the com-munity. Thereafter, the outsider should back away. Thus, ideally, the duration of a PCV assignment in a specific project should be determined by the readiness of the community to carry on indepen-dently. Towards this end, the Peace Corps service period should become somewhat more flexible than it has been.

There are other reasons for such flexibility. Specific professional assistance may not require a two-year stay, or experts may only be available for shorter periods of service. But the success of such short or medium-term assignments depends not only on whether a pro-ject can be completed in such time spans but also on whether the Volunteer possesses the necessary skills in cross-cultural adaptation and communication.

Need: Volunteer requests by host countries should not automatically

be equated with needs. This is a delicate matter, but certainly one guideline for the Peace Corps is whether a Volunteer assignment will eliminate or modify the causes that led to the Volunteer assign-ment in the first place. An example: the request for English teachers, has, in some instances, become a habit. Some HCNs welcome English teachers because it saves budget expenditures for indigenous English teachers. The same holds true for some Science and Mathematics teacher positions which are filled by Volunteers while host country graduate engineers go unemployed. Here, the Peace Corps may have created a new dependency.

Distance: Peace Corps development programs should keep their

distance from short-term foreign policy goals and U.S. assistance pro-grams. While cooperation with AID should be explored on a case-by-case basis, the strength of Peace Corps lies in its independence, its Volunteer manpower, and not in capital or material investments that it may be able to arrange with other U.S. agencies. As examples from European volunteer programs indicate, too close and widespread a collaboration with large governmental foreign aid programs-including access to significant capital investments abroad-distorts the local, people-to-people purpose of the volunteer program. Volunteers become "junior experts" in the eyes of both their home country and their hosts. And the funds that they may bring will begin to count more than their service.

Recruitment, Selection and Placement: Both Volunteers and staff

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pro-fessionally and interculturally effective. Discussions at the Seminar suggested that much has been learned in this area by business in making its overseas assignments and that the Peace Corps-whose earlier research made it a leader in this field-might learn from a review of this private sector experience.

Training: This was a matter of some concern to many Seminar

par-ticipants. We recommend that a task force be created to evaluate state-of-the-art procedure in cross-cultural training and to make recommendations for upgrading experienced-based cultural train-ing by the Peace Corps. A full-time staff member in cross-cultural training, comparable to other staff specialists, should be appointed.

Re-entry: Much greater attention should be given by the Peace Corps

to Volunteers after their return to the United States. These men and women are not simply "former" PCV s but the new resource which equips the organization to respond to the third goal. Local community bases, international community relations, broad private sector par-ticipation, global learning and development education programs are not thinkable without a solid and active RPCV force. To help Volunteers in this area, attention to the Third Goal should be given even during the initial training before the Volunteers begin their service. A re-entry workshop should be held before departing the host country to prepare Volunteers for their return; there should be exit interviews with staff and Volunteers that focus on the tasks ahead as they relate to the Third Goal; and, in some cases, post-service assignments should be given to those returnees equipped to transmit their experience to schools, community groups, universities, etc. (perhaps as a mobile team for a limited period of time).

Maintenance of an address register (or permanent contact point) of returning Volunteers is important, as well as supporting RPCV alumni groups such as those affiliated with the National Council of Returned Peace Corps Volunteers.

Administrative Matters: We recommend that a private sector

management team be appointed to advise on streamlining Peace Corps administrative operations.

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III.

IMPLEMENTATION-A CIMPLEMENTATION-ALL FOR IMPLEMENTATION-ACTION

This report concludes with an appeal to all those who have a voice in the future of the Peace Corps to work together towards the expanded organization that we have envisioned.

The United States Congress has given continuing bipartisan support to

the Peace Corps since its inception. Already, Congress has established a target of 10,000 Volunteers by 1992. We firmly endorse this goal and look to Congress to provide the necessary legislative base for the further expan-sion of Peace Corps activities in local communities and the private sector.

To the President, too, we express appreciation for the support which the

Peace Corps has received. We call upon him to take the lead in carrying this unique American institution forward to the more central place which it deserves in the priorities of the nation.

The Peace Corps itself-particularly under its current leadership-has

shown itself creatively aware of the great possibilities that lie before it. We call upon it to take those steps already within its authority that will move it ahead to the broader cooperative undertaking which this report envisages. To former Peace Corps members we point out that our recommendations

have grown out of your experience in the Peace Corps. Today, there are more than 120,000 of you. Through your organizations and as citizens-at-large, therefore, you can have a major role in implementing these proposals.

To other fellow citizens we say that the major thrust of this report is that

more Americans should be involved in the Peace Corps. The private sector (both business and non-profit organizations) has a growing role to play. But to achieve that role will require your interest and involvement in support of Congressional and Administrative action.

Finally, we hope that the people of the countries where Volunteers serve

will also see their stake in, and will support, a Peace Corps which increas-ingly becomes a truly joint organization.

Let us respond to this call for action. Those of us involved in the Seminar commit ourselves to do so in the conviction that, if all of us work together, the remarkable achievements of the Peace Corps' first 25 years can become only the prologue to its even more significant accomplishments in the 25 years ahead.

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NATIONAL SEMINAR ON FUTURE

DIREC-TIONS FOR THE PEACE COPRS

Monday- July 7

2:00

Corbert Hall Lounge: 6:00

Registration for Continuing Education Credit

United Campus Ministry: Pizza Reception

Tuesday - July 8 PRE-SEMINAR DEVELOPMENT

FORUM-Michelle Myers and Pauline Birky-Kreutzer 7:00 Peterson Hall: 8:30 9:00 10:00 11:30 1:30 Pancake Breakfast

Facilitator Orientation - Pauline Birky-Kreutzer

Presentations on Development Work and Peace Corps (2 films):

"Social Change: Evolution of the Peace Corps and International Development;" speech by Loret Miller Ruppe

Country Review Session - Africa

Country Review Session - Inter America Country Review Session - Asia and Pacific Lunch and Discussion

Skill Session: What Should Peace Corps Be Doing in Your Skill Area?:

Health and Nutrition Education

Agriculture and Natural Resources Community Development

Engineering and Technology

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3:30 4:00 6:00: 8:00: 9:30: Wednesday - July 9 8:00: 10:30:

Facilitator/Group Leader Meeting SEMINAR Registration

Welcoming Reception Opening Session:

Chair: Nicholas Craw, Former Director,

Peace Corps, 1973-1974; Welcome Address:

Philip E. Austin, President, Colorado State University

Introduction to the SEMINAR:

Andrew E. Rice, President, International Development Conference

Reports from region and skill specific sessions

Meeting with Chairs and Rapporteurs Andrew E. Rice

RESPONDING TO DIVERSE AND

CHANGING DEVELOPMENT NEEDS OF PARTNERS

Chair: John G. Sommer, Dean, Academic

Studies Abroad, Experiment in International Living. IVS Volunteer, Former Peace Corps Staff

Late SEMINAR Registration

KEYNOTE ADDRESS: "A Realistic Vision for the Peace Corps" by Loret Miller Ruppe, Director, Peace Corps

Plenary Session to the Topic of the Day: Ernest Corea, Ambassador of Sri Lanka to the U.S.

Maurice Williams, Former Chairman, Development Assistance Committee, OECD Morning Break

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11:00: PANEL SESSIONS

1 RETHINKING DEVELOPMENT: WHAT IS NEEDED NOW?

Chair: Joseph Short, Former Executive Director, OXFAM America;

... Mildred and Glen Leet, Co-Directors, Trickle Up Program, Inc.;

... Audrey Faulkner, Professor, School of Social Work, Rutgers University 2 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN THE

PEACE CORPS: CHOICES AND DECISIONS

Chair: Jack Burgess, Associate Director, International Operations, Peace Corps: ... Chris Bryant, Executive Director, CUSO

(Canadian Universities Service Overseas) ... Kathryn Larson, Research Associate,

Dept. of Economics, Iowa State University;

... Suzanne Brown, Special Education and Rehabilitation Specialist (RPCV);

3 MATCHING VOLUNTEER SUPPLY TO CHANGING NEEDS: A NEW

DIVERSITY?

Chair: Jody Olsen, Vice President, Pro-grams, Youth for Understanding, Former PC Staff, RPCV;

... David Burgess, Director of Planning and Policy Analysis, Peace Corps;

... Jerry B. Eckert, Professor, Dept. of Agricultural and Nat ural Resource Economics, CSU;

.. . Wayne A. Charlie, Professor, Civil Engineering, CSU, RPCV;

.. . Helen Kerschner, American Association for International Aging, RPCV;

4 THE ROLE OF VOLUNTEER OUT-SIDERS IN DEVELOPMENT

Chair: Edward Reed, Assistant Secretary of Programs, International Division, American Friends Service Committee; . .. Janet M. Kelly, Professor, Sociology,

University of North Dakota, RPCV; ... Helen Powers, RPCV;

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1:00:

5 PEACE CORPS AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR

Chair: Thomas A. Fox, Vice President, Council on Foundations;

... Marcia Nauckhoff, Director, Office of Private Sector Relations and Develop-ment Education, Peace Corps;

.. . Phyllis Dobyns, Vice President, Pro-grams, Save The Children;

... Darwin Solomon, World Development Analyst and Training, Formerly F AO 6 PEACE CORPS, U.S. FOREIGN

POLICY AND AID: HOW DISTANT OR CLOSE?

Chair: David Crocker, Professor, Philosophy, CSU;

.. . Tom Scanlon, President, Benchmarks, Inc., RPCV;

... Ross Bigelow, USAID, RPCV;

... Edgar Metzler, National Coordinator, A

New Call to Peace Making and Represen-tative of Mennonite Central Committee ... Nancy Parlin, Vice-Chancellor, U

niver-sity of Wisconsin, RPCV

7 SPECIFIC PROGRAM AREAS: EN-VIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT

Chair: Sam Kunkle, Hydrologist, Water Resources Divison, National Park Serv-ice, Former PC Conservation

Coordinator;

... Rick Inglis, Hydrologist, Water

Resources Division, National Park Serv-ice, RPCV;

. .. Rona Melamed-Gonzalez, Program Assis-tant, Non-Governmental Liaison Serv-ice!l'ree Project United Nations, RPCV; ... Gary Wetterburg, Director of Forestry

Support Programs, US Forest Serv-ice/AID, RPCV;

... Tom Lucke, Director of Water Resources Division, National Park Service, RPCV Lunch Break

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2:00: 3:30: 4:00: 5:00: 6:00: 6:30: 8:00: Wednesday - July 10 10:00: 10:30: 11:30:

Working Groups Meet Afternoon Break Working Group

Special Plenary Session: EXPANDING THE ROLE OF PEACE CORPS: COMMUNITY TO COMMUNITY EXCHANGE

... Jody Olsen, Vice President, Programs, Youth for Understanding, former PC Staff, RPCV;

Daily Meeting with Chairs and Rapporteurs Andrew E. Rice

Dinner Break

JOINT SESSION WITH ASSOCIATION OF U.S. UNIVERSITY DIRECTORS OF IN-TERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMS

Keynote Address: "DEVELOPMENT

ASSISTANCE: YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW", Robert Havener, President, Winrock International

PROMOTING MUTUAL UNDERSTAND-ING WITH HOSTS

Chair: Phillips Ruopp, Senior Associate, Kettering Foundation, Former PC Staff;

... Gary W ederspahn, Director of Program Design and Development, Moran, Stahl & Boyer International, Former PC Staff, RPCV;

... Sonia Jones, Esq., Kingston, Jamaica Morning Break

Special Plenary Session: "PEACE CORPS AND THE U.S. CONGRESS"

The Honorable Hank Brown (R., CO); The Honorable Tim Wirth (D., CO); Lunch Break

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1:00: PANEL SESSIONS

1 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND UNDERSTANDING: WHAT IS IT? HOW TO MAKE IT WORK?

Chair: Young Kim, Professor, Com-munications, Governor's State Univer-sity, Illinois;

... James J. Broz, Intercultural Trainer, Defense Language Institute;

... Roy P. Strange, Director, Training, In-ternational Council of Seaman's Agencies;

... Respondent: V. Lynn Tyler, Kennedy In-ternational Center, Brigham Young University

2 THE ROLE OF HOST NATIONALS IN THE PEACE CORPS: COUNTER-pARTS, TRAINERS, PROGRAMMERS

Chair: Marie Gadsden, Former PC Staff, Training Division and Country Director; ... Laisiasa Wainikesa, APCD for

Educa-tion, PC Fiji;

3 VOLUNTEER PREPARATION FOR IN-TERCULTURAL ENCOUNTER

Chair: Valdis Mezanis, Director, Office of International Training, USDA, Former PC Staff, RPCV;

... Juliane Heyman, Vice President, Flagship Travel, former PC Trainer; . . . Pauline Birky-Kreutzer, Former PC

Trainer

4 CAREER TRAINING FOR DEVELOPMENT

Chair: R. Michael Haviland, Director,

Humphrey Fellowship Program, Institute of International Education;

... Wilhemina V. Holder, Ministry of Health, Liberia;

... Theresa Parrian, Vice President, Cor-porate Management Services Group, Ministry of Human Settlements, Philippines

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3:00: 3:30: 6:30: 8:00: Friday- July 11 8:30:

5 PROJECT DESIGN AND PROGRAM SUPPORT IN THE INTEREST OF BET-TER UNDERSTANDING

Chair: Albert Wight, Intercultural

Con-sultant, Former PC Trainer;

... Chris Bryant, Executive Director, CUSO . .. Bob Morris, Executive Director,

Manage-ment Training & DevelopManage-ment Institute 6 INTERNATIONAL PEACE CORPS:

TWO-WAY EXPERIENCE AND OPTIONS

Chair: Don Eberly, Executive Director,

National Service Secretariat, PC Recruiter, Career Counselor;

... Damber Nepali, Water Resources, CSU, Nepal

7 ASSESSING PEACE CORPS PERFORMANCE

Chair: Maurice Albertson, Professor,

Civil Engineering, CSU;

... Jack Hautaluoma, Associate Dean, Col-lege of Natural Science, CSU;

. .. Irene Pinkau, International Development Consultant, Voluntary Organization Specialist

Mternoon Break Working Groups Meet

Daily Meeting with Chairs and Rapporteurs Andrew E. Rice

Ad Hoc Session: "NATIONAL SERVICE IN THE U.S."

Chair: Don Eberly, Executive Director,

Na-tional Service Secretariat

PROMOTING UNDERSTANDING OF

OTHERS AMONG THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Chair: Albert Wight, Intercultural

Consul-tant, Former PC Trainer;

... Chadwick F. Alger, Mershon Professor of Political Science, Ohio State University; . .. L. Robert Kohls, Executive Director,

Meridian House International

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10:00: 10:30:

Morning Break PANEL SESSIONS

1 RETURNING HOME: TRANSITION FROM ABROAD

Chair: Mark Devins, School for tional Training, Experiment in Interna-tional Living

. . . Sharon Moree, RPCV ... Helen Powers, RPCV

2 BUILDING SUPPORT AT HOME: PEACE CORPS AND CUSO

Co-Chair: Chris Bryant, Executive Direc-tor CUSO:

Co-Chair: William M. Alexander,

Na-tional Council of RPCV s;

. . . Katy Hansen, Editor, RPCVoice, RPCV; ... Margaret Pollack, Coordinator, Develop-ment Education, Office of Private Sector Relations and Development Education 3 PEACE CORPS IN GLOBAL

EDUCATION

Chair: Diane Botnick, Director,

Develop-ment Education Program, National Council of RPCVs, RPCV;

. . . Frank Merrit, Office of Public Informa-tion, UN, RPCV;

.. . Roy P. Strange, Coordinator, Student In-ternational Dialogue, Houston Interna-tional Seamen's Center;

. . . John G. Sommer, Dean, Academic Studies Abroad, ElL, IVS Volunteer, Former PC Staff

4 PEACE CORPS PARTNERSHIPS AND SISTER COMMUNITIES

Chair: James Ekstrom, Director,

Technical Assistance Programs, Sister Cities International, Former PC Staff, RPCV;

. . . Marcia Nauckhoff, Director, Office of Private Sector Relations and Develop-ment Education, Peace Corps;

... Jody Olsen, Youth for Understanding, PC Staff, RPCV

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12:30: 2:00: 3:30: 4:00: 5:30: 6:00: Palmer House: Saturday - July 12

5 PEACE CORPS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Chair: Maurice Albertson, Professor,

Civil Engineering, CSU;

.. . Phillips Ruopp, Senior Associate, Ketter-ing Foundation, Former PC Staff; ... Philip G. Stiles, Professor, Agriculture,

Arizona State University;

. .. William Griswold, Professor, History, CSU, Campus PC Liaison

6 PEACE CORPS IN THE BUSINESS

COMMUNITY

Chair: Nicholas Craw, Former PC

Direc-tor, 1973-1974;

... Stephen Paranka, Professor, College of Business, CSU;

.. . Robert Horn, Director, Rural Community Assistance Program, Center for Com-munity Development and Design, University of Colorado

Lunch Break

Working Groups Meet Afternoon Break

Working Groups Continue

Meeting of Chairs and Rapporteurs Andrew E. Rice

International Center Barbeque A RENEWED MANDATE FOR THE FUTURE

Chair: Andrew E. Rice, President,

Interna-tional Development Conference

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8:30:

12:00: 1:00:

Closing Session

Reports on the Findings and Recommenda-tions of the Preceding Days by Chairs of the Day: ... John G. Sommer ... Phillips Ruopp ... Albert Wight ... Pauline Birky-Kreutzer Discussion

Adjournment of the National Seminar Board Meeting of the Citizens Committee for the Future Directions of the Peace Corps

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... ABOUT THE ORGANIZERS OF

THE NATIONAL SEMINAR

The Seminar was sponsored by the Citizens Committee on Future Directions for the Peace Corps, with co-sponsorship by the Inter-national Development Conference and Colorado State University.

The Citizens Committee is an independent association of indi-viduals, many of them former Volunteers and staff, who believe in the continuing importance of the Peace Corps. Founded in 1984 as a non-profit educational organization, the Committee's President is Nicholas W. Craw, a former Peace Corps Director. Other officers are James Ekstrom, Irene Pinkau, Calvin H. Raullerson, Andrew E. Rice, and Fred Thompson.

The International Development Conference is a coalition of representatives of some 75 national organizations which, since 1952, has held bi-annual conferences on international development. Samuel E. Bunker is its chairman.

The participation of Colorado State University was coordinated by Maurice L. Albertson, with a host committee involving scores of dedicated Volunteers consisting of students, faculty, and professionals residing in the area-many of them RPCVs or former PC Staff. CSU undertook the original study in 1960-1961 on the "advisability and practicality" of a Peace Corps. Over the years, it has provided the largest number of Peace Corps Volunteers per capita of student population of any American university.

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PAPERS

Albertson, Maurice L., and Faulkner, Audrey 0.

A PROPOSED PEACE CORPS PROGRAM FOR BALANCED DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGES IN THE THIRD WORLD Panel: Rethinking Development: What is Needed?

Date: July 9, 1986

Albertson, Maurice L., and Faulkner, Audrey 0 .

TANDEM USE OF HARD AND SOFT TECHNOLOGY: AN EVOLVING MODEL FOR THIRD WORLD VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT

Panel: Rethinking Development: What is Needed? Date: July 9, 1986

Birky-Kreutzer, Pauline

VOLUNTEER PREPARATION FOR INTERCULTURAL ENCOUNTER Panel: Volunteer Preparation for Intercultural Transfer

Date: July 10, 1986 Broz, James J., Jr.

THE PROFILE OF CRITICAL VARIABLES

Panel: Cultural Differences and Understanding: What is it? How to Make It Work?

Date: July 10, 1986 Bryant, Chris

PROMOTING MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING WITH HOSTS Panel: Project Design and Program Support in the Interest of Better Understanding

Date: July 10, 1986 Burgess, David

MATCHING SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEERS: A NEW DIVERSITY

Panel: Matching Volunteer Supply to Changing Needs: A New Diversity Date: July 9, 1986

Chromy, John W., and Olsen, Jody K.

A NEW VISION FOR THE NEXT GENERATION

Panel: Expanding the Role of Peace Corps: Community-to-Community Exchange

Date: July 9, 1986 Eberly, Don

AN INTERNATIONAL YOUTH SERVICE

Panel: International Peace Corps: Two-way Experience and Options Date: July 10, 1986

Eckert, Jerry, and Harpman, David

INCREASING THE DEVELOPMENT IMPACT OF THE PEACE CORPS

Panel: Peace Corps, U.S. Foreign Policy and AID: How Distant or Close? Date: July 9, 1986

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