Child restraint systems - Psychological problems related to the use of rearward facing child seats

STATENS VAG- OCH TRAFIKINSTITUT National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute

CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

Psychological Problems Related to the Use of Rearward Facing Child Seats

by

Peter W Arnberg

REPORT No. 38 A

STATENS VAG- OCH TRAFIKINSTITUT

CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

Psychological Problems Related to the Use of Rearward Facing Child Seats

by

Peter W Arnberg

REPORT No. 38 A

STATENS VAG~ OCH TRAFIKINSTlTUT

NATlONAL SWEDlSH ROAD AND TRAFFIC RESEARCH lNSTlTUTE

Postal address: Dro ri ning Kristinas vag 25

5 1 14 28 STOCKHOLM Sweden

Telephone : Domestic: 08/98 04 50

International: 4468980450

CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS .

Psychological Problems Related To The Use ofRearward Facing Child Seats

by

N Pe rer W. Arnberg

Report No. 38 A

CHILD. RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

A Series of lnvesfiga rions To Promote Safer Transporra rion of Children.

Project Manager: Thomas Turbell

Technical Manager: - Thomas Tarbell

Behaviourial Manager: Peter W. Amberg

Road User and Vehicle Research Division Stockholm T974

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMEN rs

This report covers the second part of a series of investigations of child restraint systems. The proiect was initiated by the lnstitute in 1972 and has beensponsored

by the Transport Research Delegation . i I

The following parts of the prefect are completed and will be reported in l974: Frontal Impact Performance -- Report 36 A

Handling Perfonnance of Buckles and Harnesses on ' Child Seats - Report 37 A

Psychological Problems Related to the Use of Rearward Facing Child Seats - Report 38 A

The studies presented in this report were carried out under the directiOn of

Peter W. Arnberg .

The present report was taken from a larger Swedish report by P.W. Arnberg,

Y. Wearn, E. Dahlberg, Hansson, B. Magnusson and T. Turloell.

The Swedish report gives more detailed information concerning the results from the questionnaires, interviews and allocation of reanvard tacing child seats, and also

presents information which has a more limited international interest.

00 II . CONTENTS U1 Page

I

SUMMARY

I

3

THE PURPOSE OP THE STUDIES

3

4 ' STUDY1 ... THE QUESTIONNAIRE 4

4.I

PURPOSE

4

4.2

SUBJECTS

4

4.3

DISTRIBUTION AND COLLECTION

.

4

4.4

RESULTS

'

,

-

4

5

STUDY 2. THE INTERVIEW

'

'

6

5.I

PURPOSE

-

6

5.2

SUBJECTS

'

7

5.3

METHODS

"

>

> 7 '

5.4

RESULTS AND COMMENTS

,

'

8

5.4.1 Parenfs concem for safety 8

54-1 J

IbS. LP_P.<2.rISBSS_P. .S_S£PIz

8

.4.2 ' PI'OblemS parents encountered when transporting Children 'in cars 10

7.2 7.3

7.4

Porenfs" evoluofion of problems which children encounfered when using child seats

Sources of information about child seals

STUDY 3 - THE ALLOCATION OF REARWARD FACING

CHILD SEATS

PURPOSE

SUBJECTS

METHODS

RESULTS

Parenfs czHi rude-S towards the seats Children 5 comforf in The seals

Parent s problems in handling the seals IMPROVEMENTS DUE TO THE SEATS

DISCUSSION

METHODS

APPLICABILITY OF RESULTS TO OTHER GROUPS RESULTS

INDICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH REFERENCES Page I3 I4 I6 I6

16

'17

SUMMARY

The present report deals with the psychological problems related to the use of child

seats. It consists of the following three studies:

l) A general survey of the use ofchild seats, by means of a questionnaire distributed to HS parents with children in day nurseries in Stockholm 2) Interviews with 60 of the above parents for the purpose of assessing the

differences in using rearward facing seats, fam'ardefacing seats and having

no form of restraint system used when transporting children in cars 3) A study of the effects of reamard facing seats on the attitudes of

parents who had not experienced using these seats before

The resuits from all three studies showed that the problems parents encountered when

using reesward~facing child seats were not greater than tl aose experienced when using

forwari-«facing child seats or when not using seats at all. Nearly all the parents preferred the rearwardmfacing seats when given the opportunity to try them, even when their safety advantages were not teken into consideration. This preference, the fact that the present use of rearvvard~facing child seats seems satisfactory for both the

adults and the children who are using them, and the irrefutable results from collision

tests conducted at the National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute all

2 lN TROD UC Tl ON AND BACKGROUND

This report covers one pert of oseries of psychological and technical studies of child restraint systems which has been pursued ot the National Swedish Rood and Traffic Research lnstituteg The present study decals with the problems parents face when . transporting chilriren in'rcors, For example where in the cor to place the children, what

risks are involve-d to both child and ociult passengers alike, and whet can be clone

to reduce these risks.

According to the Notional Swedish Central Bureau of Statistics, about 2,700

children under six years ct ege were it thi GCl when troveiiirxg as cor eessengers in

szzr eciterx bet-weer: Wéé emf T973. 0*? cleiieirerti 8i (ii Cl. Umorturgetely, t;{1}

are no statistics concerning specifics oi tl sese iniuri deaths: whieh would

Utietul in estimating; the voriees risizzs iovolved sucha where in the { ts the chilslret.

I 0 c x!f. l,

7h «We I «r 1: ~' - 1- Ta 1-3 1 a; . «a, i - > '1 . *m pm <- r' ~ .- r6. :- ~ Wu" g 1 g 9;» v~ 0 \~'<w" s; my». - c1

were locate-2e or when types at? .rtgutses Were the W305? geyseveteratr Collegmenveiy l: mean

reeeerel t has been clone in this area's; espeeiolly whet : one considers the great tether a.

g. aegis «can» . - zv. . n ~rn° > t in!

n cmto as: their

. we; 3,. ';

of eeogaie Wig-{'3 tgmel wat

a .1 TH : w 3- J? C ( A' . ,.- , r a m a g a ,n' 5-! - ("' 2 f": 5'?» T A «'1 A 1n». v - . if , g Twat :w- e! n! o

At the Me Home eweezsh Centre on Esteem 32-2; eat)! Gm, rte: r3? r3; amen ewe: ed

"5 « 1 ? ~ ms m1-m «. er . ,. v .r a. a, .t (strum. T?!

ozgterent oesagn cleltceere or elnlcl restraint syetems m toe eemy lvéJ s. is": lC/cé,

es o result of this reseerch, the first prototype for (.3 child seet was Completed. ' This seat was designed to he places? in o reerwordntocing etirectiorz in the Front seat of o cor.

At present approximately TG§,OGQ reorwerel-«techs; seets hove been manufactured

(by Hylte, Klippen, and Volvo) and sotoi in Sweden. Since reorvrczrdwiocing child seats are used more treqaently in Sweden than elsewhere in the world, information about these seats can easily be collected in Sweden.

Turbell (W74) has compared the protection performance of forward-w and rearward

facing seats in frontal impacts. The results clearly show that rearward facing seats

Although reamed-«facing Child seats are safer, it has been suggested that they

may be so inconvenient or troublesome to the parents and children who use them, that people cannot be; expected to buy them. Since there have been no studies mode of the psychological or procticol factors which might-affect the use of rearwetciefocing seats, it is necessary to study whether or not they are in fact more difficult to use, and if so, if they are used or purchased less frequently because of these difficulties.

THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDEES

Although it is opgmrent (eee Turheli i974) that teetwerdmfeeihg seets ere superiw to other ty of seats in their preteetive queittiee, it is meet impatient to site y them

I? f I 3:. o a i: 1 - a - S. we» n g a 1} b }v {v a

unoer CQHQSHUFIS 0 meme , even/easy we. owe cehcems mg 1% e w let the

its ' L Z i 3 J: C (3%!" " Wm ? r v '7'": 'f . (1 " ' ¥ ' a. '

.. go, o outcsunt types o: rcstiemt systems me, i e o: LL. is comieiseeie m c:

child seet, one if he is more CG!§ ¥§QE ? E§3l it ? (:2 femfetrcimfocieg er :2 t eerworciwfmcieg

seat. Other? it'tipottent queetieras ere whether or net the ehiio beeemes cetwsieh in e

teem-terdmieeing seat, one how much trouhie the insteiietiee of such e seet ceuees.

6

I. 3, , io ,. , . ,.. ." . . V. f , . °w o A, my 1,, i F. _ s5 c, c , a l .- c to, ,;

emswers m- these questioiis we (is weighed es the techmcm (cheeses, one. the Purpose

g1" " \* L 9" " 1 . '- 3 1" - wwx u - a wnmr ¢1~ 2 3 m»! 14¢. u! may: - . '1 ?

ef i f ? pteaegit rel-(3cm: is to same 0: the piecucui (we {o bw ii is f

and iseues reietee to: th 2 use eno eeriemuse of. ehiici seats. This report will deei with the foilowing three studies:

Study 1: A questionnaire- distributed to parents cenceming the use of chiici seets end the general emblems connected with their use

Study 2: Interviews held with parents who used child seats and. with perents who did not use such seats

Study 3: Daily written observations by, as well es interviews with, parents to whom t=eorword~focing child seats bed been allocated. These parents had

either never used child seats before or were using forward facing types

4.1

4.2

AA

STUDY 1 - THE QUESTIONNAlRE

we-genera! puspege of the qu s onnaire was in survey he use of ch d sacks and

fha-pmbiems cum-sac;de wi rh their use.

SU3J EC TS

Parenm whc had their chihue in ones 0: seven cigy nurse es in The Si'crzczkhuh area ware saiecmd for the sf uciy, AH ne subieci g seiacfed whm e reguirg;'<:§" +2§éé'uaer in; mm (3 our 6:35"! f0 have access; to 0mm

DES'E EEIBL TEQN Agata CQLLECTsz

a V m " M WA . :2 pH». 4 ». i 3 aim»! b at; «Ma-£35 ~f Alv- Lm,

.-has: QLIuSJGm im; QiSJnJuht k Cumu- QQ @ui ju 5)! km. u?ng CH 5m: «:14; I Mm hcm

. 3 a 1 V} N ._ " V M, if» s ,,"',,_,ul M y} w r - - -- ~

Ermzi ywsm (/3 (/23) uf ner 'E If) $525132: mmbugeu were: cumu§eéac§ and xe um ecé

3- x 3. A x f . .. L . 1.,n mum! Q L . m ,5 .55, I: 0 MP . " . v.3 37,. M J .g ,J

7536 .%i3::.»U!w Trim! um} foi ti szl gzzsx lnifgii $a£{,; ~NL~.;-iiz um: J? /O 1??? rim: S éi éig . UEQMUZ {9: but;

mm),-suma type a? ch d seam.

Tubie I . The disi bu m (3 ? £192: gubgegfs ru pauses to 'E' - ze quesi'ion "Dc: you use (:3 chiéc scram, and if SQ, Mum type {£0 yuu US$22? Number' 0?

subiecfs = 86.

Number of

subiecfs subiecfsPer cent of

Reurwardwfaci g saw . 13 15

Forward-Facing sem- 7 8

Have previously used secf 29 A 34

[Mend to use :3er . 7 '8

Regarding flue price fhm the subiecfs were willing f0 pay for a child seat, more them one: {curl-l1 (29%) were willing to my 200 Skr (abstai- 5 50.00) 0r more, bur cz majority was; only willing f0 pay between lOO and 200 Skr for a child seat

(see Table 2) . The cast of ream'ardwlatcing swig usually Falls within this. ramge. There

were r20 Signl canl diffrsrerzce s berweanfhe gmupg shown in Table 1 regarding flue Gmsunl willan lo be paid far a ream*cer'd-fczclng seal".

Tablgz 2 Percentage:- Czl ulgiaclz ; lilac.) ware willlr zg l0 pay'mam Than . . . Skr for c: raarwrgrclmf glng child 35ml . Number of subiecls = 80.

Ski" , Per can? cs?

O 100

50 - 9l

130 «- ' _ 73

200 w 29

4530 m l2

Tlm I wara alga alzj srlariecl ezb ui lhalr drlvlrgol {rams-zinc. and lmw Gli en fheI u: : y

Gl lllcéren vmre lrczrzsggorlerz Era llie (Zill é. The W l iei ll ) of the: pareme (54 %) r mrf acl

-l -l K i-l they drove befween -l0,00G and 30,069 km (6,090 and 38,G00 mi-les») per yeah

Half cl: flue sul ecis (51 0/E::) frampmmezl lhelr cl lclrem in fhe car ell-her every clay or every Ol l lé l clay.

Table 3. Percenfage 0F subfecls lransporl lng l lwelr children in fhe car Cil flue Fallowing frequencies

Per cem of subjecfs

Every day 43

Every ofher day

Once weekly 2'l

lrregularly 26

No answer 2

01

SJ

6. Another purpnse of the questionnaire was to determine what problems the parents

- had or have had when using child seats and whytim seats were m longer used if

this was the cage . The mrentss were divided into groans of wrents whousedmnve usnd, or when» never have urged: child senta. OF the parants using childseats there were very Few who repntteci pmbiems, but tine most freséguently menticned ones were relate-c2" t0 the child S being ton lively, especiaiiy (luring long trim, and to the ingtallntion and. adiustment of the seat. In the gran?) which had'used child Sea cm, the:

most frequnntiy repnrtad rezéezrsnn fnr merging m use (:1 gent (<53 0/o) visas that the Child had

outgmwn the seat Fifteen percent stateci that the: Chile} refused m sit in the 5am. Of the parents when never land used child sauna, ti": -; rmmng mast ireaqunntiy given were: that the sent was téc nxpan ive! the child wars mare: aomlortnble baing unrestrained in the back seat, the parents iust never bathered to purchase a seat,

or the child was now too big to use c2 child S- é l .

STUDY 2» THE W TERVIEW, I

PLiiii OSE

a 4 r. e g Q n 1 1 l I} H .- Pig - _ q y6£0 I A V 4 V ling: ifiié WQQWb l s:ng two purpnses, one gnnu l and émeHEC. Tire genwczl gsuzspme

wars in emarnina iii-E: whales: 6i: trnngnarting czi zilazxréa-n in $.25:er which inciucinri tine

rigiz; invclverl tn the child, the disturbance- aimsed it? tire driver, and the inmnvenienge

gnarl/or bang-fits derived from using or nnt waing a child: gent. The spegific purgmse was; its examine mare slowly the: grsychnlngicnl (ind practical problems; attribute l to

rearward-watercing child waists, such as carnsidaznass and difficulty in installation, in 0?de to ascertain whether or not these problems were actually experienced and, if so, how significant they were.

Also included is a survey where the parents in the three groups obtained informationof about child seats (from friends, radio, TV, newspapers, etc

5.2

5.3

SUBJECTS

O I i O D C C Q I 1

Sixty porente, who answered the questionnoire m Study 1, were mtervrewed. They were divided intothe Foiiowing three groups:

' i . Porents who neither usednor hod usedchiid seats ~ 23 persons

2. Parents who used or hoci ugeci towardwteoing child seets - i ? persons 3. Perents who used or heat used reorwerdetocing chiici seats - 18 persons

METHODS

There were two versionzs of the interview guieie, one for gerer ats who used or had creed chiici SEQiS; either totweroie or reorwerciwtoeing, one one for parents who neither used ner hoci ueeoi ohiio Both in terview guides coesieted of or series of structured

queetione which eerved es on oici to the interviewer. Aithough the two versions of the interview guide covered the some moterioi , the questions were sometimes forhwioted

2w :5 - .. cu . is , I» f u .t s...) .3 MM . i H t . A

eriiexesraz)l. For exxezirrgie, the suegects who used Curio eeote were osaiqed Whether or E Pa ' a 5.. "1 air" .D ,4 . ' ~ "' t ' - I" 7 ¢"3 'Q"

net}t rrehrc head hori orgy hearth-g::1 tries: onozee of o eeot, weereoe the eubgeete

who ciici not we child gems-were miter}? whether or not trei iiic sotety heat been (:2 teeter when they hoot coneideree buying; (2 seet. This difference in terrnuiotioh was mointoieeci throughout the interviews. H: the Question poeeci wee pertinent oniy to those who used chiici seots, the question was eitt ier omitted or rephrased to reoo i'Wt you were to use seet to the group not using ohiid seats. Any exceptions; to this genera! proceo ure

J wiii be designoted. '

Due to the difference. in the Fomiuiotion of the questiong, no tests of independence were mode between the grouges using chiidseots and the group not using them, except in

one cose (see Tobie 7). Tests of independence were mode oniy between the two group-s

using child seots. These tests have been mode with o chi-msquore test (Ferguson i959) , A differences which are significant at the 5 % 'ievei or tower are marked With on x in front of the question.

Eoch interview iosted from one to three hours and was tape-recorded.

1)

due to o lock of time or o iock of concern with the problem, e..g . their child was

now too big for o seot, they no ionger owned a cor, or they did not drive with

5.4 RESULTS AND COMMENTS

Results from four areas. covered in the interviews will follow: l . Parents concern for safety

2. Problems parents encountered when transpor ng children in cars

3. Parenfs" evaluation of problems which children encountered when using child seals. 4. Sources of information about child seats

Eqrgnfs' conqem far safety

«5e impcr ance all: safelz

All of {he is were lrrtez'agi'ed lh i'he cl xllclmm s Siiféfy bu? In ma y cases lth

n0? fake an)! mézgmures f0 enssz i his safely". This was mas? Qpparenl in i he group <35

mater-:33 whs: (733d her we cl in , th USUCéll) repmfecl eli her i hm i hey had fuss?

I

have? li l é ' fll m pumhma c: chili m" flag}? l hey did hm cengide? the chllcl t; sc jei y to be cm acme enaugh px eblem m wmrcmi' purchasingma,

Table 4;:

Questions

9. The subjects" estimations of the risk involved in having a child . unrestrained in the back seat of the car, the in uence of the safety

factor on theipurchase of a child seat, and the protective value of the child seat.

°/o of "yes"-answers

Not using

child seat facing child seatUsing forward~ Using rearward-facing child seat

1)

x _{Do you feel that there IS a}' . _9i

large risk in having a child unrestrained in the back

seat?

x Did the safety of the 22 child influence your

choice. of a child seat? (or: Was the safety of the child a factor when you considered buying a child seat?)

Do you feel that the child it seat which you use is V

protective to the chiid '

during an accident? 58 2'1 26 89 TOO 100 Number of subiects 23

.* Not asked to subiects in this group

l9 l8

Most of the subiects felt that transporting children in cars was'a risk, and, therefore, they hesitated to do this. Many parents felt that one of the problems was that the child did not understand the risk involved and thus, the entire responsibility was placed on the parents. The group of subiects with forwardmfacing child seats felt less frequently than the other groups interviewed that there was a risk involved in

having the child unrestrained in the backseat (see Table 4i) . This may be related to

the fairly low percentage of parents in this group who considered the sofety aspects when buying a child seat (2i %) or when estimating the protective value of their

seat (26 %) (see Table 4) . Many of the parents in the group using forward-"facing

5.4.2

10.

seats stated that they had bought the seat impulsively because it was inexpensive,

because maintaining the child in the Car had become an acute problem, or because a

retailer had canvinced them to-buy the seat. 1 The group using rearward-facing seats

were highly aware of the child's safety both when choosing and using a seat.

Problems parents encountered when transporting children in cars

' The problems parents. encountered can be divided into two groups, one pertaining to problems affecting their general well-being as drivers, 8.9. the distrubance caused to them when transporting children, and the other pertaining to the practiCOl problems

which they faced when using a child seat, such as the installation of the seat, the

inconvenience which might be caused by having a seat in the car, the problem

of the child reaching the gear-lever (this is probably only valid in small cars with ' ' manual, floor-mounted gear-levers) .

Table _ Subiects' estimations of disturbanCe caused to them when transporting

children in cars

-% of "yes"-answers . I

Not Using Using forward- Using rearward

Questions child seat facing child seat facing chiid seat

Is it somewhat disturbing to

70

' 6.3

73

have a child-in the car, while you are driving?

Is the child too lively 39 it i

*-for a seat?

x Was the liveliness of the

as

79

50

child the reason for the

-purchase of a seat?

Numberofvsubiefcts ' 23 . ~ l9 1'8

5;4¢2.}

- 14155 is. Q

1L.

ma a : w. h a s- r. new -» w" 4», «a? 2 . ., n " L, ,J '7 - - ,5. . ,, , a

mam _{a ma f ygsa i ef} Q. 33T5f 3 §m5 daahngumsau cmicxng} Me: g33 2f eani *sr One {Eti z iuc a was;}

, ,M ,,.V : . 5.3- k M a *

Mgrmmwe, eairamisng mm cziémngg féze cmic m be {ix/$5}! m #2:; car and m Qi hw was mam rear-sfrici'ivea, Emk rzgg rm? i'im chEId ixgz fm n st? in ve: car. mam differm

. ' .1. ., .R', ' 4 , m . ' , " 1 I c

a zfmmg ngghi Ema: 1m guemtazi £253: paremg f QEézrcmaze f3; c§;%'§ 3é"enf f ygir g an? behm'mmr

" 1 ; WW . g V 5 _.\J . - .., m .0 ; L .3 \° .' . ., r, - . V t »

m if»; Wm v fhi h :mgni have (gnawecg meg gig-mama a? wlémhtsr 0r mm m USE: (:2 .ch d

.z: , u A . J f , j» u N, V k i 0 I a . I '

A high; eves: 0m; Mix; (39 %) _{iiéa gamma: m: fha gram: rm? using chm sea-{ifs fad ? mm}

Hmé r czh'ii c was ma Hvaiy far <2 55::353'"; wl'xiiée: 79 % 0? 1416: gamma using {70wmrémf52c2m9

k w s» a w ; ., « I. 1 NM . ,.* J 9' . 9 . ; A _,... , . . _

imaggazi a}; Sum e:5;3az<.::qz§§y baw um xes}: (Link: wag. mg hveéy k; mmmga m mas: my".é.

(we: raging-'13: g OM); 5351} % C3?" 1m; ggzmee s uggmg mamwm wfmcmg semis pm chmsm c: E Né fg qrig 5 6; f fig/*4}: 'r R oi .l c lemaggs 1g : -' m i 1" -h afar-V fie'a ' -- , A 1~£=

-«a 0 mm; cm a .3- ix» hams, sugggx mg i m 0mm: Mums, $Uw (2;; 1 16: mew

factwf rrsighi héw s imam mere:- ig'zzg mmm m #135: paremfs in H135 gmup fhcm fez: {hose 3n me

gmup wing; mad {arwcxrcim scézcirzg czhiid seams.

If QQQEECEFS mm 0: fE"" sr®e groupg of pare-Ms find if somewhm dismrbing f0 fransporf

ch ik e m in cars, whe mr or my ? (thud gems ems: used.

Insi aHméQn 0? child gems

Man): of the {Daren-1's. p refermd f0 iemve the chiid Seat in the cm pemar aniiy far conwmiémce sake and this is referred to 253 "permanent" Ensi é fmion . Althcugh same: of the : swig do requira c f ixcs cm it) ne cm far um, this is gm ordénary requirement of their. Ensmliai icm cum! daes no? mean fhm i hey cmmoi' r gn'mved from ne car if

rec} .

Many :35 me pamms wem misir ag med about we subfegf cm the}:- insmlla gn of child

seats, and campigina i hcxf infemmion about this was fao Hmifed. Some parenfs Waugh? fhm rm és'zsf'sizchi'Em : had #0 be pez rrsanenf and were cancm ad fhm i hEs; migé causze

incam a ience it; fizamgegves as we as m oiher passengem in The cars; thers did no?

wcmi? K: have fhe lees in fhe Ham <3? the car reqvired Farr ihe Ensmilcz on on? some 0?

i2. Egbfe ( g.m' n<*mn.w it m'zrsiMi'iam 0f dimes? 342cm {ind in ccx's wemiancza {magmd by if

A?) of "}Ie$'§~cm$ws§ar

N 1:: E L122? n Ugi mg fmiwe NEW US? rag r rnggrd ...

cirgi g mm Facing; c:§-:§E~:§ magi - f-*§airsg shift!

x g . "

Dc: yam i wguzre fiém mm to 9&3 l4 28

b8 @ZES)! m Emf rx '

Aye yea; wiffing fat} hm'e: ve: 28 35 47 '

gem permm xem iy imic ied? '

Do you think mm H is _ 26 '3? %

digit":th if: pui i he Chii d. in

and remave if og- n m seat?

58 - 50 '

24¢

ls. if dSF cuEf :0 pm fhe

child-in We saw?

ls if difficult f0 mmové fhe 4%- 42 . 33

child {mm fhe Seam?

Numb :2? 0 ? subiecm 23 u 19 ' 18

-3% Na}? (iskad m subi cm in this: gmup

Nearly a fhe parenfa m fhe grcup wlw did n0? use: chiéd gems required We insmiimmm

1'0 be saggy; M25353 ns: mmnfs ugi g : a rwas émfmging chfid gesng were the legs? cmmemeci wifh H sis requimrrzam (ma T zbges é) g A large? number of gamma; In the gmup using reamiazrcimfcscing ché {c}? was were wi ing i0 have the 5m? pen mnen y Erwsmned.

Ancfhar probgem whid a cancemw reci 151:3: parem's was; fhe diff ? CUH) of pu img the: child

in and remmving H" {mm fhe secs? WEE- r normal candifians (see: Tabie 6). For inferrz tzzxiéom absuf exfricaz ng chik mn From child gems under simulczfed darkaess conc cms, sea :

Amberg (? 9743 ) .

13.

L. u p. , - :é : I} \ av»

:36??? GE}! HQ am hi 3&4:memm» 4.

:2 .x a ., N. rm, ,. Ly}. ,._ om, M, ,. . g, m: .n

{ itium éiw as uCi-th Qbmzm WHEQH uhliéiza a ! muggié é ééu W

athe: cuma 5n pm Jaw-.1 ; sz iim emu; :2; m Em mam :mpmicmce amaze, nu ma m Imw as.sz mg.. "an ,Qfm 9g -' m C 42" s ,, q,- n 0 m 4,, a, . ,g A A A. 5,, . pr w, \

--~: g :v. §r '3": . : , o ws «a « ~r~ ' 7 vv » a m w ~ - a

seam may i213, may m Vasgij i r 3.9., lmy Waugh m sganmuse or ln lg fbp fi UZSéZi , sf

M

1.5, I _.3\.,...,QMLW_ _. ,h mam , rmh E kw... aw. 23.6w. "2: , E fmhw ow, ., f. A H. ,y g .13 .5! m.

hat; Citrmit iCh) tamed}! guijijséi w {Mug Hui C 1%! C39 W thy QUQEEQEHS Visage 33gi f§ g ii} CE tf'lf'cgi- t

V!

gmqu 9;" gwaamgmh regvixmamg mu upmmns 0f \NF'EQ E f 15:3 pmbmma Wé i é Fez uh dren (3nd:

haw we-EE fixi ngei S were imaméim ,

Tabge 7* F . Farm " x é é f m g 0? ENQEBMmE; whédx chiidrm : enczmmi'emd Wham using;

chi M 9 "My . N»...am... % m "yes"-<:m$vmrs N13? using Chile: 3%? NQW Wi 1%: sea-2m k

Using forwar'cz w Using mmwarém

Facing d fé sew f cé rzg cth 36:52:" QUe-s ms Grcmps: 7 2 3 he chiid have» 9? 3O 58 4-4 OZ C32 78 39 53 78 Is; i g if d .§d (31956: in play f giiy? ls; 1m": (3} 3Hd abie if.) 10?} 48 89 56

[Gag-z; GU? ié mugh the

w? Hakim eats 21? I y ?

[306:3 the chiid ever 12 26 10 13

becoma carmsick?

Is The chiésé abia it: I 3% 48 63 72

sleep emily? ch'iicz eczsé iy?

Do GU fee! i hm QU have_{Y >} 70 56 - 53 _. 89

9003f Canine ? With ie ch d :

Do you feel fhm the chifd 96 65 89 78

is genera )! cornforfabie "

most of the rms?

oz _{Ccm yG-U nwnaqa : i he 4 3}7 ₉₁ ~ _{63 89}

Number sz..rbfecfs 23' 23 '19 18

'1) Two di arences have: baen tests-2d by (shimgqussre cc cuk icn a

1 . T113 ogz-Enign of parems w mm cs see-m regarding the diffmences bmween the prawn?

simezz on i ld {he fmfan a! Sifuafion 0F fheir using cth gems_(Gmu§§s ? cmd 2) . if i ? r§5

c fFerenae is skgs mgnf, 'xee: $§g§n "0 cm: be in "®§ °si of H- tacguesa an. 2. The ( f farenca bai waet': ihe f hz'ee groups; a}? winged-s (Groups 1,3,..cmd 4) . if

4 n a 0

r nrnnra EQ qfr irn rnnf Hum man "7" ( mm hm qmmn I m Frnr ( VF Haas rangmfenn

5.4.4

3 t g h E? kg 599; i {*3 g 9 I :7 4",; { r-ng EN»; A «aria : gwé wrx 9 6,3355? '0 6:6"; y sQa 3F {d i 37 ~ , .. 53.

it 3 26 f Mia-2H1 :31, v EL» nghé f. a r Hex t-Eiihjzj t}; Ettaihh (:43!) a «w w ia li éi i4 V35»; 1 " £1 !'*.g§%:;.z: 3.39

'3 a 'b I L8H: 45%»: u. v a p. n ' t m t , A x Y~ -*t :ymrk-z *' l!\ as! , Lg:- " 4 x N r g g .u a :4 g" 3 i

m m2: mats: may mm: was 5mm x 22m ; ) in W {cm : a): 3.24% mmg c! gm :iz

E? u, 5 5 - {in .. 9.51. . LE . 31 .. m E . \ LL ; ,9.

( 555 i 6* 5:. cw 2: r *m: mfg, in: 2 i2:L3- L§r§£}§3 ms: 2:2)! armasgém s m Ufi fig am

r5535 ? if g ! N, If. WWW-51 N ' Af rgtj f ,5 v.3 63: m g éw é (a x , .w r. . ff?! , ag ! ! pi? $.94? 54 ? é,

gwné ka hm Ama; .Jé lagra (astiiwh s; Hui: H"! {J méati sncc if: " g; Riga-99%» £253 Lagging} «w ELLE gagm 1:341:

3' _Mbs3: _{EA : .5. x': 23mg; Mus m; wamiuwa mm 262 NE (L4}mil- xi m5 vrs'w Ver {' a I wry-m ;g sm =§** ég~E a" " "- kg:_{h EC:}E ( f'f f_{_, Vs:-}M 96 _glzsiisuintszv ki: 4» _{5i; Q...,:; .y(:£_»§ H..- m}N «WM :": v """* ~ ? m 3L» I i m 5 mung «m N! 7 9",

an.- i ; 2 27: Q; {N £ La: E at}: i

. "c

R: wt'

F§\VW." ti 9». 5» ru- k g. e 9 9 ~ w. - v «H '. r, w; w, Kym g [5, A . 31 PM : If $5 x}? his E Vi ; s i $5155" 5,}: 2m: HE S \ v

v 1 :p a 06 3 V 1 4 S I" ' I! R N17 E MFm .. " "< LI - ' 1 54 gr:v 4 '0: u- i 5 f 1- a (an . ;. p, . , :

éiif éi CI: it if Wag awe): Efsfs v ty 323: {$5} @KCUi yé b FCZ-inéfi E 33 s f QUEH }! {ibwuii {£011 3 ti I; '3: " *z' c ff W3? "3 t v - P «2 :3 W; A - v '1 5 ~ ~r ' a hall. _ . 0 w . n, v t "A: m :1 C ie Inf ; CHM-ix: f Uz h if}; H32 {EH13 f i fi i f fa EUé é 5:19" {C}? SU Bt i E VESdSE ?

rt 1" "E W" - '3'"? f j H? kg x-grr FEE 4 5 ; '° ¢ Ef gé" t ~ *g 5 : E a { 3 *- {*fm 6" a; * a w .m .< m x; 5» yxmimu

13? mum in méws \w- Héi 5225;! Q SE £5 w ghmtpxzxé 123 M; M33: A3? M! {£12. ji gx} Laying F :,s§x\wnikéw a 1 I w; kg»: m wn F f: P v 3 " 7' av - - - as" xu, rug *- w a 7 .~ , s 5. Ar 0. 5.! a. ..» M, A

~ _ \ivmxé mmmgg mm? Egmxégg cm? in: L552: {he War;de wage: gagged m {m

, gr" .«;§«- 6 I In}; . 1 P » u, g x} g»: ff . 23 gm 5 1 iii: .r-< « ~ . glrn. C r: a: v m -__r_~ a,» (a. - m. w 3-:

m" we mum m u. rmvmigwmgmg gage ng ., The pmbé rm C22 ee maamaswm v»! 2.3 memwm:

3 I "' *" g " R z " -I ' " 2 3' 4" '3 1 (~ " ,« a - ».-!L' a a I - Y «a O IN - an «

«*-0235 1: LA- (1:5 smais mum 3w GT gamma. Hm (was: ma a: Wm m chifd Emmi (:3 3.2:?20ua haikzi mI

.,.Q a w, ,e ,r a. . . u,1 3x - t n " -V a. w .3 c . ,3. £33,. (a, at, .. A. Jar! A .V-'4 . aE w. , . u. v- 4 maw

vrg b iwéémén xi :s iazmu fiimiiza giiigci hum 55:59 iwcgsm mam 3mg; wk: 5:: mamr; a {05%de

1::sz g m whife rfc ng unm i mi aée

Sc:wa:e3 0'? infm §*rzsmim ashram ChEEd; ma a

Tabkzs- 8.

£3

I vA y Q? the: {Ememg imewie xéd gimme! that? the lack 0F Emammim x :2:me (:th

c255 WEE (2 23; g mm! CHM Siéf f }! had {:2 pwabiam {m i ham, and they affa used WEE; $333; magma {a}: :20? he:in Emuashf a CMM mm. I m/azimv Si} asse im m wem made ;v? I \J

rm!<i:*eg gush Emfm rna we mare czvaEEcgbhzz, e.g. in gzsaamghéam, fag-rid ma a

pmgmmmes, :wararsgmpem, (233$ f day nurwrias.

Subfeacsfs egfima a a of their mamas of if ? fm i i n m§muf chiid seams % 0f "yes"-amwers

U3? ng {* c swm rd L532 ag ma: WM raz§~

Naif ugimg I

fwcing child 35m? F625

ch? Sci seam Qumf éam Whizzg'éa (3:26} yGu

963:? yaw irafsrnacniczz'z abauf chéid mam? g Eng chi 5c} k N g baws mm" Friam s 57 32 72 Rczdic a TV 17 32 50 N r32 52 37 67 23 19* 18 {\éazm tpw m

«ar m mr fad-m, mf shawn Era T bgé 8, wE cg i same 0%: i ha parems Ra migé si have Er uanca iim-m, were: the: {angsarienge Mather peacxgzeie, T341???) wane: percent c}? the {wreak infewieawd Er: fhe group n0? us r- sg-ch ld seem smi ed fth other peopie had not

I iiiezecx using chihté 36mg (Li-Fifi fhc i h is [mag affected fham . in ne gmug; main-3 forwardw fam g ahEké , 47 0/0 Si i cg mf {heir neighbmum Grad Friémcis; imd uged seam, campmed wii i": 78 % 0 c H353: group using rearward-«afacirzg3 emfs. Whas": f'ne subjects were (Eggmd whmhez or rim their awn ea exgrserience in using c: chiid gem, regardiegfs 0f fhe rag i ad exgmriances of wharf peg e or of information Oig i'uined from fhe media, had prammed fham 30 buy ('3 :2th $55in oniy {bur parents in Thar: group usi g forward zccgcing ch é seams cam} MC) in the group using rearward-«Facing child seats $de nes? i his

had bae fhe mm. This i r'ngzrgied fhm most of the infan na on Eri uencing Hmdedsion it: buy :3 child was chiming-d fhmugh oufside sources of infommicn.

The interviews gave fhe impression that (1 H16 parent's. Were aware of fhe existence:

6 6st

692

M.

S Z} Y - Tisi a hi C): A Ti Cris? C}? iiEAlE s Ai-{ i"l fsé s j NC} Ciriir in k: S ELSA 13

,1 -_{1e ti éiii it m inetecstewiescthg eltiie is, by the}.° . .A ml: s. .. a. u, ., ,3 .c . .» ' l' as, .... . ,.

i»

5.1.. ,l 3 .i_{RUQ F not "w- Jib QAHECZHT ! JCT \ Viht i}A - NM. J . .p l 594.}. .L

(Best? {.5 ii,» an; .m i ~ f nfj t r J E a t 2 e to " ts ~er ° l ~ c i

,_a. E lei-2 anti c: seam}; A} Ad's-ma Cr: :53 mai- £ in» @6302; ..;i {.41 'stfl TJ Tit", L} kiwi {k ié W 1 ix} (iii Tijel TREK;

h-s" "5-3 '1 rave. \c r Vt : T29"! v I «at. . w '- ~ ~ . cg 1 As- -'«* a T 3 .Ac w

hard he fzh jeaifs Cvf in using cmtd seats or whe were using; as teiwetemfeemg type of

T 1 "u, x mm .. j»; 4 .~ t z. 2.. .,,.~ 3.1 "-3:- - w 4;: . " - 1"" " A ' 5 ." '

cmrd The fmrgs se of tee eimcetion tu study the effects ei" reserwerdml ecmg chiid ts en the attitudes ei eerents who heel experienced using the seats For one month . The parents were eitewed to keep tl te seats after the trio! eeried, which 02 ! fer the possibiiity of tellowmue studies.

SUBJEC TS

Sixteen parents who had been intewiewed in Study 2 participoted in the study.

Half of them used the "Klippen" seat and half used the "Volvo" seat. METHODS

The parents were requested to keep a diary, which involved filling in identical forms

containing both structured and open questions concerning:

1. The parents'attitudes towards the seats 2. The children 's cornFOrt in the seats

The parents problems in handling the installations, harnesses, and buckles of

the seats ,

The diary was kept during the first month the seat was used, when both theparents and the children s adiustment to it was assumed to be the most critical. An inter-View was held with the parents after they had used the seat for approximately one month in which the information collected from the diary was the main basis for discussion . The parents were interviewed by the some persons who had interviewed them in Study 2.

6.4

Berere exgoemenomg toe l r g l lmiuCtHg seote, hell" of the porente head shewn or

peeitive (t ii l tode tewerde the-tn end half (:2 negative one, according to informetion from the earlier interviewe. After using them, nearly ell the parents (l4 out of lo) were

. .. l . .

peeitzve tewerds them. ) Fifteen parents sponteneouely merztzehed that il t i }! hod hod good conteet with the Child while driving. All tl'ze sebieots were oiole to travel olone

v ?_{.i r: mm: , Mutenwds espeom a) go. we or some 0 he pawns in ms group met}3 ML kl, ff. in 1. gs? I i P'f A (.5, - Ff! '3 . .2", t , e A

using child seets, who had never meeeged this before. Most of the porter- r. stated that having children in the our was less disturbing when they were in seats, did-tough it

el-woys somewhat disturbing having children in cor whether or not they were restroined .

Children s comfort in the sec-its

Most of the children seemed to like the seats according to the parents, but nearly

all the pet-rents (ll out of lo) stated that the child had been irritated at least

once by seme aspect of the seat, and l3 parents stoted that the child had complained at least once when put in the seat. The reasons for these difficulties were not GlWCtyS clear, but in many cases they were caused by the harness or shoulder straps rubbing against the child. Nearly all the parents (l4) stated that the children could sleep in the seats, but seven parents mentioned that the child s heed fell forward when it slept and suggested that some method of varying the indiinotion of the child seat be designed. Nine parents felt that the child could easily look out through the windew during a drive, but most of these parents also felt that thiswos not a moior problem

since the. child was busy playing, eating, talking, or sleeping most of the time.

i_{) Of the two parents who were negative towards the seats at the end of the test,}. . ' . one had forced the child to sit in the sect end the child become resistant, and the other had had difficulty with the installation.

6.5

Table 9.

i8,

i ., . " , l I . .V . '

Meat (All: the harem-3 feltihet uid was; cemimmble m the Seat} except fer twe

1)

Whe Sl'i tl if i l that them: W533 net ez'ievgl i lEirgm mtt Ti i er the chilai All tl ze {Events clczia'nec:

that they had, ham? gamut genteet with the chilcl, and TS patients felt that they couici

.C

,,,° M . -3. .,, L ' .l i- .. ' . . , . ° . .. . . . \

emsly Stig i' tvm ne cmle mad that this we; the rim! pagitwe exttnbute an the ream/male

Fecmgg mates Name el me PCIH E- lis cemylmneal that the elétliiezs were Cat'm tcli when

Pmenta" emhlemg in l lCtt'iCllit'iQ the

Six out at the eight parents whe wee? the "Kligsgwn" seat were able t e baf e the l iOlE S in the Fleet of the cast! that are negeiawiy for the installatieh. Many of the {amen ts

(ll eut of l6) cemplei ed ebaut the inatelletien eveh if they had managed it Well .

Thirteet i parents complained that it was difficult to put the child in and remeve it {mm the seat clue tea the harness constructiOh and that adjusting the sheulcler straps was else difficult.

Only time parent had difficulty Witt"; the buckles. IMPROVEMENTS DUE TO THE SEATS

The seats were pagitively accepted and were uaed regularly by the parents. Table 9

shows that the parents felt c: definite improvement of conclitiehs ih several areas when

ti angporting their children in the cargtter using rearwardetecing child seats.

Percentage of subiects who'cohsidered that improvements heal been made

due to the seats in the Following areas.

Areas at improvement % "yes"- answers

Comfort of the child 85%

Comfort of the adult 94 %

Supervision of the child lOO %

Contact with the child lOO %

Number of subiects '-= l6.

7.7

W. w: M... _. ,3 v .. M . «.3 ° .. .k . .M

- mats; C33 cmuggmuu watt: taxwmctm mmg civict great-5; an

C 5.5- 2,, .5 J m mtww ;. ,m 13 ? a. t ,. , ' t

-: titf'éim; SixUéttuss attijggut aim: giggzmmazi Um: Qt" saus viicwtthizmmg ( timid

o g I t e

w: tn itavn tg c: (timid Uh

Q..

.

-.»_4 : «Ger-3; .m. . .3 9 ~ , 4 L .~.. fa}? J r. ,1, 7 . ' . {sf ,. (1.. . '

ragtxmgma m c: etc.er hummuer has, been czmwmted tram C2 YQE' 2 . E<;3t't't Siif t ti'fsii} at

Wm: chicken m my uranium m the SiOCiaiWQm t were: ttmwgh the um (at questimmcézms,

5 "*r mtf .- '~ a" v?» ~ "'0 2 - \

mtg. View stud (2111:8935. Time dzmusmen wit! cosmst of ii té} taiiowmg {mgr parts:

5. -, a , l itt 3 A . \ j

M xgspticctbiiity Qt titer remit-s; ti) Other groupie

Q" ! Emmi t 1 3 vv N. .. »

indicatith tar further reward":

g

METHODS

The tygm 0F itiFG: 1tt-::tt*i<::rt caiiected in this mutt)! wauiczt have: been ctitticuit to obtain. thrmgh experimm ttai met'hod . One pmbiam encounteréct in the rt zethed Qt coiiectitzg

data (questiom iwas, interviews; , and oficgries) was the dit cutty of coding the date:

cscwmteiy. This; was cantmiied to some extent by taping the: interviews, which Gitzwred tt m t0 be TGVEGE- - Etd by mom that: one patmn . At mther ptqthimn cancarrzec} the vaiia

at this: data Fran": the interviews due to the in uence which ttia interviewer, hOWQVGr

inadvertentiy, mith have on the subiects (imam genemi, due to the nature of the. matericzi which in some cases might have been t t i ve fair the subiectg. It is dammed that the: informcztim : coiiecteu gives cs Fairly accurate picture of the subiects opinim ag,

for the: taiiowing wagons; i) the interview [Gated tram one to three heurs, aiiowing

for a rapport between interviewer and subfect to be established, 2) the subiects camidered the: study to be very important, not oniy For themselves and their childmn,

but 0.5210 tor the welfare of children in generai, and 3) most of the material coiiected was of c1 rather conctete nature, 6.9. the instailation Of a child. seat or'carwsiqkness, (and

there was no reason to believe that parents would feel uncomfortable about discussi g such topics .

7,2

m

AttttUC -Eet it t t C}? t, O C} 'tttiiiii

E3512-'9

1' ? " v we 5 . ~ wrw r;"- -« - , 1 M32 '* 'v fat 2*" r ' 9 Q Hi I « ~ I" W. In- euogn n a t V M w :- r - ~

ttmtafwtty I, . it téi: Chitcmst ug drawn um mat); Gittpgiifimg t6) tha Mn ttng tt gamut} atI

parat tts W t tQ {tatsrt tctmttgct tit that Stuctyf bu t there Es m t E Ot t tar; hatieve tth the type:

, A '3 Jr :

.-m gawk-.-ms W Hath tms may?) thrtsgtaattmxtf gust :'2» WW .;. ' V 31,; ?the: Vheld .3 ctggcmtntett whttex» m .

a a i s ' 3 . 'a L . h" n .5 , «My

Vttcft ittt y With the tttgmitmtmh, ts; wastage. tt'zfé r

qw-w r x_,1 W 4t3m m_m. C "5 ~9:4 0 . Ft. ) _0.. s; t 5299? rag f (:52tast :3;

St? ff» LL; x. IA-E . "My E "1 {AW'E . an x! ~ h a, ! r-n . c- «*1».

Cat-ACUSS-iw f 2t: e..,ta,,tOt'0, O {JGFWE S: in genwth a, Ch C.)ng {han CQHCVUéEU Q Chi.»

._ V V ' f2, m. I," a; h. , T . , j H ; ..\ H. m . ,' W. V , , ,3,

haggard mt H ttuttt t ttt tt euthac tsssd {mm 9:; gftti tv-iftg gammy at {3 tretttgv

The cars watt in this swat}: tttqrtgt y Strut and tttictdtewstzed (SENSE: and math}; were: at the: f xtJOmCtititt tyge, T tttwezfcrrt a, same Ot' tna-pmhtéma t £ it!{3 ti 3:{:§ tr; that strata: (Etta; tying 0t t rm cast mnmt be aetmtat't Zad. It seams re scrttthta ti) aggume that the existing; pmht ms

. 'V ft; , v m g: f , p o .. i. mi . 7.. A ? Q ,t m ,V ,img : c J

m arm: Qt tact cm}: cats. mtg t not 435.33)! it) at set Cum, 6.0. wtvmn remwmc tCaCtt tg5

~' ~ " .~ wl- .QI JZ , g " 7 4* : egd n § i ' xf: .. I I " . magi; M"

semis were: uWa m 3mg CittS inc, cm maze, ganmtmet ream tm z cw: gem uVQi

Gr tha deer, and Em tWCth gCtQt cam 26; chilct secst-htacttwct the: right {mat (tat-cw, rmttzéng

it somewhat ditttcsutt tat meangers it : the backsest-tx t ta: get cut OF the cm. Since:

, 3 r r' *~ t-t :3. ~ i " tr g * 4" 0: f 7: ' w i 5%

mm 0 re panama; W19 {.HCGUH are. sum pm; (32125 m e pm tvat tevutms tug. smtg, it seems remertcthta t0 (335mm that G paputa gn with btgggger C}? tautudaar cars

wautd eve-n mete pagitive e tawctrcts reitmm'dmtstcing teats. RESULTS

Regatts ght at three: stucttea indicatmt that the pmhtems parents ehcauntered when

uaing regrxmmtmtctcing child seats were not greaterr than those experienced when uging forward-«taming seats or when net usirzg seats cat 0 . Necttty at the parsmts

. I ' 7 . y:

preferred the rearwardwtacmg seats when gave-n the opportunity t0 try them, eve-n Wr tet:

their safety mtvantages were F101 taken into camsidet atien. "this; ptet arence, the: fact

that the preseatzt use of rmtrwatdwtczctng child seats seems aat isfactmy for bath the adults;

and the (shticttert who Cite Using them, and the irrefutabie resutts: tram collistorr tests (TurheH T974), Ct strongly enceumge the: use at rearwarct tacthg seams.

The results 1 er the questionnaries give some goed background data abaut the

particular group invotved in this study, (2.9. that 15 % of the parents were using

rearward-tacing seats, that nearty half of the parents transported children in cars every ctcty, and that most of that: parents (75 were thing to pay at least 100 Skt

21.

v'v- r v N W»& I K i a; t-V S/«N . i v'* "a v I - * 'a f - K «a {you pin a or (Air

are: Sill: ialulavuiy law p é EQEJEQ ngu um i(wrwcuumlucmg nal pummg cuulul

I balm??? {rum theta 13:35::- uf such 52ml file??? CE mufmiw u i: purenls is willing for

i l

Mpawl i i lsfi: unwqu (Di: muauy Wl iiu i i lmy cum".

Tim imszrr view film? puma is wag": it: ps uf ucl i l 2«£:i§" clwilulmsa, {3nd mesa? cw?

i haié s zaulamuzi uwure ll le rearwui ciwluci g wum mus- 6: umi ucfive, ever : if: {key

h_{uu nu; uiuuic m {mum}5 w; g; { C; 1 ._{uc lo V lfrJUu rauwns, uog}u i. a J} _{nu? raving enuug}. h _{smuzmuhan (mum:}r: , V r .

i r» ° N m in, , l i l, - 0, d» :_ « ..,."..,. .. . ... ,, A .«

imam ,1, unwzlin iguezu ru Wary mu yum: fur iiif tiz i; cfapurallumsuu {:2me file mcum/emmmu invuivucii or luzirzuga.

The irrlerviuw (iii l ii: K EK JSLie if ilmf lm {Ll fii ff il g Wlm used 213:4:2rwmclwl3ucing sum-s

(lid nu? lave army mum pmlslumé; will ; lm ma a; i'lmn flmpumrsi's who used Furwardw

fucirza z seals 02* i lwsu when did nu? urge-3 gems. cg? Gil , This; is nut l i l0 guggesf rim?

. s \ > m [M f "in, ~l ug' "t" we" Jim » A. "i :2 O .t" ;d "1 ?

pm ums. ware nun existem, m 1 suit ulnar Quidru, gum. CL} m; mareu e maul)! vul u

0? file mul'si and bulim cenf'uci will": file CZl WilCl were imgmrfum enuugh #0 The; parem g its

CG-W?E:* 3 3i fur l l ié é incunvenienmg caused by using reurwurd ueing mama If musf buczu ciucl film fhmugl : further rematch, some a? fhese prublums migl ulleviufeu , thus increasing the value of l l kf i ? sums even mum (see Amberg 1974) 0 I

One could crificize fine conclusiuns and say fi i l fhe gmsz of purenfs using rearward facing child seats wag u group film was; highly conscious of safely cmol, therefore, Ilium

willi g to folerufe file extra i muble involved. Thus, if was neceSsury f0 fesf fhe 553;:qu

among; u mr grouug 0"? purenls, which wasthe purpuse of l l l E allocatiun of

rearwarda-fucing sums to purestwa whd either were using Fomurdwfucimg seals or who had never

used child seams cs? uli . The resulfs from lm" sludy showed clearly mm must ho? fh e

parents who were. negative fowurcls rearwarciwfcricing seals. before the allucafion were

posil ivee fowuxrds; fhez'n after using fem-For (me monfh . 'l heseupurenfg Full 1-th flue rams? beneficial aspect Of them seals was the Oppurfunify fhey ul furcled For increased can er will] um supervision of flu-e child, even When lmy were driving élone wiih flue child,

ll-"lay were surpriged fhufi the problen as fhey expecfed, such as curmsicknessi - or the: child s molesting ubouf being strapped in, were no problems for them.

7.4

22.

The resuits strongiy encourage the reocmmendation of rearwardmfacing seats, but one

must stiii expect problems to occur with individual c-hiidren, mg. very lively chiidren,

those who are too accustomed to being unrestrained in the car, or those who are

resistant because the parents force them to sit in the seat. Many parents recommended that the chiid shouid be introduced to the seat at an early age, and that il n i} seat sl tould

be used whenever the child was taken in the car. Another suggestionwas to have some

period for-familiarizing the child with the seat, which was especially recommended for older children .

Another problem attributed to the use of rearwardufacing seats, as well as

to.fo-rward-facing seatsgis the difficulty they cause in sleeping . Parents who did not use chiid seats naturally had no problem with this, since it is never a probiem to sleep when lying downs Many parents using child seats complained of the tendency of the child 3 head to

drop forward when it was asleep, which either wake the child or caused him to sleep restlessly. 'Many suggestions were made about varying the inciination of the seat. Another related issue is that children might be less resistant to the seat if they knew

that they could sieep comfortably in it.

lNDlCATlONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

The results suggest that there is a need for improvements of the seats. This should be , followed by studies of the technical and psychological effects of such changes.

One of the disadvantages ofthe seats is that most of them can be used only by

children between eight months and three years ofage, although some can be used

by children up to five years of age. Since children are not developed enough to use a safety belt until approximately the age of ten (see Turbell T974), further research might be done in the area of designing seats or restraint systems for children between

five and ten years of age.

The design of the harnesses and buckles should be improved so that they will be easier, for the parents to handle, as well as more comfortable for the children.

I

Regarding the idea of varying the inclination of the seat to improve sleeping conditions, studies might be made to determine at what angle children sleep best,

and to what degree the protective aspects of the seats during collisions are affected by

23.

REFERENCES

ARMS-ERG, P.W. "Child Regl'rczlnl Syslemg. Handling Performance all Buckles Cmcl HGE TIEESSGS on Child Seals? .. "National Swadlsh Road and Traf c Research ' lnsl Il ul e z. Reparl No. 37 A, I974.

FERGUSON, G.A "Sim°lsfi«::;al Analysis In Psychology and Educai i aml - Mchww HIII Beak Company, Inc. NewYork, Tomato and Lonelan, I959.

THE NATIONAL SWEDISH CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS. Road Traffic 1

Accidents with Injuries on Individualsll. Of cial sfca s cs of Sweden,

Sloaklmlm , I 96l ~I 972 .

TURBELL, T. "ChlId Resfrainf Systems} Frontal Impact Performance." .' National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Ins fufe. Report N0. 36 A, I974.