Study of NEOM city renewable energy mix and balance problem

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IN

DEGREE PROJECT ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS

,

STOCKHOLM SWEDEN 2018

Study of NEOM city

renewable energy mix and

balance problem

MAJED MOHAMMED G ALKEAID

KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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Study of NEOM city

renewable energy mix and

balance problem

MAJED MOHAMMED G ALKEAID

Master in Electric Power Engineering TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:655

Date: September 26, 2018

Supervisor: Rahmatollah Khodabandeh Examiner: Rahmatollah Khodabandeh

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iii

Abstract

It is important for NEOM management in the contemporary world to put in place NEOM projects using the available resources. The re-gion in which the NEOM project is spacious and vast with conditions suited to generate energy from solar and wind. The NEOM project is expected to be set up in the very resourceful state of Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the study is to assist in setting up a sustainable city through the exploitation of solar and wind energy. The aim of the study was to assist in the generation of more than 10 GW renewable energy to replace approximately 80,000 barrels of fossil energy. The problem of coming up with renewable and sustainable energy from the unexploited sources is addressed. The renewable city is expected to be a technological hub based on Green Energy with 100% renewable energy, which is correspond to 72.4GW . Freiburg and Masdar as re-newable cities are used as case studies in the research. NEOM power generation capacity is capable to cover Saudi Arabia power genera-tion capacity (approximately 71GW ), which is more than enough for a city. The study reveals that the total power generation from wind farms, tidal farms, solar stations, and solar power tower stations are

9.1373GW, 4.76GW , 57.398GW and 1.11GW respectively. Saudi

Ara-bia has plans to set up 16 nuclear plants (17 GW each) for energy pur-poses (total of 272 GW ), which will be part of Saudi Arabia national grid and will be more than enough to cover NEOM electricity demand in case NEOM does not reach demand capacity. In case NEOM en-ergy does not meet the demand, electricity generation from 16 Nuclear power plants generating 17GW each, and 6 Natural underground bat-teries with a capacity of 120M W each are recommended. The study re-sults can be applied in NEOM Institute of Science and Technology for further research on renewable energy. The findings can also be used for research extension of HVDC transmission lines between NEOM and Saudi Arabia main grid, Egypt, and Jordan.

Keywords : NEOM, Renewable, Energy, Solar, Wind, System, 100% re-newable, Sustainable, Futuristic, City, Saudi Arabia, Tidal, Solar Power Tower.

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Sammanfattning

Det är viktigt för NEOM projektets ledning att planera och införa pro-jektet med hjälp av förnybara energiresurser på plats. Regionen är rymligt och stort och är en lämplig plats för att kunna generera tillräck-lig med energi från sol och vind för energiförsörjning av området. Syf-tet med studien är att studera en pågående planering och byggnation av en hållbar stad med upp till 10 GW förnybar energi som motsvarar cirka 80 000 fat fossil bränsle. Problem och utmaningar för att försörja en hel stad med förnybara energiresurser kommer att diskuteras. Den förnybara staden förväntas vara ett föredöme för 100% förnybar ener-gi , vilket i kapacitetssammanhang motsvarar 72.4GW , vilket är mer tillräckligt än behovet för NEOM staden. Freiburg och Masdar städer används som fallstudier i examensarbetet. NEOMs kraftproduktions-kapacitet kan täcka behovet av hela landet som uppgår till 71GW . Stu-dien visar att den totala kraftproduktionskapaciteten från olika för-nybara energiresurser såsom vindkraftparker, tidvattenanläggningar, solcellkraftverk och soltornskraftverk med en kapacitet av 9.1373GW ,

4.76GW, 57.398GW och 1.11GW respektive kan uppgå till 72.4GW .

Saudiarabien har planer på att skaffa 16 kärnkraftverk (17GW var-dera) med en total kapacitet på 272GW som kommer att ingå i Sau-diarabiens nationella satsningar för framtidens elproduktion och det kan täcka elbehovet om NEOM inte når efterfrågekapaciteten. Utöver ovan har studien föreslagit 6 underjordiska batterier med en kapaci-tet på 120M W per batteri. Studieresultaten kan användas för kom-petensuppbyggnad och vidare forskning om förnybara energiresurser för NEOM Institute of Science and Technology. Resultaten kan ock-så användas för teknikutveckling och forskning inom HVDC- överfö-ringsledningar mellan NEOM, Saudiarabiens huvudnät, Egypten och Jordanien.

Keywords :NEOM, Förnybar, Energi, Sol, Vind, System, 100% Förny-bar, HållFörny-bar, Futuristisk, Stad, Saudiarabien, Tidvatten, Solkraft Tower.

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Acknowledgement

I would first like to thank my thesis advisor Professor Rahmatollah Khodabandeh of the Department of Energy Technology at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Prof. Khodabandeh immense contribution in assisting me at different stages of my research writing has enabled me to advance smoothly from one part to another. Meanwhile, whenever I encountered any issue, Prof. Khodabandeh was always there to of-fer guidance. Prof. Khodabandeh’s immense support, mentoring, and advices allowed me to complete this thesis whilst removing all the hur-dles I faced by applying his great advisory skills.

I would also like to acknowledge Engineer Soliman Almohimeed at Bright Vision Trading as the second reader of this thesis, and I am gratefully indebted for his very valuable comments on this thesis. Mr. Almohimeed truly helped me to refine my work for conciseness and better readability.

My sincere thanks also goes to Masdar City especially Faisal Alebri, for offering me the opportunity to visit Masdar City, leading me to the right sources, and answering my questions.

Finally, I must express my very gratitude to my parents and to my siblings for providing me with unfailing support and continuous en-couragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you.

Author

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List of Figures

1.1 NEOM location [137] . . . 4

2.1 Renewable energy mix . . . 7

2.2 Wind Power Generation and the Wake Interference [131] 8 2.3 Solar System [145] . . . 10

2.4 KAPSARC Solar Park [77] . . . 12

2.5 PNBARU’s solar thermal plant [116] . . . 12

2.6 Saudi Aramco Solar Car Park [133] . . . 13

2.7 KAUST’s 2 megawatts Solar-Plant [78] . . . 13

2.8 Wind Power System [18] . . . 14

2.9 Renewable Energy Project Assessment . . . 17

2.10 Design-Bid-Build and Design-Build [150] . . . 18

2.11 Multiple-Prime Method . . . 18

2.12 Wind/Solar Hybrid Power System [4] . . . 20

2.13 Smart Energy Solutions [140] . . . 21

2.14 Smart Energy Solutions [140] . . . 22

2.15 Phase 1 of Ouarzazate Solar Power Plant [34] . . . 24

2.16 Iced Wind Turbines [84] . . . 25

2.17 Ice on a Solar Panel [56] . . . 26

2.18 Section of the HVDC Oklahoma to Memphis [54] . . . 28

2.19 Power flow From Generation to the Consumption Point through the HVDC Systems [3] . . . 29

2.20 Detailed HVDC System [3] . . . 29

3.1 Solar panels on top of houses in Freiburg [61] . . . 32

3.2 Household renewable energy source in Freiburg [112] . . 33

3.3 The Solar panels installations on private and public re-sources in Freiburg, Germany [58] . . . 36

3.4 Wind turbines near the border of Freiburg, Germany [58] 37

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xii LIST OF FIGURES

3.5 Solar panels being installed on a house [79] . . . 38

3.6 Heliotrope, a solar panel project in Freiburg, Germany [58] . . . 40

3.7 SolarFabrik, a solar panel project in Freiburg, Germany [124] . . . 41

3.8 German citizens protesting against nuclear nukes [126] . 42 3.9 Design and equipment in Freiburg, Germany [60] . . . . 43

3.10 How energy is stored [144] . . . 46

3.11 Part of HVDC Baltic Cable [118] . . . 46

3.12 How a basic HVDC system works [30] . . . 47

3.13 HVDC circuitry [67] . . . 48

3.14 Basic structure of a residential HVAC system [65] . . . . 51

3.15 Annual energy consumption of a green community (Ar-lington, Massachusetts) [9] . . . 53

4.1 The Knowledge Center at the Masdar Institute [86] . . . . 55

4.2 The view of concrete facade of the structures at the Mas-dar Institute [86] . . . 56

4.3 Wind and Solar intermittency [57] . . . 56

4.4 Illustrations of dirty solar panels due to accumulation of dust [57] . . . 57

4.5 The presentation of the master of Masdar City [86] . . . . 58

4.6 Wind turbines [101] . . . 60

4.7 The feasibility comparison of various renewable ener-gies within the GCC region [57] . . . 61

4.8 Photos of the Masdar Institute Solar Platform [25] . . . . 62

4.9 Solar PV plant [49] . . . 65

4.10 The electricity demand comparison [138] . . . 66

4.11 A simple diagram showing transmission and distribu-tion system of electricity [1] . . . 71

4.12 Losses at every stage of electricity transmission [1] . . . . 72

4.13 The feed-in tariffs that are used in different nations around the world [38] . . . 73

5.1 Artificial wind farm in NEOM [106] . . . 82

5.2 Wind turbine: swept area, blade length, and hub height . 85 5.3 Singe wind turbine: power vs. range of wind speeds . . . 87

5.4 Singe tidal turbine: power vs. range of wind speeds . . . 94

5.5 PV Panel [90] . . . 96

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LIST OF FIGURES xiii

5.7 PV system, its battery and grid connection [90] . . . 99

5.8 Flow chart for PV module set-up [96] . . . 99

5.9 Compounds in solar panels [96] . . . 100

5.10 Wave functions [96] . . . 104

5.11 Basic circuit of PV [139] . . . 106

5.12 Grid connection [96] . . . 108

5.13 Overall classification and grid [96] . . . 112

5.14 Development of PV power generation in million kWh 2000-2012 [98] . . . 114

5.15 PV system prices decrease steadily [98] . . . 115

5.16 Singe solar panel: maximum power and maximum power points current and short circuit current vs. range of volt-ages . . . 116

5.17 Singe solar panel: maximum power vs. range of cur-rents vs. range of voltages . . . 117

5.18 Artificial solar station in NEOM [106]. . . 118

5.19 Solar Power Tower system [66] . . . 118

5.20 Thermal liquid heat storage capacity [46] . . . 119

5.21 Large-scale PV Integration study [91] . . . 119

5.22 The Size of Heliostat Field and impact on Capacity [46] . 120 5.23 Aerial view of Ivanpah Project [32] . . . 121

5.24 PS20 solar thermal power plant, Spain [89] . . . 121

5.25 Airier view of Solar Two Power Plant in Daggett, CA [93] . . . 122

5.26 Artificial solar power tower in NEOM [106]. . . 122

5.27 Design of Natural Battery Underground [102] . . . 123

5.28 The site on which brine4power is been constructed [71] . 126 5.29 The Design of brine4power [71] . . . 126

5.30 Design of Nuclear Power Plant [110] . . . 129

5.31 How nuclear power plants work. [110] . . . 129

A.1 Wind turbine data and equations . . . 152

A.2 Wind turbine matrices . . . 153

A.3 Power curve . . . 154

A.4 Tidal turbine data and equations . . . 156

A.5 Tidal turbine matrices . . . 157

A.6 Power curve . . . 158

A.7 Solar panel data and equations . . . 160

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xiv LIST OF FIGURES

A.9 Solar panel matrices . . . 162 A.10 Solar panel matrices . . . 163 A.11 Solar panel matrices . . . 164 A.12 Singe solar panel: maximum power and maximum power

points current and short circuit current vs. range of volt-ages . . . 164 A.13 Singe solar panel: maximum power vs. range of

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List of Tables

5.1 Variables definition . . . 83

5.2 Wind Example Data . . . 86

5.3 Total power vs. different wind speed . . . 87

5.4 Tidal Example Data . . . 93

5.5 Total power vs. different tidal speed . . . 93

5.6 PV solar Example Data . . . 115

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Chapter 1 Introduction

This chapter introduces the background, problem statement, relevance of the project, and the methodology of the thesis.

The world’s energy sector has been totally dependent on non-renewable forms of energy for eons. The most used form being crude oil that so far has been the major source of energy in major stages of industrializa-tion. However, it is very evident with the forthcoming modernization that the consumption of this black gold may lead to its depletion in years to come. Several types of research have been done and its evi-dent that the earth that we live in is blessed with a variety of energy forms which is yet to be exploited and adopted in our modern day liv-ing.

Renewable energy can be easily adopted. Also known as Green En-ergy, it encompasses Solar Energy and Wind EnEn-ergy, which is very free and in abundance. The two can generate enough energy that would, later on, supplement the monotonous use of crude oil with time if properly implemented in modern civilization ranging from Industri-alization to transport. Thus far, this project aims to bring about an overview of this idea. We have seen so far how much crude oil and its products run economies in cities. Then, why not come up with a city that is totally dependent on green energy? NEOM will be the solution. A city that will seem futuristic as possible to many, with technological advancement far out much better than the current [137].

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2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

NEOM is a futuristic technological city that is to be built in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia to be connected to Egypt and Jordan. In a bid to re-duce the dependence on oil, being a non-renewable form of energy, the project was introduced at the Future Initiative Conference in Riyadh [137]. The city seems futuristic as possible to many, with technological advancement far out much better than the current. It will be governed differently with its separate laws and government systems. The Project is worth $500 Billion Dollars and funding is to be propagated by the Public Investment Fund of Saudi together with foreign investors [137]. The Mega City will be fully dependent on 100% renewable energy. It would be almost comparable to cities like Norway and Iceland, which is totally dependent on renewable electrical grids. In effect to that, it is expected to lead to the construction of 100% green transportation.

1.2 Problem Statement

It is evident that ever since the dawn of industrialization that man has been progressing exponentially and continuously improving himself for efficiency. In the earlier years, we have been inclined to utilize natural forms of energy so as to make our work easier by develop-ing machinery and tools. This has brought forth total dependence on it over time. For every action, there is a reaction and this evident by the abuse and misuse of this limited resource. To add, ever since the discovery of crude oil, we have seen the destruction of nature and en-vironmental resources. The carbon emission from factories and our automobiles is alarming. Cases of crude oil spillage have led to pollu-tion of marine habitat leading to the death of aquatic animals. We can say that the more we have been utilizing this form of energy, the more we have lost our discipline in environmental conservation and yet we are seemingly dependent on it.

With all this evidence, it necessary to say that apart from depletion of that non-renewable form of energy, we are followed by the aftermath effect of it by polluting where we live. This study is set to address this problem by coming up with a unique approach to providing ourselves energy, by using the free energy that we have in plenty. It also comes

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3

with a futuristic approach to developing a new form of industrializa-tion and new forms of governance. NEOM city will be a technological hub totally dependent on Green Energy [23]. Thus should be able to lift the weight faced on the usage of Crude oil by an estimated 5% per year if it is to be implemented. Pollution will also be a thing of the past as Green Energy is also clean energy. The main objective of the project is to develop NEOM city in a manner that it can sustainably maintain itself. The city should be self-reliant in terms of energy power and its completion should give birth to a new blueprint of sustainable life.

1.3 Relevance of the project

NEOM project is expected to be set up in the very resourceful state of Saudi Arabia. This region is very spacious and vast with condi-tions best suited to generate volumes of energy from Solar energy and wind energy. With Saudi Arabia expected to generate more than 10 GW per year of Renewable Energy from solar and wind, it is expected to replace about 80,000 barrels per day from burned power. Solar en-ergy has become extensively popular in Saudi Arabia ever since the increase in oil prices over time. That is why the location best suits the project.

The project is estimated to record an average of 5700W h/m2_{to 6300W h/m}2 from lowest areas and highest areas of the region. 7300W h/m2 _{in the} clearest of skies [51]. Though it has been extrapolated that most pho-tovoltaic cells may degrade performance at the highest of temperature (Above 30◦C). The research above is inclined to the various measure-ments in the radiation in the region. Wind Energy has already gained popularity with companies like Siemens AG taking about most ma-jor projects in Saudi Arabia. Many studies have been carried about Saudi Arabia’s Wind energy potential. Though not extensively cov-ered in major parts of the region. This is because challenges have been posted on major parts of the Arabian Penisula with regards to integrat-ing wind energy into existintegrat-ing power systems.

However, in the design consideration, wind energy is extrapolated by wind power per air density meaning the size of the blade of the turbine matters when one opts to incline with that form of renewable energy.

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4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

With wind energy still an ongoing research at various institutes that deal with Natural renewable energy, solar energy is arguably the most convenient form of renewable energy that NEOM will rely on thus far [24]. Solar Energy in Saudi Arabia is averaged to generate about 2000kW/h/m2/yearof energy [6]. One wind turbine is expected to en-ergize about 250 homes which are equivalent to about 18000 barrels of oil or about 2.75 MW thus reducing intake of electricity from the national grid [152]. NEOM is expected to extend into the Northern Egyptian territory thus far including Tiran and Sanafir Island as well as North Sinai. It is expected that both Jordan and Egypt will benefit from the extent of energy generation in this city since both countries are allies. Due to lead dissimilarities in the load times, both parties will have a fair share of the cake by sharing electricity in both coun-tries thus improving each country. Figure 1.1 shows the location of NEOM city.

Figure 1.1: NEOM location [137]

Therefore, with an onset of renewable energy utilization on the trend, I feel that NEOM is the future and most nations should follow suit with the abundance of renewable energy yet to be explored deeper.

1.4 Methodology

The NEON project being carried out by Saudi Arabia is still in its in-fancy stages as the government is in the process of laying the ground

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 5

for kick off. Therefore, this project will involve a qualitative study where most of the information will be based on non-numerical and unquantifiable elements obtained from secondary sources. In that, the core mode of conducting research will involve literature review study. The study will be used to collect information regarding such projects globally and compare it with what Saudi Arabia is trying to accom-plish.

The thesis is divided into 6 chapters. After this introduction, Chap-ter 2 surveys the liChap-terature on sustainable Energy, renewable energy mix, renewable energy balance. It also remarks the concepts of 100% renewable city, solar and wind systems.

Chapter 3 intends to describe Freiburg, Germany renewable energy. It starts by presenting the challenges that encountered in implementing renewable energy in Freiburg, Germany. Then the methodologies used to complete the renewable energy project and the generating capacity are highlighted. The chapter ends by talking about the electricity pric-ing and contpric-ingency plan.

Chapter 4 introduces the case study of Masdar city renewable energy. It starts by explaining the challenges that encountered in implement-ing renewable energy. Then the methodologies used to complete the renewable energy project and the generating capacity are highlighted. The chapter ends by talking about Masdar electricity (transmission losses and tariff) and contingency plan.

Chapter 5 concentrates on results and analysis. It starts by explain-ing the assumptions and considerations. It also shows the calculations of Wind Turbine and Solar Power.

In the last chapter, it shows the derived conclusions with recommen-dations on future work.

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Chapter 2 Review of the Literature

The literature review describes and analyzes previous research on the topic. This chapter surveys the literature on sustainable Energy, renewable energy mix, renewable energy balance. It also remarks the concepts of 100% renew-able city, solar and wind systems.

Energy plays a critical role in human life and development; its genera-tion, supply, and usage have significant impact on social, political, and economic needs. However, fossil energy, which includes coal, is not only unsustainable but also lead to environmental degradation [145]. Therefore, it is imperative to look for alternative sources of energy that are sustainable and environmentally friendly to reduce the risks asso-ciated with global warming and climate change.

Sustainable energy sources such as wind and solar are the way to go if the world is to be more stable for the current and future generations [145]. The concept, in this case, indicates the application of systems, technology, and resources that support the production and supply of unconventional energy. The shift from the non-renewable to renew-able energy sources is driven by three fundamental objectives. The first intention is to facilitate the preservation of the essential natural systems upon which catastrophic climate change would be avoided. The second objective is to assist in making it possible for a large num-ber of people who have no access to conventional energy to enjoy the basic energy and related services. The third objective of upholding the sustainable energy is to reduce the security risks arising from the competition for energy resources such as oil and natural gas.

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CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 7

2.1 Renewable Energy Mix

Renewable energy is the form/type of energy derived from natural processes such as sunlight and wind power. The percentage of the world energy sourced from renewable sources in 2012 was around 13.2% of the total supply, which increased to 22% in 2013 and is pro-jected to be about 26% in 2020. According to International Energy Agency, the goal to achieve efficient energy supply, which is depen-dent on the renewable energy mix exploited [69]. Therefore, the stake-holders should seek to exploit the different sources of renewable en-ergy, including wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. The op-timal exploitation of the mix is necessary because of the variability of the power generation due to changes in weather patterns. The sources would, therefore, complement each other. For instance, at the seasons when the sunlight is relatively low, the wind energy can be relied up. The diversification of energy mix through the increased investment in renewable energies is considered as the opportunity to increase energy security. Figure 2.1 shows the renewable energy mix.

Renewabe Energy Mix Wind Power Biomass Hydro-electric Power Solar Power Geothermal

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8 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2.2 Renewable Energy Balance

The optimal exploitation of renewable energy requires the balancing act to avoid the underlying areas of conflict. In regard to wind en-ergy, a significant attention is drawn in regard to disputes over wind rights, wind severance statutes, and the conflict between wind plant and wildlife. The wildlife concerns entail the likelihood of unneces-sary noise from the wind power plants, which is likely to scare away wild animals and interfere with their bleeding patterns. The turbine blades may harm birds and bats by injuring or killing them. The so-lar panel systems are also associated with the interference with the wildlife and their habitats, including the desert tortoises, squirrels, lizards, and toads [131]. The ambition to generate energy should be done in consideration to the need for wildlife conservation.

In the wind energy production, parties are involved in many conflicts, including the right to tap the power and the associated interference. Different parties may be interested in exploiting the potential blowing along a given line. In other cases, the downwind developers expe-rience relatively weak strength of wind due to wake-based setbacks from other developed setups. For instance, in figure 2.2, the Predom-inant and strong wind flow to Plant A hence able to drive the turbine and generate a substantial amount of energy. However, the turbines in Plant A break the strength of the wind and hence Plant B does not get the strong wind to generate electricity. The strength of the wind stabilizes after Plant B and blow predominantly strong. The investors or owner of Plant B and Plant A are likely to engage in disputes [131]. However, the primary issue, in this case, is that the plants were not set in consideration to the need for the balance between the distances be-tween the plants such that the wake impacted wind can stabilize and regain the strength. Figure 2.2 shows the wind power generation and the wake interference.

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2.3 100% Renewable city

Cities or urban centers contribute to the increased environmental degra-dation due to commercial activities, including transportation, industri-als operations, and residential wastes. According to the City of Van-couver, renewable city is associated with the consumption of renew-able energy while at the same time respecting the principles of sustain-ability [123]. The renewable cities are particularly driven by the matu-rity in the renewable energy technology. The focus areas upon which renewable cities are built include buildings, transportation, economy, people, and environment. Buildings for both residential and commer-cial operations are consumption points to a large portion of energy for light, powering machines, heating, and cooling. Meeting the electric needs in the buildings from solar panels, wind, and hydro projects is highly recommended as a component of 100% renewable energy. Transportation in a renewable city is largely powered through envi-ronmentally responsibly sourced fuels such as biofuels, electricity, and renewable natural gas.

A 100% renewable city is also characterized with the support from the people. In this case, the residents in their diversity are required to support the development of relevant technology, energy generation and supply and consumption of the alternative/renewable sources of energy. Furthermore, the economy of the given city should be strong and dynamic to facilitate the investment in renewable energy gener-ation and consumption. The economy must be attractive to both the local and foreign investors in the energy sector. Lastly, the environ-ment must be favorable with the abundance of the necessary natural resources to support the generation of alternative energy [123]. For instance, the solar energy should be exploited for all the number of hours the city is under sunlight while the wind strength should be re-liable for effective generation of wind energy. At times, a 100% renew-able city is required to collaborate with the neighboring communities in which landscape and natural resources are viable for the generation of the renewable energy.

The City of Vancouver provides the guidelines on the three key com-ponents and strategic approaches collectively required in facilitating transition to energy and later to 100% renewable cities. The first pillar

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is the reduction of the energy use for the purpose of conservation and reduction of greenhouse effect [123]. For instance, the management in the city should improve bike network and encourage residents to use the bicycles for transit purposes. The second pillar is the increase in the use of renewable energy by switching to the already available forms of renewable energy to the full potential. The third pillar is to increase supply of the renewable energy to make it accessible to both the commercial and domestic users.

2.4 Solar system

A solar system is a structure used in converting the heat and light from the sun into energy. The light energy is generated using the Solar PV [145]. The solar cells are made of PV material, which when exposed to light tend to transfer electrons between the different bands in the material. Consequently, the differences between two electrodes arise, leading to the flow of the direct current. The solar PVs are used in various applications, including buildings, solar farms, and auxiliary power supply. However, the utilization of the PVs requires that the direct current be run through an inverter and a corresponding relay protection. In addition, since the PV energy can only be generated only during the daytime specifically when there is sunlight, the reliability of solar PV is, therefore, relatively low. However, technology is used such that the energy generated during the pick hours and seasons is stored in batteries and consumed during the off-peak hours when PVs are not available. Figure 2.3 shows a solar system.

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The solar panel is also used in the conversion of solar energy into ther-mal/heat energy. In this case, the panels are made of three collectors, including the low, medium, and high thermal collectors. The differ-ent collectors depend on the temperature levels. According to Borlase, low-temperature collected through the low thermal collectors is used in heating swimming pools, and the middle collectors are used in heat-ing water and air in a buildheat-ing, while high-temperature collectors are largely used in electric energy production [18]. Importantly, the solar panels are able to produce electricity even during the daytime when there is no sunlight as long as the temperature is high. The electricity generated is transferred through conduction to the point of use, stor-age, or connection to the grid.

2.4.1 Solar system projects in the Middle East

According to Majzoub, solar energy is gaining ground in the Middle East. In 2015, Dubai launched a 200 MW solar plant targeted to gener-ate 3,000 MW by 2030, which will be 15% of the total energy demand [95]. At the same time, Jordan awarded contracts for 12 solar projects, whose completion in 2018 will contribute to 1,800 MW into the na-tional grid. These are among the projects in the Middle East coun-tries, which are a clear indication of the fact that the exploitation of the solar energy would lead to significant diversification of energy from primarily fossil energy-dependent to a system mixed with substantial sustainable energy.

2.4.2 Solar system projects in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has mega projects in which solar system plans are be-ing carried out. The Saudi Arabia Solar Industry Association (SASIA) identifies four of the projects which would be used as benchmark de-velopments that will come up in the country and beyond in the future. The first project is the KAPSARC (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) Solar Park. It is located in Riyadh and has the peak power generation capacity of 3.5 megawatts. The project is the largest grounded scheme in the country. After the project completion and full capacity, the park is expected to generate about 5,800 MWh of energy. Consequently, it will offset about 4,900 tons of carbon released in the atmosphere annually. Figure 2.4 shows KAPSARC Solar Park.

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Figure 2.4: KAPSARC Solar Park [77]

The second solar system project identified is Princess Noura Bint Abul Rahman University’s (PNBARU) solar thermal plant. It is a fully oper-ational project with about 36,305 square meters of panels. The project produces heat energy used in providing over 900,000 liters of hot wa-ter. About $14 million were spent in investment, which serves more than 40,000 students and staff in the university. Figure 2.5 shows PN-BARU’s solar thermal plant.

Figure 2.5: PNBARU’s solar thermal plant [116]

The third solar system project in Saudi Arabia is Saudi Aramco Solar Car Park. It is the largest solar plant in the country. The project is lo-cated in Dhahran and produces about 10 megawatt Photovoltaic Car-port System occupying 4,500 parking spaces. Figure 2.6 shows Saudi Aramco Solar Car Park.

KAUST Solar Park is the other significant project in Saudi Arabia. The solar park has a capacity of 2 megawatts. The panels are placed on

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Figure 2.6: Saudi Aramco Solar Car Park [133]

the rooftop of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). It is the first project in the Kingdom to be LEED Platinum certified. Figure 2.7 shows KAUST’s 2 MW Rooftop Solar-Plant.

Figure 2.7: KAUST’s 2 megawatts Solar-Plant [78]

2.5 Wind Power

Wind power is generated through the conversion of wind energy by the turbines into electricity. According to Borlase, wind power has been used over the centuries notably for the sailing of ships [18]. How-ever, the appetite for renewable energy has increased the generation

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and utilization of the alternative energy in recent times than any other time in the past. The primary success factor for the wind power gener-ation is the speed of the wind. The technology is preferred because it offers 100% green energy, but it is not a reliable source of energy, par-ticularly because of the fluctuations in the speed of wind. At the time when the wind is not powerful, the power is not generated. However, when it is peak hours and seasons, a lot of energy can be produced. In fact, with the appropriate installation of battery energy storage, the reliability of wind power system is enhanced. The energy stored in the batteries is usable during the wind -off-peak period. On the other hand, the energy can be connected to grid to complement electricity from other sources. Figure 2.8 shows Wind Power System.

Figure 2.8: Wind Power System [18]

2.5.1 Wind Power Projects in the Middle East

Tafila Wind Farm in Jordan is one of the mega wind power projects in the Middle East. The 117MW wind farm produces 400 GWh of electri-cal energy annually. The project was a step towards the target of 10% of energy from renewable energy by 2020 [114]. Wind turbines in the project will supply about 3.5% of the annual electricity consumption in the country. Besides, the wind power plant is expected to save about US$50 million every year as a result of reduced importation of electric-ity by the Jordanian government.

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Wind Farm in Egypt. The project is regarded as the largest in the Mid-dle East so far [35]. The other notable wind project in the MidMid-dle East is located in Oman. The project is undertaken by Masdar in collabo-ration with GE and Spain TSK. The 50 megawatt Dhofar Wind Power Project is expected to serve more than 16,000 homes [2]. Consequently, it will reduce about 110,000 tons of carbon dioxide emitted every year. According to Kassem, the project was compelled by the economic im-plication felt by Oman during the oil glut.

2.5.2 Wind Power Projects in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is in the early stages of exploiting wind energy. It re-ceived the first wind turbine in 2016, which was the collaboration with Saudi Aramco and GE. The turbine was located in Turaif Bulk Plant, in the north-west region of the country. According to Saudi Aramco, it was a groundbreaking project towards the continuous exploration and generation of wind energy in the country. Subsequently, the coun-try offered a contract for the building of 400 megawatts wind power plant in the northern area of Domat al-Jandal. The project is one of 30 renewable energy projects the Ministry of Energy is willing to invest to achieve 10% of the total power consumed from the sustainable en-ergy sources [94]. Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia does not have in place as much wind power projects as the solar power projects which are already functional, which is because the Gulf region has the highest solar potential in the world.

2.6 Solar Panels and Wind Turbines

Com-pared

The exploitation of solar and wind power is a noble course, with a lot of benefits, including reduced cost of energy generation and the conservation of the environment. However, the two sources of energy are different in various ways, including the underlying cons and pros. The pairing of the two sources of energy can assist an investor or a residence in deciding on the option to uphold. The wind turbines can be considered advantageous because of the capability to produce elec-tricity during the day and night. Contrary to this, solar panels would only be used in power generation during the day when there is ample

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sunlight. Therefore, solar panels are not economical for power gener-ation in areas where there is a lesser exposure to sunlight. However, the wind turbines should be located at high heights above any possi-ble obstacles. Furthermore, wind turbines are not suitapossi-ble in regions with a large number of birds and bats. The moving turbines can cause injuries and death, and hence a threat to the ecosystem.

The solar panels do not require substantial maintenance. They are usually stationed with no movable parts, hence no issues of wear and tear. The only important aspect required is to clean the panels to re-move possible particulate elements on the surface. Conversely, wind turbines require regular maintenance and repair. The system has mov-able parts, particularly the joints between the vertical posts and the propellers where wear and tear takes place substantially.

The two power generating systems are dependent on weather pat-terns, and hence their capacities would fluctuate. As wind turbines cannot generate power when the wind strength and speed is low, the solar panels, on the other hand, are unreliable without adequate sun-light. The effectiveness and reliability of the two systems in electric-ity supply is enhanced by installation of power storage batteries. The power generation of the two systems does not require storage after the production because it is regarded as a renewable source. Increased scale of production from the system should be encouraged and the excess amount connected to the grids. Evidently, neither of the two systems is perfect, hence the investors and residences interested in the alternative energy should consider the nature and weather patterns to determine the most appropriate method.

2.7 Methodologies used to Complete the

Re-newable Energy Projects

The methodologies required in the completion of renewable energy projects involve the assessment to determine the viability and the se-lection of the project delivery system. The first phase is eligibility as-sessment, which can be positive or negative. A project that is consid-ered illegible is avoided while the one that has positive outcome is sub-jected to the next step of the assessment [33]. In the second phase,

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as-CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 17

pects of concentration include technical, economic, and social-environmental. Data is collected from the various stakeholders or interested parties

through a survey to assist in decision-making on whether the project would attract the necessary support for its effective implementation and consequently to completion [33]. Figure 2.9 shows Renewable En-ergy Project Assessment.

Figure 2.9: Renewable Energy Project Assessment

Just like any other project, a renewable energy project requires the adoption of the best project delivery method. A project owner is ex-pected to understand the available methods upon which the imple-mentation contract would be based. The three primary delivery ods include design-bid-build, design-build, and multiple-prime meth-ods. In the Design-bid-build model, the project owner designs the project through its experts or external engines and call for bids from contractors to complete the project. The competitive bid attracts in-terested contractors where the owner selects the contractor who meets the intended needs and quality [150]. The method is considered ap-propriate when the project owner is certainly aware of the intended project features and that there are numerous contractors with the ca-pability and interest in the project.

The Design-build is adopted when the project owner can only describe the project, but unable to design appropriately. The contractor, in this case, is required to design the project and build it accordingly. The selection of the contractor is primarily based on their ability to design and build the project; hence no competitive bidding is required. Fig-ure 2.10 shows the Design-Bid-Build and Design-Build.

Lastly, multiple-prime method involves several players in the three phases of project. The players include the owner who engages the de-signer and specialty contractors [83]. The owner has the control over the entire project; all the contractors report to the owner. It is impera-tive for the owner to have the detailed aspects of the technical specifics of the business. Figure 2.11 shows the Multiple-Prime Method.

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Figure 2.10: Design-Bid-Build and Design-Build [150]

Owner

Designer/architecture

Project Manager

Contractors

Figure 2.11: Multiple-Prime Method

2.7.1 Generating Capacity of the Wind Turbine

The power generating capacity of a wind turbine is fundamentally in-fluenced by the speed of wind. According to Stiebler, the amount of power a turbine is able to deliver is a function of the tip speed ratio [143]. This aspect implies that the wind velocity and rationality are critical determinate of the energy output. In addition, to the velocity of the wind, the flexibility of the wind turbine to rotate at the mini-mum flow of the wind plays a central role. The ability rotation capa-bility and speed is critical because it determines the strength of kinetic energy created and transferred into direct current (D/C) energy. In other words, the wind turbine should be positioned in a strategic place where there is a constant flow of wind at high speed and for a rela-tively long time. Furthermore, the system can give the optimal output in places without wind flow obstacles such as trees or buildings.

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2.7.2 Generating Capacity of Solar Panel

The solar panel capacity in power generation is dependent on three factors. First, the sunlight and solar radiation should be adequate. Therefore, a panel is expected to have a high output during the sunny and hot day, and a relatively low output at night and on cloudy days. The second fact is the selection of the site. For instance, a panel on the rooftop of a build surrounded by tall trees is likely to have a relatively low power generation due to the obstruction of the sunlight and radia-tion by the shadows of the trees. The other fact is the internal capacity of the solar panel cells. Breeze states that a single silicon solar cell can produce about 2 to 3 W of power equivalent to about at least 3 to 5 A batteries at 0.6 V [21]. It means that the capacity of a panel can be de-termined by the size and number of silicon cells. It implies that a solar panel of 40 solar cells in a series has the capacity of output of about 24W.

2.7.3 Combined Generating Capacity of the Wind

Tur-bine and Solar

The capability of both the wind turbine and solar fluctuate depend-ing on weather patterns. The implication is that the supply of energy from the two sources may not be relied upon. Consequently, a hybrid system combining the solar and wind power systems has been devel-oped. According to Tog, the two sources of power are intermittent generation due to periodic fluctuations. The hybrid system comple-ments the output of the two systems for steady energy supply [45] [146]. For instance, at night when the power generated from the so-lar panel is relatively low, or there is none, the wind turbine would be relied upon. Besides, the system is arranged in such a way that when the two systems are generating power, the excess is stored in batter-ies and used during the low generation intervals. The combination, in this case, is also triggered by the amount of energy needed for the load/work for which the power is needed. For instance, a utility that cannot depend on the generation capacity of one of the sources can combine the two for better results. From figure 2.12, it is clear that the energy generated from both the solar panel and wind turbine is put to-gether in a combined converter and transferred into the battery bank ready for consumption or transmission into a grid. Figure 2.12 shows

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Wind/Solar Hybrid Power System.

Figure 2.12: Wind/Solar Hybrid Power System [4]

2.8 Smart Energy Solutions

Smart energy solutions are the initiatives adopted to ensure that the renewable energy sources are exploited and that the usage of energy takes place efficiently. From figure 2.13 below, the renewable energy is associated with diversification of energy sources for self-sufficiency. Efficiency in energy consumption is a function of energy management system, storage, and charging system [140]. Figure 14 identifies smart energy solutions such as engineering, tools and software, procurement expertise, and planning in construction among others.

2.9 Challenges on the Implementation of

Re-newable Energy

Despite the increased awareness of the need for the shift from the con-ventional sources of energy to the renewable and sustainable sources, the implementation is faced with challenges. The challenges reduce the rate at which the renewable resources are exploited [53]. The first challenge is the fluctuation or lack of supportive natural components required for power generation. For instance, some countries, partic-ularly in Northern Europe have weather patterns, which are largely cold with limited sunlight. Consequently, it would be challenging or

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Figure 2.13: Smart Energy Solutions [140]

impossible to generate solar energy. Similarly, the fluctuation in wind and sunlight intervals makes it hard for a steady generation of energy. The second challenge is the lack of knowledge and skills . The im-plementation of the renewable energy systems is a technical undertak-ing. Individuals and firms without the knowledge of the technology required and from where to outsource reduces the opportunity for its implementation [53]. Consequently, potential exploiters of the alterna-tive energy sources are discouraged.

The shift from the conventional to renewable sources of energy is dra-matic and interruptive to systems build over the years. The stakehold-ers in the conventional energy consider the sustainable energy as a threat to their business and hence politicize renewable energy projects. Some of the stakeholders are highly influential due to the wealth ac-cumulated over the years through the conventional fuel sources. As a result, investors are discouraged due to the threat of project failure as a result of such forces.

The governments across the world have immense influence and role to play in regard to the uptake of the renewable energy in their respective jurisdiction. Government policy on the concept should be supportive to enhance the uptake of technology for optimal utilization of the en-abling resources [53]. However, governments in many countries do not have in place the policy framework to attract potential investors

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Figure 2.14: Smart Energy Solutions [140]

in renewable energy resources. Furthermore, as it is evident from the analysis, large-scale renewable energy projects require huge amount of capital and would largely depend on the financial support of the government. The absence of the policy framework is a challenge be-cause it hinders public-funding on projects while the private sectors are unable or unwilling to fund.

Lack of social acceptance and support of the renewable energy projects is the other challenge. Some of the natural renewable energy resources are inaccessible because they are owned by communities and families who are not willing to allow investors to set up resources. Besides, there is the absence of social pressure to the government and private firms to invest in the renewable energy plants [53]. The society is yet to devise mechanisms of rewarding entities upholding sustainable en-ergy technology and exploiting the available resources while punish-ing noncompliance.

2.10 Solution to the Challenges

The challenges identified should be addressed to assist in boosting the uptake of the renewable energy technology. The first solution is that governments should put in place favorable legal and policy frame-work in regard to exploration, investment and exploitation of

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renew-CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 23

able energy resources. Consequently, both the domestic and foreign investors would be attracted to the sector, hence increasing the gen-eration and usage of the green energy. The governments should also be committed to research and engage in development activities with the purpose of facilitating appropriate mapping of the resources to be exploited. The findings from the research will also provide the input to the policy and legal framework and form the basis of supportive infrastructural development to make the resources accessible.

The public-private partnership approach is a potential solution to the challenge associated with the high initial cost of renewable energy projects. The partnership would make it possible to raise huge amounts of capital for the investment on mega projects producing large amount of sustainable energy [53]. Furthermore, financial institutions should redesign their credit facilities to assist in financing both the domestic and commercial (small and large) renewable energy projects. The ac-cessibility of the funds would increase the demand for the renewable energy equipment and systems, which is likely to attract more suppli-ers. In other words, this means that the challenge of reaching out to suppliers would be addressed.

Lastly, the efforts to increase the exploitation of green energy would be futile if the people in the society are not enlightened. The efforts to enhanced public awareness are therefore an imperative solution to the problem going forward. Nongovernmental organizations and the relevant government agencies should work together in ensuring that members of the public are aware of options or opportunities of sus-tainable energy [53]. The knowledge would also assist in triggering the social demand for compliance to green energy requirements to the private sector operators.

2.11 Renewable Energy Projects and

Initia-tives: Best Project Done

Despite the challenges identified as hindrances to the exploitation of renewable energy, various projects have been done across the world. However, one of the best projects is the Ouarzazate solar power plant in Morocco, within the Sahara desert. The first phase of the project was

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completed in May 2016, with the capacity of producing 160 megawatts of power [34]. The project was projected to occupy about 6,000 acres by 2018, with the output of 580 megawatts. The energy produced would be adequate for 1.1 million people, making it the largest renewable en-ergy project. Each of the solar panel mirrors is 40 feet tall, focusing light and radiations into steel pipeline carrying synthetic thermal oil solution. In this case, the oil solution is heated to about 740 ◦F; the head is used in creating steam, which is then used in driving turbines used in the creation of electricity [34]. The plant is strategically orga-nized such that the heat can be maintained at high levels and creates electricity even at night making it a reliable source of energy. Figure 2.15 shows Phase 1 of Ouarzazate Solar Power Plant.

Figure 2.15: Phase 1 of Ouarzazate Solar Power Plant [34]

2.12 The Equipment that Make Wind Turbine

and Solar Cells Possible

Apart from the differences in the type of the solar cells and wind tur-bines, the amount of power generated is dependent on the number and size of panels and turbines. However, the two systems require similar equipment for the power generation from the wind and sun-light to be possible. First, the systems require batteries, which are used for the storage of electricity as it is generated from the panels and tur-bines for later usage. The second component is the charger controller

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used in directing the amount of power flowing into the batteries to prevent overcharging [39]. The system meter is also relevant, and it is used in monitoring the amount generated and consumption rate. The inverters and converters are used in the conversion of the current from the AC to DC or vice versa. AC breaker panel is part of the solar and wind power systems to break the high voltage power from the grid as it enters into the consumption point (homes and utilities).

2.12.1 Wind Turbine Equipment Output during

sum-mer and winter

The output from the wind turbine equipment during the winter sea-sons is relatively low compared to during summer. The low temper-atures and icing during winter affect the electrical equipment and lu-bricant at the propelling joints. The propellers covered by ice become relatively heavier and inflexible. Furthermore, the cold weather is con-sidered heavy, hence reducing the speed of wind [84]. Therefore, the output from wind system is significantly lower during winter com-pared to summer where the wind blow at fairly high speed and the turbines perform optimally. Figure 2.16 shows Iced Wind Turbines.

Figure 2.16: Iced Wind Turbines [84]

2.12.2 Solar Cells Equipment Output During Summer

and Winter

If we take the state of California as an example, we can see that the so-lar cells in a good day in summer are 14-kilowatt hours [136]. During winter, an average output on cloudless day will yield about 7.5 kWh, but in a rainy day, the average production drops to as low as 2.1 kWh. However, at times, it is hard for the solar cells to generate even 1 kWh

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of power. The poor output during winter is associated with low sun-light exposure and radiation as well as obstruction by snow as shown on figure 2.17.

Figure 2.17: Ice on a Solar Panel [56]

2.12.3 Wind Turbine versus Solar Cells and their

Out-put During Summer and Winter

Evidently, the generation of power from wind and solar systems is highly influenced by the changes in weather patterns. However, apart from the mechanical issues, the wind turbines are likely to generate power during the winter as long as the wind speed is appropriately high. However, clouds, rain, and icing reduces the capability of solar panels significantly, to as low as below 1 kWh, which is the case in the state of Alaska [26].

2.12.4 Amount of Power from Solar Panels and Wind

Turbines in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is highly committed to the exploitation of renewable en-ergy with an aggressive investment of $109 billion. The objective of the investment is to ensure that about a third of the domestic energy demand is generated from the renewable energy. Although the cur-rent output from solar and wind are not published, the national en-ergy plan in 2013 was to generate 41 GW and 9 GW from solar and wind power respectively [107]. The statistics, in this case, reveal that

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although the country was dependent on conventional energy sources, the commitment is changing towards bringing on board the renewable energy into the national energy mix.

2.13 What to Do If Wind and/or Solar

Sys-tems Fail to Reach the Capacity

It is important to note that both the wind and solar systems may fail to reach the energy capacity as expected. In case the solar systems do not meet the expectations, the first step is to establish whether the so-lar panels are made of the materials required for optimal output. The assessment can lead to the replacement of the panels. However, if the panels have the capacity required, the setting in terms of the exposure to sunlight should be evaluated and rearranged. Wind data should be used to evaluate a potential location of wind power plant before setting up a location and if the wind turbines are not efficient in gen-erating power to their capacity, then this may require the evaluation of possible changes in the environment, including new structures ob-structing the flow of find to propel the turbines. In such a situation, the turbines may be placed higher or relocated. Besides, the systems may be in need of maintenance to enhance the generation capacity. Never-theless, the failure of the hybrid system can be addressed by checking whether the flow of the power generated from each of the sources is converted effectively and stored or transmitted to the grid or point of consumption.

2.13.1 Dealing with the Situation when there is no Wind

and Solar

In retaliation, there are times when the solar and wind systems are un-able to generate electricity. The sources of energy would require some enhancement to ensure that there is a steady supply of energy even when there is no wind or sunlight, particularly at night. Two options are available to assist in ensuring the steady supply of power. First, high capacity storage batteries should be in place such that the excess energy during the peak hours is conserved and used during the low or no power generation hours. In addition, technology at a higher level behold the concept of storage in batteries can be developed. For

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instance, Ouarzazate solar power plant in Morocco directs sunlight and heat radiations collected by the solar panels into oil-solution filled pipes. In this case, the solution is heated to high temperatures and used to generate hot steam to drive turbines used for power genera-tion. The most important aspect is that the heated oil retains the high temperatures and ensures constant energy generation even at night. Such innovations would be required in a situation where there are no other sources of renewable energy other than Wind and Solar.

2.14 HVDC Transmission System

HVDC transmission lines are used in the transmission of high voltage direct current electricity from one city or region to the other. One of the best HVDC systems is the power line transmitting wind energy generated in Oklahoma to Memphis in Tennessee. The project spent $2.5 billion, and is 720 miles in length [54]. Figure 2.18 shows a Section of the HVDC Oklahoma to Memphis.

Figure 2.18: Section of the HVDC Oklahoma to Memphis [54]

The electricity from different sources is converted from the Alterna-tive Current to Direct current (DC) and then connected into the HVDC lines for transmission. The power from the HVDC system is then con-verted to AC and connected to consumption. Figure 2.19 shows Power flow From Generation to the Consumption Point through the HVDC Systems.

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Figure 2.19: Power flow From Generation to the Consumption Point through the HVDC Systems [3]

From figure 2.20, the power from the source is carried on the AC bus and converted into DC after passing through the converter transformer. The smoothing reactors assist in the safe transfer of the high voltage DC into the HVDC lines through the AC filter to ensure that the two currents are separated [130].

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Chapter 3 Case study of Freiburg, Germany

renewable energy

This chapter intends to describe Freiburg, Germany renewable energy. It starts by presenting the challenges that encountered in implementing renew-able energy in Freiburg, Germany. Then the methodologies used to complete the renewable energy project and the generating capacity are highlighted. The chapter ends by talking about the electricity pricing and contingency plan. More than thirty percent of the electric power being supplied around Germany comes from naturally occurring sources of energy such as the wind and sun [48]. This is considering that the country has well laid strategies for going green. Solar panels and wind turbines started being introduced in 2000 after a clear-cut energy bill that demanded clean energy was passed. Like their neighbor, France, the country had the option of using nuclear power, which produces a lot more energy. However, one would notice that nuclear energy is not only expensive but is also not as clean as other renewable energy sources that Ger-many opted. At the center of the revolution towards green energy is Freiburg, a town in southwest Germany [103]. It is easy to notice the numerous solar panels that have been mounted on the roofs of houses and the wind turbines when you get into the town. Many refer to the town as Germany’s solar heartland. In fact, the strategic location of the town is an advantage because it results in too much sun and blue skies.

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CHAPTER 3. CASE STUDY OF FREIBURG, GERMANY RENEWABLE

ENERGY 31

3.1 How Germany Became a Clean Energy

Efficient Country

To become a clean energy efficient country, Germany first passed a bill that resolved to make the country opt for renewable sources of energy. With nuclear power taking root in most economies, especially those competing with Germany, there are increased concerns to whether the country should go for nuclear energy too [135]. As one of Europe’s biggest economic powerhouses, it was expected that Germany would follow suit in the race for nuclear power.

However, the country decided not to do this. Protests in the 1970s that were held to prevent the construction of nuclear power plants. The biggest incentive that propelled Germany to begin exploring naturally occurring sources of energy was the anti-nuke movement. The 2011 meltdown in Japan made Germany resolve to completely do away with all of its nuclear plants within ten years. This happened as the country also struggled to do away with coal, which was not only un-clean but also tended to emit high amounts of carbon dioxide to the environment. The anti-nuke campaign also brought people together, with the will to go green being diversified among communities. Peo-ple were determined to change the future of energy in the country to-day more than ever before. Green and clean sources of energy include solar power and the use of wind turbines. Freiburg was then iden-tified as the place to lead this revolution. The selection was because of its suitable location [64]. Experts like to argue that the happenings in Freiburg were an initiative not brought by the government but by people. The decisions by the locals arm-twisted the government to im-plement green energy. The solar panels have been installed in the city, making it to be considered a green city as shown in figure 3.1.

Germans naturally have a tradition of self-reliance developed by the fact that most people have independently practiced farming and sur-vived through it. The government took advantage of this and decided to give green power to the people by allowing themselves to produce it. In 2000, the bill was set up in such a way that anyone that provided power to the grid was paid a fee, which was labeled a feed-in tariff [15]. With technology, rapidly advancing, wafer-thin solar panels that

Study of NEOM city renewable energy mix and balance problem

Study of NEOM city

renewable energy mix and

balance problem

MAJED MOHAMMED G ALKEAID

Study of NEOM city

renewable energy mix and

balance problem

MAJED MOHAMMED G ALKEAID

Abstract

Sammanfattning

Acknowledgement

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1

Background

1.2

Problem Statement

1.3

Relevance of the project

1.4

Methodology

Chapter 2

Review of the Literature

2.1

Renewable Energy Mix

2.2

Renewable Energy Balance

2.3

100% Renewable city

2.4

Solar system

2.4.1

Solar system projects in the Middle East

2.4.2

Solar system projects in Saudi Arabia

2.5

Wind Power

2.5.1

Wind Power Projects in the Middle East

2.5.2

Wind Power Projects in Saudi Arabia

2.6

Solar Panels and Wind Turbines

Com-pared

2.7

Methodologies used to Complete the

Re-newable Energy Projects

2.7.1

Generating Capacity of the Wind Turbine

2.7.2

Generating Capacity of Solar Panel

2.7.3

Combined Generating Capacity of the Wind

Tur-bine and Solar

2.8

Smart Energy Solutions

2.9

Challenges on the Implementation of

Re-newable Energy

2.10

Solution to the Challenges

2.11

Renewable Energy Projects and

Initia-tives: Best Project Done

2.12

The Equipment that Make Wind Turbine

and Solar Cells Possible

2.12.1

Wind Turbine Equipment Output during

sum-mer and winter

2.12.2

Solar Cells Equipment Output During Summer

and Winter

2.12.3

Wind Turbine versus Solar Cells and their

Out-put During Summer and Winter