The analysis of furnace wall deposits in a low-NOx waste wood-fired bubbling fluidised bed boiler

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(1)VGB PowerTech 12 l 2012. Analysis of wall deposits from low-NOx FBC . The analysis of furnace wall deposits in a low-NOx waste wood-fired bubbling fluidised bed boiler Yousef Alipour, Peter Viklund and Pamela Henderson Kurzfassung. Introduction. Analyse der Wandablagerungen in einer NOX-armen altholz-gefeuerten stationären Wirbleschichtfeuerung. In recent years there has been a large increase in the amount of biomass being utilised in electricity generation. As the price of virgin wood continues to rise, more waste wood is being used. Waste wood, (also known as recycled wood), consists of by-products from consumption, the major sources being demolition and construction of buildings. However, waste wood often contains traces of paint or plastics which gives rise to an increase in the amount of chlorine, zinc and lead in the fuel and increases the corrosion risk to boiler components.. VGB PowerTech - Autorenexemplar - © 2012. Zunehmend wird Biomasse als Brennstoff in der Stromerzeugung genutzt. Mit steigendem Preis für naturbelassenes Holz nimmt der Ein satz von Altholz zu. Altholz enthält jedoch mehr Chlor, Zink und Blei, von denen angenommen wird, dass sie eine Erhöhung der Korrosions raten verursachen. Korrosionsprobleme traten an den Kesselwän den von Wirbelschichtkesseln auf, in denen 100 % Altholz unter „Low-NOx-Verhältnissen“ verbrannt wurde. In einem ersten Schritt zum Verständnis der Auswirkungen des Brennstoffs wurden Ablagerungen an verschiedenen Positi onen der unteren Kesselwände gesammelt und analysiert. Ein großer Teil dieser Kesselwände war mit der Nickel-Basis-Legierung Alloy 625 beschichtet. Es gab beträchtliche Unterschiede in der Zu sammensetzung der unterschiedlichen Abla gerungen, aber ein höherer Kaliumgehalt war immer mit einem hohen Chlorgehalt verbun den. In sämtlichen Proben wurden Chlor (bis 27 Atom-%), Kalium und Schwefel gefunden. Darüber hinaus konnte in den meisten Proben (19 von 20) Natrium nachgewiesen werden. Außerdem wurde Zink in 15 von 20 Proben in geringen Konzentrationen gefunden und Blei wurde in 7 von 20 Proben bei niedrigen durch schnittlichen Konzentrationen gemessen. Lokal gab es allerdings hohen Konzentrationen. Durch Röntgenbeugungsanalysen (XRD) wurde die Anwesenheit von Kalium-Blei-Verbindun gen, wie K2Pb(CrO4)2, in den Ablagerungen nachgewiesen, und eine erste Prüfung der ni ckelbeschichteten Rohre hat gezeigt, dass Blei stark konzentriert in Pits an der Korrosionfront l auftritt.. Authors Dipl.-Ing. Yousef Alipour Division of Surface and Corrosion Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm/Sweden Dr.- Ing. Peter Viklund Swerea – KIMAB Kista/Sweden Professor Pamela Henderson Vattenfall Research and Development Stockholm/Sweden. 96. Vattenfall in Sweden has been utilising wood-based biofuels for more than two decades and has solved many of the corrosion problems associated with wood and waste wood. For example superheater corrosion is mitigated by the use of the patented “ChlorOut” solution, [1], often in combination with a change of material to an austenitic stainless steel, [2]. However, “ChlorOut” is sprayed into the boiler after combustion and tubes of stainless steel cannot be used for the construction of furnace walls. Problems have been experienced with furnace wall corrosion with waste wood, in combination with low-NOx combustion. An air-curtain has been installed in the furnace region, but this seems not to have mitigated the problem. Rather, the corrosion problem in the furnace region has been solved by weld overlay coating with a nickel-based alloy, usually IN 625, but these overlay coatings are expensive and other ways are being sought to reduce the costs of corrosion in the lower furnace region, above the refractory. Within the Swedish framework programme “KME”, [3] which is part funded by the Swedish energy agency, a project has been started to specifically look at furnace wall corrosion with the aim of reducing it at present and future steam parameters. As first step in the project, the deposits formed on the furnace walls have been characterised and the results are reported here. Special attention has been paid to the elements of sulphur, chlorine, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lead, which are corrosive or form corrosive salts. In particular, zinc and lead chlorides have been found to. >>> VGB DIGITAL <<<. increase the corrosion rate of boiler steels and a mixture of these chlorides in an alkali chloride containing deposit gives rise to low melting point mixtures, causing corrosion at temperatures as low as 250 °C, [8]. Work will continue with evaluation of coated and uncoated tubes cut from the furnace walls, short-term deposit and flue gas measurements and long-term corrosion testing.. The Idbäcken combined heat and power (CHP) boiler The Idbäcken plant, owned and operated by Vattenfall AB, is situated 120 km south of Stockholm and supplies energy to Nyköping, a town of 30,000 inhabitants. The plant consists of a bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) steam boiler (boiler 3) for CHP operation, two circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boilers for hot water production and a hot water accumulator. The plant has been in operation since the end of 1994. The CHP boiler, the subject of this investigation, originally operated on a mixture of biomass and coal, but over the years the amount of coal has been reduced and the amount of waste wood increased. Since the summer of 2008, the plant has been operated on 100 % waste wood. The waste wood is sourced from Sweden, Great Britain, and Norway. The CHP unit produces 35 MW of electricity and 69 MW of heat. A flue-gas condenser yields 12 MW additional heat at full boiler load. The final steam temperature is 540 °C and the pressure 140 bar. The boiler runs at relatively low oxygen levels, 2 to 2.5 %, but these can sometimes be as low as 1 %. This is in order to increase efficiency and reduce NOx emissions (and the Swedish NOx tariff which is about 5 Euros per kg). These levels are measured after superheaters. In some parts of the furnace, which is designed with staged combustion, oxygen levels of less than 0.5 % have been measured. The control of the oxygen levels comes at a cost as it is known that chlorinerich fuels cause more corrosion at reducing and low oxygen conditions, below 0.5 %, [4]. Corrosion in the boiler As mentioned in the Introduction, problems with superheater corrosion in the.

(2) VGB PowerTech 12 l 2012. Analysis of wall deposits from low-NOx FBC. 50. Particle 1 Particle 2 Particle 3. Weight in %. 40 Particle 1. 30. Particle 2. Particle 3. 20 10 0. O. Na Mg. AI. Si. P. S. CI. K. Ca. Ti. Fe. Co. Zn. Fig. 1. E DS chemical analysis from deposit F3 (front wall position 3), showing results from the three separate analyses. Within an individual deposit sample/position the spread in chemical composition was low.. plant have been solved and a lifetime of 10 years was achieved for the final superheater with 540 °C steam. However, furnace wall corrosion has increased dramatically over the years. The average metal loss over a period of 9 years from start of operation in 1994 to 2003 was found to be 0.6 mm, i.e. a metal loss rate of 60 to 70 µm per year. In 2006 the average metal loss over the 12 year period since start-up amounted to 1.5 mm, i.e. an increase in 0.9 mm over a three year period. This is equivalent to a metal loss rate of 300 µm per year in the period 2003 to 2006. The furnace walls were completely replaced in 2008 and the corrosion rate continues to be high when firing 100 % waste wood at moderate to low oxygen levels. Locally, metal loss rates of 1.5 mm per year. L5. VGB PowerTech - Autorenexemplar - © 2012. S: 7.7 CI: 1.3 K: 8.5 Na: 4.5 Zn: 2.7 Pb: 0.8. As a first step in identifying the corrosion mechanisms, deposits were taken from a large number of positions on the furnace wall and chemically analysed. Most of the deposits were from areas in the boiler between the secondary and tertiary air ports (height 11.5 to 18 m), where corrosion is worst. Two samples were taken from above. R3. L4. L1. L2. S: 4.4 CI: 4.4 K: 7.1 Na: 5.5 Zn: 0.9 Pb: 0.5. Results The deposits were mounted on carbon tape for SEM analysis, so the carbon counts were removed from the analyses presented here. However, they were in the range 5 to 10 weight % for most particles. The spread in chemical composition results was low within individual deposit samples (individual positions on the furnace wall), as shown in F i g u r e 1 . The average content of key elements that are thought to be corrosive or form corrosive salts in the deposits (sulphur, chlorine, potassium, sodium, zinc and lead) and their position on the four furnace walls are shown in F i g u r e s 2 to 5 .. S: 6.7 CI: 0.6 K: 1.8 Na: -Zn: 1.1 Pb: 1.1. S: 2.8 CI: 4.7 K: 6.8 Na: 2.5 Zn: 0.89 Pb: --. L3. S: 3.5 CI: 21.2 K: 15.5 Na: 10.9 Zn: -Pb: --. have been measured in the worst affected areas. With an operating time of 6,500 to 7,000 hours per year this amounts to a metal loss rate of 0.2 mm per 1,000 h. The parts of the walls with the highest corrosion rates have been weld overlay coated with a nickel-based alloy and work is being performed to systematically study the problem and reduce corrosion costs by means other than altering the fuel or operational mode of the boiler.. the tertiary air ports at a height of 22 metres (samples F6 and F7 on the front wall). The deposits were removed only from the tubes and not the fins between the tubes on the membrane wall. The parts of the deposit nearest the tube were analysed using energy dispersive xray spectroscopy (EDS). The scanned area was 2.5 x 2 mm in each case (corresponding to a magnification of 50 X) and three separate areas (or pieces of deposit) were analysed for each deposit position. Some deposits were chosen for further examination at higher magnifications and some by x-ray diffraction (XRD).. R4. R5. S: 2.4 CI: 27.9 K: 15.4 Na: 18.1 Zn: -Pb: 0.4. S: 3.8 CI: 2.0 K: 5.0 Na: 3.7 Zn: 0.9 Pb: --. B R1. S: 5.6 CI: 0.8 K: 4.6 Na: 1.0 Zn: 0.6 Pb: --. Fig. 3. S ketch of left wall showing the positions, L1 to L5, from where deposits were removed and chemical composition in atomic % of key elements in the deposits.. S: 5.6 CI: 0.9 K: 6.3 Na: 2.9 Zn: 0.5 Pb: --. R2. S: 3.5 CI: 14.5 K: 12.4 Na: 6.6 Zn: 0.3 Pb: 0.6. Fig. 2. S ketch of the right wall showing the positions, R1 to R5, from where deposits were removed and chemical composition in atomic % of key elements in the deposits.. >>> VGB DIGITAL <<<. 97.

(3) VGB PowerTech 12 l 2012. Analysis of wall deposits from low-NOx FBC . S: 1.9 CI: 10.9 K: 8.3 Na: 5.0 Zn: -Pb: --. S: 5.4 CI: 10.1 K: 13.0 Na: 6.1 Zn: 0.5 Pb: --. F6 S: 1.3 CI: 12.8 K: 10.6 F3 Na: 1.8 Zn: 0.6 Pb: -F1 S: 1.9 CI: 6.9 K: 5.7 Na: 7.5 Zn: -Pb: 1.6 Ni: 7.0. S: 2.0 CI: 1.6 K: 3.4 Na: 2.4 Zn: 0.7 Pb: --. F7. F4 S: 6.1 CI: 16.7 K: 17.7 Na: 7.6 Zn: 0.24 Pb: 0.8 Ni: 0.8. F5 F. S: 8.2 CI: 5.0 K: 9.7 Na: 9.0 Zn: 1.7 Pb: --. B1. Fig. 5. S ketch of back wall showing the positions, B1 to B3, from where deposits were removed and chemical composition in atomic % of key elements in the deposits.. Compounds detected R4. low chlorine. high Pb. Cl = 0.6, Pb = 1.1 at % (K,Na) SO4, K2Pb (SO4)2. Strong intensity/high concentrations Medium intensity/medium concentrations. Pb2OSO4. F1. medium chlorine. high Pb. Cl = 6.9, Pb = 1.6 at % Strong intensity/high concentrations. KCl NaCl, K3Na (SO4)2, NiO, K2Pb (CrO4)2. Medium intensity/medium concentrations R2. high chlorine. med-low Pb. Cl = 14.5, Pb = 0.6 at % Strong intensity/high concentrations. KCl NaCl, K3Na (SO4)2, NiO, Cr1.6Fe1.4O4. Medium intensity/medium concentrations. VGB PowerTech - Autorenexemplar - © 2012. B3. S: 4.2 CI: 13.2 K: 11.8 Na: 8.2 Zn: 0.9 Pb: 0.4. S: 2.2 CI: 3.3 K: 5.7 Na: 7.5 Zn: 0.2 Pb: -Ni: 0.4. Table 1. Compounds identified by x-ray diffraction in deposits R4, F1 and R2.. Table 2. M ean values of key elements in forest residues and waste wood (demolition wood) and the spread in waste wood analyses. From 16 analyses of forest residues and 12 analyses of waste wood. Data reproduced from [5]. Forest residues. Waste wood. Waste wood spread. Total moisture (weight %). 44. 23. 11 to 39. Total ash (weight % dry). 2.6. 5.8. 3.2 to 15. C (wt %) dry ash-free. 51. 52. 50 to 56. N (wt %) dry ash-free. 0.4. 1.2. 0.12 - 1.5. S (wt %) dry ash-free. 0.04. 0.08. 0.04 to 0.3. Cl (wt %) dry ash-free. 0.02. 0.06. 0.04 to 0.22. K (wt %) in ash. 7.2. 2.0. 1.0 to 2.6. Na (wt %) in ash. 0.7. 1.4. 0.6 to 1.9. Zn (mg/kg) in ash. 2,047. 10,393. 2,420 to 184,167. Pb (mg/kg) in ash. 63. 544. 140 to 28,611. 98. B2. F2. Fig. 4. S ketch of front wall showing the positions, F1 to F7, from where deposits were removed and chemical composition in atomic % of key elements in the deposits. The nickel comes from the Alloy 625 coating which had found its way into the deposits. F6 and F7 are above the tertiary air ports.. Parameter. S: 2.6 CI: 16.3 K: 10.1 Na: 13.6 Zn: -Pb: --. >>> VGB DIGITAL <<<. There was considerable spread in the composition, depending on the position, but a higher K content was always associated with a high Cl content. Cl was found in all the deposit samples, sometimes at very high levels (27 atomic %). K and S were found in all the deposits samples and Na was found in most samples (19 of 20). Zn was found in 15 of 20 samples at low concentrations. Pb was found in 7 of 20 samples at low average concentrations, but high concentrations locally. Scanning electron microscopy showed that lead, when it was present in a deposit, was heterogeneously distributed and could be observed as “islands” of pure lead or in mixtures containing oxygen, for example Pb-Cl-O mixtures or Pb-K-S-O mixtures. F i g u r e 6 shows an “island” of a lead mixture in a “sea” of alkali chloride. Zinc was less frequently observed, but was seen as crystals of zinc chloride as shown in F i g u r e 7. Results of x-ray diffraction on deposits with low, medium and high chlorine levels are given in Ta b l e 1 . In the sample with a low chlorine content, sulphates dominated the x-ray diffraction results. As expected, potassium chloride dominated in deposits with medium to high chlorine contents. Potassium-lead compounds, such as potassium-lead chromate were also detected. Initial metallographic investigation of corroded Ni-alloy coated tubes, using SEM and wave-length dispersive x-ray.

(4) VGB PowerTech 12 l 2012. 39K-9Na-48CI-40 36Pb-4Fe-30CI-30O. Fig. 6. S ection of a deposit showing lead concentrated as a Pb-Cl-O mixture. Analysis in atomic %´.. spectroscopy (WDS), revealed that lead was greatly concentrated at the corrosion front in the pits (F i g u r e 8). The tube section shown in Figure 8 was located near deposit sample R2.. Discussion It is known that co-firing wood fuel with sulphur or a small amount of coal decreases the corrosion rate [6, 7]. The removal of coal from the fuel mix in the power plant therefore contributed to an increase in the corrosion rate. The switch from forest residues to waste wood increased the problem further adding approximately 5 Euro/MWh to maintenance costs at the plant in Nyköping. However, waste wood is approximately half the price of forest residues, about 10 Euros/MWh as opposed to 20 Euros/MWh for forest residues, and so the overall costs are reduced.. VGB PowerTech - Autorenexemplar - © 2012. Ta b l e 2 shows the key elements which form corrosive salts in forest residues and waste wood. Waste wood contains more chlorine, zinc and lead than forest residues, although it also contains less potassium. Laboratory studies have shown, though, that NaCl and KCl are equally corrosive, [8] and a number of the deposits analysed in this study contained up to 30 atomic percent alkali chloride.. Analysis of wall deposits from low-NOx FBC. more aggressive, [8,12]. In this study it has been found that lead and potassium together react with the chromia scale to form K2Pb(CrO4)2. The presence of K2Pb(SO4)2 also shows that potassium and lead are reacting together. Nickel-based alloys, such as Alloy 625, are widely used in waste incineration plants because of their resistance to chloride corrosion. The Gibbs free energy of formation of NiCl2 is less negative than that of CrCl2 or FeCl2 and therefore Ni is more resistant to chloride formation than Cr or Fe, [13]. Coating with Alloy 625 has helped to reduce the corrosion rate of the wall tubes in the boiler at the Idbäcken plant and preliminary results (shown in Figure 8) show that there is very little Cl at the corrosion front. However the alloy is not immune from attack. Our results so far indicate that although only small amounts of Zn and Pb are found in the deposits on the furnace walls the Pb, together with K, is highly active in the corrosion process on the nickelbased alloy coating. Corrosion tests with other alloys are being performed in order to find more cost effective protection systems. X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of K-Pb compounds such as K2Pb(SO4)2 and K2Pb(CrO4)2, Cr in the latter coming from coated tubes. Coating the furnace wall tubes with the Nibase alloy, Alloy 625, reduced the corrosion rate and metallographic examination using SEM and WDS showed that there was very little chlorine at the corrosion front in this alloy. However, although only small amounts of lead were found generally in the deposits, the lead together with potassium, was concentrated at the corrosion front in the pits and appeared to be highly active in the corrosion process on the nickel-based alloy coating.. Conclusions. Acknowledgements. Deposits were taken from the lower part of the furnace walls of a low NOx boiler running on recycled wood, which is ex-. This project was funded by the KME Materials Technology Consortium (project KME-508) which is financed by energy. Electron Image 1. Zn Lat1_2. CI Ka1. Fig. 7. Crystals of zinc chloride from sample L3, which contained the highest amount of zinc of all analysed samples. The marker bar is 10 µm.. It is thought that both alkali and chlorine take part in the corrosion process. Cl corrosion may occur by diffusion of gaseous Cl (so-called active oxidation), [9] or by diffusion of chloride ions through the oxide scale [10]. Potassium has been found to react with the protective chromium scale to form the unprotective K2CrO4, [11] Chlorides of Ca and Na react in a similar way, [14, 15]. In a laboratory study it was observed that stainless steels exposed to lead chloride, PbCl2 showed accelerated corrosion due to the formation of lead chromate, PbCrO4, whereas ZnCl2 was found to have only a marginal effect on the corrosion rate and no chromate was detected. Both PbCl2 and ZnCl2 increased the corrosion rate on a low alloyed steel, but PbCl2 was far the. periencing corrosion problems. The deposits showed a wide spread in chemical composition , although Cl was found in all the samples, sometimes at very high levels (27 atomic %). K and S were found in all the deposits samples and Na was found in most. A higher K content was always associated with a high Cl content. Zn was found in three-quarters of the samples at low concentrations and Pb was found in a third of the samples at low average concentrations, but high concentrations locally.. Spectrum 7. 100 µm. Element. Wt %. At %. OK SK CI K KK Cr K Fe K Ni K Zn K Pb M. 19.99 5.60 0.46 5.09 4.92 0.41 35.32 1.03 27.22. 51.68 7.23 0.54 5.39 3.91 0.30 24.88 0.63 5.43. Electron Image 1. Fig. 8. A section through the surface of weld overlay IN 625 and the chemical composition of the analysed spot. The micrograph shows a pit filled with a mixture of deposit and corrosion products, with the un-corroded alloy on the right and the outer surface on the left. The spot analysis was made by WDS.. >>> VGB DIGITAL <<<. 99.

(5) VGB PowerTech 12 l 2012. Analysis of wall deposits from low-NOx FBC . and materials companies and by the Swedish Energy Authority. We are grateful for the help given by Christer Forsberg (formerly Andersson), Anders Hjörnhede and Seppo Simola.. References [ 1] Henderson, P.J., Kassman, K., and Anders son, C.: The use of fuel additives in wood and waste wood-fired boilers to reduce corrosion and fouling problems. VGB PowerTech, pp 58-62, vol 84, no 6, (2004). [ 2] Henderson, P., Szakalos, P., Pettersson, R. Andersson, C. and Högberg, J.: Reducing superheater corrosion in wood-fired boilers. Materials and Corrosion, 57, pp 128– 134, (2006). [ 3] http://www.elforsk.se/Programomraden/El--Varme/KME/ [ 4] Davis, C.J., James, P.J., Pinder, L.W., and Mehta, A. K.: Effects of fuel composition and combustion parameters on furnace wall fireside corrosion in pulverised coal fired boilers, Materials Science Forum, 369-272, 857-864. Trans Tech Publications, (2001). [ 5] Strömberg, B. and Svärd, S.H.: Fuel Handbook 2012. Värmeforsk report 1234,. [ 6]. [ 7]. [ 8]. [ 9]. [10]. (2012). Downloaded from www.varmeforsk.se/rapporter?action=show&id= 2782 (In Swedish). An earlier version (2006), translated into English, is available at www.varmeforsk.se/reports? action=show&id=1945 Henderson, P.J., Ljung P., Eriksson, Th., Westberg S-B, Hildenwall, B., and T. Åby hammar, T.: Corrosion testing of superheater steels for biomass-fired boilers and the effects of co-firing with coal. Proc Conf “Advanced Materials för 21st Century Turbines and Power Plant”. pp 1094-1104. Eds. A. Strang et al. Book 736, IOM Communications, London, UK, (2000). Montgomery, M. and Larsen, O.H.: Field test corrosion experiments in Denmark with biomass fuels Part II: Co-firing. Materials and Corrosion, 53, pp 185–194 (2002). Enestam, S: Corrosivity of hot flue gases in the fluidized bed combustion of recovered waste wood. Academic dissertation. Report 11-04 Åbo Akademi, (2011). Grabke, H.J., Reese, E., Spiegel, M.: The effects of chlorides, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide in the oxidation of steels below deposits Corrosion Science, 37, pp. 1023–43, (1995). Folkeson, N., Jonsson, T. Halvarsson, M. Johansson, L.-G., Svensson J.-E.: The in-. fluence of small amounts of KCl(s) on the high temperature corrosion of a Fe-2.25Cr1Mo steel at 400 and 500 °C. Materials and Corrosion, 62, pp. 606–610, (2011). [11] Pettersson, J., Asteman, H., Svensson, J.-E., Johansson, L.-G.: KCl Induced Corrosion of a 304-type Austenitic Stainless Steel at 600 °C; The Role of Potassium. Oxidation of Metals, 2005. 64, pp. 23–41, (2005). [12] Bankiewicz, D., Enestam, S., Yrjas, P., and Hupa, M.: Experimental studies of Zn and Pb induced high temperature corrosion of two commercial boiler steels. Fuel Processing Technology, in press (2012). [13] Zahs, A., Spiegel, M., Grabke, H.J.: Chloridation and oxidation of iron, chromium, nickel and their alloys in chloridizing and oxidizing atmospheres at 400-700 °C. Corrosion Science, 42, pp 1093–1122, (2000). [14] Folkeson, N., et al.: Fireside corrosion of stainless and low alloyed steels in a Wastefired CFB Boiler. Materials Science Forum, 595–598, pp 289-297, (2008). [15] Karlsson, S., Pettersson J., Johansson L.G., Svensson, S.-E.: Alkali Induced High Temperature Corrosion of Stainless Steel: The Influence of NaCl, KCl and CaCl2. Oxid. Met. 78, pp 83–102, (2012). l. ENERGIEWENDE IM FO. 5 . - 7. 2 . 2 0 1 3 Essen /Germany. KUS. ENTDECKEN SIE POTENT IALE UND DISKUTIERE N SIE DIE NEUESTEN ENTWICKLUN GEN DER ENERGIEWIR TSCHAFT Energiewende konkret: Die Gesamtaufgabe der Energie wende und sinnvolle Schritte zu r Lösung. VGB PowerTech - Autorenexemplar - © 2012. Bitte wenden! Energiewe nde braucht Energiedienstleistungen – Kundenwünsche! Lösungen! Pr odukte! EEG und EnGW - Gesamt konzept für ein stimmiges Mark tsystem. Innovative Ansätze im Vertrieb eines modernen Energieversorgers Strommarkt im Wandel – Energiewende als Innovationsmotor Die Energiewende umse tzen – Fokus Wärmemarkt un d Gebäudeeffizienz. PROGRAMM UND ANME LDUNG FINDEN SIE UN TER www.e-world-2013.com /kongress. 100. >>> VGB DIGITAL <<<.

(6) International Journal for Electricity and Heat Generation. 600. K 43. · ISSN Volume 90/2010. e Volum. 009. 89/2. K 43600 89/2009 · ISSN 14. 35-3199. K 4360. 199. 0. 35-3. N 14. · ISS. Volume. 1435-3199. Focus: Furnac es, Steam G and Stea enerators m Turb ines USC 70 0 Techno °C Power logy. Focus: Pro Quality The Pro-quality Approach. e nanc ainte ts s: M Focu wer Plan of Po of lants epts Conc Power P IGCC f o t n ssme r Asse rators fo lants Gene Power P Wind for Data nical Tech r Plants e s Pow ertie Prop 9 ation143O5-il3s19 Oxid Irb e N S in · S 5u of0T me Volu. Quality in the Construction ts of New Power Plan of Quality Monitoring Steam Turbine Sets l Supply of Technica Documentations. Volume 89/2009 ·. 20. 85/. Ultra-lo w Combu NOx stion Replace Strategy ment Superh of a eater St age Volum Econom e 89/2 009 combu ic Post- · ISSN 1435-3199 stion C arbo Capture Process n K 43600 es. 0. 360. K4. Congress Issue. ISSN 1435-3199 Interna tio for Elec nal Journal tricity and Heat Ge neration Publica onB tion of ti VG i PowerTec l Ed tiona h e.V. www.v na r gb.org Inte. nal International Jour Heat Generation for Electricity and Publication of e.V. VGB PowerTech www.vgb.org. tion l urna t Genera ea nal Jo natio ty and H ci Inter ectri for El of e.V. cation Publi werTech Po VGB gb.org .v www. K 4360. 0. tion. International Edi. Interna tional Ed. ition. Focus: in Com Power Plan ts petito n New P ower P P ro la n : je t cts of s ema Eskom Focus: VGB Congres ktth ergien n pun Qualit wer re E Power Plants 2009 y Assu Sch euerba fo s ra r y nce N n a ew Po Er thw vities wer P Report on the Acti n Pa lants roge rios Advan of VGB PowerTech Hyd Scena ta Flexib ges of and 2008/2009 le The – itions II rm G k r enera d al tion swe Con s Kop vailing n EDF Group Reduce t Pre Desig Marke its Carbon Footprin t Overv and fo ie r Impo ark ank rted C w w B ind P oal Optimising Wind Farm Arklohore W Maintenance Offs r e v te ti Wa Direc U E The mework Concept for Solar ts Internatio Fra n Hybrid Power Plan for nal Jo ditio Pu. ur Electri city an nal d Heat Genera tion. blicati VGB Po on of Qualifying ww rs werTech Power Plant Operatow.vgb.org e.V.. on rati al ene ourn Heat G al J nal tion ity and International Jour rna Heat Generation Inte lectric for Electricity and E for of .V. he tion cation of lica erTec li Pub b u P e.V. Pow rg VGB PowerTech VGB .vgb.o w www.vgb.org ww. . al E. tion. rna. Inte. tion International Edi. Interna. tional. Edition. Please copy >>> fill in and return by mail or fax Yes, I would like order a subscription of VGB PowerTech. The current price is Euro 275.– plus postage and VAT. Unless terminated with a notice period of one month to the end of the year, this subscription will be extended for a further year in each case.. Name, First Name Street Postal Code. City. Country. Phone/Fax. Return by fax to. Date. VGB PowerTech Service GmbH Fax No. +49 201 8128-302. Cancellation: This order may be cancelled within 14 days. A notice must be sent to to VGB PowerTech Service GmbH within this period. The deadline will be observed by due mailing. I agree to the terms with my 2nd signature.. or access our on-line shop at www.vgb.org | MEDIA | SHOP.. Date. 1st Signature. 2nd Signature.

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