Climate change and human behaviour : Understanding modal choice in a rapidly urbanising Arctic

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Climate change and human

behaviour:

Understanding modal choice in a rapidly

urbanising Arctic

David Chapman Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

Larsson, A., & Chapman, D. (2020). Perceived impact of meteorological conditions on the use of public space in winter settlements. International Journal of Biometeorology. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484‐019‐01852‐5 Chapman, D., & Larsson, A. (2019). Toward an Integrated Model for Soft‐Mobility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, 3669; doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193669 Chapman, D., Nilsson, K., Rizzo, A., & Larsson, A. (2019). Winter City Urbanism: Enabling All Year Connectivity for Soft Mobility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, 1820; doi:10.3390/ijerph16101820 Chapman, D., Nilsson, K., Rizzo, A., & Larsson, A. (2018). Updating winter : the importance of climate‐sensitive urban design for winter settlements. Arctic Yearbook, 86‐105. Chapman, D., Nilsson, K., Larsson, A., & Rizzo, A. (2017). Climatic barriers to soft‐mobility in winter: Lulea, Sweden as case study. Sustainable Cities and Society, 35, 574–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.003

Contact:

David.Chapman@ltu.se

Agneta.Larsson@ltu.se

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Arctic Urbanisation

Contact:

David.Chapman@ltu.se

Agneta.Larsson@ltu.se



≈ 90,000 students



≈ 3,500 doctoral students



> 5,000 researchers



1.4 million inhabitants

Arctic Five

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ONE YEAR

AP

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KPN World

Grand Prix

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Global goals

UN. (2018). Sustainable Development Goals. UN. Retrieved: 2018‐10‐05.

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Connectivity

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Key facts

Insufficient physical activity is one of the leading risk factors for death

worldwide.

Insufficient physical activity is a key risk factor for noncommunicable

diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes.

Physical activity has significant health benefits and contributes to prevent

NCDs.

Globally, 1 in 4 adults is not active enough.

More than 80% of the world's adolescent population is insufficiently

physically active.

Policies to address insufficient physical activity are operational in 56% of

WHO Member States.

WHO Member States have agreed to reduce insufficient physical activity

by 10% by 2025.

Physical activity

’

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Norman Pressman

Shaping Cities for Winter

Pressman, N. (2004) Shaping Cities for Winter, Climate Comfort and Sustainable Design, Winter Cities Association

‘Lulea – located slightly

below the Arctic Circle…,

is a truly exemplary

“winter city” embodying

many superb examples of

how to “contain” winter as

well as how to “enjoy” this

lengthy season of the

north’

Pressman, N. (2004) Shaping Cities for Winter, Climate Comfort and Sustainable Design, Winter Cities Association, p.55.

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Ralph Erskine

Erskine ‘Arctic Architect’

Coined by Mats Egelius, Architectural Design’s 1977 profile

‘Here houses and towns

should open like flowers

to the sun of spring and

summer but, also like

flowers, turn their backs

on the shadows and the

cold northern winds,

offering sun-warmth and

wind-protection to their

terraces, gardens and

streets’

Reprinted in Peter Collymore, The Architecture of Ralph Erskine (London, 1982), p.26.

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Winter ranking

Soft‐mobility

Public gathering

‐

Slush

1. Icy surfaces

Icy surfaces

2. Raining

Raining

3. Cold

Darkness

4. Darkness

Cold

5. Wind

Wind

6. Snowing

Snowing

7. Snow covered

surfaces

Snow covered

surfaces

‐

Sunny

Winter barriers:

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Analysis

This analysis shows that interaction between the urban form and winter season were

seen to be capable of altering the urban structure; that is the network of routes and

spaces of an area for soft mobility and the urban tissue; that is the relationship between

plots, blocks and pathways.

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Framework

Connectivity for soft mobility in the winter season can be shaped at the interaction of

the urban form, individual and winter season.

Urban form

Public space

Connectivity

& Quality

Individual

Human

movement

Winter

season

Climate

change

Carmona et al., 2010; Caniggia & Maffell 1979; Marshall, 2005; Gehl, 2011; Kropf, 2017 WHO, 2018 Shumway‐Cook & Woollacott, 2016 Kircher, 2002; Tyrrell, 2013

Weather

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green, blue,…..WHITE

‘address the structure, function &

design of green & blue public areas

when they become white with snow

& ice. Plans would seek to achieve

an attractive built environment

where transport by walking and

biking is prioritised and inviting as an

everyday activity throughout the

year. These plans would focus

equally on winter and summer

connections and pathways for

soft-mobility, formal vehicular

infrastructure and public space

maintenance and management’

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Arctic Urbanism

David Chapman Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

Larsson, A., & Chapman, D. (2020). Perceived impact of meteorological conditions on the use of public space in winter settlements. International Journal of Biometeorology. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484‐019‐01852‐5 Chapman, D., & Larsson, A. (2019). Toward an Integrated Model for Soft‐Mobility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, 3669; doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193669 Chapman, D., Nilsson, K., Rizzo, A., & Larsson, A. (2019). Winter City Urbanism: Enabling All Year Connectivity for Soft Mobility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, 1820; doi:10.3390/ijerph16101820 Chapman, D., Nilsson, K., Rizzo, A., & Larsson, A. (2018). Updating winter : the importance of climate‐sensitive urban design for winter settlements. Arctic Yearbook, 86‐105. Chapman, D., Nilsson, K., Larsson, A., & Rizzo, A. (2017). Climatic barriers to soft‐mobility in winter: Lulea, Sweden as case study. Sustainable Cities and Society, 35, 574–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.003