Nordic Research

(1)

ISBN 978-92-893-2358-1 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.627/ANP2012-731 ANP 2012:731 Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org

Nordic

Research

– Key Data

2012

(2)

(3)

– Key Data 2012

(4)

Nordic Research – Key Data 2012

ISBN 978-92-893-2358-1

DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/ANP2012-731 ANP 2012:731

Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18

DK-1061 Copenhagen K Telefon: +45 3396 0200 www.norden.org Nordic co-operation

Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland.

Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe.

Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive.

N ORDI SKMILJØMÆRKN_IN G Tryksag 541 006

(5)

Content

Introduction

Who prepares the R&D statistics? How are R&D statistics compiled?

Basic definitions of Research and experimental development (R&D) Data sources

Symbols and country codes Abbreviations

Key to the tables Highlights Statistics

(6)

(7)

Introduction

This is the first version of this booklet, “Nordic research – Key data 2012”, containing tables and figures on Nordic R&D statis-tics and science and technology indicators. It is created by the Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Educa-tion (NIFU) and published by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The booklet together with all statistical material is also available electronically at www.norden.org/publications

Who prepares the R&D statistics?

In the Nordic countries the statistical surveys on resources devoted to R&D are carried out by the National Statistical of-fices for Denmark, Sweden and Finland. In Iceland RANNIS (the Icelandic Research Council) carry out the survey. In Norway, the preparation of R&D statistics is carried out by Statistics Norway (the business enterprise sector) and NIFU (government sector, higher education sector). Links to the national producers of R&D statistics are listed in the electronic version of this booklet at www.norden.org/publications

How are R&D statistics compiled?

The OECD have prepared international guidelines for R&D statis-tics in the ”Frascati Manual” (The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development ”Frascati Manual 2002”, OECD 2002). Nordic R&D statistics are based on informa-tion from administrative registers and quesinforma-tionnaires sent to the R&D performing units in each sector.

(8)

Basic definitions of Research and experimental development (R&D)

Research and experimental development (R&D) comprises crea-tive work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. Three types of R&D may be distinguished: Ba-sic research, applied research and experimental development. Data sources

International R&D statistics are extracted from the OECD’s Main Science and Technology Indicators 2011-2 supplemented with national sources. The data source for educational level is Education at a Glance 2011, OECD. Information about doctoral students and awarded doctoral degrees in the Nordic and Baltic countries are taken from the NORBAL database, operated by NIFU. Bibliometric data are extracted from the National Science Indicators database, prepared by Thomson Scientific in the U.S. This database contains global publication and citation statistics. Data on patents are from the OECD.

(9)

Symbols and country codes Key to the tables

COUNTRy CODES COLOURS

Denmark DK Green .. Data not available

Estonia EE Dark grey : Data may not be made public

Finland FI Blue – 0

Iceland IS Purple

Latvia LV Light grey Lithuania LT Grey

Norway NO Red

Sweden SE yellow

Abbreviations

GDP Gross national product EPO The European Patent Office EU-27 The present 27 EU members

R&D Research and experimental development

GBAORD Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D ISCED International Standard Classification of Education

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PPP$ Purchasing power parity. A conversion to a common unit

(US$) to enable comparisons of R&D between countries as to currency and purchasing power.

PNP sector Private non-profit sector

All expenditures are given in current prices, unless otherwise indicated. In 2011 1.00 PPP US$ = 9.62 NOK (Main Science and Technology Indicators 2011-2, OECD).

(10)

(11)

Highlights

• Total R&D expenditure in the Nordic countries amounted to 32 billion PPP$ or approximately 290 billion NOK in 2010. • Sweden accounted for 39 per cent of total Nordic R&D

expendi-ture, Finland 24 per cent, Denmark 21 per cent, Norway 15 per cent and Iceland 1 per cent.

• From 2001 to 2010 there was an average annual real growth in the Nordic countries’ R&D expenditure of 4.5 per cent. Denmark and Norway saw the strongest growth, followed by Finland, Iceland and Sweden.

• R&D expenditure per capita was highest in Finland in 2010, at 1415 PPP$, followed by Sweden, Denmark and Iceland. Norway spent least per capita among the Nordic countries, at 970 PPP$. However, all of the Nordic countries are ahead of the EU-27 and OECD on this measure, at roughly 600 and 800 PPP$ per capita, respectively.

• Norway had the highest proportion of R&D expenditure financed by public sources in 2009, while Finland had the highest pro-portion of private sector financing. Funding from other domestic sources was between 1 and 3 per cent in the Nordic countries and funding from foreign sources between 7 and 10 per cent. • 2010 figures for R&D expenditure as a share of GDP show

Finland with 3.9 per cent, Sweden on 3.4 per cent, Denmark on 3.2 per cent, Iceland on 3.1 per cent and Norway with 1.7 per cent. In the EU-27 and OECD the equivalent figures for 2009 were 1.9 and 2.4 per cent respectively.

• When R&D activity over various performing sectors is considered, the business enterprise sector is shown to account for about 70 per cent of R&D expenditures in Finland, Sweden and Denmark. This is in line with OECD figures. In Iceland and Norway, the level

(12)

was just over 50 per cent and in the EU-27 it is around 60 per cent. • When government R&D allocations (GBAORD) are converted

to PPP$, this reveals an increase from 2010 to 2011, of 5 per cent in Denmark, while a decline of around 3 per cent is appar-ent in Finland and Norway, and a decline of almost 1 per cappar-ent is shown in Sweden.

• As of 2010, the proportion of the population with higher educa-tion varied from 33 per cent in Iceland to 37 per cent in Finland and Norway. The OECD average proportion was 30 per cent. • Finland had the highest proportion of higher-educated women

in the population, at 43 per cent.

• The number of PhDs per million inhabitants is around twice as high in the Nordic countries as in the Baltics (in 2010). Finland leads with 326 PhDs per million inhabitants, while Norway has the lowest score in the Nordic region, at 242.

• In Sweden, there has been a decline in the number of doctoral degrees awarded each year since 2008.

• The percentage of PhDs awarded to women in Nordic countries in 2010 was highest in Finland (53 per cent) and lowest in Denmark and Iceland (both with 45 per cent).

• Sweden has a particularly high proportion of PhDs awarded in medicine (38 per cent), while Denmark and Latvia have the highest proportions in technology (both 23 per cent). Among the Nordic countries, Finland had the highest proportion of PhDs awarded within the humanities and social sciences (34 per cent). • In 2010, the proportion of female researchers was highest in

Iceland (42 per cent) and lowest in Finland (31 per cent). The proportion of female professors was highest in Iceland (27 per cent) and lowest in Denmark (17 per cent).

(13)

in the business enterprise sector was highest in Sweden and lowest in Norway. The proportion of R&D FTE in the higher education sector was approximately 1/3 of total R&D FTE in all Nordic countries, except Sweden, where they accounted for 1/4. • The number of scientific articles per 1 000 inhabitants ranged

from 2.4 in Iceland to 1.9 in Finland and Norway.

• Growth in the number of scientific articles produced in the pe-riod 2006–2010 was highest in Iceland, followed by Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland.

• From 2009 to 2010, the trend in the number of scientific arti-cles has been positive for Iceland and Denmark, while Sweden and Norway showed little growth, and there was a decline in Finland.

• In recent years, Danish articles were most cited among the Nordic countries, followed by those from Sweden, Norway and Finland.

• Icelandic scientists have the highest proportion of internation-al co-authored articles in the Nordic countries, and the highest percentage of these articles written with researchers from other Nordic countries (33 per cent). Sweden had the lowest proportion (14 per cent) of international co-authored articles with other Nordic countries.

• Nordic researchers are more likely to have co-authored articles with researchers in non-Nordic EU-27 countries (47 per cent of all Nordic, co-authored papers) than with other Nordic researchers (at 16 per cent).

• The propensity to patent in the Nordic countries was high-est in Sweden in the last decade (among selected countries, only Germany and Switzerland were more active), followed by Finland and Denmark, Norway and Iceland.

(14)

Expenditure

12009.

Country/region DK FI IS NO SE Nordic OECD1 _{EU 27}

Mill. PPP$ 6 816 7 589 356 4 742 12 536 32 039 968 108 304 891 0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 1 000 000 0 3 000 6 000 9 000 12 000 15 000

DK FI IS NO SE OECD1 _{EU–27 Nordic}

countries Nordic countries

EU/OECD

Mill. PPP$ Nordic countries Mill. PPP$ EU/OECD

R&D expenditure in the Nordic countries (Mill. PPP$). 2010. R&D expenditure in the Nordic countries (Mill. PPP$). 2010.

1_2009.

Sources: National sources, MSTI 2011-2 1_2009.

(15)

Expenditure DK FI IS NO SE 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 19 81 19 83 19 85 19 87 19 89 19 91 19 93 19 95 19 97 19 99 20 01 20 03 20 05 20 07 20 09 20 10

Mill. PPP$. Constant 2000-prices.

DK FI IS NO SE OECD1 _{EU 27}

R&D exp. per

capita 1 229 1 415 1 123 970 1 337 790 608 R&D

expen-diture 6 816 7 589 356 4 742 12 536 968 108 304 891

R&D expenditure in total and per capita by country (current PPP$).

R&D expenditure in the Nordic countries (Mill. PPP$). 1981–2011. 1_2009.

Sources: National sources, MSTI, 2011-2

(16)

Expenditure 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 DK FI IS NO SE OECD1 _EU–27 R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP R&D expenditure in 1000 per capita Percentage of R&D expenditure/BNP

1_2009. 0 20 40 60 80 100 DK FI IS NO SE OECD1_EU–27 PNP-sector Higher education sector Government sector Business enterprise sector Per cent

R&D expenditure in the Nordic countries, EU and OECD, as a share of GDP and per capita. 2010.

R&D expenditure by country and performing sector (business enterprise sector, government sector, higher education sector and PNP-sector), per cent. 2010.

1_2009.

(17)

Expenditure 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DK FI IS1 _NO1 _SE1 _OECD2_EU–272 Abroad Other national sources3 Government sector Business enterprise sector Per cent DK FI IS NO SE OECD EU–27 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 19 81 19 83 19 85 19 87 19 89 19 91 19 93 19 95 19 97 19 99 20 01 20 03 20 05 20 07 20 09 20 11 GBAORD as a proportion of GDP

R&D expenditure by country and source of funds. 2010.

Government budget appropriations and outlays for R&D (GBAORD) as a percentage of GDP. 1981–2011.

1₂₀₀₉

1₂₀₀₈

3_{Higher education sector and PNP-sector.} Sources: National sources, MSTI 2011-2

(18)

Higher education DK FI IS NO SE EU OECD Men 31 31 29 32 28 25 29 Women 38 43 37 41 38 29 31 Total 34 37 33 37 33 27 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 DK FI IS NO SE EU–27

Total Women Men

Per cent with higher education (ISCED 5-6)

Percentage of the population with higher education in 2009.

Percentage of the population with higher education in 2009. 1_{ISCED level 5 and 6.}

Kilde: OECD Education at a Glance 2011

(19)

Higher education 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DK FI IS NO SE Unknown Health and welfare Agriculture etc. Technology Natural sciences Samfunnsvitenskap Humaniora Graduates in higher education (ISCED 5-6)

Graduates in first and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5–6) in the Nordic countries by field of science. 2009.

(20)

Doctoral degrees 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 DK FI IS NO SE The Baltics Natural sciences/ Engineering Humanities/ Social sciences Medical and health sciences Agriculture etc Number of Ph.D. students ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ Number of Ph.D. students by country

(the Nordic and Baltic countries) and field of science. 2010.

(21)

Doctoral degrees DK FI IS NO SE EE LV LT 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10

Awarded doctoral degrees

2 500 1 500 500 DK FI IS NO SE The Baltics 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10

Awarded doctoral degrees per mill. capita

Number of awarded doctoral degrees by country (the Nordic and Baltic countries). 1990–2010.

Awarded doctoral degrees per mill. capita by country. 1990–2010.

(22)

Doctoral degrees 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DK FI IS NO SE Nordic

countriesBalticsThe

Agriculture etc Medical and health sciences Engineering Natural sciences Social sciences Humanities Per cent 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 DK FI IS NO SE Men Women

Awarded doctoral degrees

36% 45% 45% 53%

60% 45% 35%

46%

39% 50% Awarded doctoral degrees by country (the Nordic and Baltic countries) and field of science. Per cent. 2010.

Awarded doctoral degrees by gender and country. 2000 og 2010. Source: NORBAL

(23)

Researchers 32% 31% 41% 35% 36% 0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000 80 000 DK FI IS NO SE Researchers, men Researchers, women Number of researchers 76 73 80 83 80 81 24 27 20 17 20 19 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 FI IS NO DK SE EU–271 Men Women Proportion of men and women for professors (grade A)

Professors within academia (grade A) by gender and country. Per cent. 2010.

Researchers in the Nordic countries by gender and country. Number and per cent. 2009.

1₂₀₀₇

Source: National contributors to Eurostat She Figures, She figures 2009 Source: MSTI, 2011-2

(24)

Researchers 1_2009. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DK FI IS1 _NO _SE _EU_–27 Higher education sector Government sector Business enterprise sector Proportion of full time equivalents (FTE)

R&D full time equivalents (FTE) by sector of performance and country. Per cent. 2010.

1_2009.

(25)

Scientific publishing DK FI IS NO SE 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 19 81 19 83 19 85 19 87 19 89 19 91 19 93 19 95 19 97 19 99 20 01 20 03 20 05 20 07 20 09 20 10

Number of articles per mill. capita

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 DK FI IS NO SE Number of articles per 1 000 capita Average annual change Per capita/change

Scientific publishing per mill. capita in the Nordic countries. 1981–2010.

Scientific publishing per 1 000 capita in the nordic countries in 2010 and average annual change 2006–2010. Number and per cent. Sources: National Science Indicators/Thomson Reuters/NIFU

(26)

Scientific publishing DK FI IS NO SE 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 19 81 19 83 19 85 19 87 19 89 19 91 19 93 19 95 19 97 19 99 20 01 20 03 20 05 20 07 20 09 20 10

Annual number of articles

DK FI NO SE The World 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 19 81 19 83 19 85 19 87 19 89 19 91 19 93 19 95 19 97 19 99 20 01 20 03 20 05 20 07 20 09

Relative citation index

Scientific publishing in the nordic countries. Number of articles. 1981–2010.

Relative index of citation for published articles in international journals for four Nordic countries. 1981–2009.

(27)

Co-publications DK FI IS NO SE 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 19 84 19 86 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04 20 06 20 08

Per cent with cooperation

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 DK FI IS NO SE 1984−1988 1989−1993 1994−1998 1999−2003 2004−2008 Per cent with cooperation

The share of Nordic co-publication as a percentage of all co-publications for each Nordic country. Per cent. 1984–2008.

Co-publication with other Nordic countries for each Nordic country. Share of international co-publication by country. 1984–2008. Source: Nordforsk (2010) International research cooperation in the Nordic countries. A publication from the NORIA-NET

(28)

Co-publication

Inter-regional co-operation between Nordic countries and other regions in the world. Share of the Nordic countries publications with international co-operation. 2004-2008.

Country Per cent

Asia 5 %

South and central America 2 %

Other world 7 %

North-America 17 %

Other Europe 3 %

EU27, excl. Nordic countries 47 %

Nordic countries 16 %

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Asia South and Central America Others North America Other Europe EU–27 ex. the Nordic countries Nordic countries

Per cent

Inter-regional co-operation between Nordic countries and other regions in the world. Share of the Nordic countries publications with international co-operation. 2004–2008.

Source: Nordforsk (2010) International research cooperation in the Nordic countries. A publication from the NORIA-NET

Source: Nordforsk (2010) International research cooperation in the Nordic countries. A publication from the NORIA-NET

(29)

Patents DK FI IS NO SE 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08

Patents per 1000 worker

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Austria Belgium France Germany Ireland Luxembourg The Netherlands Portugal Spain Switzerland

Patents per 1 000 worker

Propensity to patent1_{in the Nordic countries. Number of patents}

per 1 000 workers. 1999–2008.

Propensity to patent1_{for selected countries. Number of patents per}

1 000 workers. 2008.

Source: OECD Statsextracts 22 jan 2012 year.

1_{Propensity to patent is measured by the number of applications per 1000 in the workforce (civil).}

This applies to patent applications, provided the European Patent Office (EPO) by application Source: OECD Statsextracts 22 jan 2012 year.

(30)

(31)

(32)

ISBN 978-92-893-2358-1 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.627/ANP2012-731 ANP 2012:731 Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org