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The lime clock project: or how to get a couple of fruits to tell you the time

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MASTER’S THESIS

2008:074 CIV

Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå

Peter Andersson

The Lime Clock Project:

or how to get a couple of fruits to tell you the time

MASTER OF SCIENCE PROGRAMME Ergonomic Design & Production Engineering

Luleå University of Technology Department of Human Work Sciences

Division of Industrial Design

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T

he

L

ime

C

LoCk

P

rojeCT

-or how to get a couple of fruits to tell you the time

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P

refaCe

This report account for the development of a lime clock, a clock that is powered with lime fruit. It as a master thesis project at Luleå University of technology and has been done at Andrew Rogers industrial design, ARID in Adelaide, Australia where also a bit of work experience has been taken place. The project started in September 2007 and was finished in January 2008. This has been a developing and fun project to work with and the tutors both at ARID and Ltu have been great. I would most certainly like to thank Mr. Andrew Rogers himself for the opportunity to come to his company in Australia, which I think has been a really good experience. I like to thank my other tutor at ARID, Marie Lindström who has been giving me lots of thinks to think about during this project. My tutor at LTU, Åsa Wikberg has been great support. Joakim Bertilsson and Victor Johansson who came up with the idea and let me develop it and also helped out along the way, really nice of you. All the people who gave me feedback on facebook, thank you that was very useful. I would also like to thank Ltu who in some way got me this far, who would have thought? And of course my parents, without them none of this would have been possible.

2008-01-09 Adelaide, Australia Peter Andersson

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a

bsTraCT

The development of a lime clock has been a master thesis project for Luleå University of technology and Andrew Rogers Industrial Design, ARID in Adelaide, Australia. The goal was to develop a concept of a clock powered by lime fruit during fall 2007. It started with researching about bat-teries. A battery basically works by putting a positive electrode (anode) and a negative electrode (cathode) in an electrolyte which can conduct energy. In the case of a lime fruit the acid within works as the electrolyte. For the electrodes materials with different electric potential are used, in this case zinc and copper which creates a voltage of about 1.1 volt. The project then continued with benchmarking. The visual appearance aimed for was modern, contemporary, appeal to young design interested and have a Scandinavian touch to it. Other products with these expressions were researched for a general feeling of what the styling should be like. Then sketches were created to explore the area of lime clocks. These were then put on facebook to get user feedback. At the same time experiments were carried out to see what kind of a clock would work with fruit power. An LCD display turned out to be the only reasonable option. Two limes or lemons could power an LCD clock for two weeks. The experiments together with the user feedback led to a decision about which concept to elaborate. The concept chosen was a black or wooden L-shaped clock were the display was behind the fruit which were placed on a shelf. Details were figured out and sketched and 3d modelling was started. The product got a lid to exchange the electrodes and clean off drip-ping lime juice. An insert was inserted between the top part and the lid and a grip was placed on the bottom. This resulted in a computer model that is ready for manufacturing and renderings to show off the visual appearance of the product.

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T

abLeof ConTenTs

1 IntroductIon

1.1 Background 1.2 Purpose and goal 1.3 Requirements

1.4 Assumptions and Constraints 2 theory

2.1 Batteries 2.1.1 History

2.1.2 How batteries work

2.1.3 Serial and Parallel Connections 2.1.4 Batteries out of fruit

2.2 Clocks 2.2.1 History 2.2.2 Analog clocks 2.2.3 Digital clocks 2.2.4 Displays 3 BenchmarkIng 3.1 Clocks 3.1.2 Fruit clocks 3.2 Visual attributes 4 trend analysIs 4.1 Batteries 4.1.1 Paper battery 4.1.2 Fuel cell 4.1.3 Fruit power 4.2 Visual attributes 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 14 5 specIfIcatIon of requIrements

5.1 Function and usability 5.2 Visual appearance

6 methods and procedure

6.1 Idea generation by sketching 6.2 User feedback

6.3 Fruit battery experiments 6.4 3d modelling 6.5 Visualisation 7 concept sketches 8 evaluatIon 9 elaBoratIon 10 fInal concept

11 dIscussIon and recommendatIons

references

appendIx

Appendix 1. Project brief Appendix 2. Chriteria matrix

Appendix 3. User feedback from Facebook Appendix 4. Concept scoring matrix Appendix 5. Drawings 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 18 18 19 21 22 23 25 26

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1 i

nTroduCTion

1.1 B

ackground

It all started with two young design students who remembered their old chemistry experiments where you got electricity out of a lemon. They thought of different products where you could use this fruit power. A clock turned out to be the perfect thing. The lemon was exchanged for a lime for the visual appearance and current trends and the lime clock idea was born. The idea never became reality until I needed a project for my master thesis in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of technology. The two students were kind enough to offer me their idea and the lime clock continued to be developed.

1.2 p

urpose

and

goal

The purpose of this project is to develop a clock that uses lime fruit as its power supply. All aspects will be explored during the 20 last weeks of fall 2007. The technology and power supply from fruit will be investi-gated and experiments will be carried out. Ideas and visual appearance will be thoroughly developed to make sure that the finished product will feel well-thought-out. The goal is to have a product that could be set into production. Different materials will be explored and the finished product will be able to manufacture with common manufacturing methods. Computer renderings will be presented as well as CAD-data ready for tooling.

1.3 r

equIrements

The product will be able to use lime fruit as its only power source. It needs to show time in a well-known way, be able to hang from a wall and be easy to use. The styling needs to be appropriate, up to date and appealing to the group young design interested as they would be most likely to buy the product, see appendix 1. Project brief.

1.4 a

ssumptIons

and

c

onstraInts

The project needs to be finished in 20 weeks. Fruit power experiments will be carried out in the workshop at ARID with the tools and materials that can be found there. Only common ways of showing the time will be explored. A model will only be built if the tutors at ARID have time to help out with.

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2 T

heory

Two things are useful to know about when developing a lime clock. How batteries and clocks work.

2.1 B

atterIes

Batteries are used in a lot of different devices these days. They can be made in different ways and even of fruit. 2.1.1 hIstory

The story of batteries started when Luigi Galvani discovered “animal electricity” in 1791. He had two diff-erent metals that he connected via a frog’s leg and noticed that the frog’s leg moved even though it was dead. Alessandro Volta replaced the frog with cardboard soaked in salted water and created the voltaic cell. In 1799 Volta set up these cells in series and the first battery was invented, see image 1. These batteries where big and heavy so they were only used for experiments. In the 1830:s the industry started to use batteries. Particularly in telegraphs in remote locations. These batteries were so called wet cells often kept in glass jars so they were very fragile. The dry cell battery was invented at the end of the 19th century.1

2.1.2 how BatterIes work

A battery is a device which can make electrical energy out of chemical energy. It consists of a number of galvanic cells. Each cell has a positive electrode (anode) and a negative electrode (cathode). These are placed in either a liquid or a solid that can conduct energy called electrolyte. When you connect the positive and negative electrode the positive starts to collect free electrons and the negative starts to lose electrons. This makes the electrons travel from the negative towards the positive electrode and an electric current is created. The difference in the electric potential between the positive and the negative material in the electrodes is called terminal voltage and is measured in volts to honour Alessandro Volta. Primary batteries work until the reactants are exhausted. Secondary batteries can be recharged again if you put in electrical energy and reverse the reaction. The capacity of the battery depends on the amount of electrolyte and electrode material. The voltage is the same no matter what the amount is.1

2.1.3 serIal and parallel connectIons

There are two ways to connect a series of batteries, serial or parallel. When serial connected the first battery’s plus terminal is connected to the next battery’s minus terminal. This doubles the voltage. When parallel connected the batteries are connected from plus terminal to plus terminal. This doubles the current.2

Image 1. A voltaic cell

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) 2 http://batteryuniversity.com/partone-24.htm

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10 2.1.4 BatterIes out of fruIt

A battery can be built using different kind of fruit. The inside of the fruit works as an electrolyte and lets the electrodes travel through. Then you just stick in two electrodes made of one positively charged metal and the other one from a negatively charged e.g. copper and zinc. Zinc is negtiv and copper is positive. The terminal voltage of copper and zinc is about 1.1 V. If you use magnesium instead of copper you would get 1.6 V but magnesium is not easy to handle, eg it explodes if it gets in contact with water. 1 V is enough to power a light bulb but the current, from the fruit battery, is too weak. It is enough though for an LED light.3

2.2 c

locks

Clocks are very important in our society and can be seen in more and more places. 2.2.1 hIstory

The word clock comes from a Celtic word that means bell. The early use of the word was only for clocks that told the time acoustic. Otherwise it was known as a timepiece. These days a clock is a device that tells the time not worn by a person, a time telling device worn by a person is a watch. The first devices used for time measurements where sun dials, candle clocks and hour glasses. The sun dial told the time from a shadow cast on the ground. Those could not tell the time during night though. The candle clock used a candle that burned down in a specific time and the hour glass used sand that ran through a small hole into a second container. The first clock that could tell time all day was the water clock. It uses pouring water to measure time. The mechanical clock was invented in the 14th century. They used falling weights as power supply and indicators, such as dials, to tell the time. The first record of a minute hand is from 1475. In the 17th century Galileo invented the pendulum clock that uses a swinging weight to move the dials. He determined that a 99,38 cm pendulum swings once every second.4

2.2.2 analog clocks

An analog clock usually uses a round disk divided into 12 to tell the hours and then divided again so it can tell 60 minutes and 60 seconds, see image 2. During the French revolution a clock divided into 10 was used as a part of the metric system and in Italy they had a 6 hour clock.

2.2.3 dIgItal clocks

The digital clock is widely used, see image 3. There are two main ways for a digital clock to show time,

Image 2. An analog clock Image 3. A digital clock

3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_battery 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock

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24-hour notation and 12-hour notation. In 12-hour notation PM and AM is used to tell if it is morn-ing or night. AM is after midnight until midday and PM is after midday until midnight. There are two major types of digital clocks. LCD and LED. A simple LCD display, like the one in an usual LCD clock, consists of a number of pixels. Each pixel consists of a layer of molecules between two electrodes which are in between two polarize filters. In the back there is a reflecting plate or a back light. The back light needs more power then the actual LCD pixel. If there is no backlight the light bounces of the back plate, gets polarized by a filter and then passes through the molecule layer. They align in a helix because of the surface alignment of the two electrodes. This makes the light twist so it can pass the next polarize filter. When an electric field is applied the molecules twist so the light doesn’t turn and it will be blocked by the second polarize filter. The pixel will therefore be darker. With a high voltage the pixel can be black, so by controlling the voltage different scales of grey can be accomplished.5 An LED clock uses a few diodes

to light up the numbers. The light-emitting diodes (LEDs) consists of a semi conducting material that can emit light. It is just a tiny light bulb that can easily be fitted into electric circuits. They can run for about a thousand times longer than a normal glowing light bulb. Different material produces different colours. The red light uses gallium arsenide. This was the first one that was discovered and is still the most common one. Nowadays there are a lot of different colours and even white light can be emitted. Red is cheapest and white is the most expensive because it needs different colours to produce white light.6

A digital clock uses a little oscillator that rotates a certain amount of turns when exposed to electricity. A microprocessor counts these rotations and recalculates it to seconds and minutes.4

2.2.4 dIsplays

The easiest kind of LED clock displays consists of four 7-segment displays, see image 4. Each of these four have seven diodes that can light up and show numbers from 0-9. LCD display works in almost the same way but have an area that can be bright or dark where an LED only have one diode. When four of these are being put together with a few dots in between it can show time.7 These are quite easy to

buy from the Internet and they only cost around $1.50. They usually require a current of 20 mA and a voltage of about 2 V, but you can find single 7-segment displays that can run on as low current as 2 mA. So it should be possible to make a clock display that can run on 2 mA. This would require over 20 fruit though, serial connected two and two and then parallel connected together. The LCD clock display doesn’t need as high current as the LED one and they can run on a lower voltage as well. It is hard to buy only a display but there are lots of cheap LCD clocks from China that can be used. Then all the wiring is already done.

Image 4. A LED 7-segment display

5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lcd

6 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_segment_display

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3 b

enChmarking

Benchmarking is a method to compare similar products or researching for useful inspiration.

3.1 c

locks

The visual appearances of the analog clocks are all pretty much the same. Most of them use hands to tell the time on a disk. The disk is sometimes divided into twelve to show which hour it is and sometimes there are minute markings. The dials can vary a bit as well. Sometimes there is a third dial to show the seconds. The hour dial is usually shorter and wider than the minute dial. The major difference between different analog clocks is the design of the clock face. The digital clocks are a little bit more diverse. The shape can vary a fair bit but they usually uses numbers to tell the time, either by 12-hour notation or by 24-hour notation. There are other ways of telling time e.g. by dots or different colours.

3.1.2 fruIt clocks

There is a fruit clock on the market called the fruit powered clock, see image 5. It has a digital display that shows the time and a lot of wires and big connectors. The fruit is supported by a metal frame. It is quite obvious that they haven’t put so much effort in the styling and visual appearance but rather concentrating on the function and low price.

3.2 v

Isual

attrIButes

Visual attributes is hard to define. What is “hot” right now and what do people like? First some delimita-tion was done to figure out what products to bench mark. Products such as clocks and other small electronic devices was obvious but things like furniture and even architecture was explored to get an idea of what people are designing these days. A general sense of contemporary deign was aimed for. Scandinavian design has been popular for a long time and almost compulsory to know about as a Swedish designer. Electronic devices, such as mp3-playsers and phones, these days all seems to be made out of black or white shiny plas-tic, see image 8. Colours like lime green, red, orange and pink can also be seen but often as accent colours.8

Lime green is of course a colour that the lime clock will get from its power supply. Scandinavian designers often use natural material such as wood and leather. Aluminium and brushed stainless steel has been popu-lar for a while in areas such as kitchen appliances and car interior. White shiny plastic has also been used a lot especially in the modern classic furniture, see image 6 and 7.9

Image 5. The fruit powered clock

8 http://www.yankodesign.com/

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4 T

rend anaLysis

Here are some predictions about future batteries and trends.

4.1 B

atterIes

The battery hasn’t improved much in 150 years. The average annual gain is about 6%. The battery is such a large component that designers often have to design around the battery. The battery is also to blame for the lack of success of electric cars.10

4.1.1 paper Battery

The paper battery is a battery that contains carbon nano tubes embedded in a sheet of paper soaked in ionic liquid electrolytes. It integrates all of a conventional batteries part in a single structure. This makes it more energy efficient. A piece slightly larger than a postage stamp can illuminate a small light bulb. The paper battery can be rolled up, folded and cut. If it is cut in half the power cuts in half as well. If 2 sheets are stacked together the power is doubled.11

4.1.2 fuel cell

A fuel cell isn’t a battery but it can take a battery’s place in many devices. A fuel cell works by catalysis. At the anode a platinum catalyst splits the hydrogen into positive ions and negative electrons. Then there is a membrane that only lets the ions pass to the cathode. The electrons are forced to travel along an external circuit and electric current is created. At the cathode oxidant (oxygen or air) is flowing through, combining the ions and the electrons again and forms water.10

4.1.3 fruIt power

Although fruit can be used as a battery the current is so weak that there is only a small field of appli-cation where it can be used. So don’t expect our cars to run out of fruit in the future but it is still an example of an eco-friendly power source.

Image 6. The Ovalia Image 7. The 7 chair Image 8. The iRing

10 http://batteryuniversity.com/parttwo-54.htm 11 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6945732.stm

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4.2 v

Isual

attrIButes

In electric devices black and white plastic almost feels old and out of date. There are no obvious succes-sors even though every week there is a new black. Black seems to be the new black over and over again, especially if you look at products in a higher price range that wants to express exclusiveness, see image 9. Brushed or polished metallic finishes seems never to go out of style. Experiments with different accent colours are probably going to come more and more. Patterns could be a big thing as well when people get tired of the sterile black and white surrounding. The traditional Swedish kurbits patterns could be huge, see image 10. 12 & 13

Image 9. Prada phone by LG Image 10. A kurbits painted dala horse

12 http://www.yankodesign.com/

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5 s

PeCifiCaTion of requiremenTs

Requirements are listed in a falling scale where the most important comes first.

5.1 f

unctIon

and

usaBIlIty

The product needs to be able to run on a reasonable amount of lime fruit, see image 11. It needs to show the time.

It needs to be able to clean in an easy way. It needs to be easy to use.

It needs to be able to hang from a wall.

It would be desirable to be able to stand on a table.

5.2 v

Isual

appearance

The product needs to be appealing to the group young design interested. The product needs to feel contemporary and modern.

It needs to work with the lime fruit.

It would be desirable to work with lemons, see appendix 2. Criteria matrix.

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6 m

eThods and ProCedure

After studying theory and benchmarking the actual work could start. The development continued systematically towards a well thought through product.

6.1 I

dea

generatIon

By

sketchIng

Sketching was used to generate ideas and lime clock concepts. The sketches were made on a computer using a drawing board which makes it possibly to sketch with a plastic pen directly in a program. The program which was used is called Corel Painter. This is a fairly good program to do quick sketches in due to its ability to twist and turn the page around with the alt and ctrl button just like you can turn and twist a common sheet of paper. Analog clocks where generated as well as digital ones. Round and square shapes where widely explored as well as some more irregular shapes. Materials such as brushed and polished metal, lacquered and untreated wood, plastics in different colours and glass were visu-alised and combined into different concepts. This was continued until there was a big selection of concepts, see appendix 3. User feedback from Facebook.

6.2 u

ser

feedBack

To get feedback on the ideas that where generated, sketches where published on Facebook, which is an Internet community where pictures and notes can be published and messages can be sent and where people could comment on them. Facebook turned out to be a great forum to get relevant feedback. It automatically lets people know that sketches where published and it is easy to look at them and com-ment them. Most comcom-ments came from design students and former design students which represent the target group of young design interested very well. A lot of new ideas where also posted by this reference group which resulted in even more sketches.

6.3 f

ruIt

Battery

experIments

Experiments were done to see how many fruits are needed for different technologies, for how long a clock can run on them and how the fruit would turn out and how easy it will be to handle. The experi-ments started by constructing the copper and zinc electrodes. The copper electrodes were made from

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a copper pipe that was cut in half and then bashed flat with a hammer and an anvil. Then they were rolled out to become thinner. The zinc electrodes were made in a similar way. They started out as a mould strip that were cut in pieces, bashed with a hammer and rolled out. They were then put in a lime fruit with some wire connected through crocodile clips to a volt meter with read out a voltage of 0,97 V. The same electrodes were put in a lemon and the voltage was similar. The lime and the lemon serial con-nected created a voltage of 1,96 V. A normal AA or AAA battery have a voltage of 1,5 V. The current is much lower though. A maximum current of 0,24 mA was read out with the two fruit serial connected. With eight fruit serial connected two and two and then parallel connected together a current of 0,62 mA was read out. It decreased pretty fast and after about 25 minutes the current displayed was 0,51 mA. It is probably because the resistant in the multimeter is quite high and it is not made for measuring voltage that low. Three different clocks were bought. One analog, one LCD and one LED clock. The analog and the LCD run out of a single battery and needs 1.5 V to work. The LED needs three batter-ies serial connected with a total of 4,5 V. The analog and the LCD clock were connected with two fruit serial connected and the LED with four fruit serial connected. Nothing happened. More fruit cells were parallel connected together but the clocks still wouldn’t work. The LCD one lighted up but then died again. Probably the current was to week to get them going. When connecting the LCD to two serial connected fruit and then jump start it with a battery it would keep on going with the fruit as its only power source, see image 12. Probably cause it uses a capacitor to level out the current so that the electric components won’t break. This capacitor needs to be charged up before the clock can run and the cur-rent from the fruit aren’t strong enough, therefore it needs a battery to charge the capacitor. The other two clocks wouldn’t run on fruit power at all. The LCD screen continued to work for 12 days with a few interaction when people was walking in to it or disconnected it but it was soon jump started again. The two fruit started to look a bit unsightly after about a week. They were really hideous after 12 days, see image 14.

When the fruit had run out of power, the electrodes were taken out. There were some change in colour and some pieces of fruit on them. They were brushed with some steel wool and put in two new fruit. The lime put out 0,99 V and the lime and the lemon together 1,98 V. The LCD clock was easily started up again.

A new test rig was built to explore the idea of having the electrodes coming up from underneath. The rig was built as similar to the sketches as possible. The connectors were made from brass plates that were bent using good old fashion man power. These plates were screwed into an acrylic board and separated

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1 with a thin acrylic sheet. The board was placed on a couple of plastic cups so any dripping lime juice

could be observed and the fruit with the two electrodes was inserted. An acrylic sheet was placed under the lime to simulate the top of the lime clock shelf and the crocodile clips were connected to the con-nectors, see image 13. The multimeter displayed 0,96 V and a few drops of lime juice were dripping when then electrodes was pushed into the fruit. Another lime was connected to the circuit and the LCD clock was started. After a week the clock was still running and no more juice had been dripping.

6.4 3

d

modellIng

3d modelling is done on almost all products these days. They are used to tell computer operated ma-chines what to do, make drawings out of, make models and visualise what the product will look like when it is made. It is a communication tool in the early product development stages that speeds up the design process when used properly and thereby also lower the cost. To make the lime clock into a computer model a software called Studio tools was used. This program is good for building complex surfaces. Almost a bit too advanced for a small device like this if the time and cost aspects are taken into context. The front surface of the model where made really thoroughly and the curvature bands in all directions and blends together beautiful. Rounds were in many cases built “by hand” to get them really good but would probably be noticeable if a tool would be made and real products to be produced. Small things as magnets, screws and cords were also modelled for visualisation purposes. The plastic parts where stitched together to create a solid from the surface models so that a computer operated mill can make a prototype.

6.5 v

IsualIsatIon

The 3d models where used to make computer generated pictures called renderings. The models where copied, rotated and moved around in Studio tools to create renderings where different angels could be seen. Different materials where assign to show how that would influence the expression of the product. Lime fruit were modelled and colour maps created from photos of a lime to visualise the product up and running, see image 15. Lemons where also made in the same way to see how it would look with lemon power. Studio tools rendering software did the renderings and then Adobe Photoshop was used to complement them. Things as the background, blurred reflections and light-ing modifications were done in Photoshop.

14 Ulrich and Eppinger, 2000

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1

Image 16. Concept sketch 1 Image 17. Concept sketch 2

7 C

onCePT skeTChes

A lot of different concepts and variations of these were generated. The first ones used good old fashion analog hands to tell the time. The limes were placed in a ring and used as index for time telling. Usually 12 limes were used because of the 12 hour system commonly used on clocks. Different variations were explored in both shape and materials. Brushed and polished metal, wood and different coloured plastics were all visualised and tried in different variations. These materials express the right things as dis-cussed in the benchmarking and trend analysis. A few of the round ones used digital ways of showing time both as numbers and projected hands, see image 16-20. After the round shapes a few concepts where the fruit were placed in a vertical magazine were sketched. Different sizes of the fruit magazine were tried as well as different ways of time telling, wooden and kurbits painted hands as well as metal and wood panels with digital numbers. A combination was developed where a wooden disk was placed in front of the fruit magazine and finished off with some Swedish kurbits panting, see image 21-22. All the concepts had the electrodes coming up from underneath and little cups to put the fruit in. This seemed to be the best way of hiding the wiring and also the simplest way of chang-ing the fruit. A few sail like shapes were tried just for exploring and some of them got some flower patterns and green stripes, see image 23.

Image 18. Concept sketch 3

Image 19. Concept sketch 4

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20 Some square clocks were sketched with the limes placed horizontal. One had a shelf at the bottom for the limes so it got an L-shape from the side and the other one had a shelf placed high. They were both using digital numbers but analog hands were also tried. Materials such as black shiny plastic, brushed metal and wood in dif-ferent nuances were visualised, see image 24-25. Then for something completely different. A con-cept where a glass vase hold the lime fruit were created with long electrodes inside and a metal ring with a digital display or big wooden hands for time telling, see image 26. At last a concept was sketched where metal rods were used to create a light shape very different from the other concepts, see image 27.

Image 23. Concept sketch 8

Image 24. Concept sketch 9

Image 25. Concept sketch 10

Image 22. Concept sketch 7 Image 21. Concept sketch 6

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Image 26. Concept sketch 11 Image 27. Concept sketch 12

Image 28. Elaborated sketch 1

Image 29. Elaborated sketch 2

Image 30. Elaborated sketch 3

8 e

vaLuaTion

All the concepts were evaluated with the experi-ments and the user feedback as base. The users liked a lot of the ideas. The wooden ones were all popular as well as the ones with a vertical fruit magazine and the L-shaped ones. In gen-eral, the user group wanted minimalistic ones with just a few lime fruit. Wood and black plas-tic were the most liked materials. The experi-ments showed that an LCD display was the only reasonable option. The experiment clock needed to be kick started by a battery as the capacitor was dimensioned after a much greater current than a couple of fruit creates. Therefore a LCD clock with a tiny capacitor is necessary for the clock to work without a kick start. Clocks like this can be purchased very cheap from China. An LED display or analog hands needs a higher current with would require lots of parallel con-nected fruit, a lot more than any concept had. The concept that could use an LCD display and that created the most fuzz among the user reference group was chosen for further develop-ment and that was the concept with an L-shape from the side, see appendix 4. Concept scoring matrix.

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9 e

LaboraTion

The number of fruit was changed from three to two because the experiments showed that two fruit produced a good current. Then some dimensions were added and some of the surfaces got a slight bend. The numbers on the display were also changed to standard 7 segment numbers that is used on the most common LCD clocks. To make it feel more modern and contemporary machined holes were put in to the plastic case to show the 7 segment numbers and hide the rest of the LCD display, see image 28-29. A dark background with bright numbers is used for the black one and a normal bright display with dark numbers for the wooden clock. Detail sketches were made were the electrodes is fasten in a bottom part that you can remove and then connected via spring contacts that are fasten in the top part. When this part is taken out, the electrodes can easily be removed for cleaning or replacing by just removing a pin. Cavities were placed under the fruit so they blend in better with the clock and to let dripping lime juice to drip down to the bottom part. This part can be placed under water since it doesn’t have any electric components. Changing fruit is easy; just take the fruit off and press a new one down, the electrodes are sharp and should go through the shell of the fruit. If it is done before the clock is completely dead one fruit at the time can be replaced and the clock should continue to run. Different inserts was tried in both wood and chrome. The horizontal one was chosen because there needed to be a shadow line there for the lid. Finally a grip was placed on the under side to easily take the bottom lid out, see image 30-32.

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10 f

inaL ConCePT

The final product turned out very much like the elaborated concept sketches. Draft angels were added so that the plastic case can be injection moulded. The black plastic clock was accom-panied by a white plastic one and the wooden on. The wooden clock got a black plastic and a chromed insert and the two plastic clocks got wooden and chromed inserts, see image 33 -36, 38 and 40. The bottom lid was connected to the top part with six magnets. Small towers were put in the bottom to hold the electrodes and small plastic pins are holding them down. But-tons were placed on the backside for setting the time. These had the shape of the letters m and h as in minute and hour and a plus and minus. With these buttons it will be possible to set the time without having to look at the actual but-tons and instead be able to se the display with-out having the buttons on the front, see image 39 and 41. These buttons didn’t really meet the visual requirements so they were changed into two big round buttons with a plus and minus side on each of them. They made it even easier to set the time. The same materials were used for the buttons as for the inserts, see image 37. The functions and usability fulfils all of the re-quirements except the wall hanging feature. It is flat on the backside though but it has no hang-ing device because of the lack of space on the inside. The visual appearance fulfils all require-ments, see appendix 5. Drawings.

Image 33. Black plastic with chrome insert Image 34. Black plastic with lemons

Image 36. Wood with black plastic insert Image 35. White plastic with wooden insert

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24 Image 38. Black plastic with wooden insert

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25

11. d

isCussion and reCommendaTions

If this product would go into production there are a few obstacles along the way. The main thing would be to get a good LCD-clock. It needs to have a really small capacitor so it doesn’t require a lot of

current to get going. The display also needs to be quite big to get the same visual appearance as the concept. Then the sizes of the machined numbers would have to be adjusted. The machined holes help the product to look a bit more exclusive then a standard LCD-clock but create a problem. It can be pretty hard to read from the display when looking at it from an angle. Otherwise a square hole could be cut out and show the whole display, this would be a lot easier and it would be possible to read the time from a greater angle but wouldn’t look as nice. It seems that the only way to get an LCD-clock like that is to order thousands of them from china. The computer model is made with injection mould-ing in mind and that is probably the best way of domould-ing a plastic one, as the black and white one. With the wooden one further development might be needed to be able to manufacture it in a clever way. The wooden concept is a nice feature though because there aren’t many products like this around made from wood.

User feedback is always hard. For this project Facebook was used to reach the market group. This made the group somewhat narrow but on the other hand people who know one another tend to really say what they think. This media worked well for this project where it was more a question about visual features instead of functions. This is another problem when dealing with the methodology provided by the university which is adjusted after function solving project. This project have used more of the methodology that ARID uses when developing product but has then been adapted to the university for-mat. More time has been given to all the different stages then ARID would normally do because there haven’t been a customer and any money involved.

The finished concept turned out as wanted and is well thought out. It could go into production and meets the requirements set up from the start.

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26

r

eferenCes

Ullrich Karl T. & Eppinger, Steven D. (2000) Product Design and Development. Boston, Mass. McGrawhill/Irwin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) (2007-09-24) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_battery (2007-09-24) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell (2007-09-24) http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm (2007-09-24) http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/projects/lemon.html (2007-09-24) http://members.aol.com/dswart/ElectricFruit.pdf (2007-09-24) http://batteryuniversity.com/partone-24.htm (2007-10-31) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock (2007-09-25) http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa071401a.htm (2007-09-25) http://www.arcytech.org/java/clock/clock_history.html (2007-09-25) http://www.howstuffworks.com/clock.htm (2007-09-25) http://www.howstuffworks.com/digital-clock.htm (2007-11-01) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD (2007-11-01) http://www.howstuffworks.com/LCD.htm (2007-11-01) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led (2007-11-01) http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm (2007-11-01) http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysdiod (2007-11-01) http://www.vishay.com/displays/seven-segment/ (2007-11-15) http://picbasic.com/resources/articles/ledart.htm (2007-11-15) http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/led.htm (2007-11-15) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_segment_display (2007-11-15) http://www.physlink.com/estore/cart/FruitPoweredClock.cfm (2007-09-25) http://www.scandinaviandesigncenter.com/ (2007-09-25) http://www.scandinaviandesign.com/ (2007-09-25) http://www.mocoloco.com/ (2007-09-25) http://www.yankodesign.com/ (2007-09-25) http://www.danish-furniture.com/ (2008-01-08) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6945732.stm (2007-09-24) http://batteryuniversity.com/parttwo-54.htm (2007-09-24) http://www.flickr.com/ (2008-01-07)

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Lime Clock 9 January 2008 2266LTUB appendIx 1. (1/6) project BrIef

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Project Name Lime Clock



Requirements The project requires research, design and development of a clock that will run on lime fruits

as it’s only power source

Functional requirements Show time

Be able to hang from a wall Appropriate styling Ease of use

Extent Research, concepts, design detailing, construction of functional prototype.

The current anticipated outcome is a functional clock that will run on lime fruit. ARID will supply detailed CAD data prototype and design documentation ready to go to the toolmaker for production tooling. ARID can also provide tooling and production as required.

This proposal and cost estimate does not cover instructions, packaging or advertising material.

ARID will be happy to provide this service at a later date when the extent of your requirements have been discovered.



Project stages 1) Preliminary Investigation 2 week

2) Project framing 1 week

3) Conceptualisation 4 weeks

4) Prototype 2 weeks

5) Finalisation of Design 2 weeks

6) Visualisation 1 week 7) Mock up 4 weeks 8) Testing 1 week

9) Final Product Evaluation 1 week

Note: Some of these stages may run concurrently

Estimated project duration (from order to first off sample) is 18 weeks depending on method of

production and tooling.

ii

appendIx 1. (2/6)

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Stage 1- Preliminary investigation

Research Collect all relevant information this is to include:



-competitor’s clocks

-methods of manufacture available -power supplies. Now and in the future.

-desired visual attributes

-relevant standards (Australian and International) -value analysis

-materials analysis

-requirements and specification of production tooling

Brainstorming Discuss needs, desires and functionality of the product.

Rough sketches Initial idea generation, methods of production and visual appearance. Presented, discussed and evaluated.

Collation All information is to be collated and indexed for reference.

Stage 2 – Project framing

Project Review Project is to be reviewed in the presence of all relevant persons involved with the project. This revue is to evaluate the chosen direction, style and technical requirements for the new product.

Stage 3 –Conceptualisation

A selection of the following methods of presentation will be used to demonstrate the design concept

Concept sketches Sketches witch explore the visual appearance.

Preliminary CAD Preliminary layouts to confirm feasibility and costing, 2-3concepts presented Engineering calculations to ensure suitable product durability and strength

3D CAD form development

Models Sketch concept models

Scale block models to show form/size

iii

appendIx 1. (3/6)

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CAD Illustrations Computer generated illustrations of concept presented in the form of digital prints and electronic files.

Evaluation Evaluation of proposal by ARID, tooling/manufacturing companies and other appropriate people.

Confirmation of cost of prototype

Stage 4 - Prototype Production – Functional confirmation

Prototype The prototype may be constructed in a number of ways dependants on the results of the previous stages.

Construct working prototype suitable for product evaluation and testing.

Approvals Prepare relevant information as required to obtain approvals. Present prototype to relevant people for initial comment prior to production.

Stage 5 - Finalisation of Design

CAD Models Produce 3d (CAD) solid models suitable for transfer to toolmaker for generation of tool paths.

Drawings Produce detailed drawings to support Cad data for production of tooling. 

Stage 6 - Visualisation

Computer Images Rendered and/or Photoshop pictures of the final design to show of the product styling.

Stage 7 – Mock up – Visual confirmation

Mock up model If possible a model will be built that will look and work as the real product. Stage 8 – Testing

Simulation Prototype evaluated in real life scenario (tested for consumer response)

This is to be done by a certified testing laboratory at the customer’s expense.

iv

appendIx 1. (4/6)

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v

Stage 9 - Final Product Evaluation

Ensure product meets specified parameters.

Implement alternative procedures

Cost Estimate

ARID will take a stage by stage approach to ensure high quality design and customer satisfaction. Stage 1 - Preliminary Investigation $4000. 00

To commence upon receipt of an official order or letter of commitment

Research and preliminary investigation 

Stage 2 – Project framing $2000. 00

Stage 3 - Conceptualisation $8000. 00 All prices from stage 4 are estimates and will be verified prior to commence

Stage 4 - Prototyping $5000. 00 STL or CNC model generation (first prototype)

Stage 5 - Testing $500. 00

To be completed by customer in conjunction with ARID

Stage 6 - Finalisation of Design $3000. 00

Stage 7 - Visualisation $2000. 00

Stage 8 – Mock up $8000. 00

Stage 9 - Final Product Evaluation $900.00

appendIx 1. (5/6)

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vi

Terms and Conditions

A full and detailed set of ARID terms and conditions of engagement are included with this proposal. Work will commence upon receipt of order number or letter of commitment and % 50 deposit Fortnightly invoices will be issued, payment due within 7 days of receipt of invoice.

I have not made any allowance in this estimate for domestic or OS travel.

All prices are quoted in AUD and do not include taxes. Any additional or travel expenses will confirmed prior to commitment.

I hope this meets your requirements, please don't hesitate to call if you require any further information.

Yours Sincerely

Peter Andersson Student at ARID

appendIx 1. (6/6)

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Reasonable amount of fruit

Time telling

ability Easy to clean Easy to use Wall hanging ability 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 15 15 9 9 3 Reasonable amount of fruit Time telling ability Easy to clean Easy to use Wall hanging ability Table standing ability Modern & contemporary apperance Focus group appealing Apperance work with lime Apperance work with lemon total score weIght 15/100 15/100 9/100 9/100 3/100 appendIx 2. (1/2) crIterIa matrIx

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Table standing

ability Modern & contemporary apperance

Focus group

appealing Apperance work with lime Apperance work with lemon 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 3 16 18 9 3 100 3/100 16/100 18/100 9/100 3/100 100/100 appendIx 2. (2/2) crIterIa matrIx

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Henrik Silfvernagel wrote

at 5:37pm on September 27th, 2007 Ser bra ut

Veronica Rova wrote

at 10:35pm on September 27th, 2007

vad är det med australien som gör att folk går från hobbykluddare till skissproffs? Jonas Eriksson wrote

at 12:25am on September 28th, 2007

de här likna väldigt mycket det jag hade tänkt mig om en citron/lime klocka. speciellt den högra. svårt att se kanske: men jag skulle vilja att visarna befinner sig i samma nivå som frukterna. annars tror jag att de sticker ut för mycket från väggen o kanske förringar visarna

Maria Jonefjäll (no network) wrote at 1:23am on September 28th, 2007 analogt känns mer rätt...

Jessica Nordlander (no network) wrote at 5:29am on October 8th, 2007

Kan inte limefrukterna flytta sig i takt med visarna? Typ om du har fyra limefrukter så hör två till varje visare och sen flyttar de också sig när visarna rör sig? Det innebär ju att klockan måste ha lite djup efter-som de måste kunna överlappa varandra. Kanske lite mer meck men jag skulle iallafall tycka att det var coolt, så då har du en köpare, haha!

Henrik Silfvernagel wrote

at 5:38pm on September 27th, 2007 Cleana som fan

Marie Näsholm wrote

at 7:27pm on September 27th, 2007

Måste bara säga att det varkar vara ett roligt projekt du håller på med, att designa en ny typ av klocka! Personligen gillar jag de digitala med tre lime-frukter på en hylla bäst, snygg inredningsdetalj som jag säkert skulle köpa.

Ett tips rent stilistiskt är att testa att sätta ut timvisare på några ut av klockorna, t.ex. de här ovan! Skulle vara coolt om visarna stack ut som raka pinnar från den till höger, och inåt el. utåt på den runda till vänster.

Bara ett förslag! :) Lycka till!

Johan Anséhn (no network) wrote at 11:54pm on September 27th, 2007

DOm va nice..! Jag gillar dom som har et tmindre antal frukter på sig bäst.. samma så gillar jag dom som har lite övrigt material oxå.. men det e väl bara en smaksak.. gillad den med svart bakgrund på en av dom andra skisserna oxå.. å den med stål går på samma skiss..

Jonas Eriksson wrote

at 12:28am on September 28th, 2007

gillar de stående. prova de liggande, kanske med tidvisare ovanför inte direkt ansluten till frukten appendIx 3. (1/5)

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Anders Ekholm wrote

at 1:20am on September 28th, 2007

Jag gillar den analoga klockan med vertikalt fruktmagasin skarpt. Skulle gärna se den med ett or-dentligt tilltaget magasin. Och då snackas det ett duktigt överdimensionertat fruktmagasin. Sen är ju analogt alltid lite coolare än digitalt.

Anders Ekholm wrote

at 1:26am on September 28th, 2007

En idé är ju annars att titta på moraklockor. Tänk mycket trä. Dalarna. Kurbitsmålningar. Det är kul-tur. Det är historia. Det kan bli bra. Mycket bra.

Nina Hultqvist (no network) wrote at 1:30am on September 28th, 2007

gillar de vertikala! den runda blir lite känsla av köksvåg med frukterna placerade så. jag gillar egentligen runda klockor men med limena blir det nog för myckt fokus på dem istället för på klockan.

Jonas Eriksson wrote

at 10:09am on September 29th, 2007

ja, en pendelklocka hade varit något. med en pendel som svänger fram o tillbaka. iofs brukar sådana klockor drivas med lod alternativt fjäder och inte elektricitet. är det bara jag som skulle tycka det var hysteriskt roligt...

Anders Erlandsson (Sweden) wrote at 6:12pm on September 27th, 2007

My vote goes to an analog klock, with this background. Looks more solid, and i guess time i rather solid(?).

Jonas Eriksson wrote

at 12:31am on September 28th, 2007

vet inte riktigt vad du har sagt att klockan ska säga. men frukt, trä o rostfritt känns miljövänligt och skandinaviskt. vore coolt med olika riktningar på ådrorna i träet, stavlimmat osv...

Maria Jonefjäll (no network) wrote at 1:21am on September 28th, 2007 håller på jonas linje...

Nina Hultqvist (no network) wrote at 1:34am on September 28th, 2007

jag gillar också inslaget av trä, lite back to nature... på den linjen att klockan drivs av frukt o allt:) men som sagt, akta så att inte limen hamnar för mycket i fokus då de står ut så mycket från tavlan

Veronica Rova wrote

at 2:37am on September 28th, 2007

gillar den i mitten.. med “brädan”, om man tittar förbi limen. lime i all ära, men det kan bli lite väl surt :)

Jacob Johansson wrote

at 4:55am on September 28th, 2007 Allmänt för alla:

varför måste urtavla och lime vara på samma sida, ska de frontas bara för det är annorlunda med lime, har du testat att ha en rent front och sen distans till upphängningen på väg så lime får plats bakom? appendIx 3. (2/5)

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I mina ögon skulle det funka, lite: “1:oh snygg klocka, 2:tack, och vet du vad. Titta bakom så ska du få se något ännu colare, den drivs på lime! det du”. Testa göra några där klockan blir mer fokus och energikällan en bisak ist.

Inte å förglömma att du har många bra idder som det är, och jag tycker du har många snygga redan nu. Men du ville ha lite mer ideer

Rickard Westling wrote

at 6:19am on September 28th, 2007

tycker dessa har snyggast desAjn..trä är snyggt på klockor! Den i mitten med brädan är grym! Kanske lite för många limefrukter bara..men alla kanske behövs för att driva klockan.. behövs det verkligen så många? Men det är väl bra med lång batteritid... Som Jacob säger så kanske det är snyggare att inte visa upp att den drivs med lime.. utan ha limen mer i bakgrunden. Vi svenskar gillar ju när det är minimal-istisk och stilrent!

Sen kanske man kan fixa nån form av skärsnitt eller nått i den runda metallen..som symboliserar tim-marna.. så blir användar gränssnittet mer användarvänligt.

Kristofer Nygren wrote

at 5:50pm on September 27th, 2007 svartadigitala nice!

Hanna Medin (Sweden) wrote at 7:13pm on September 27th, 2007 Oh, jag gillar de två översta bäst! Message - Delete

Philip Rafstedt (no network) wrote at 11:42pm on September 27th, 2007

Jag tycker dessa utformningar var skönast, känns bra att ha lime hållarna en bit ifrån själva displayen/ uret. Kanske skulle man kunna ha limehållarna bakom? Men som sagt dessa prototyper ser helt klart coolast ut. Sen får jag hålla med fröken medin att materialet på de översta är bäst. Ha de

Jonas Eriksson wrote

at 12:34am on September 28th, 2007

om displayen är som på sony-ericsson, belyst bakifrån, transparent, så är det helt klockrent!!! sorry, bott i gbg för länge....

Maria Jonefjäll (no network) wrote at 1:25am on September 28th, 2007

hm dessa gillar jag kanske bäst ändå... formen känns mer spännande än om den är rund som “vanliga” klockor.

Maria Jonefjäll (no network) wrote at 1:26am on September 28th, 2007

Eh... digital kanske inte är helt fel ändå för att röra till den lite mer Nina Hultqvist (no network) wrote

at 1:40am on September 28th, 2007

denna utformningen fastnade jag mest för! helst i trä! och så är jag mycket för analog men den digitala är också himla schysst. måste tavlan vara så tjock? hade gillat en tunn mer. hur är föresten strömbehovet

appendIx 3. (3/5)

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analogt vs digitalt? Peter Andersson wrote

at 1:42am on September 28th, 2007

digitalt kräver inte lika mycket. en digital klarar sig med en eller två frukter. analogt behöver kanske 12. inte kollat upp analogt ordentligt än.

Maria Jonefjäll (no network) wrote at 1:58am on September 28th, 2007

hmm typiskt... det får ju inte bli för mkt frukt heller. 12st känns som väldigt många! Veronica Rova wrote

at 2:38am on September 28th, 2007

gillar den svarta, men den skulle vara ännu större, dra tankarna till en svart griffeltavla..? (kanske till och med är tanken?)

Jacob Johansson wrote

at 4:26am on September 28th, 2007

Färgkombinationen svart/lime är i mina ögon väldigt snygg, bra kontrast i de. Dock vll jag ändå hålla med föregående sidors argument om trä. Slå man ihop dem Så skulle en mörkt brunt betsad skiva funka grymt bra med limefärgen. imo

Björn Gustafsson (Sweden) wrote at 5:51pm on September 27th, 2007

Ömm... Klockdesignen är clean och ser bra ut, men varför är det massa limefrukter på dem? Är det någon gömd agenda som du fått för dig att återlansera den annars (förutom i drinksammanhang) så glömda frukten?

Nina Hultqvist (no network) wrote at 1:41am on September 28th, 2007

njaa, formen känns lite 90-galen eller nåt. men blommorna var nice! Jacob Johansson wrote

at 4:29am on September 28th, 2007

gillar iden med att limejuicen ska synas om det nu är tanken på den längst upp till vänster. Men själva designen är nog lite väl space som Nina sa. Björn summerade rätt bra om design/lime. Designen skulle funka om det inte va limefrukter på den

Fredrik Oscarsson (no network) wrote at 8:17pm on September 27th, 2007

Det ser riktigt cleant ut mannen. Diggar materialkanslan i skisserna. Jag fundera bara pa om du ska ga berserk pa sjalva formerna bara for att fa nya ideer och sa. Brainstorm boiii!

Jonas Eriksson wrote

at 12:42am on September 28th, 2007

bra jobb, känns som ett väldigt skönt o öppet projekt. allmänt: lite mer lek med grundformerna, lyssna på bengt, sen gå loss med material, mönster, färg...

Joakim Bertilsson wrote

at 1:20am on September 28th, 2007 appendIx 3. (4/5)

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Du börjar låta som en riktig designer jonas. Grattis! Personligen tycker jag att Peters camolime (limeo-flage?)-klocka är hemsk, men mycket av det andra ser bra ut.

Nina Hultqvist (no network) wrote at 1:44am on September 28th, 2007

hmm, lite för plottriga för pepa-style:) tror också att visarna liksom försvinner lite. men överlag tycker jag mycket ser väldigt bra ut!! du är duktig peter!!

Veronica Rova wrote

at 2:41am on September 28th, 2007

fina, eller som föregående talare sagt; fina, men kamoflageklockan är rätt hemsk. men varför runda..? och varför inte 12 lime, en för varje klockslag? kan man undra.

Jacob Johansson wrote

at 5:02am on September 28th, 2007

Veronica har rätt. Jag antog att det va 12 bara för det skulle vara det mest logiska men ack så fel jag hade, ge oss 12 peter! eler kanske 13 bara för att vara dryg, dvs. peter :)

Kammo nej tack,

Personligen är jag oehört anti borstad metall och vit plast i kombo. Kanske för att det påminner så mycket om Macf***. Luktar plagiat utan anledning med de materialen, men det är en högst personlig åsikt! Förbannade Mac att döda/få ensamrätt på det men så är det f*n

Anders Ekholm wrote

at 2:56am on October 6th, 2007

Bra där! Sjyst kurbits på den kortare visaren. Personligen vill jag se mer färg över hela klockan. Jag tror inte att jag sett siffror på någon av dina klockor? Siffror är snyggt. Minimalism är överskattat, blir lätt lite opersonligt. KurbitsXGustavianska möbler? Hur känner du inför det? Tyg är ju ocskå ett material som är roligt.

Gillar din glasvas. Bra tänkt. Tror starkt på det. Andreas Nyman (Sweden) wrote

at 6:18pm on October 4th, 2007

måste klockorna sitta på vägg? tycker ifs om det här med att ha limekillarna på rad så där.. Joakim Bertilsson wrote

at 2:26pm on October 31st, 2007

De här var sköna! Bra tänkt, men svårt att lösa utan att få alla limearna parallellkopplade? appendIx 3. (5/5)

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Reasonable amount of fruit 0,15 Time telling ability 0,15 Easy to clean 0,09 Easy to use 0,09 Wall hanging ability 0,03 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 1 5 5 3 1 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 appendIx 4. (1/2)

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Table standing ability 0,03 Modern & contemporary apperance 0,16 Focus group appealing 0,18 Apperance work with lime 0,09 Apperance work with lemon 0,03 total score 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 4 3 1 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 2 3 4 3 2 5 5 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 3,03 3,15 3,42 2,58 3,33 3,46 3,03 2,36 4,33 3,69 3,33 2,61 appendIx 4. (1/2)

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SECTION A-A SCALE 1 : 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 A A B B C C D D E E F F 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 Description of part: Type of tooling: Unless otherwisestated, all dims are in millimetres Tolerances Linear C mm Angular C a

Finish: Description: Material: Drawing Number: Date Issue

Drawn Check

Description

Date:

Drawn: Scale: Sheet:

A2

This drawing is copyright to Andrew Rogers Industrial Design. It can only be used and distributed with specific authority from Andrew Rogers Industrial Design.

Notes:

1. All unspecified radii to be 0.50mm. 2. All unspecified taper to be 2a. 3. All dimensions are in millimetres. 4. Do not scale. If in doubt ask.

Modelled:

1

Upper plastic cover

1

Upper plastic cover

2008-01-10

Peter Andersson 1:1

A A

enquiries@ardesign.com.au

5. Refer to 3D CAD data for further detail.

202.41 10 6. 59 97 .5 6 3.00 4.01 5. 00 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 A A B B C C D D E E F F 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 Description of part: Type of tooling: Unless otherwisestated, all dims are in millimetres Tolerances Linear C mm Angular C a

Finish: Description: Material: Drawing Number: Date Issue

Drawn Check

Description

Date:

Drawn: Scale: Sheet:

A2

This drawing is copyright to Andrew Rogers Industrial Design. It can only be used and distributed with specific authority from Andrew Rogers Industrial Design.

Notes:

1. All unspecified radii to be 0.50mm. 2. All unspecified taper to be 2a. 3. All dimensions are in millimetres. 4. Do not scale. If in doubt ask.

Modelled:

1

Lower plastic cover

2

Lower plastic cover

2008-01-10

Peter Andersson 1:1 enquiries@ardesign.com.au

5. Refer to 3D CAD data for further detail.

202.41 97 .6 2 12 .2 4 9. 13 appendIx 5. (1/1) drawIngs

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Some studies show that face saving has a negative impact on knowledge sharing in China (Burrows, Drummond, & Martinson, 2005; Huang, Davison, & Gu, 2008; Huang, Davison,

Eftersom en stor del av de artiklar som definierade trust utifrån samarbete föll bort på grund av dessa inte definierade trust direkt skulle man också kunna spekulera att det går