NORDIC - A database for evaluation of dispersion models on the local, urban and regional scale

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---Mtl

No 116, 2004

Meteorologi

NORDIC

A database for evaluation of

dispersion models on the local,

urban and regional scale

Lars Gidhagen

Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological lnstitute Christer Johansson, Lars Törnquist

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-Meteorologi

NORDIC

A database for evaluation of

dispersion models on the local,

urban and regional scale

Lars Gidhagen

Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological lnstitute Christer Johansson, Lars Törnquist

No 116, 2004

City of Stockholm Environment and Health Administration -SLB analys

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Content

1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

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CONTENTOFTHEDATABASE ............................................

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3 .

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DATA ................................................

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Regional data

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4 Urban data

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5 EMEP data

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REFERENCES ...

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1. Introduction

The EU directives together with the Swedish environmental legislation will require the Swedish municipalities to assess how they comply with given air quality standards. Model tools will be an important and necessary complement to measurements. Air pollution originates only partly from local sources within a particular municipality and there is often an important part that is transported over long distances, even from outside Sweden. Therefore model tools that aspire to simulate total concentrations of a pollutant, have to involve sources and dispersion on different scales, starting with the entire Europe and going down to the microscale of an individual street.

In Sweden, we share the dependence of pollution contributions on different scales with our other Nordic countries. Technical demands and solutions of model systems of different scales were discussed <luring a Nordic workshop held at Arkösund, March 2002 (SMHI, 2002). As all Nordic countries have developed their own model system, it was not found practical to try to establish one particular Nordic model. The principle conclusion from the Nordic model workshop was to work jointly for the establishment of high quality databases that can be used for model evaluation purposes. Such an activity is ongoing since 2003, within the NORPAC project, funded by the Nordic council of Ministers (http://NORPAC.dmu.dk).

Swedish authorities (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Swedish National Road and Traffic Administration) have taken the decision to finance the development of a coupled model system, SIMAIR, available for the use of municipalities.

Since the accomplishment of the PMI O limit values seems to be the most critical issue in many Swedish municipalities, considerable efforts have been made to gather data (Areskoug et al., 2001) and improve emission estimates, especially for mechanically generated particulate matter. A research project aimed at developing parameterisations for road wear particle emissions, including the meteorological influence, is ongoing and will be reported <luring 2004 (Gunnar Omstedt, pers. comm.). A parallel project has determined emission factors for benzene (Omstedt and Johansson, 2004).

A Swedish initiative to build and finance a database for model evaluation was taken by the Swedish Environmental Agency (Naturvårdverket) in 2003. The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) and Slb (the unit of Air and Noise pollution of the Environmental and Health Administratin of Stockholm municipality) were selected to perform the compilation and the Internet implementation of the database. The data

September 24, 2004 1

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----included are taken from available databases (EMEP, IVL, Slb, DMU, etc), which means that

data have already passed a quality check. However, even if the values themselves have good

. quality, it is not always the case that the measurement is appropriate for model evaluation.

One can, as an example, find data that are correct, but not representative for the scales (spatial

or temporal) of the model. The aim of the present database is that the data included should

have been proven to be useful for model evaluation. Most, although not all, of the measured

data stored in the database have passed a model comparison. The present report describes the

results achieved so far. There is thus still a risk that the user may find some sporadic data that

is not appropriate for model evaluation purposes. However, we hope that those data will be

reported so that we can exclude them from the database in future updates.

2. Content of the database

The database consists of hourly and daily measurements. It can be accessed through

the Internet based software Iairviro. The software permits data analysis and graph displays to

be made rapidly, directly on the Internet. It is also possible to export stored or elaborated time

series in text format. There are five types of data, stored under different "station groups":

• STO _street: A Stockholm street canyon data set that includes also urban and

regional background data. Originally with hourly resolution. All data stored in

Swedish local time (UCT+ 1 for winter and UCT+2 for summer). (For

sitedescription etc see http://slb.nu).

• Regional: A set of urban background and rural background data (particle mass

and a few gases) to be used for evaluation of urban and regional models.

Originally with hourly resolution. All data stored in Swedish local wintertime

(UCT+ 1, no shift for summertime).

• Ozone: Ozone data from 11 stations in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland.

Forms part of the EMEP database. Originally with hourly resolution. All data

stored in Swedish local wintertime (UCT+ 1, no shift for summertime). See map

below.

• Urban: Daily NO2 and weekly benzene data from 17 urban background and 2

street canyon stations, to be used for evaluation of urban and regional models. Data from the IVL Urban database (http://ivl.se).

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• EMEP: Daily data of inorganic gases and particles from 17 rural stations in

Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. Forms part ofthe EMEP database.

The use of Swedish local time for the STO _street data is motivated by the temporal

variation of the traffic emissions which follow local time. On the regional scale, simulated

data are normally given in UTC time, so that a different lag in summer and in winter would

require extra work for the comparison with measurements stored in the NORDIC database.

We have therefore stored Regional data in Swedish wintertime, i.e. UCT+ 1 hour. If hourly

simulations will be compared to measured data both from the STO _street station group as

well as the Regional station group, this difference must be considered (time lags can be

handled in the NORDIC database by plotting e.g. xl[-1] or xl[l] instead ofxl).

All hourly data have been averaged to daily means and introduced also in the daily

database, while the data originally measured as daily averages have been introduced as 24

constant values in the hourly database (and the weekly data first set as constant <luring 7

days). Note that the end of the averaging hour is used to indicate average values of the

preceeding hour.

Figure 2.1.1 shows a schematic picture of the time series that are available. More

details of the data and how they were processed before entering the database are found in

Appendix 1.

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1 Traffic 2 Gases 3 Particle mass 3 Particle number Regional 10 Gases 5 Particle mass Ozone 11 Ozone Urban 19 N02, benzen EMEP 17 lnorganics

Fig. 2.1.1 OveNiew over data availability. The second column gives the number of stations in the

group.

The geographical location of the EMEP database stations are given in Fig. 2.1.2. The

location of the Swedish stations of the other groups may be found at the web si tes indicated

above.

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3. Characteristics of the data

In this section we will analyze the data of each of the five station groups, discussing one or both oftwo aspects:

• Spatial and temporal variations in measured data.

• Published comparisons of measured data and model simulations.

This data analysis will serve the purpose of presenting the measurement database and improving the confidence of the data used for model evaluation. The term "model validated data" may be used, but it is important to state that the procedure followed is by no means rigorous or 100% accurate. The existence of erroneous and non-representative data also in the Nordic database may not be excluded. The plots presented will however make it easier for the model community to find the data they need for their particular model work.

3.1 Street data

Traffic data: Hourly data exist from Hornsgatan (named Hok in the database), from each of the four lanes. The street runs east-west so the northernmost lane is named N _ n, the other west going lane N_s etc. Traffic volume of the west going lanes is about 10-15% larger than the east going lanes. Daily variations are found in Fig. 3 .1.1. A detailed description of the measurement site at Hornsgatan may be found in Gidhagen et al. (2004a).

Note that the period Oct 21 - Nov 5 of 2003 show a changed distribution between the different lanes, probably due to construction work that increased the traffic volume on N_ n and reduced it on N _s. The sum of the west going traffic seems however to be as usual.

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Fig. 3.1.1 Daily variation of traffic volume at Hornsgatan

Meteorological data: Those are taken from the roof of Maria Pol hospital, situated about 500 m east of the Hornsgatan monitor station. A 10 m mast is mounted on the roof (26 m), so that the wind anemometer is located at 36 m height. One meteorological variable, the temperature difference close to the ground, is however taken from the Högdalen tower,

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situated in an open area in the south of Stockholm (see also http://www.slb. nu/cgi-bin/ station_ descr/ station ?Högdal en)

CO data: For carbon monoxide there are measurements at both sides of the street

(scN at the north side, scS at the south side) and also at the roof of the northern side (u_b).

The roof value can be used as the urban background, e.g. to be added to simulated street

levels. However, care should be taken for southerly winds, as the roof station will then be

somewhat affected by the local (Hornsgatan) street canyon pollution. Actually the NOx data

are better to use as an inert tracer emitted by the traffic, since the urban background station (at

a different location) for NOx is less affected by local street emissions.

As can be seen from Fig. 3 .1.2, the correlation between simulated and measured CO

is rather high (0.77 at the northem side, 0.84 at the southern). However, simulated levels are

too high. The reason is likely that the emission factor was taken from 2000, while the

measured data is from October 2002 reflect an increased use of catalytic converters. The model overestimation is also higher at the northern side, but this may be due to reasons

discussed below together with the NOx data. As a conclusion the street data seems to be

useful for model evaluation while some care has to be taken for the CO roof measurement '•

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Fig. 3.1.2 Measured and simulated CO levels at Hornsgatan, October 2002. Data with rain

have been excluded. Model: OSPM. Integral emission factor: 13.24 g/veh,km.

NOx data: A model analysis made in Gidhagen et al. (2004a) shows that the higher

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only be satisfactorily simulated with different emission factors for west going (northem lane)

and east going (southem lane) traffic. This is due to road inclination and traffic signals,

contributing to uphill driving under heavy acceleration for the west going (northem lane)

traffic.

Fig. 3 .1.3 shows the NOx model evaluation, with different emission factors for the

two sides and also with a smaller contribution from neighboring streets.

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Fig. 3.1.3 Comparison between simulated and measured NOx levels at Hornsgatan, Sep 11 to Nov 28 of 2002. Urban background is excluded. Model: StarCD. Emission factors: 2.0 g/veh,km for uphill driving, 0.66 g/veh,km for down hill driving. TPT (Traffic Produced Turbulence) and WDA (Wind Direction Averaging) corrections have been performed on CFD model output. Rainy events are excluded.

Particle number concentration (ToN) data: Also these data were analyzed in the

Gidhagen et al. (2004a) paper. ToN is only measured at the northem side of the street, but

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also for ToN there were indications of higher-than-normal emissions due to uphill driving.

But measured data is clearly useful for model evaluation (Fig. 3 .1.4).

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North, Oct 1 - Nov 28 of 2002. Model: StarCD without particle dynamics. Emission factors: 7.0 1014

(uphill) and 0.78 1014 _{(downhill) particles/veh,km}_._{Rainy events excluded}_.

Particle mass (PMI0): The Hornsgatan data have been used to assess the non exhaust particles that originate from the traffic, i.e. road and tyre wear particles. The latter is highly variable <luring the year, with peak values <luring spring March-April. At Hornsgatan the non-exhaust particle emissions contribution to PMI 0 values is about 10 times higher than the exhaust pipe PM emission. This means that a model simulation of PMI 0 must include a specific emission model for non-exhaust emissions. Note also that the regional background (long range transport) contributes to 60-70% of measured annual PMI 0 levels in Stockholm.

An emission model for PMI0 has been suggested by Omstedt (2004a). The model has been evaluated for a data set from Hornsgatan, but for a time period - year 2000 - outside the Nordic database. The stations used are however the same as included in the Nordic database, so the mod el comparison made in Fig. 3 .1. 5 has relevance and shows that the PMI 0 data from Hornsgatan may be used for model evaluation purposes. A comparison with the 2003 data will be made later this year.

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Fig. 3.1.5 Measured and simulated daily average values of PM10 (µg/m3) showing the local

contribution (urban background excluded). Emissions according to Omsted (2004a). Note that the

comparison is fora time period outside the Nordic database (a simulation and mode I evaluation for

2003 will be made later this year).

Benzene data: There are only continuous benzene measurements at Hornsgatan

North. Concentrations representative for urban background (roof) exist only sporadically and

are not included in the database. According to a study of benzene emission factors (Omstedt

and Johansson, 2004), the urban background concentration in central Stockholm is fairly

constant at around 0.7 µg/m3 _{(between 0}_._{5 and 1 µg/m}₃₎_._Using_{simultaneously}_measured

NOx and benzene concentrations and fairly well known emission factors for NOx (as

described above) an average emission factor for benzene of 35 mg/veh,km was obtained for

2003. Using this emission factor modeled and measured concentrations are compared in

figure 3.1.6. The annual average model calculated and measured values are 3.3 and 3.9 µg/m3

respectively.

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Fig. 3.1.6 Simulated (red) and measured (blue) benzene levels at Hornsgatan North for

2003. For these calculations a total emission factor for the vehicle fleet at Hornsgatan was 35.3

mg/veh,km.

3.2 Regional data

The rnain purpose of this station group is to provide hourly data for evaluation of

PMI0 and N02, as sirnulated by regional rnodels. The database also include NOx, S02, 03

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background (u _ b) stations. The latter are typically roof stations representative for rather large

areas in the central part of larger cities.

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Fig. 3.2.1 Measured NO2 levels and variations in the urban background (Femman-Gothenburg, HC örsted-Copenhagen, Rosen-Norrköping and Torkel-Stockholm) and in the rural background (Norra Malma-Stockholm, Utö, Virolahti and Oulanka). Period: July 1999 - June 2001.

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Fig. 3 .2.1 and 3 .2.2 show the much stronger influence of local emissions on NO2

levels, which also imply a traffic related daily variation. For PMI0 the urban background is

not very different from the regional background. The effect of the springtime drying up of the road surfaces contributes toa marked annual variation in PMI0 levels, peaking in

February-March.

The NORDIC "Regional" data set has been compared to simulated MATCH data.

The simulated data have been generated <luring autumn of 2003 as part of the EURODEL TA

and TNO model evaluation projects. For practical reasons daily average values is used for the comparison (as shown by Fig. 3.2.1 the daily variation of NO2 is important for the urban

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0 "' 0 99010 1 +.c ~+----t---t---r--99010B 990 11 5 990 1 22 990 1 29 9902057 ..._ 9902 1 2 9902 1 9 990226 990305 990]12 9903 1 9 990326 990 4 02 990 409 990 41 6 990423 990 4 ]0 990507 9905 14 990521 99052B 99060 4 9906 11 9906 1 8 990625 990702 990709 9907 1 6 990723 990730 990B06 990B 1 3 990B20 990B27 990903 990910 990917 99092 4 99 1 001 991008 9910 1 5 991022 991029 991105 99 111 2 991119 991126 99120] 991210 99 1 217 991224 9912]1

I

z ~ () m ,:: m 7l

I

)';

2

Cl) !!;! .., • .., " "i ~

..

::, 0 0 "' 0 "' 0 -I> 0 "' 0 9so101 I 1:,;__;;. 1 I I 990108 990115 990122 990129 990205 990212 990219 990226 990305 990312 9903 1 9 990326 99 04 02 990409 9904 16 99042] 9904]0 990507 99051 4 990 521 990528 99060 4 99061 1 990618 990625 990702 990709 990716 990723 990 7 30 990806 990813 990820 990827 9909 03 990910 990917 990924 991001 991008 99101 5 991022 991029 99110 5 99111 2 991119 99112 6 991203 99121 0 99121 7 99122 4 991231

I

z ~ 0 m s m 7l

I

~

Cl) ~ ~

"'

·

~

(19)

-1- NCROIC ("Regional") - MATCH

I

SE12 -Aspvreten

Fig. 3.2.4 Measured and simulated daily average levels of PM10 at a Swedish regional background stations. Note that simulated data does not include the organic fraction.

The same EURODELTA rnodel exercise is behind Fig. 3.2.4, showing a cornparison

between MATCH sirnulated PMI0 and rneasured PMI0 at a Swedish rural station (from the

second rural station Vavihill there is for 1999 only a short period available). At Aspvreten the

sirnulated levels are typically lower than rneasured. As the MATCH rnodel only include

inorganic nitrate ahd sulphate cornpounds (no organics as part of the aerosol), one would

expect the sirnulated levels to be lower, as they are at Aspvreten. The regional rnodeling of

PMI0 will definitely need rnore work to be done in the future (except for organics, also

resuspended dust and vehicle generated wear particles need to be properly taken into account

(20)

3.3 Ozone data

Ozone data exists as hourly data within the EMEP database. Fig. 3 .3 .1 shows the

temporal variations of a station from each of the Nordic countries. The general variations as

well as the average levels (55-60 µg m-3) are fairly similar all over Scandinavia.

Annual variation 1999-2001 DK31 Fl17 Dail variation 1999-2001 _..,,.,.-,,,o-... ~ ... - ~- - • -••l'l1---torJ~·•·· ..

Fig. 3.3.1 Measured ozone levels and variations in the rural background at one station in Danmark

(DK31 Ulborg), Finland (Fi17 Virolahti), Norway (NO01 Birkenes) and Sweden (SE35 Vindeln). Period: 1999 - 2001. Note: All ozone data in Swedish local wintertime.

Hourly results from the MATCH Europe model (40 x 40 km grid) are compared to

measured data from four Swedish rural stations in Fig. 3.3.2-5. Seasonal and synoptic

variations are mostly well captured by the MATCH model (Fig. 3.3.4). Smaller, short term

errors in measured hourly data are difficult to assess without a more detailed study.

(21)

Rörvik (SE02) I- MATCH - Nordic I 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 ... ... ... ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 8 ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "! _"' _"' _"' ... .,..: «; ..,; .,; "' "' .,; "' _<D "' ,-: "' .,; ai "' 0 "' "! ... 9 9 0 ₉ ... ... N ... 9 ... 9 ... 0 0 0 0 ai 0 .,; 0 .,; ... ;::: 0 M 0 0 0 M M M "' "' "' "'

Fig. 3.3.2 Simulated MATCH (red) and measured (blued ozone at Rörvik. Unit: µg m- .

Average levels for MATCH was 65 (me~sured 59 g m- , with a correlation coefficient of0.72.

Aspvreten (SE12) I- MATCH - Nordic I

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 ... ... ... ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "! "! N N ... ... ..; ..,; 9 9 0 ₉ ... ... N ... 0 _"' 0 0

Fig. 3.3.3 Simulated MATCH (red) and measured (blued ozone at Aspvreten. Unit: µg m-.

Average levels for MATCH was 63 (measured 59) g m- , with a correlation coefficient of0.75.

Norra Kvill (SE32)

I

-

MATCH - Nordic

I

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <'! <'! N N N N N N N N N _<'! ci ... 9 c-; 0 ..,; ₉ .,; ₉ ₉.,; 0 ID 0 r--: 0 o::i 0 .,; ... 0 ... ... 0 M

"'

0 0 0 M 0 0 .,; o::i o::i r--: "' "' N N N N

Fig. 3.3.4 Simulated MATCH (red) and measured (blued ozone at Norra Kvill. Unit: µg m- .

Average levels for MATCH was 63 (measured 66) µg m- , with a correlation coefficient of0.70.

Vindeln (SE35)

I

-

MATCH

- Nordic

I

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <'! <'! N N ci ci (') ..,; 0 ₉ 0 ... _~ "' 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N N N N N N N _<'! .,; .,; ID ,-: .,; .,; 0 ... 9 9 0 0 0 0 ~ ... 0 ... _"' 0 _"' 0 M .,; N o::i N ,-: "'

Fig. 3.3.5 Simulated MATCH (blue) and measured (blue) ozone at Vindeln. Unit: µg m- . Average levels for MATCH was 62 measured 56 µg m-3 , with a correlation coefficient of 0.75.

... 0 0 "' N _... ,-: "' 0 0 N

"'

... r--: N 0 0 N N ... ,-: N

(22)

3.4 Urban data

The urban data set originates from the IVL database (see http://ivl.se for methods and site descriptions). For N02 all data are urban background, most of it based on passive sampling with 24 hour exposure, a few based on continuous data that have been averaged over 24 hours. The benzene data is all originating from passive sampling with a week exposure.

For N02 the urban background shows a weekly variation with lower levels <luring weekends, i.e. the contribution of local emissions to registered N02 levels is significant (Fig.

3 .4.1 ). There is also a clear seasonal variation with higher levels <luring winter and lower <luring summer (Fig. 3.4.2). The rather large difference in average levels indicates that some stations are doser to large local sources.

---

- -

-

--

-

---.

---==-

=-:::::::::::::

___

~ - ---..:::: -- --,---r---1 - -, ,

-=

=----:.

-

=----•·• -•ffl'l'-,.'l<>•."'-"1.·-·.,.,., . r',c f' ,,,..,..,..; ~ ,.,

Borås (blue), Halmstad (red), Helsingborg

North (tur ouise and Jönkö in (black)

- ~ -...,_,_,_,

-:;-

·

~--.~.--.... ;, ....

__ _

ow,.•Q)•Oi>l•4Hll--lt>.ol,t,r~

,,.,,.,.,..~...,.-•,...,...,,,.,.,,

,im•c-Uppsala (blue), Västerås (red) and

Örebro (tur oise)

<.< _ _ _ , __

o,.,, .. 1e.u,;,-.~-,.

~-·--... ,....__,,t'>',----.. ,..,,,.,.! .. •I•

Karlstad (blue), Linköping (red),

Lund (tur oises and SödertäZ-e (black

Fig. 3.3.1 Weekly variations (day 6 is Saturday, day 7 Sunday) of measured N02 levels at urban

background stations (based on daily avareges from the IVL database).

Period: Jan - Dec 2001.

September 24, 2004 17

(23)

_ _,...,,.__ . ...,._t_,, . . ,,t .. ,,. ... ,~ ... , .... ,,, " ...

,

~

---_,a, ... -~,,;,~-,., 'f"-tiw"' . . . ~ .. - • ~•l>!•lr.l" ..__..,..,..j .. ,,. " ..-.. V

'\

"

f""

"

Borås (blue), Halmstad (red), Helsingborg North tur ouise and Jönkö in (black "...,,

___

_

_ .... ;!~:~.;:::~~-~u~~~1"

i-.... _.

··--

._.,1 .. · - ·

-- •llll--

•---~, .. ,"

-

..

·---Uppsala (blue), Västerås (red) and Örebro tur oise

Karlstad (blue), Linköping (red),

Lund (tur oises and Södertäl ·e (black

Fig. 3 .3 .2 Measured NO2 levels at urban background stations (based on daily avareges from the IVL database). Running monthly values. Period: Jan -Dec 2001.

For benzene the annual average urban background levels are found in the range 1.5-2

µg m-3_,_{while street canyon data are typically twice as high}_._{There is a certain tendency for}

higher values <luring wintertime. As discussed in Wideqvist et al. (2003) the absolute values registered with the passive samplers may be too high, due to uncertainties regarding the uptake rate for the samplers.

(24)

,. .... 1 , . ...

-Ul'Xll'J> ---.:,or_ •O,,,-i,,

•~- ... - ~, .. a, ••n• ,...,._...,...,,, •:• / i 'i -. I ' ' ,o,, ·~ "''

~

-

· ==1=-~=-

-

-Falkenberg (blue), Karlstad (red), Köping

(tur ouise and Landskrona (black

,I I !

..

~ .... ,.,,.

,---~

....,c,~..,·-«---. ~c,.i.,;.., ..,.,_,,,n-o.i·o,cs-11n _ _ _ ..,,t.,·••

- -

-

- - -

-

-=::

_--·-

-

===-

~~

_{_}

_....

• ~

• -

I

Linköping (blue), Sandviken (red),

Södertäl·e (tur oise) and U. sala (black)

! A l -

-·•'s:<o>•,.-•,,c-.. ~ ...

,..._.. .... . , _, .... ,n, fa,"4--"'f'I., ·f•

Värnamo (blue) and Östersund (blue) Göteborg Sprängkullsgatan (blue) and

Örebro street can on (red)

I 1.

t

· f:

I

·

Fig. 3.3.3 Measured benzene levels at urban background (top two and lower lett) and street canyon

(lower right) stations, based on weekly averages from the IVL database. A running monthly average has been applied in order to smooth out the weekly time resolution. Period: October 2002 to March 2003.

3.5 EMEP data

The EMEP data set will be important for the PMIO modeling, as it allows to identify

errors in the inorganic sulphur and nitrogen emissions and chemistry. For Sweden the

inorganic aerosol in the southern part is considerably higher than in the northem part, a fäet that must be reflected in the PMI O modeling of the regional background e.g. in the SIMAIR system.

(25)

'

i

I Annual variation S04 ,-..:::::-·,. ·'.,·~ :.,.;. .. .:;.-:

...

,- .-·,-,t--· .. - - .. Annual variation NH3+NH4 f I , 1

-

.-1_, ___ .., __

---

-

----

~--

-

·

Blue = DK03 Tan e , Red= DK05 Keldsnor , Tur uoise = DK08 Anholt)

· I

_,.._._.._..,. ___ ,

__

,

~--·-·-·--.

j

_

·~ ....

..

,, -... .. -0_,""'' ,., •. , ... . ..

· -

--! i ! I

I

i

.

. .

_

__

,...,. ____ _

-·

·

· -·-·

·--

-

.

-_.,..,.,,_..,,._,..,._ .. --.-... - .,, . ._.,. ..,.., -••,n -~ - . r - . - . - - r - . - ,. -.,

l

.I I

J

-1 I ·1 .1 i i"

Fig. 3.5.1 Measured levels at the EMEP stations

- ."::::'"'" · -- - - · - - .. ..:-... , .. - r-_ ,.,._ ... __ ; .- ... , -• ..

· ~---

... ··-·· ....,,.,.,._ ..

,~-

.. __ __ ,.-...

--

... .,_,,

----~

-

.• " Denmark Norway Sweden Finland

(26)

References

Areskoug, A., Alesand,

T

.,

Hansson, H-C., Hedberg, E., Johansson, C., Vesely, V.,

Widequist, U. och Ekengren, T. (2001 ). Mapping of inhalable particles in Swedish cities and identification of the most important sources (Kartläggning av inandningsbara

partiklar i svenska tätorter och identifikation av de viktigaste källorna, only in Swedish).

ITM report 91, ITM Air Laboratory, Stockholm University. (Available in swedish at

http://www.slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf/itm _rapp91.pdf).

Gidhagen, L., Johansson, C., Langner, J., Olivares, G., 2004a. Simulations ofNOx and

ultrafine particles in a street canyon in Stockholm, Sweden. Atmospheric Environment,

38, 2029-2044.

Omstedt, G. 2004a. Emissionsmodell för PMlO (rapport SMHI)

Omstedt, G., Johansson, C., 2004b. Uppskattning av emissionfaktor för bensen.

Miljöförvaltningen i Stockholm, SLB rapport 2:2004. (Available in swedish at

http://www.slb.nu/slb/rapporter/pdf/bensen _ 2 _ 2004.pdf).

Wideqvist, U., Vesely, V., Johansson, C., Brorström-Lunden, E., Sjöberg and Jonsson, T., 2003.

Comparison of measurement methods for benzene and toluene. Atmospheric Environment, 37,

1963-1973 ..

(27)

Appendix 1: Details of the data from the five station groups

Nordic database for model evaluation: Station group "STO_street"

Case: Hornsgatan Period: Oet 0 1 2002 - Dee 31 2003

Variable tvve from station Attribute start stovv

PMl0 Street (North) Hornsg vart V0l seN 021001 00 040101 00 u.b. Rosenl:g PM 000 u b 021001 00 040101 00 rnral Aspvreten duo r b 021001 00 040101 00 PM2.5 Street (North) Hornsg_part V0l seN 021001 00 040101 00 u.b. Rosenl:g PM 000 u b 021001 00 040101 00 rnral Aspvreten duo r b 021001 00 040101 00 PM-antal Street (North) Hornsg part 001 seN 021001 00 030301 00 u.b. Rosenl:g PM Tot u b 021001 00 030301 00 rnral Aspvreten r b 021001 00 030301 00 NO2 Street (North) Hornsg A30 001 seN 021001 00 040101 00 Street (South) Hornsg A30 002 seN 021001 00 040101 00 u.b. Torkel Kn.20 001 u b 021001 00 040101 00 NOx Street (North) Hornsg A30 001 seN 021001 00 040101 00 Street (South) Hornsg A30 002 ses 021001 00 040101 00 u.b. Torkel Kn.20 001 u b 021001 00 040101 00

co

Street (North) Hornsg A30 001 seN 021001 00 040101 00 Street (South) Hornsg A30 002 ses 021001 00 040101 00 u.b. Hornsg A30 003 u b 021001 00 040101 00 Bensen Street (North) Hornsg_part 001 seN 021001 00 040101 00 03 u.b. Torkel Kn.20 001 u b 021001 00 040101 00 Wind speed Maria _p mast 03 6 036 021001 00 040101 00 Wind <lir. Maria _p mast 03 6 036 021001 00 040101 00 Temp Maria_p mast 020 026 021001 00 040101 00 Globalstr. Maria _p mast 001 026 021001 00 040101 00 Difff Högd/met 020 020 021001 00 040101 00

RH Maria _p mast 001 026 021001 00 040101 00 Regn Maria _p mast 001 026 021001 00 040101 00 Trafikfl. Hok 00a Nn 021001 00 040101 00 Trafikfl. Hok 00b N s 021001 00 040101 00 Trafikfl. Hok 00e S n 021001 00 040101 00 Trafikfl. Hok 00d s s 021001 00 040101 00

(28)

Nordic database for model evaluation:

Station group "Regional"

Case: Urban and rural background

Period: jan 1999 - dec 2001 (a few only jul 1999 - jun 2001)

Variables: PMlO, PM25, N02, NOx, S02, 03 Original time resolution: Hourly data

Station Location Attribute PMJ0 PM2.5

Femman Göteborg u b X X

Biblioteket Umeå u b X X

HC 0rsted Köpenhamn u b

Rosenl.g. Stockholm u b X X

Torkel Kn.20 Stockholm u b

Södermalm DOAS Stockholm u b

Rosen Nkpg DOAS Norrköping u b

Växjö DOAS Växjö u b

SEl 1 Vavihill Skåne r b X X

SE12 Aspvreten Nyköping r b X X

NorraMalma Norrtälje r b

FI09 Utö r b

Fil? Virolahti r b

FI22 Oulanka r b

Conversions and changes made to data

NOx NO2 SO2

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 03

co

X X X X X X X

• Femman: PM2.5 shows a lot of negative values, often high numbers. The quality is poor, possibly

there isa decrease in average levels which is spurious. For the Nordic database, all PM2.5 levels < 0.1 ug/m3 have been eliminated.

• HC Örsted: Gases are given in ppb and ppm (CO). The following conversions have been used: NO

(1.29), N02 (1.98), 03 (2.07), S02 (2.76), CO (1.21).

• Finnish EMEP N02 stations: N02 given as ug N/m3. Conversion used to

convert to ug/m3: 3.29 (46/14)

(29)

Nordic database for model evaluation: Station group "Ozone"

Case: Nordic (El\.1EP hourly)

Period: 1999 - 2001 (3 years)

Variable: 03

Original time resolution: Hourly data

Station Name type

SE02 Röivik r b SE32 Norra-Kvill r b SE12 Asovreten r b SE35 Vindeln r b DK31 Ulborg r b DK32 Fredriksborg r b NOl Birkenes r b NO15 Tusteivatn r b FI09 Utö r b FI17 Virolahti Il r b FI22 Oulanka r b

Suggestions for naming in the Nordic database:

A. Variable name: 03

B. Variable key: Standard Aiiviro

C. Station names: Use both "Station" and "Name" in the table above, e.g. "SE02 Röivik"

D. Station key: Not important, invent!

E. For each variable: Store measurement value with attribute according to column "type" (i.e. "r_b") F. Load both as daily and hourly values.

(30)

Nordic database for modet evaluation:

Station group "URBAN"

Case: Urban background NO2: Period: jan - dec 2001

Urban background and street canyon benzene data: Period: Oct 2002 - March 2003.

Variables: NO2, benzene

Original time resolution: Daily data (from IVL, mainly URBAN network)

Station Attribute N02 Benzene

Helsingborg N u b X Halmstad u b X Borås u b X Jönköping u b X Lund u b X Örebro u b X Västerås u b X Karlstad u b X X Linköping u b X X Södertälje u b X X Uppsala u b X X Falkenberg u b X Köping u b X Landskrona u b X Sandviken u b X Värnamo u b X Östersund u b X Göteborg Sprängkullsgatan S C X Örebro gaturum S C X

The data from IVL has been stored in the datase without any corrections.

(31)

Nordic database for model evaluation

Case: Nordic (EMEP daily)

Period: 1999 - 2001 (3 years)

Variable: SO4, SO2, NO2,NH3+NH4(particulate), HNO3+NO3(particulate),

HNO3(gas),NH3(gas),Na,Cl, summed inorganic

Original time resolution: Daily data

Station Name S04 S02 N02 NH3+ HN03 HN03 NH3 NH4 +N03 SE02 Rörvik X X X X X SE05 Bredkälen X X X X X SE08 Hoburg X X X SEll Vavihill X X X X X SE12 Aspvreten X X X X X DK03 Tange X X X X DK05 Keldsnor X X X X DK08 Anholt X X X X X X NO0l Birkenes X X X X X X X NO08 Skreådalen X X X X X X X NO15 Tustervatn X X X X X X X NO39 Kårvatn X X X X X X X NO41 Osen X X X X X X X FI09 Utö X X X X X FI17 Virolahti II X X X X X FI22 Oulanka X X X X X FI37 Ähtäri II X X X X X

Suggestions for naming in the Nordic database:

• Variable names: According to table above (SO4, SO2 etc ... )

Na Cl X X X X X X X X X X

• Variable key: For some ofthem use Slb standard. Invent something for the remaining.

• Station names: Use both "Station" and "Name" in the table above, e.g. "SE02 Rörvik"

• Station key: Not important, invent!

inorg

• For each variable: Store measurement value with attribute "r_b", status flag with attribute "flg"

• Load both as daily and hourly values.

• SO4: 3.0 • SO2: 2.0 • NO2: 3.3 • NH3+NH4: 1.25 • HNO3: 4.5 • NH3: 1.2 • HNO3+NO3: 4.45 SPM X X X X

(32)

(33)

Sl\.1Hls publiceringar

Sl\.1HI ger ut sex rapportserier. Tre av dessa, R-serierna är avsedda för internationell publik och skrivs därför oftast på engelska. I de övriga serierna används det svenska språket.

Seriernas namn

RMK (Rapport Meteorologi och Klimatologi)

RH (Rapport Hydrologi)

RO (Rapport Oceanografi)

METEOROLOGI HYDROLOGI OCEANOGRAFI

I serien METEOROLOGI har tidigare utgivits:

1985

1 Hagmarker, A. (1985)

Satellitmeteorologi.

2 Fredriksson, U., Persson, Ch., Laurin, S.

(1985)

Helsingborgsluft.

3 Persson, Ch., Wern, L. (1985)

Spridnings- och depositionsberäkningar för av fansförbränningsanläggningar i

Sofielund och Högdalen.

4 Kinden,

s

.

(1985)

Spridningsberäkningar för SUPRAs

anläggningar i Köping.

5 Andersson, C., Kvick, T. (1985)

Vindmätningar på tre platser på Gotland.

Utvärdering nr 1.

6 Kindell, S. (1985)

Spridningsberäkningar för Ericsson,

lngelstafabriken.

7 Fredriksson, U. (1985)

Spridningsberäkningar för olika plymlyft

vid avfallsvärmeverket Sävenäs.

8 Fredriksson, U., Persson, Ch. (1985)

NOx- och NOrberäkningar vid Vasaterminalen i Stockholm. 9 Wern, L. (1985) Spridningsberäkningar för ASEA transformers i Ludvika. 10 Axelsson, G., Eklind, R. (1985) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Publiceras sedan 1974 1990 1986 1985 1985 1985 Laurin, S., Bringfelt, B. (1985) Spridningsmoden för kväveoxider i gatumiljö. Persson, Ch., Wern, L. (1985)

Spridnings- och depositionsberäkningar för avfallsförbränningsanläggning i

Sofielund.

Persson, Ch., Wern, L. (1985)

Spridnings- och depositionsberäkningar för avfallsförbränningsanläggning i

Högdalen.

Vedin, H., Andersson, C. (1985)

Extrema köldperioder i Stockholm.

Krieg, R., Omstedt, G. (1985)

Spridningsberäkningar för Volvos

planerade bilfabrik i Uddevalla.

Kinden, S. Wern, L. (1985)

Luftvårdsstudie avseende industrikombinatet i Nynäshamn (koncentrations- och luktberäkningar).

Laurin, S., Persson, Ch. (1985)

Beräknad formaldehydspridning och deposition från SWEDSP ANs spånskivefabrik.

Persson, Ch., Wern, L. (1985)

Luftvårdsstudie avseende industri-kombinatet i Nynäshamn -

(34)

19 Fredriksson, U. (1985) 6 Robertson, L. (1986)

Luktberäkningar för Bofors Plast i Koncentrations- och

depositions-Ljungby, Il. beräkningar för en

sopförbrännings-anläggning vid Ryaverken i Borås.

20 Wem, L., Omstedt, G. (1985)

Spridningsberäkningar för Volvos 7 Laurin, S. (1986)

planerade bilfabrik i Uddevalla - energi- Luften i Avesta - föroreningsbidrag från

centralen. trafiken.

21 Krieg, R., Omstedt, G. (1985) 8 Robertson, L., Ring, S. (1986)

Spridningsberäkningar för Volvos Spridningsberäkningar för bromcyan.

planerade bilfabrik i Uddevalla

-kompletterande beräkningar för fabrikerna. 9 Wem, L. (1986)

Extrema byvindar i Orrefors.

22 Karlsson, K.-G. (1985)

Infonnation från Meteosat -forskningsrön 10 Robertson, L. (1986)

och operationell tillämpning. Koncentrations- och

depositions-beräkningar för Halmstads av

falls-23 Fredriksson, U. (1985) förbränningsanläggning vid Kristinehed.

Spridningsberäkningar för AB Åkerlund &

Rausings fabrik i Lund. 11 Tömevik, H., Ugnell (1986)

Belastningsprognoser.

24 Färnlöf, S. (1985)

Radarmeteorologi. 12 Joelsson, R. (1986)

Något om användningen av numeriska

25 Ahlström, B., Salomonsson, G. (1985) prognoser på SMHI (i princip rapporten

Resultat av 5-dygnsprognos till ledning för till ECMWF).

isbrytarverksamhet vintern 1984-85.

13 Krieg, R., Andersson, C. (1986)

26 Wem, L. (1985) Vindmätningar i höga master,

kvartals-Avesta stadsmodell. rapport 4/1985.

27 Hultberg, H. (1985) 14 Dahlgren, L. (1986)

Statistisk prognos av yttemperatur. Solrnätning vid SMHI.

15 Wern, L. (1986)

1986 Spridningsberäkningar för ett

kraftvärme-verk i Sundbyberg.

1 Krieg, R., Johansson, L., Andersson, C.

(1986) 16 Kindell, S. (1986)

Vindmätningar i höga master, kvartals- Spridningsberäkningar för Uddevallas

rapport 3/1985. :fjärrvärmecentral i Hovhult.

2 Olsson, L.-E., Kindell, S. (1986) 17 Häggkvist, K., Persson, Ch., Robertson, L

Air pollution impact assessment for the (1986)

SABAH timber, pulp and paper complex. Spridningsberäkningar rörande gasutsläpp

från ett antal källor inom SSAB

Luleå-3 Ivarsson, K.-1. (1986) verken.

Resultat av byggväderprognoser

-säsongen 1984/85. 18 Krieg, R., Wern, L. (1986)

En klimatstudie för Arlanda stad.

4 Persson, Ch., Robertson, L. (1986)

Spridnings- och depositionsberäkningar 19 Vedin, H. (1986)

för en sopförbränningsanläggning i Extrem arealnederbörd i Sverige.

Skövde.

20 Wem, L. (1986)

5 Laurin, S. (1986) Spridningsberäkningar för lösningsmedel i

Bilavgaser vid intagsplan - Eskilstuna. Tibro.

21 Krieg, R., Andersson, C. (1986)

Vindmätningar i höga master -

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35 Persson, Ch., Wem, L. (1986) 22 Kvick, T. (1986) Beräkningar av svaveldepositionen i

Beräkning av vindenergitillgången på Stockholmsområdet. några platser i Halland och Bohuslän.

36 Joelsson, R. (1986) 23 Krieg, R., Andersson, C. (1986) USAs månadsprognoser.

Vindmätningar i höga master -

kvartals-rapport 2/1986. 37 Vakant nr.

24 Persson, Ch. (SMHI), Rodhe, H. 38 Krieg, R., Andersson, C. (1986) (MISU), De Geer, L.-E. (FOA) (1986) Utemiljön vid Kvarnberget, Lysekil. Tjemobylolyckan -En meteorologisk

analys av hur radioaktivitet spreds till 39 Häggkvist, K. (1986)

Sverige. Spridningsberäkningar av freon 22 från Ropstens värmepumpverk.

Spridningsberäkningar för Spendmps 40 Fredriksson, U. (1986)

bryggeri, Grängesberg. Vindklassificering av en plats på Hemsön.

26 Krieg, R. (1986) 41 Nilsson, S. (1986)

Beräkningar av vindenergitillgången på Utvärdering av sommarens (1986) några platser i Skåne. använda konvektionsprognoshjälpmedel.

27 Wem, L., Ring, S. (1986) 42 Krieg, R., Kvick, T. (1986) Spridningsberäkningar, SSAB. Vindmätningar i höga master.

28 Wern, L., Ring, S. (1986) 43 Krieg, R., Fredriksson, U. (1986) Spridningsberäkningar för ny ugn, Vindarna över Sverige.

SSAB Il.

44 Robertson, L. (1986)

29 Wem, L. (1986) Spridningsberäkningar rörande gasutsläpp Spridningsberäkningar för Volvo vid ScanDust i Landskrona -bestämning Halls bergverken. av cyanvätehalter.

30 Fredriksson, U. (1986) 45 Kvick, T., Krieg, R., Robertson, L. (1986) SOrhalter från Hammarbyverket kring ny Vindförhållandena i Sveriges kust- och arena vid Johanneshov. havsband, rapport nr 2.

31 Persson, Ch., Robertson, L., Häggkvist, K. 46 Fredriksson, U. (1986)

(1986) Spridningsberäkningar för en planerad Spridningsberäkningar, SSAB - Luleå- panncentral vid Lindsdal utanför Kalmar.

verken.

32 Kindell, S., Ring, S. (1986) Spridningsberäkningar för Volvo BMs S pridningsberäkningar för SAABs fabrik i Landskrona.

planerade bilfabrik i Malmö.

33 Wern, L. (1986) Spridningsberäkningar för ELMO-CALFs Spridningsberäkningar för fabrik i Svenljunga.

svavelsyrafabrik i Falun.

49 Häggkvist, K. (1986)

34 Wern, L., Ring, S. (1986) Spridningsberäkningar rörande gasutsläpp Spridningsberäkningar för Västhamns- från syrgas- och bensenupplag inom SSAB verket HKVl i Helsingborg. Luleåverken.

50 Wem, L., Fredriksson, U., Ring, S. (1986) Spridningsberäkningar för lösningsmedel i Tidaholm.

51 Wem, L. (1986)

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52 Ericson, K. (1986) 67 Persson, Ch. (1987)

Meteorological measurements performed Beräkning av lukt och föroreningshalter i May 15, 1984, to June, 1984, by the luft runt Neste Polyester i Nol.

SMHI.

68 Fredriksson, U., Krieg, R. (1987) 53 Wem, L., Fredriksson, U. (1986) En överskalig klimatstudie för Tomby,

Spridningsberäkning för Kockums Plåt- Linköping.

teknik, Ronneby.

69 Häggkvist, K. (1987)

54 Eriksson, B. (1986) En numerisk modell för beräkning av

Frekvensanalys av timvisa temperatur- vertikal momentumtransport i områden

observationer. med stora råhetselement. Tillämpning på

ett energiskogsområde.

55 Wern, L., Kinden, S. (1986)

Luktberäkningar för AB ELMO i Flen. 70 Lindström, Kjell (1987)

Weather and flying briefing aspects. 56 Robertson, L. ( 1986)

Spridningsberäkningar rörande utsläpp av 71 Häggkvist, K. (1987)

NOx inom Fagersta kommun. En numerisk modell för beräkning av

vertikal momentumtransport i områden

57 Kindell, S. (1987) med stora råhetselement. En

koefficient-Luften i Nässjö. bestämning.

58 Persson, Ch., Robertson, L. (1987) 72 Liljas, E. (1988)

Spridningsberäkningar rörande gasutsläpp Förbättrad väderinformation i jordbruket

-vid ScanDust i Landskrona - bestämning behov och möjligheter (PROF ARM). av cyanväte.

73 Andersson, Tage (1988)

59 Bringfelt, B. (1987) Isbildning på flygplan.

Receptorbaserad partikelmodell för

gatumiljömodell för en gata i Nyköping. 74 Andersson, Tage (1988)

Aeronautic wind shear and turbulence.

60 Robertson, L. ( 1987) A review for forecasts.

Spridningsberäkningar för Varbergs

kommun. Bestämning av halter av SO2, 75 Kållberg, P. (1988)

CO, NOx samt några kolväten. Parameterisering av diabatiska processer i

numeriska prognosmodeller. 61 Vedin, H., Andersson, C. (1987)

E 66 - Linderödsåsen - klimatförhållanden. 76 Vedin, H., Eriksson, B. (1988) fa.irem arealnederbörd i Sverige

62 Wern, L., Fredriksson, U. (1987) 1881 -1988.

Spridningsberäkningar för Kockums

Plåtteknik, Ronneby. 2. 77 Eriksson, B., Carlsson, B., Dahlström, B.

(1989)

63 Taesler, R., Andersson, C., Wallentin, C., Preliminär handledning för korrektion av

Krieg, R. (1987) nederbördsmängder.

Klimatkorrigering för energiförbrukningen

i ett eluppvärmt villaområde. 78 Liljas, E. (1989)

Torv-väder. Behovsanalys med avseende

64 Fredriksson, U. ( 1987) på väderprognoser och produktion av

Spridningsberäkningar för AB Åetå- bränsletorv.

Trycks planerade anläggning vid Kungens

Kurva. 79 Hagmarker, A. (1991)

Satellitmeteorologi.

65 Melgarejo, J. (1987)

Mesoskalig modellering vid SMHI. 80 Lövblad, G., Persson, Ch. (1991) Background report on air pollution

66 Häggkvist, K. (1987) situation in the Baltic states -a

Vindlaster på kordahus vid Alviks Strand - prefeasibility study.

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81 Alexandersson, H., Karlström, C., 93 Bennartz, R., Thoss, A., Dybbroe, A. and

Larsson-McCann, S. (1991) Michelson, D. B. (1999)

Temperaturen och nederbörden i Sverige Precipitation Analysis from AMSU

1961-90. Referensnonnaler. (Nowcasting SAF)

82 Vedin, H., Alexandersson, H., Persson, M. 94 Appelqvist, Peter och Anders Karlsson

(1991) (1999)

Utnyttjande av persistens i temperatur och Nationell emissionsdatabas för utsläpp till

nederbörd för vårflödesprognoser. luft - Förstudie.

83 Moberg, A. (1992) 95 Persson, Ch., Robertson L. (SMHI)

Lufttemperaturen i Stockholm Thaning, L (LFOA). (2000)

1756 - 1990. Historik, inhomogeniteter Model for Simulation of Air and Ground

och urbaniseringseffekt. Contamination Associated with Nuclear

Naturgeografiska Institutionen, Weapons. An Emergency Preparedness

Stockholms Universitet. Model.

84 Josefsson, W. (1993) 96 Kindbom K., Svensson A., Sjöberg K.,

Normalvärden för perioden 1961-90 av (IVL) Persson C., (SMHI) ( 2001)

globalstrålning och solskenstid i Sverige. Nationell miljöövervakning av luft- och

nederbördskemi 1997, 1998 och 1999.

85 Laurin, S., Alexandersson, H. (1994)

Några huvuddrag i det svenska 97 Diamandi, A., Dybbroe, A. (2001)

temperatur-klimatet 1961 - 1990. Nowcasting SAF

Validation of A VHRR cloud products.

86 Fredriksson, U. och Ståhl, S. (1994)

En jämförelse mellan automatiska och 98 Foltescu V. L., Persson Ch. (2001)

manuella fältrnätningar av temperatur och Beräkningar av moln- och dimdeposition i

nederbörd. Sverigemodellen - Resultat för 1997 och

1998.

87 Alexandersson, H., Eggertsson Karlström,

C. och Laurin S. (1997). 99 Alexandersson, H. och Eggertsson

Några huvuddrag i det svenska Karlströrn, C (2001)

nederbördsklimatet 1961-1990. Temperaturen och nederbörden i Sverige

1961-1990. Referensnormaler -utgåva 2.

88 Mattsson, J., Rummukainen, M. (1998)

Växthuseffekten och klimatet i Norden - 100 Korpela, A., Dybbroe, A., Thoss, A.

en översikt. (2001)

Nowcasting SAF - Retrieving Cloud Top

89 Kindbom, K., Sjöberg, K., Munthe, J., Temperature and Height in

Semi-Peterson, K. (IVL) transparent and Fractional Cloudiness

Persson, C. Roos, E., Bergström, R. using A VHRR.

(SMHI). (1998)

Nationell miljöövervakning av luft- och 101 Josefsson, W. (1989)

nederbördskemi 1996. Computed global radiation using

interpolated, gridded cloudiness from the

90 Foltescu, V.L., Häggmark, L (1998) MESA-BETA analysis compared to

Jämförelse mellan observationer och fält measured global radiation.

med griddad klimatologisk infonnation.

102 Foltescu, V., Gidhagen, L., Omstedt, G.

91 Hultgren, P., Dybbroe, A., Karlsson, K.-G. (2001)

(1999) Nomogram för uppskattning av halter av

SCANDIA - its accuracy in classifying PM10ochNO2

LOWCLOUDS

103 Omstedt, G., Gidhagen, L., Langner, J.

92 Hyvarinen, 0., Karlsson, K.-G., Dybbroe, (2002)

A. (1999) Spridning av förbränningsemissioner från

Investigations ofNOAA A VHRR/3 1.6 småskalig biobränsleeldning

µm imagery for snow, cloud and sunglint - analys av PM2.5 data från Lycksele med

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104 Alexandersson, H. (2002)

Temperatur och nederbörd i Sverige 1860 - 2001

105 Persson, Ch. (2002)

Kvaliteten hos nederbördskemiska mätdata som utnyttjas för dataassimilation i MATCH-Sverige modellen".

106 Mattsson, J., Karlsson, K-G. (2002) CM-SAF cloud products feasibility study

in the inner Arctic region

Part I: Cloud mask studies <luring the 200 I Oden Arctic expedition

107 Kämer, 0., Karlsson, K-G. (2003) Climate Monitoring SAF - Cloud products feasibility study in the inner Arctic region.

Part Il: Evaluation ofthe variability in radiation and cloud data

108 Persson, Ch., Magnusson, M. (2003) Kvaliteten i uppmätta nederbördsmängder inom svenska nederbörskemiska

stationsnät

109 Omstedt, G., Persson Ch., Skagerströrn, M (2003)

Vedeldning i småhusområden 110 Alexandersson, H., Vedin, H. (2003)

Dimensionerande regn för mycket små

avrinningsområden 111 Alexandersson, H. (2003)

Korrektion av nederbörd enligt enkel klimatologisk metodik

112 Joro, S., Dybbroe, A.(2004) Nowcasting SAF - IOP

Validating the A VHRR Cloud Top Temperature and Height product using weather radar data

Visiting Scientist report

113 Persson, Ch., Ressner, E., Klein, T. (2004) Nationell miljöövervakning - MATCH-Sverige modellen

Metod- och resultatsammanställning för åren 1999-2002 samt diskussion av osäkerheter, trender och miljömål 114 Josefsson, W. (2004)

UV-radiation measured in Norrköping 1983-2003.

115 Martin, Judit, 2004

Var tredje timme - Livet som väderobservatör

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all

Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut 601 76 Norrköping. Tel 011-495 8000 • Fax 011-495 8001 www.smhi.se 0 O') ,_ ,_ rl, 00 "' 0 z (f) ',!2 _,

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