SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Box 857
SE-501 15 BORÅS, SWEDEN
SP Swedish National T
esting and Research Institute
Research & Development
in the fi eld of
Building and Property Management
at SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute
Report to the Formas scientifi c evaluation of Swedish building research
Dnr 10.9/2003 - 0174
SP Building Technology and Mechanics SP REPORT 2004:03
ISBN 91-7848-975-X ISSN 0284-5172
SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute develops and transfers technology for improving competitiveness and quality in industry, and for safety, conservation of resources and good environment in society as a whole. With Swedens widest and most sophisticated range of equipment and expertise for technical investigation, measurement, testing and certfi cation, we perform
research and development in close liaison with universities, institutes of technology and international partners.
SP is a EU-notifi ed body and accredited test laboratory. Our headquarters are in Borås, in the west part of Sweden.
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
in the field of
BUILDING AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT
at
SP
SWEDISH NATIONAL TESTING AND
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
SP-Report 2004:03
Report to the Formas scientific evaluation of Swedish building research
Dnr 10.9/2003 - 0174
Borås 2003-09-11
SP Sveriges Provnings- och SP Swedish National Testing and Forskningsinstitut Research Institute
SP Rapport 2004:03 SP Report 2004:03 ISBN 91-7848-975-X ISSN 0284-5172 Borås 2004 Postal address: Box 857,
SE-501 15 BORÅS, Sweden Telephone: +46 33 16 50 00 Telex: 36252 Testing S Telefax: +46 33 13 55 02
CONTENTS
CONTENTS...3
SUMMARY ...7
1
The research institute SP ...11
1.1 Aim and profile ... 12
1.2 Strategies... 12
1.3 Organisation ... 13
1.4 Work principles... 13
1.5 Financing ... 14
1.6 Personnel, education... 15
1.7 Equipment ... 15
1.8 Co-operation ... 15
1.9 Publications, dissemination of knowledge... 16
1.10 Strengths ... 16
2
Organisation of research on Building and Property
management at SP...17
2.1 The network for Building and Property management at SP ... 17
2.2 Departments active in the field of Building and Property management... 17
2.2.1 Building Technology and Mechanics ...17
2.2.2 Energy Technology...18
2.2.3 Fire Technology ...18
2.2.4 Chemistry and Materials Technology ...19
3
Presentations of some important research areas in the field
of Building and Property management at SP ...21
3.1
Concrete and concrete technology
... 21
3.1.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...22
3.1.2 C.V. for researchers...25
3.1.3 Doctoral students...25
3.1.4 Financing ...25
3.1.5 International and national research projects...26
3.1.6 International and national cooperation...28
3.1.7 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...29
3.2
Wood materials and structures
... 41
3.2.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...42
3.2.3 Doctoral students and international diploma thesis works...45
3.2.4 Financing ...46
3.2.5 International and national research projects...46
3.2.6 International and national cooperation...49
3.2.7 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...50
3.3
Geological materials
... 67
3.3.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...68
3.3.2 C.V. for researchers...71
3.3.3 Doctoral students...71
3.3.4 Financing ...72
3.3.5 International and national research projects...72
3.3.6 International and national cooperation...74
3.3.7 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...75
3.4
Thermal insulation and air tightness in the building envelope
.. 89
3.4.1 Ongoing and completed research...90
3.4.2 C.V. for researchers...91
3.4.3 Financing ...91
3.4.4. International and national research projects...91
3.4.5. International and national cooperation...91
3.4.6 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...92
3.5
Moisture control and indoor environment
... 101
3.5.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...102
3.5.2 C.V. for researchers...105
3.5.3 Doctoral students...105
3.5.4 Financing ...106
3.5.5. International and national research projects...106
3.5.6. International and national cooperation...106
3.5.7 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...107
3.6
Acoustics
... 119
3.6.1 Ongoing and completed research...120
3.6.2 C.V. for researchers...120
3.6.3 Financing ...120
3.6.4. International and national research projects...120
3.6.5. International and national cooperation...121
3.6.6 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...121
3.7
Fire response of building materials and structures
... 125
3.7.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...126
3.7.2 C.V. for researchers...126
3.7.3 Doctoral students...127
3.7.4 Financing ...127
3.7.5 International and national research projects...128
3.7.6 International and national cooperation...131
3.7.7 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...131
3.8
Spread of fire effluents and environmental impact
... 139
3.8.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...140
3.8.2 C.V. for researchers...141
3.8.3 Doctoral students...141
3.8.4 Financing ...141
3.8.7 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...145
3.9
Polymeric materials
... 165
3.9.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...166
3.9.2 C.V. for researchers...167
3.9.3 Doctoral students...167
3.9.4 Financing ...167
3.9.5 International and national research projects...167
3.9.6 International and national cooperation...168
3.9.7 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...168
3.10
Service life prediction of solar thermal components
... 173
3.10.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...174
3.10.2 CV for researchers...174
3.10.3 Financing ...175
3.10.4 International and national research projects...175
3.10.5 Relevant Publications 1993-2003 ...175
3.11
Coatings and surface protection
... 183
3.11.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...184
3.11.2 C.V. for researchers...185
3.11.3 Financing ...185
3.11.4 International and national research project...185
3.11.5 Relevant publications 1993-2003 ...186
3.12
Building materials and indoor air quality
... 189
3.12.1 Ongoing and recently completed research ...190
3.12.2 C.V for researchers...195
3.12.3 Doctoral students...195
3.12.4 Financing ...196
3.12.5 International and national research projects...196
3.12.6 International and national cooperation...197
SUMMARY
The research institute SP
SP (the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute) is one of the biggest research institutes in Sweden. With a multi-disciplinary approach the aim is to contribute significantly to innovation and growth in industry and to a sustainable development in the society as a whole.
SP is a national institute with a comprehensive competence in a number of profile areas such as: Building, Energy, Fire and fire protection, Materials, Transport, Electronics, Measurement techniques. We co-operate with all sectors, universities, institutes, industry, users and organisations of society and politics. This is essential to contribute efficiently to growth in the innovation system. In particular we co- operate with universities for synergy of aspects in performing research. We prioritize international co-operation, e.g. in EU-projects. This is important for exchange of knowledge, influence and creation of confidence and networks facilitating trade and increasing competitiveness.
SP is a private company (like Chalmers) with all shares held by the Swedish state. The organisation is flat with a high degree of delegation, which enhances flexibility and multi-disciplinarily. The technical departments have overall responsibility for economy, personnel, equipment, research, marketing etc according to an annual plan and following the common strategies and policies.
Many of the R&D activities at SP are co-financed and SP receive grants from around 20 of the Swedish research councils, funds and authorities in competition. This financing has increased
considerably during the last decade, while the government grants for development of new knowledge through R&D have decreased slowly. The governmental grants were about 9 % of SP's total turnover in 2002.
The staff s comprises 550 persons (man years). Of these 97 have a Ph D (72) or a licentiate degree (25). A further 140 persons have a masters degree, and there are also a number with a B Sc. This means that the technical areas/environments at the departments in general have a sustainable research competence and capacity for tutoring of Ph D students.
There are 35 Ph D students at SP, generally employees of SP with a project in co-operation with a technical university, for courses and formal exam requirements, and with supervision from SP's re-searchers.
SP has co-operation in around 90 projects with a large number of departments at Swedish universities and university colleges, with a concentration to Chalmers, KTH and LTH. There is also co-operation with 15 of the Swedish research institutes and program boards (as Brandforsk, Elforsk and
Värmeforsk). Internationally, SP co- operates with 90 institutes, mostly Nordic and European, and to a large extent in the 5th Framework program. In this program SP participated in 43 projects and as
co-ordinator in 6.
All in all SP has a wide co-operation in research and a strong international network. Not least should be mentioned organisations as Eurolab, Euromet, EGOLF (fire), ENBRI, RILEM, IABSE, CIB (building), Eurachem, ENCRESS (software), ADLNB (telecommunication), EMCIT/EMCEL (elec-tronics), CEEES (environment), IEA (energy), ESIS (mechanics) and VAMAS (materials).
In 2002 SP researchers published 233 reports, papers etc. A total of 169 of the publications were in external journals, conference proceedings, and theses. Of these 94 were published after peer review. The other 64 publications were handbooks, methods and final project reports and they were published in the SP report series. SP staff also made 270 presentations at conferences, workshops and seminars.
SP arranged or co-arranged 150 courses, seminars or conferences in 2002. This includes international meetings regarding standardisation and other expert issues.
Organisation of research on Building and Property management at SP
Research and development related to Building and Property management is one of SP's key areas of activity. SP's work in the field is characterised by a wide technical span including sustainable devel-opment, indoor environment, building acoustics, efficient production and use of energy, materials and construction technique, wood and wood technology, fire, productivity and operation and maintenance. The research activities become more and more international. SP participates normally in about 20 projects dealing with construction and buildings within the European frame programmes and co-ordi-nates some of them.
SP is a polytechnic institute organised in eight technical departments. The building competence is mainly found in four of these: Building Technology and Mechanics, Energy Technology, Fire Techno-logy and Chemistry and Materials TechnoTechno-logy. These four departments are shortly presented in the report.
In order to co-ordinate the activities related to construction there is an internal network, the SP Strategic Group for Building and Property management.
Important research areas in the field of Building and Property management at
SP
In the report 12 important research areas in the field of Building and Property management at SP are presented:
1. Concrete and concrete technology 2. Wood materials and structures 3. Geological materials
4. Thermal insulation and air tightness in the building envelope 5. Moisture control and indoor environment
6. Acoustics
7. Fire response of building materials and structures 8. Spread of fire effluents and environmental impacts 9. Polymeric materials
10. Service life prediction of solar thermal components 11. Coatings and surface protection
12. Building materials and indoor air quality
Detailed facts about each of the research areas are presented in the report and these facts can be summarized as follows.
There are today 11 Ph D students active in the 12 research areas, which are employees of SP with a project in co-operation with a technical university. During the last ten years 9 persons have got their licentiate and 6 persons their Ph D at SP in the field of Building and Property management. In addition to this, 13 students from several European universities have carried out their master thesis work at SP, all of them in the field of wood technology. These figures are strong for a research institute, as most of the research at institutes in Sweden normally is performed by senior researchers. This shows a fruitful co-operation with universities.
active as supervisors for doctoral students, in close co-operation with universities.
SP participates/has participated in 38 European projects in the field of construction during the last ten years period and has been co-ordinator for four of these. SP has also participated in more than 80 Nordic construction projects, often financed by Nordtest or Nordic Industrial Fund, and, of course, in a large number of national projects.
The publication list since 1992 in the field of Building and Property management is extensive and comprises the numbers of publications for different categories shown in the table below.
TABLE Number of publications in the field of Building and Property management at SP during the period 1993-2002.
Category Number of publications
Peer reviewed papers 246
Other international scientific publ. 194
Swedish reports 204
Popular scientific reports 76
Others 31
---
Total 751
The total financing of the 12 research areas during the last three years is presented in the table below. The total research turnover for the 12 areas is about 34-38 MSEK/year. As can be seen, the financing comes from many sources. Formas contributes, as an average, with about 13 % of the total turnover and is, consequently, an important financing source. International financing (EU, Nordtest) becomes more and more important and stands today for almost 20 % of the total research turnover.
TABLE Financing of the research in the field of Building and Property management at SP during the period 2001-2003.
Financing partner Amount (MSEK)
2001 2002 2003 (expected)
EU 4.2 5.0 7.1
Nordtest 1.1 1.0 1.0
Nordic Industrial Fund 0.3 0 0
Formas 2.8 5.5 5.0
Swedish Agency for Innov. Syst. (Vinnova) 1.5 1.3 1.3
Research Foundations (MISTRA, SSF) 0.8 1.1 0.2
Swedish Board for Fire Research 1.4 1.5 1.0
SBUF 0.3 0.4 1.0 National authorities 2.8 3.1 4.3 Industry 4.5 4.4 2.9 Others 4.1 2.5 2.6 Government grant 10.5 10.5 11.5 Sum 34.3 36.3 37.9
1.1 Aim
and
profile
SP (The Swedish National Testing and Research Institute) is one of the biggest research institutes in Sweden. With a multi-disciplinary approach the aim is to contribute significantly to innovation and growth in industry and to a sustainable development in the society as a whole.
This is achieved by research in experimental and measurement techniques, and in the development and evaluation of new products and processes by the use of experiments, computations and analysis. SP is a national institute with a comprehensive competence in a number of profile areas:
- Building - Energy
- Fire and fire protection - Materials
- Transport - Electronics
- Measurement techniques*)
with broad aspects on environment, sustainability, health and safety. SP is the main Swedish institute also with respect to international co-operation in its field, considered as a competent and attractive partner by the main international R&D players. Particularly in the building, energy, fire, and measurement areas SP have essential national competence and resources.
*) SP is appointed by the government as the National Metrology Institute in Sweden
1.2 Strategies
We use the three steps development, application, and dissemination of knowledge in a systematic way, for interaction, influence and feed-back concerning all parties involved. This also means that we participate in all the steps from research to industrial applications which enhance efficiency of knowledge transfer.
We adjust our scientific development work to strategic needs appearing in society and industry, through broad and continuing contacts, and based on an organisation in terms of long term sustainable R&D environments.
We use our multi-disciplinarily actively to combine competencies for attacking new problem areas in industrial branches or societal areas. Examples can be found in the building and energy areas, where e.g. materials science and chemical analyses are combined with knowledge in thermodynamics, building physics and structural mechanics etc.
We co-operate with all sectors, as universities, institutes, industry, users, and organisations of society and politics, i.e. we make use of the "Triple Helix" concept in practise. This is essential to contribute efficiently to growth in the innovation system. In particular we co- operate with universities for synergy of aspects in performing research. We want to see this not as links in a chain as much as the two rails of a railroad, running in parallel and both necessary for success.
We prioritise international co-operation, e g in EU-projects. This is important for exchange of knowl-edge, influence and creation of confidence and networks facilitating trade and increasing competitive-ness.
1.3 Organisation
SP is a private company (like Chalmers) with all shares held by the Swedish state. The organisation is flat with a high degree of delegation, which enhances flexibility and multi-disciplinarity. With a board, and a management consisting of a managing director, a planning and marketing director and a techni-cal director there are eight technitechni-cal and one administrative department. The technitechni-cal departments have overall responsibility for economy, personnel, equipment, research, marketing etc according to an annual plan and following the common strategies and policies. Each department consists of a head of department, a deputy head of department and three to five sections/divisions. The departments and divisions/sections are shown in Figure 1.
SP has two subsidiary companies SMP (The Swedish Machinery Testing Institute) and SITAC (The Swedish Institute for Technical Approval and Certification).
Fire Technology
- fire resistance - reaction to fire - fire protection - research
Building Technology and Mechanics
- transport and vehicle technology
- solid mechanics and structures - wood materials and structures - building materials - Gothenburg Certification - products - management systems Electronics - electronics - EMC - product safety - software Energy Technology - building physics - HVAC technology - acoustics
Chemistry and Materials Technology
- chemical analysis
- information storage systems - polymer technology
- surface protection& corrosion - functional materials
Measurement Technology
- electricity and time - electrical power
- optoelectronics, length, and geometry
- mass, force and pressure - volume, flow and temperature
Weight and Measures
- assay office - verification office - field calibration
Figure 1 .Departments and sections. The discipline oriented organisational parts co-operate in
strategic project to work according to the profile areas.
1.4 Work
principles
Many staff members have specialist or area responsibility and market contacts. SP has around 8000 customers and other contacts annually, mostly small and medium sized enterprises. This results in many networks and in competent and experienced project leaders.
The development of personnel is made systematically and followed up for all kinds of personnel, as well in Ph D-, graduate and under-graduate courses as in special courses and in planned participation in R&D.
SP has a management system integrating requirements for laboratory work (ISO 17025) and environ-mental management (ISO 14000). There are special routines for the planning, performance, reporting and evaluation of R&D.
SP uses the technique with so called balanced score cards in order to run a complex organisation with multi-dimensional goals successfully. Aims and vision are made measurable in terms of aims in four “dimensions” (economy, customers, competence, and processes), which balance each other.
SP is project oriented and all activities are run as projects supported by a modern business/economy system. All personnel declare time spent on projects. This means that all costs and incomes can be related to the performance of a project.
SP has an integrated plan and a policy for equality between sexes and for non-discrimination accord-ing to Swedish law.
1.5 Financing
The financing of SP 2002 is shown in Figure 2 in terms of the activity areas R&D, technical services and dissemination of knowledge. Many of the R&D activities are co- financed and SP receives grants from around 20 of the Swedish research councils, funds and authorities in competition. This financing has increased considerably during the last decade, while the government grants for development of new knowledge through R&D have decreased slowly.
Technical services includes as well large projects of a qualified nature as many smaller assignments of value for SME:s and their development. Dissemination of knowledge includes expert services to au-thorities in connection to rules and standards, standardisation and courses. Financing through the 5th framework program is 10 MSEK.
SP has been growing by around 5% annually for several years and with a profit margin of 3- 4%. Essential problems are connected to the Swedish co-financing of EU-projects, particularly in the 6th
framework program with its requirements for large projects. SP is well suited for this kind of tasks and is presently coordinator for 6 projects of which two are large, in the sense of the 5th framework
pro-gram. Another problem is the under-financing of Ph D students, which is common to that in universi-ties but more accentuated.
R&D financing
- Industry (full financing) 39,0
- Industry (co-financing) 6,6
- R&D councils and authorities (Formas, 24,2 Vinnova, KK etc)
- Authorities (Vägverket, STEM etc) 17,4 - International financing 16,0
- Government grant 39,7
142,9 Income from technical services
- Industry and private organisations 255,5 - Government, keeping of metrology standards 12,8
268,3 Dissemination of knowledge
- Industry (including courses) 10,3 - Government grant for (expert services) 5,7
16,0
1.6 Personnel,
education
The staff comprises 550 persons. Of these 97 have a Ph D (72) or a licentiate (25) degree. A further 140 persons have a masters degree, and there are also a number with a B Sc. This means that the technical areas/environments at the departments in general have a sustainable research competence and capacity for tutoring of Ph D students.
SP has 8 staff members working as so called adjungated professors, and a further 45 who have as-signments as teachers at the technical universities or university colleges.
There are 35 Ph D students at SP, generally employees of SP with a project in co-operation with a technical university, for courses and formal exam requirements, and with supervision from SP:s re-searchers. There are also a few persons connected to Ph D programs at the research foundations, some foreign research students and returning post docs.
This activity has been successful. Since 1988 over 50 persons have got their licentiate or/and Ph D at SP with 4-6 exams per year. There have been no failures so far, although the rate of study has, of course, varied in a planned way. It could be mentioned that two of the SP trained Ph Ds have achieved professoriate’s.
During 2002 33 so called exam works (one semester projects at the end of a master´ s or bachelor’s exam) were performed at SP.
1.7 Equipment
SP's profile as national resource in experimental techniques and measurements means that there is unique equipment for experiments in several areas. Some of these are the following ones.
- The most modern and extensive fire research facility in Scandinavia - The biggest and most varied EMC research facility in Scandinavia
- National metrology institute with primary standards for most physical entities, as length, mass, time and electrical entities.
- In co-operation with Chalmers a very qualified set of equipment for materials and surface analysis. - Servo-hydraulic equipment for shock, vibration and fatigue investigations in building and mechani-cal applications with high capacity in the force and frequency ranges.
It should be mentioned that the value of qualified equipment lies in the fact that there is a sustainable personal competence in a research environment connected to it, so that it can be continuously and meaningfully used. This is the case at SP.
SP also has a group for advanced numerical calculations (FEM, CFD and electromagnetic). The com-bination with experiment gives unique possibilities to verify calculation models with regard to e g material models or boundary conditions.
SP's annual investment in equipment is 35-40 MSEK.
1.8 Co-operation
SP has co-operation in around 90 projects (teaching, research, representation, equipment) with a large number of departments at Swedish (mostly technical) universities and university colleges, with a con-centration to Chalmers, KTH and LTH. This includes participation in the so called Competence centra (by NUTEK/Vinnova).
There is also co-operation with 15 of the Swedish research institutes and program boards (as Brand-forsk, Elforsk and Värmeforsk). An important part is the co-operation with IVL, SIK and Trätek in United Competence, representing 40 % of the Swedish institute volume.
Internationally, SP co- operates with 90 institutes, mostly Nordic and European, and to a large extent in the 5th Framework program. In this program SP participated in 43 projects and as co-ordinator in 6,
of which 2 are bigger. Several activities are small and connected to inter comparisons.
All in all SP has a wide co-operation in research and a strong international network. Not least should be mentioned organisations as Eurolab, Euromet, EGOLF (fire), ENBRI, RILEM, IABSE, CIB (building), Eurachem, ENCRESS (software), ADLNB (telecommunication), EMCIT/EMCEL (elec-tronics), CEEES (environment), IEA (energy), ESIS (mechanics) and VAMAS (materials).
1.9
Publications, dissemination of knowledge
In 2002 SP researchers published 233 reports, papers etc. A total of 169 of the publications were in external journals, conference proceedings, and theses. Of these 94 were published after peer review. The other 64 publications were handbooks, methods and final project reports and they were published in the SP report series. These reports are distributed to branches of industry according to their scope, and they are also available through the SP web site.
SP staff also made 270 presentations at conferences, workshops and seminars, which means that around 10 000 – 15 000 persons were reached.
SP arranged or co-arranged 150 courses, seminars or conferences in 2002. This includes international meetings regarding standardisation and other expert issues.
1.10 Strengths
In conclusion SP could be seen as a major research performer in Sweden with particular strengths regarding
- use of multi-disciplinarily for broad problem areas,
- arena for all sorts of interests, as science, industry and society,
- broad contact networks with industry and research, nationally and internationally, - national resource for advanced equipment in some areas,
- nationally strong research environments in e g building, energy, materials and measurements,
- high capacity for project management, research by senior researchers, and thus continuity in keeping research environments, and
- effective dissemination and use of results.
2
Organisation of research on Building and Property
management at SP
2.1
The network for Building and Property management at SP
Research and development related to Building and Property management is one of SP’s key areas of activity. SP's work in the field is characterised by a wide technical span including sustainable devel-opment, indoor environment, building acoustics, efficient production and use of energy, materials and construction technique, wood and wood technology, fire, productivity and operation and maintenance. The research activities become more and more international. SP participates normally in about 20 projects dealing with construction and buildings within the European frame programmes and coordi-nates some of them.
SP forms a part of an extensive network of national and international contacts, as well as being a member of organisations such as RILEM, CIB, EGOLF and ENBRI. In the last-mentioned network, the European Network of Building Research Institutes, participates the main building research institute in most of the member states and associated states of EU and also in Norway, Iceland and Switzerland. International standardisation is a working area of importance as well, and we are actively engaged in the work of CEN and ISO.
SP is a polytechnic institute organised in eight technical departments. The building competence is mainly found in four of these: Building Technology and Mechanics, Energy Technology, Fire Techno-logy and Chemistry and Materials TechnoTechno-logy. These four departments are shortly described below. In order to coordinate the activities related to construction and buildings there is an internal network, the SP Strategic Group for Building and Property management. The group consists of one representa-tive from each of the relevant departments, one representarepresenta-tive from the market section and the plan-ning and marketing director. The group meets about 6-8 times per year.
2.2
Departments active in the field of Building and Property
management
2.2.1 Building Technology and Mechanics
Building Technology and Mechanics has a staff of about 110 persons of which about 65 works with activities related to the construction sector. The activities are focused on strength and stability, dura-bility and environmental aspects of building structures, components and materials. Mostly we work with wood and wood based products, concrete and concrete constituents, rock materials and steel but also with masonry, brickwork, polymers and some other materials.
Computational calculations and simulations become more and more important, not least in combina-tion with full scale testing. The combinacombina-tion calculacombina-tion + testing have been successfully used, for example, for evaluation of temporary structures such as scaffolds, pall rackets, etc.
Another speciality for the department is field exposure experiments where components and materials are exposed for real climatic exposure. Three exposure sites are running today: one in a marine envi-ronment on the Swedish west-coast, one in a high-way envienvi-ronment between Borås and Gothenburg and one on the premises of SP.
Three research areas of importance for the department are presented in detail in chapter three of this report: a) Concrete and concrete technology, b) Wood materials and structures and c) Rock materials.
2.2.2 Energy Technology
Energy Technology has a staff of about 80 persons with activities in the areas HVAC, Combustion Technology, Building Physics and Acoustics The department is playing an important part in the work of moving Sweden towards sustainability through its involvement in many research projects, often in conjunction with industry, universities or international research institutions. Our applied R&D provides a link between university research and practical application, creating new knowledge and giving birth to new ideas, which in turn develop new tools and incentives for further technical development.
Examples of current research areas include:
The indoor environment. Problems are occurring in indoor environments. Special effort is needed in
interdisciplinary research, incorporating both environmental medicine and technical aspects.
Energy conservation and efficient use of energy. The need for improved energy conservation is
obvious and it is becoming increasingly closely linked to the environmental impact.
Combustion and the environment. Combustion processes increase the burden on the external
environment, while the move towards renewable energy sources can bring new problems with it. Sorting at source and energy recovery are other areas of current interest.
Wind and solar energy. We have been engaged in research and development of solar energy for
many years, and have the country's most comprehensive development and testing facilities in this field.
Acoustics. During the last 10 years the research focus has been on environmental noise. Some projects
on sound insulation and building acoustical test methods have also been carried out.
Three research areas of importance for the department and within the scope of the evaluation are presented in detail in chapter three of this report: a) Thermal insulation and air tightness in the building envelope, b) Moisture control and indoor environment and c) Acoustics.
2.2.3 Fire Technology
The Department of Fire Technology has a staff of about 50 persons. About two thirds of them are engaged in research and testing related to the building and construction sector. Ten of the staff
members have academic doctors’ degrees. About two thirds of the activities are ordered and paid from abroad. Three of the academic researchers originate from outside the Nordic countries, five from outside Sweden.
The research is focused on developing small scale and full scale test for evaluating building products. A lot of effort is spent on interpreting small scale tests so that the results correspond to the behaviour in full scale fires. Several theoretical calculation models have been developed and verified whereby full scale fire behaviour can be predicted based on small scale test results. Thus the fire behaviour of products can be evaluated by relatively cheap and convenient tests and behaviour in real fires can be estimated with good precision and confidence. These techniques are now used in practice for our clients to facilitate the evaluation procedure and reduce costs.
In the harmonisation process of fire testing and evaluation in Europe SP has solved many crucial technical problems decisive for the progress. One example is the so called Plate Thermometer which is crucial for the harmonization of furnace testing; another is the interpretation rules for the new test method named SBI where the concepts of FIGRA and SMOGRA were introduced by SP. SP has made important contributions to the development of the fire parts of the Eurocodes. All these contribution have been made possible by the knowledge and experience obtained from the extensive research that has been carried out over many years.
Dynamics). Such computer codes are used to predict fire and smoke spread in e.g. buildings and tunnels among other things for computing times available for escape. SP has contributed in particular with algorithms on how to predict generations of various gas species. Several mathematical formula have been developed.
2.2.4 Chemistry and Materials Technology
The department of Chemistry and Materials Technology has a staff of about 70 persons of which 20 have postgraduate studies. The department carries out basic and applied research in the following program areas:
1. Lifetime Technology of Materials and Products 2. Sustainable Development and Life Cycle Management
3. Indoor Environment; Air Quality and Chemical Emissions from Materials 4. Surfaces and Interfaces in Materials, Products and Production Processes 5. International Aspects of Measurement Quality and Quality Assurance
The activities related to the construction sector are focused on performance, durability, weather ability and environmental aspects of building components and materials. The majority of work concerns performance, durability, weather ability and recycling of plastic and rubber materials. Performance characteristics of paints, metallic materials and organic and inorganic coatings, temporary corrosion protection agents and advanced ceramics are also included as well as technical service life related to outdoor durability of products.
Another speciality for the department is chemical analyses of building materials such as concrete, wood, and polymeric materials. Volatile compounds may affect the indoor air quality where building materials can be considered as one of the major emission sources for formaldehyde and VOC's. We can determine either emission factors for specific compounds (e.g. formaldehyde) or for a series of compounds (e.g. VOCs, aldehydes). Material emission measurements on site in buildings are also performed.
Six research areas of importance for the department are presented in detail: a) Recycling and durability of polymeric materials as wastes from buildings
b) Long-term durability and performance of polymeric materials in various environments c) Service life prediction of solar thermal components
d) Coatings for corrosion protection e) Painting of exterior wood
3
Presentations of some important research areas in
the field of Building and Property management at SP
3.1
Concrete and concrete technology
Field test at the sea
3.1.1 Ongoing and recently completed research From SP research to European standard
In the early eighties it was found that there was an urgent need to repair many of the Swedish concrete bridges. The reason for this was poor frost resistance. There was, therefore, a need to develop a reli-able method for freeze/thaw testing for classifying suitreli-able concrete qualities for concrete bridges. Based on earlier Swedish and Austrian experience SP then developed the method that in 1988 became Swedish Standard SS 13 72 44. This method is since then used for testing all bridge concrete in Swe-den. This has, together with the development of a new cement type and new admixtures, led to signifi-cantly improved quality of new concrete bridges in Sweden. Very few freeze/thaw damages have been reported during the last 20 years.
In the early nineties work was started to standardize a European method for scaling resistance testing. The Swedish method SS 13 72 44 was one of three candidates. The two others were German methods. The three methods were carefully compared in the European research project Standard test methods
for testing the resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing. The Swedish method was found to be
the most suitable and was suggested to be the European reference method. Now, after another 5 years, the method will be a European pre-standard (ENV). After another couple of years, when more
countries have acquired more experience of the method, it will be established as an EN-standard. SP-research in the eighties thus will result in a European standard 20 years later. Research sometimes is trying!
References: 17, 25, 33, 37, 41, 46, 47, 50, 53, 54, 59, 96, 104, 105-109
Field exposure sites
Around 1990 the decision about the construction of the Öresund link was taken. As a preparation for this SP established a field exposure site in seawater at the Swedish west coast.
The research work at the exposure site was carried out together with universities, institutes and indus-try. Chloride penetration, reinforcement corrosion and freeze/thaw resistance were studied. Many dif-ferent concrete qualities were tested under realistic exposure conditions to find a suitable concrete composition for the Öresund link. The mistakes from the Öland bridge should not be repeated! The work at the field site was successful and led to valuable new knowledge, a number of doctoral theses and, not least, to a reliable concrete mixture for the Öresund link.
Encouraged by the success with the field exposure site in sea, SP established a new one in 1996 in a road environment along highway 40 between Borås and Gothenburg. Hundreds of concrete qualities are exposed and freeze/thaw resistance and reinforcement corrosion are studied.
The field exposure sites continue to produce important information and new projects. A few of these are presented below.
References: 7, 10, 11, 16, 29, 34, 45, 56-58, 60-67, 72-74, 78-89, 92, 97, 100
Internal frost damage
Concrete is, traditionally, protected against freeze/thaw damage by using air-entraining agents. Modern concrete technology allows the use of very low water/cement-ratios. Sometimes it is questioned if entrained air is needed to obtain frost resistance in such very dense concrete qualities.
water-cement-ratios, also for concrete without entrained air. There is, however, a risk for internal frost damage also for low water/cement-ratios, especially for concrete with micro-silica but without air-entraining agents.
SS 13 72 44 has in two Nordtest-projects been developed to measure also the internal damage simulta-neously with the scaling resistance testing. The internal damages are measured by registering the change of the ultra-sonic pulse velocity or length change after different number of freeze/thaw-cycles. The method is now a RILEM recommendation: Slab Test – Freeze/Thaw Resistance of Concrete –
Internal deterioration and efforts are taken to make it to a European Standard. References: 4, 6, 19, 32, 36, 43
The influence of ageing on the freeze/thaw resistance
Testing of concrete normally takes place at an age of 28 days. Buildings, on the other hand, are dimen-sioned for a service life of 50 or 100 years. It is, therefore, often difficult to interpret the test results, not least for durability testing.
Peter Utgenannt runs a postgraduate project where he studies The influence of ageing on the frost
re-sistance of concrete. Experience from field exposure sites is combined with laboratory studies.
Peter has found that carbonation is very positive for Portland cement concrete. Uncarbonated concrete shows up to 100 times higher scaling compared with carbonated concrete! This is completely new knowledge, which means that one, in principle, has to question much of the results from earlier per-formed research in the field of frost resistance. Wrong conclusions will be drawn if the effects of car-bonation are not considered.
For other types of concrete, for example with high slag contents, the effect becomes completely ent and carbonation leads to more severe scaling. Different types of concrete, for example with differ-ent binder qualities, show various types of degradation mechanisms. This must be considered in test methods, standards and norms.
References: 18, 20, 27, 30
Reinforcement corrosion
Chloride initiated reinforcement corrosion is probably the most important degradation process for concrete structures. Today, however, there exists no test methods or requirements in the European standards.
The European project Resistance of concrete to chloride ingress. From laboratory tests to in-field
performance aims at developing accelerated test methods suitable for the European standardisation,
and to evaluate these and calibrate them against field exposure. The project started in January 2003. SP is trough associate professor Tang Luping coordinator for the project.
References: 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 21, 31, 35, 39, 42, 44, 77
Aggregate for concrete
SP participates through dr Björn Schouenborg in the European project Alkali silica reactions
(PART-NER). The project is a direct continuation of the earlier EU-project Standard test of alkali reactive rocks, which was completed in 1998.
In the Nordtest-project Frost resistance testing of aggregate with salt a new test method is developed. The aim is to develop a method that reflects real exposure conditions in a better way than the existing EN-standard does.
References: 52
Environmentally friendly concrete
The sustainable society is built of concrete. Concrete dams for hydro power stations are the basis for the production of renewable energy. Concrete for harbours, tunnels, railways, etc. contributes to effi-cient and environmentally friendly transport. Waste water treatment plants can hardly be built without using concrete, and so on. The list of examples is very long.
However, the production and use of concrete and concrete structures has an environmentally impact, as do all other kinds of building materials as well. The national research programme Advanced
mate-rial and construction technique for sustainable concrete construction aims at reduce the
environ-mental impact when concrete is used. Three doctor’s project within the programme have started so far: at SP, Chalmers and Lund Institute of Technology respectively. The projects, which are run in close cooperation, all deals with The use of industrial by-products and filler for concrete construction. Prof Per-Erik Petersson from SP is supervisor for all the three projects.
Monica Lundgren leads the project at SP. This deals with The early strength development with special
focus on winter conditions. The project aims at increasing the knowledge of the early age properties
of concrete containing industrial by-products, i.e. during the first week after production. Slag, silica fume and lime-stone filler are included in the investigation.
The project in Lund is led by Dimitrios Boubitsas who is an industrial doctoral student from SP. He is investigating long-time properties/durability of concrete with industrial by-products.
SP also participates in the Nordic network project Concrete for the environment, which is financed by Nordic Industrial Fund.
References: 26, 28, 38, 68, 69, 98
Inspection of concrete structures
In the project Mapping of reinforcement corrosion, financed by the Swedish National Road Administra-tion, dr Tang Luping has developed a rapid, non-destructive technique for mapping of ongoing rein-forcement corrosion in existing structures. The method is based on electro-chemical principles and mathematical modelling. Conventional technique means that a single individual measurement takes several minutes to carry out. With the new technique a corresponding measurement can be carried out in 5 seconds with similar precision. This is important as a complete mapping includes a very great number of individual measurements.
SP also participates in the European research project Development of two new measurement and
in-spection methods to improve the quality and maintainability of large concrete structures. New
equip-ment for ultra sonic pulse velocity measureequip-ments, including sensors, will, among other things, be de-veloped.
References: 2, 24, 90, 94, 101
Self compacting concrete (SCC)
SCC does not need compaction when it is filled into the form. However, practical and reliable test methods for SCC are often still missing.
2001 and SP participates in the project. The project aims at evaluating and developing test methods for fresh self-compacting concrete. The result will be recommended test methods, which can form the basis for European standardisation.
SP is coordinator for the Nordic project Nordic evaluation of test methods for self-compacting
con-crete. This project can be seen as a complement to the European project.
In a project financed by Vinnova, experiments have been carried out in order to study the form pres-sure when SCC is used. The use of SCC led to higher prespres-sure compared with the case where tradi-tional concrete was used. For SCC the form pressure sometimes were very close to the hydraulic pres-sure.
References: 13, 55, 95
3.1.2 C.V. for researchers
The C.Vs for Professor Per-Erik Petersson and dr Tang Luping are shown in appendix CONCRETE 1. The C.V. for dr Björn Schouenborg is shown elsewhere in this document.
3.1.3 Doctoral students
SP has doctoral students in its staff, in cooperation with Building Materials at the Lund institute of Technology, in the field of concrete and concrete technology since about 1997 :
Name Project Examination Financing
Peter Utgenannt Influence of ageing on the frost resistance of concrete
2003 (dr) Formas,
Cementa, SBUF, SP Monica Lundgren Use of industrial by-products and
filler in concrete construction. Early strength development with special focus on winter conditions.
2004 (lic) SBUF, Vinnova, Cementa, SP Dimitrios Boubitsas (Lund Institute of Technology+SP)
Use of industrial by-products and filler in concrete construction. Long term properties/durability. 2004 (lic) 2006 (dr) Formas, Cementa, KK 3.1.4 Financing
The financing of the research in the field of Concrete and concrete technology during the last three years are presented in the table below.
Financing partner Amount (kkr)
2001 2002 2003 (expected)
EU 204 479 1075
SBUF 300 230 720
Industry 552 582 344
Nordtest 371 76 248
Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova)
Swedish National Road Administration 425 75 Formas 390 Others 28 100 Government grant 1333 1284 1969 Sum 3206 3630 4664
3.1.5 International and national research projects European projects
Project Period Partners* Contact at SP
Resistance of concrete to chlo-ride ingress – From laboratory tests to in –field performance
03-05
SP, CSIC, TNO,
LNEC and others Tang Luping (co-ordinator) Alkali silica reactions
(PARTNER) 02-04
BRE, SP, SINTEF,
VDZ and others Björn Schouenborg Measurement of properties of
fresh self-compacting concrete 01-04
Paisley Univ, SP
CBI and others Tang Luping Development of two new
meas-urement and inspection meth-ods to improve the quality and maintainability of large con-crete structures
02-05
Cambridge Univ,
SP, CSIC and others Tang Luping
Life time prediction of high performance concrete with respect to durability 01-03 Essen Univ, SP, VTT, Italcementi and others Tang Luping Standard test of alkali reactive
rocks (STAR) 97-98
PClab, SP, SINTEF,
BRE and others Björn Schouenborg Standard methods for testing
the resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing
95-98
VDZ, SP, NBI, UGE
and others Per-Erik Petersson Standard test methods for
test-ing the permeability of concrete 94-98
Univ Karlsruhe, SP,
Chalmers, LNEC Tang Luping
Nordic projects
Project Period Financing Partners* Contact at SP
Revision of NT BUILD 361 – Con-crete hardened, Water/cement-ratio
95 Nordtest NBI, DTI, SP, VTT,
Rb
Anders Andalen Revision of NT BUILD 208 –
Con-crete hardened, Chloride content
95 Nordtest NBI, SP, DTI, VTT,
Rb
Anders Andalen Frost resistance test on aggregates:
Intercomparison of a new Nordtest method
95-96 Nordtest Rb, SP, NBI, VTT Björn Schouenborg
Frost resistance of concrete pavement blocks
95 Nordtest SP, NBI, Aalborg Portland
Anders Andalen (coordinator) Frost resistance testing of mortar 96 Nordtest SP, DTI, NBI, LTH Matz
Sandström (coordinator) Methods for water-tightening of
specimens used for the freeze/thaw scaling test – Evaluation and suggestions
96 Nordtest SP, Aalborg Portland,
VTT
Tang Luping (coordinator) Chloride penetration resistance of
paint on concrete
96-97 Nordtest AEC, SP, SINTEF Tang Luping Determination of the fracture energy
of concrete: A comparison of the three-point bend test on notched beam and the wedge –splitting test
97-98 Nordtest SP, DTU, SINTEF Per-Erik Petersson Evaluation of the ultrasonic method
for detecting the freeze/thaw cracking in concrete
97 Nordtest SP, NBI, Aalborg Portland
Tang Luping (coordinator) Measurement of volumetric frost
degradation according to SS 13 72 44 98 Nordtest NBI, SP, VTT, Aalborg Portland, LTH Tang Luping Measurement of chloride content in
concrete with blended cement – An evaluation of repeatability and re-producability of the commonly used test methods
98 Nordtest SP, AEC, Ramböll,
Chalmers, CBI, NBI, SINTEF, VTT
Tang Luping (coordinator)
Calibration of the electrochemical methods for the corrosion rate measurement of steel in concrete
01-02 Nordtest SP, NBI, VTT, Aalborg Portland
Tang Luping (coordinator) Isothermal calorimetry for the study
of cement hydration
01-02 Nordtest LTH, SP, NBI, Grace (US)
Monica Lundgren Estimation of cement/binder profile
parallel to the chloride determination
02-03 Nordtest SP, FORCE, CBI, Elkem
Tang Luping (coordinator) Influence of freezing media on the
frost resistance of concrete.
01-02 Nordtest SP, Aalborg Portland,
NBI, Rb, Vtt
Peter Utgenannt (coordinator) Concrete for the environment 01-03 Nordic
Industrial Fund
DTI, SP, CBI, RBI,
FORCE, NBI, SINTEF, Industry
Per-Erik Petersson
National projects
Project Period Financing Partners* Contact at SP
Chloride and moisture profiles in concrete exposed to a marine climate
02-03 National Swedish Road Administration
SP, Chalmers Tang Luping Mapping of reinforcement corrosion 01-02 National Swedish Road Administration SP Tang Luping
Use of industrial by-products and filler in concrete construction. Early strength development with special focus on winter conditions.
02-04 SBUF, Cementa,
Vinnova
SP Monica
Influence of ageing on the frost resistance of concrete 97-03 Formas, Cementa, SBUF SP Peter Utgenannt Use of industrial by-products and
filler in concrete construction. Long term properties/durability. (together with Lund Institute of Technology) 02-06 Formas, Cementa, KK SP, Lund Institute of Technology Dimitrios Boubitsas
Aspects on working environment when using self-compacting concrete 00-01 Swedish Council for Work Life Research SP Erica Waller
Safety at concrete working site – Development of the bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete structures 97-98 Swedish Council for Work Life Research SP Per-Erik Petersson
* Partner in bold = co-ordinator
3.1.6 International and national cooperation
Beside the cooperation in the research projects SP also participates/has participated in the following activities in the field of concrete and concrete technology. These activities are important for an effi-cient dissemination of the results from the research projects.
International
Activity Contact at SP Period Comments
RILEM TC 176 Internal damage of concrete Per-Erik Petersson 00- RILEM TC 117 Freeze/thaw Per-Erik Petersson 93-00 RILEM TC 116 Permeability Per-Erik Petersson 93-00
RILEM TC 106 Alkali silica reactions Björn Schouemborg 97-02 RILEM TC…. Chloride permeability Tang Luping 99-
CEN/TC51/WG12/TG4 Frost resistance Per-Erik Petersson 94-
CEN TC104 SC3 Admixtures Kent Malmström 93-01
CEN TC104 SC1 TG7 Curing Per-Erik Petersson 94-98
CEN TC104 SC1 TG8, Test methods Anders Andalen 96-00 CEN/TC104/SC/WG3 Electro-chemical test
methods
Tang Luping 99-
The Nordic concrete research committee Per-Erik Petersson 01-
National
Activity Contact at SP Period Comments
The Swedish Concrete Association’s Council of Concrete Research
Per-Erik Petrsson 88- Nordcert AB (Certification authority for
concrete and steel in building structures)
Per-Erik Petersson (board member)
02- ”Stiftelsen Betong- och Ballastindustrins
Kvalitetsutveckling, SBBK”
Per-Erik Petersson (Chairman of board)
99- SIS TK 185 Cement and lime Mats Sandström
SIS TK 190 Concrete Per-Erik Petersson 88-
“Boverkets konstruktionsråd” Carl-Johan Johansson 02- “Föreningen ackrediterade betonglaboratorier”
FAB
Committee work for the Swedish Concrete Association: Exposure classes Guidelines for the choice of exposure class according to SS-EN 206-1, Report 11. Per-Erik Petersson (Chairman of the committee) 01-03 3.1.7 Relevant publications 1993-2003 Peer reviewed papers
1. TANG, Luping, NILSSON, Lars-Olof. "On relationships between different chloride diffusion and/or migration coefficient in concrete". Proceedings of the 3rd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and
Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete, September 2002, Madrid, Spanien.
Proceedings 2002
2. TANG, Luping. "A study of the polarisation techniques for corrosion rate measurement in a steel-concrete system". Proceedings of the 9th
International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components, 17-20 March 2002, Brisbane, Australien, vol. 2, paper 158.
Proceedings 2002
3. TANG, Luping, NILSSON, Lars-Olof. "Prediction of chloride penetration into concrete exposed to various exposure environments". Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Durability of
Building Materials and Components, 17-20 March 2002, Brisbane, Australien, vol. 3, paper 238.
Proceedings 2002
4. TANG, Luping, PETERSSON, Per-Erik. "Water-uptake, dilation and internal deterioration of concrete due to freeze-and-thawing" in "Frost resistance of concrete – from nano-structure and pore solution to macroscopic behaviour and testing", ed. M.J. Setzer, R, Auberg & H.J Keck. RILEM Publications PRO 24, April 2002, pp. 287-294.
RILEM Publications 2002
5. TANG, Luping, SøRENSEN, H.E. Precision of the Nordic test methods for measuring the chloride diffusion/migration coefficient of concrete. Materials and Structures, Vol 34, No 242, 2001, pp 479-485.
Article 2001
6. TANG, Luping, PETERSSON, Per-Erik. Slab test – Freeze/thaw resistance of concrete – Internal deterioration". Materials and Structures, Vol 34, No 243, 2001, pp 526-531.
Article 2001
7. UTGENANNT, Peter. Frost resistance of concrete – Experience from
three field exposure sites. CONSEC 01, Vancouver, Canada, 2001. Proceedings 2001 8. TANG, Luping, TRUC, O. Effect of exposure solution on chloride
penetration test methods. 2nd International Workshop on Testing and
Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete, Paris, September 2000.
2000
9. TANG, Luping, NILSSON, Lars-Olof. Current development and verification of the numerical model clinconc for pred…2nd
International Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete, Paris, September 2000.
2000
10. TANG, Luping, ANDERSEN, A. Chloride ingress data from five years field exposure in a Swedish marine environm.2nd International
Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete, Paris, September 2000.
11. TANG, Luping, UTGENANNT, Peter. Characterization of chloride environment along a highway. 5th International Conference on
Durability of Concrete, Barcelona, June 2000.
2000
12. TANG, Luping, NILSSON, Lars-Olof. Modelling of chloride
penetration into concrete … Concrete Science and Engineering. Vol 2, No 8, December 2000.
2000
13. TANG, Luping. Chloride diffusivity of self-compacting concrete. Proceedings of the 1st International RILEM Symposium on
self-compacting concrete. Stockholm 13-14 September 1999.
Proceedings 1999
14. TANG, Luping. Concentration dependence of diffusion and migration of chloride ions – part 2: Experimental evaluations. Cement and Concrete Research, vol 29, nr 9, pp 1469-1474. 1999.
Article 1999
15. TANG, Luping. Concentration dependence of diffusion and migration of chloride ions – part 1: Theoretical considerations. Cement and Concrete Research, vol 29, nr 9, pp 1463-1468. 1999.
Article 1999
16. TANG, Luping, UTGENANNT, Peter. Characterizing chloride environment along highway. 8th International Conference on Durability
of Building Materials and Components. Vancouver 30 May-3 June 1999.
Proceedings 1999
17. PETERSSON, Per-Erik, UTGENANNT, Peter. Parameters influencing the results when testing the scaling resistance of concrete. Proceedings from the Minneapolis RILEM Workshop on Frost Damage Concrete, pp 211-220. Minneapolis 28-30 June 1999.
Proceedings 1999
18. UTGENANNT, Peter. Influence of carbonation on the scaling resistance of OPC concrete. Proceedings from the Minneapolis RILEM Workshop on Frost Damage Concrete. Minneapolis 28-30 June 1999.
Proceedings 1999
19. PETERSSON, Per-Erik, TANG, Luping. Using the slab test for detecting internal damage of concrete subjected to freezing and thawing. Proceedings from the Minneapolis RILEM Workshop on Frost Damage in Concrete, pp127-138, June 1999.
Proceedings 1999
20. UTGENANNT, Peter, PETERSSON, Per-Erik. Influence of preconditioning on scaling resistance for different types of test surfaces. Proceedings from the International RILEM Workshop on Frost Resistance of Concrete, pp 184-194, Essen September 22-23, 1997.
Proceedings 1997
21. TANG, Luping. Chloride penetration into the concrete exposed under different conditions. 7th International Conference on the Durability of
Building Materials and Components, Stockholm May 1996
Proceedings 1996
22. PETERSSON, Per-Erik. The influence of curing method on the strength and durability of concrete. International Congress Concrete in the Service of Mankind. Dundee 26-28 juni 1996.
Proceedings 1996
23. EWERTSON, Cathrine, PETERSSON, Per-Erik. The influence of curing conditions on the permeability and durability of concrete. Results from a field exposure test. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol 23, pp 683-692, 1993.
Other international scientific publications
24. TANG, Luping. Calibration of the electrochemical methods for the corrosion rate measurement of steel in concrete. SP-report 2002:25, Borås 2002.
Nordtest project
no 1531-01 2002
25. UTGENANNT, Peter, OLLANDEZOS, Pavlos, BAGER, Dirch, FARSTAD, Tom, GUDMUNDSSON, Gisli, PAROLL, Hemming. Influence of freezing media on the frost resistance of concrete. 2001. SP Report 2001:38.
Nordtest project
no 1533-01 2002
26. LUNDGREN, Monica. Strength development at low temperatures in young concrete with mineral additives. Proceedings Nordic Concrete Research Meeting, Helsingör, Denmark 2002
Proceedings 2002
27. UTGENANNT, Peter. The effect of ageing on the salt-frost resistance of concrete. . Proceedings Nordic Concrete Research Meeting, Helsingör, Denmark 2002
Proceedings 2002
28. BOUBITSAS, Dimitrios. Durability of concrete with mineral
additions. . Proceedings Nordic Concrete Research Meeting, Helsingör, Denmark 2002
Proceedings 2002
29. BOUBITSAS, Dimitrios. Chloride profiles in concrete specimens exposed to a high-way environment for five years. Proceedings från miniseminar i Hirtshals, Danmark.
Proceedings 2001
30. UTGENANNT, Peter, PETERSSON, Per-Erik.Frost resistance of concrete containing secondary materials – experience from three field exposure sites. Nordic Concrete seminar on "Durability of exposed concrete containing secondary cementitious materials", Hirtshals, november 2001 and for publication in Nordic Concrete Research.
Proceedings 2001
31. TANG, Luping. Reply to the discussion by Carmen Andrade of the papers “Concentration dependence of diffuion and migration of chloride ions. Parts 1&2. Cement & Concrete Research, 30(8) 1331-1331, 2000.
2000
32. TANG, Luping, BAGER, Dirch, JACOBSEN, Stefan, KUKKO, Heikki, GUDMUNDSSON, Gisli. Evaluation of the modified slab test for resistance of concrete to internal frost damage. 2000. SP Report 2000:34. ISBN 91-7848-835-4.
Nordtest project
no 1485-00 2000
33. UTGENANNT, Peter. Field and laboratory testing of salt-frost resistance of concrete. XVII Symposium on Nordic Concrete Research. Reykjavik 4-6 August 1999.
Proceedings 1999
34. UTGENANNT, Peter. Salt-frost resistance of concrete in highway environment. 3rd Nordic research seminar on frost resistance of
building materials. Lund 31 August – 1 September 1999.
Proceedings 1999
35. TANG, Luping. Ionic migration and its relation to diffusion. International conference on ion and mass transport in cementbased materials. Toronto 4-5 October 1999.
Proceedings 1999
36. TANG, Luping. Detecting freeze/thaw cracking in concrete slabs by using ultrasonic pulse velocity methods. Proceedings of the 3rd Nordic
Research Seminar. Lund 31 August – 1 September 1999.
37. PETERSSON, Per-Erik. Some reflections on scaling resistance testing of concrete. Proceedings from the 16th BIBM International Congress
the Prefabrication on the eve of the third millennium, pp III53-III58, Venice, May, 1999.
Proceedings 1999
38. TANG, Luping. Measurement of chloride content in concrete with blended cement - an evaluation of repeatability and reproducibility of the commonly used test methods. 1998. SP Report 1998:27. ISBN 91-7848-733-1.
Nordtest project
no 1410-98 1998
39. TANG, Luping, SøRENSEN, Henrik, E. Evaluation of the rapid test methods for measuring the chloride diffusion coefficients of concrete. 1998. SP Report 1998:42. ISBN 91-7848-748-X.
Nordtest project
no 1388-98 1998
40. HASSANZADEH, Manouchehr. Determination of the fracture energy of concrete - a comparison of the three-point bend test on notched beam and the wedge-splitting test. 1998. SP Report 1998:09.
Nordtest project
no 1327-97 1998
41. PETERSSON, Per-Erik. Reflections on scaling resistance testing of concrete. Selected research studies from Scandinavia. Seminar in
Lund 26th
of November 1997. Report TVBM-3078, pp 114-129, Lund Institute of Technology, Division of Building Materials, 1997
Proceedings 1997
42. TANG, Luping. Chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete and relevant test methods - the state-of-the-art and suggestions for future work. 1997. SP Report 1997:23. ISBN 91-7848-624-6.
Nordtest project
no 1351-97 1997
43. TANG, Luping, BAGER, Dirch, JACOBSEN, Stefan, KUKKO, Heikki. Evaluation of the ultrasonic method for detecting the
freeze/thaw cracking in concrete. 1997. SP Report 1997:37. ISBN 91-7848-696-3.
Nordtest project
no 1321-97 1997
44. TANG, Luping. Chloride profiles in concrete treated with different
coating systems. SP AR 1997:32. 1997
45. PETERSSON, Per-Erik. Scaling resistance of concrete - field exposure tests. Proceedings, Frost resistance of building materials. Nordic seminar in Lund, April 16-17, 1996, report TVBM-3072, pp 11-38, Lund Institute of Technology, Division of Building Materials, 1996.
Proceedings 1996
46. PETERSSON, Per-Erik. Performance testing of the frost resistance of concrete. Proceedings from a seminar on marine concrete structures, pp 71-84, Cementa AB, Stockholm 1993.
Proceedings 1996
47. TANG, Luping, PETERSSON, Per-Erik. Methods for water-tightening of specimens used for the freeze-thaw scaling test - evaluation and suggestions. 1996. SP Report 1996:20. ISBN 91-7848-624-6.
Nordtest project
no 1268-96 1996
48. SCHOUENBORG, Björn. 5th Euroseminar on Microscopy applied to
building materials. Air and air void structures in concrete - general overview and picture atlas. Leuven, September 1995.
Proceedings 1995
49. ANDALEN, Anders, EWERTSON, Cathrine. Comparison of Nordic Methods for Determination of the Compressive Strength of High-strength Concrete. 1995. 41p. SP Report 1995:43. ISBN 91-7848-571-1.
Nordtest project
no 975-91 1995
50. ANDALEN, Anders, LUNDGREN, Monica. Round Robin Test on the Freeze-thaw Resistance of Precast Concrete Paving Blocks. 1995. 29p. SP Report 1995:56. ISBN 91-7848-583-5.
Nordtest project
