1
Introduction ... 1
1.1
Problem ... 1
1.2
Purpose ... 1
1.3
Earlier contributions/ studies ... 2
1.4
Outline of next sections ... 2
2
The Human Development Index & Capability Approach .... 3
2.1
The Human Development Index ... 3
2.1.1
Advantages ... 3
2.1.2
Disadvantages ... 3
2.2
The Capability Approach ... 4
2.2.1
Advantages ... 4
2.2.2
Disadvantages ... 4
3
Limitations of GDP as a gauge for living standards ... 5
3.1
Sustainability ... 5
3.2
Equality ... 5
3.3
Survival ... 8
3.4
Summary ... 8
4
Proxies for sustainability, equality and survival ... 9
4.1
Sustainability – Ecological Footprint ... 9
4.2
Equality – Gini Coefficient ... 9
4.3
Survival – Life Expectancy ... 10
5
Panel unit root tests ... 11
5.1
Panel unit root tests – theory ... 11
5.2
The Fisher-PP Test ... 11
5.3
Ecological Footprint ... 12
5.4
Gini Coefficient ... 14
5.5
Life Expectancy ... 15
6
A new index – The BDI ... 17
6.1
Calculating the BDI ... 17
6.1.1
The BDI for 132 countries ... 19
6.2
Categorizing the BDI ... 20
6.3
Coloring the world ... 21
6.4
BDI vs. GDP per capita ... 22
6.4.1
Global ... 22
6.4.2
G-20 ... 22
6.4.3
Asia ... 23
6.4.4
Africa ... 23
6.4.5
The Americas ... 23
7
Conclusion ... 24
8
Future Research ... 25
List of references ... 26
Figures
Figure 1
Correlation between HDI and GDP per capita, 2001 PPP US$ ... 3Figure 2
GDP and CO2 emissions, China ... 5Figure 3
Negative relationship between life expectancy and income inequality... 6Figure 4
Positive relationship between health/ social problems and income inequality .... 6Figure 5
Positive relationship between homocides and income inequality ... 7Figure 6
Positive relationship between mental illness and income inequality ... 7Figure 7
Positive relationship between life expectancy and ln(GDP per capita) ... 8Figure 8
Global Ecological Footprint, 1961 to 2007 ... 9Figure 9
The Lorenz Curve ... 10Figure 10
Global Life Expectancy, 1960 to 2009 ... 10Figure 11
Ecological Footprint for 25 countries, 1961 to 2005 ... 13Figure 12
Ecological Footprint for 25 countries (first differnce), 1961 to 2005 ... 14Figure 13
Global Life Expectancy, 1960 to 2009 ... 15Figure 14
Global Life Expectancy (first difference), 1960 to 2009 ... 16Figure 15
World Map indicating the BDI ... 21Tables
Table 1
Panel unit root test, Ecological Footprint ... 13Table 2
Panel unit root test, Ecological Footprint (first difference) ... 14Table 3
Panel unit root test, Life Expectancy ... 15Table 4
Panel unit root test, Life Expectancy (first difference) ... 16Table 5
BDI for 132 countries, 2008 ... 19Table 6
BDI Intervals and Categories ... 20Appendix
Appendix 1 ...
29
𝑦
𝑖𝑡= 𝜌
𝑖𝑦
𝑖𝑡−1+ 𝑧
𝑖𝑡𝛾 + 𝑢
𝑖𝑡(1)
𝑧
𝑖𝑡𝑢
𝑖𝑡𝜌
𝑖𝜌
𝑖= 1 𝑦
𝑖𝜌
𝑖< 1 𝑦
𝑖𝐻
0: 𝜌
𝑖= 1 ∀𝑖
𝜌
𝑖𝐻
1: 𝜌
𝑖< 1 ∀𝑖
𝐻
1: 𝜌
𝑖< 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑁
𝜌
𝑖= 𝜌 ∀𝑖
𝑦
𝑖𝑡= 𝑑
𝑖𝑡+ 𝑥
𝑖𝑡𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑁 ; 𝑡 = 1,2, … , 𝑇 (2)
𝑑
𝑖𝑡= 𝛼
𝑖0+ 𝛼
𝑖1𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝛼
𝑖𝑚 𝑖𝑡
𝑚𝑖(2.1)
𝑥
𝑖𝑡= 𝜌
𝑖𝑥
𝑖(𝑡−1)+ 𝑢
𝑖𝑡(2.2)
𝐻
0: 𝜌
𝑖= 1 ∀𝑖
𝐻
1: 𝜌
𝑖< 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑁
−2 log 𝜋
𝑖 𝑁 𝑖=1→ 𝜒
2𝑁2(3)
𝑍 =
1
𝑁
Φ
−1(𝜋
𝑖 𝑁 𝑖=1) → 𝑁 0,1 (4)
Φ
−1𝑐𝑑𝑓 =
1
2
1 + erf
𝑥 − µ
2𝜍²
(5)
𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝑥 =
2
𝑛
𝑒
−𝑡2𝑑𝑡.
𝑥 0(6)
𝐻
0: 𝜌
𝑖= 1 ∀𝑖
𝐻
1: 𝜌
𝑖< 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑁
𝐻
0: 𝜌
𝑖= 1 ∀𝑖
𝐻
0: 𝜌
𝑖= 1 ∀𝑖
𝐻
0: 𝜌
𝑖= 1 ∀𝑖
0 ≤ 𝐵𝐷𝐼 ≤ 1
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑋)
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥=
𝑥 − min(𝑥)
max(𝑥) − min(𝑥)
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝐺𝐸𝑅)
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥=
5.08 − 0.44
10.51 − 0.44
= 0.46
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑊𝐸
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥=
5.88 − 0.44
10.51 − 0.44
= 0.54
𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦(𝐺𝐸𝑅)
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥−1=
80.09
−1− 44.99
−182.59
−1− 44.99
−1= 0.037
𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦(𝑆𝑊𝐸)
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥−1=
81.24
−1− 44.99
−182.59
−1− 44.99
−1= 0.020
𝐵𝐷𝐼 = 0.45 × 𝐿𝐸
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥+ 0.10 × 𝐸𝐹
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥+ (0.45 × 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝐵𝐷𝐼
𝐺𝐸𝑅= 0.45 × 0.037 + 0.10 × 0.46 + 0.45 × 0.28 = 0.19
𝐵𝐷𝐼
𝑆𝑊𝐸= 0.45 × 0.020 + 0.10 × 0.54 + 0.45 × 0.25 = 0.18
BDI Intervals
Category
[0.00 ; 0.20]
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑖𝑔
(0.20 ; 0.25]
𝑖𝑔
(0.25 ; 0.30]
𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒
(0.30 ; 0.35]
𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒
(0.35 ; 0.40]
𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒
(0.40 ; 0.45]
𝑙𝑜𝑤
(0.45 ; 1.00]
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑤
World Map indicating the BDI very high high upper middle middle lower middle low very low
𝑟
𝑠= 1 −
6
𝑑
𝑖 2 𝑛 𝑖=1𝑛 𝑛
2− 1
(7)
𝐻
0: 𝜌
𝑠= 0
𝐻
1: 𝜌
𝑠≠ 0
𝑛 > 30
𝑧 = 𝑟
𝑠𝑛 − 1 (8)
𝑛 ≤ 30
𝑛 = 132)
𝑟
𝑠= 0.724
𝑧 = 8.29
α
𝑟
𝑠= 0.581
𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
0.01/2, 18 𝑑.𝑓.= 0.625
𝑟
𝑠= 0.426
𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
0.01/2, 30 𝑑.𝑓.= 0.478
𝑟
𝑠= 0.0580
𝑧 = 0.362
α
𝑟
𝑠= 0.690
𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
0.01/2, 23 𝑑.𝑓.= 0.549
Appendix 1
Intermediate Phillips-Perron test results EF Cross
section Prob. Bandwidth Obs Austria 0.6754 6.0 44 Belgium 0.6677 2.0 44 Denmark 0.2532 10.0 44 Finland 0.5286 8.0 44 France 0.5174 0.0 44 Germany 0.8927 1.0 44 Greece 0.3372 3.0 44 Iceland 0.6352 3.0 44 Ireland 0.5120 1.0 44 Italy 0.5783 3.0 44 Luxembourg 0.5631 1.0 44 Netherlands 0.6205 7.0 44 Norway 0.6821 19.0 44 Portugal 0.7743 4.0 44 Spain 0.8003 3.0 44 Sweden 0.9044 43.0 44 Switzerland 0.7615 4.0 44 United Kingdom 0.1310 2.0 44 Australia 0.5935 1.0 44 Japan 0.7418 0.0 44 Korea 0.6329 9.0 44 New Zealand 0.8599 1.0 44 Canada 0.2726 5.0 44 United States 0.4232 3.0 44 Mexico 0.3431 2.0 44
Intermediate Phillips-Perron test results D(EF) Cross
section Prob. Bandwidth Obs Austria 0.0617 25.0 43 Belgium 0.1006 9.0 43 Denmark 0.0118 10.0 43 Finland 0.0725 42.0 43 France 0.0337 4.0 43 Germany 0.4302 7.0 43 Greece 0.0018 9.0 43 Iceland 0.0883 35.0 43 Ireland 0.0229 7.0 43 Italy 0.0641 8.0 43 Luxembourg 0.0458 11.0 43 Netherlands 0.0137 18.0 43 Norway 0.0443 28.0 43 Portugal 0.0965 3.0 43 Spain 0.0617 5.0 43 Sweden 0.0128 15.0 43 Switzerland 0.0491 12.0 43 United Kingdom 0.1178 5.0 43 Australia 0.0178 42.0 43 Japan 0.1671 17.0 43
Korea 0.0052 25.0 43 New Zealand 0.0559 5.0 43 Canada 0.0003 30.0 43 United States 0.2079 8.0 43 Mexico 0.0024 0.0 43
Appendix 2
Intermediate Phillips-Perron test results LIFE_EXPECTANCY Cross
section Prob. Bandwidth Obs Afghanistan 0.8422 5.0 48
Albania 0.0300 5.0 48 Algeria 0.9989 5.0 48 Angola 0.6146 5.0 48 Antigua and
Barbuda Dropped from Test Argentina 0.3385 5.0 48 Armenia 0.7890 5.0 48 Aruba 0.6322 5.0 48 Australia 0.9670 3.0 24 Austria 0.7986 2.0 48 Azerbaijan 0.7861 5.0 48 Bahamas, The 0.5660 5.0 48 Bahrain 0.9997 4.0 48 Bangladesh 0.8304 5.0 48 Barbados 0.4841 5.0 48 Belarus 0.9978 2.0 23 Belgium 0.8806 10.0 18 Belize 0.4410 5.0 48 Benin 0.7143 5.0 48 Bermuda 1.0000 0.0 4 Bhutan 0.2347 5.0 48 Bolivia 0.8577 5.0 48 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.5259 5.0 48 Botswana 0.8476 5.0 48 Brazil 1.0000 5.0 48 Brunei Darussalam 0.9962 5.0 48 Bulgaria 0.0667 3.0 48 Burkina Faso 0.0797 5.0 48 Burundi 0.7269 5.0 48 Cambodia 0.6355 5.0 48 Cameroon 0.9813 5.0 48 Canada 0.2922 4.0 48 Cape Verde 0.9977 5.0 48 Central African Republic 0.9191 5.0 48 Chad 0.9899 5.0 48 Channel Islands 0.4830 5.0 48 Chile 0.9991 5.0 48 China 0.0062 4.0 48 Colombia 0.9026 5.0 48 Comoros 0.7436 5.0 48 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.8224 5.0 48 Congo, Rep. 0.7578 5.0 48 Costa Rica 0.9960 5.0 48 Cote d'Ivoire 0.9227 5.0 48 Croatia 0.8059 3.0 30 Cuba 0.1481 5.0 48 Cyprus 0.9791 5.0 48 Czech Republic 0.9578 4.0 48 Denmark 0.9451 0.0 48
Djibouti 0.9613 4.0 48 Dominica Dropped from Test Dominican
Republic 0.9845 5.0 48 Ecuador 0.9995 5.0 48 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.9983 5.0 48 El Salvador 0.7518 5.0 48 Equatorial Guinea 0.9659 5.0 48 Eritrea 0.9408 5.0 48 Estonia 0.7860 6.0 21 Ethiopia 0.9462 5.0 48 Fiji 0.9415 5.0 48 Finland 0.1333 4.0 48 France 0.0744 3.0 48 French Polynesia 0.9749 5.0 48 Gabon 0.9946 5.0 48 Gambia, The 0.9989 5.0 48 Georgia 0.0492 4.0 48 Germany 0.1761 0.0 18 Ghana 0.9981 5.0 48 Greece 0.5196 1.0 19 Greenland 0.9972 0.0 6 Grenada 0.7404 5.0 48 Guam 0.0000 5.0 48 Guatemala 0.9613 5.0 48 Guinea 0.0921 5.0 48 Guinea-Bissau 0.8869 5.0 48 Guyana 0.7957 5.0 48 Haiti 0.6968 5.0 48 Honduras 1.0000 5.0 48 Hong Kong SAR,
China 0.2408 1.0 41 Hungary 0.9865 3.0 48 Iceland 0.0218 2.0 33 India 0.7918 5.0 48 Indonesia 1.0000 5.0 48 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.9996 5.0 48 Iraq 0.9541 5.0 48 Ireland 0.8961 2.0 21 Israel 0.3785 11.0 45 Italy 0.0001 3.0 48 Jamaica 0.0020 5.0 48 Japan 0.5423 3.0 48 Jordan 0.9945 5.0 48 Kazakhstan 0.8976 2.0 21 Kenya 0.8502 5.0 48 Kiribati Dropped from Test Korea, Dem. Rep. 0.9348 5.0 48
Korea, Rep. 0.9848 1.0 14 Kosovo 0.3226 1.0 27 Kuwait 0.9065 5.0 48 Kyrgyz Republic 0.7804 0.0 19 Lao PDR 0.6401 5.0 48 Latvia 0.7551 1.0 48 Lebanon 0.0043 5.0 48 Lesotho 0.9826 5.0 48 Liberia 0.9407 5.0 48 Libya 0.9966 5.0 48 Lithuania 0.2273 1.0 48 Luxembourg 0.0701 9.0 18 Macao SAR, China 0.9530 5.0 48
Macedonia, FYR 0.0623 5.0 48 Madagascar 0.8975 5.0 48 Malawi 0.8077 5.0 48 Malaysia 0.2189 5.0 48 Maldives 0.7667 5.0 48 Mali 0.2542 5.0 48 Malta 0.0870 2.0 16 Mauritania 0.9984 5.0 48 Mauritius 0.6937 1.0 15 Mayotte 0.9999 1.0 6 Mexico 1.0000 3.0 48 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.5135 5.0 48 Moldova 0.2538 5.0 48 Mongolia 0.4830 4.0 48 Montenegro 0.9492 5.0 48 Morocco 0.9984 5.0 48 Mozambique 0.6637 5.0 48 Myanmar 0.4543 5.0 48 Namibia 0.8637 5.0 48 Nepal 0.4509 5.0 48 Netherlands 0.7113 4.0 48 Netherlands Antilles 0.8332 5.0 48 New Caledonia 0.0620 1.0 20 New Zealand 0.2929 3.0 48 Nicaragua 0.6533 5.0 48 Niger 1.0000 5.0 48 Nigeria 0.7815 5.0 48 Norway 0.7521 1.0 48 Oman 0.9998 5.0 48 Pakistan 0.0174 5.0 48 Palau Dropped from Test Panama 0.9384 5.0 48 Papua New Guinea 0.9447 5.0 48 Paraguay 0.9980 5.0 48 Peru 1.0000 5.0 48 Philippines 0.8481 5.0 48 Poland 0.8329 1.0 48 Portugal 0.1680 2.0 20 Puerto Rico 0.4002 7.0 8 Qatar 0.1210 5.0 48 Romania 0.6231 2.0 41 Russian Federation 0.8602 0.0 38 Rwanda 0.8320 5.0 48 Samoa 1.0000 5.0 48 Sao Tome and
Principe 0.1772 5.0 48 Saudi Arabia 1.0000 5.0 48 Senegal 0.9771 5.0 48 Serbia 0.9979 4.0 9 Seychelles 0.0001 5.0 6 Sierra Leone 0.8111 5.0 48 Singapore 0.1260 0.0 12 Slovak Republic 0.6082 15.0 28 Slovenia 0.3804 0.0 19 Solomon Islands 0.7744 5.0 48 Somalia 0.4591 5.0 48 South Africa 0.9964 5.0 48 Spain 0.4695 1.0 48 Sri Lanka 0.7817 5.0 48
St. Kitts and Nevis Dropped from Test St. Lucia 0.4197 0.0 15 St. Vincent and the
Grenadines 0.6880 5.0 48 Sudan 0.8044 5.0 48 Suriname 0.3957 5.0 48 Swaziland 0.9864 5.0 48 Sweden 0.5033 4.0 48 Switzerland 0.1266 4.0 48 Syrian Arab Republic 1.0000 5.0 48 Tajikistan 0.5600 5.0 48 Tanzania 0.8231 5.0 48 Thailand 0.9777 5.0 48 Timor-Leste 0.8450 5.0 48 Togo 0.9139 5.0 48 Tonga 0.3163 5.0 48 Trinidad and Tobago 0.4977 5.0 48 Tunisia 0.2807 1.0 18 Turkey 0.8164 5.0 48 Turkmenistan 0.3765 5.0 48 Uganda 0.7304 5.0 48 Ukraine 0.8567 2.0 21 United Arab Emirates 0.9999 5.0 48 United Kingdom 0.1302 3.0 48 United States 0.5488 2.0 48 Uruguay 0.5592 3.0 13 Uzbekistan 0.5856 5.0 48 Vanuatu 0.9999 5.0 48 Venezuela, RB 0.5547 0.0 16 Vietnam 0.9666 5.0 48 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.9984 4.0 5 West Bank and
Gaza 0.0000 2.0 18
Yemen, Rep. 0.8512 5.0 48 Zambia 0.7024 5.0 48 Zimbabwe 0.8591 5.0 48
Intermediate Phillips-Perron test results D(LIFE_EXPECTANCY) Cross
section Prob. Bandwidth Obs Afghanistan 0.6393 5.0 47
Albania 0.0096 5.0 47 Algeria 0.7688 5.0 47 Angola 0.7455 5.0 47 Antigua and
Barbuda Dropped from Test Argentina 0.3219 4.0 47 Armenia 0.4553 5.0 47 Aruba 0.4193 5.0 47 Australia 0.0057 2.0 17 Austria 0.0000 3.0 47 Azerbaijan 0.3594 5.0 47 Bahamas, The 0.3563 5.0 47 Bahrain 0.8534 4.0 47 Bangladesh 0.5473 5.0 47
Barbados 0.0632 5.0 47 Belarus 0.0037 0.0 22 Belgium 0.0032 8.0 17 Belize 0.5815 5.0 47 Benin 0.2607 5.0 47 Bermuda Dropped from Test
Bhutan 0.3718 5.0 47 Bolivia 0.6167 5.0 47 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.1607 4.0 47 Botswana 0.4586 5.0 47 Brazil 0.8693 5.0 47 Brunei Darussalam 0.6482 4.0 47 Bulgaria 0.0000 0.0 47 Burkina Faso 0.1026 5.0 47 Burundi 0.3692 5.0 47 Cambodia 0.2153 5.0 47 Cameroon 0.6348 5.0 47 Canada 0.0000 3.0 47 Cape Verde 0.7645 5.0 47 Central African Republic 0.7050 5.0 47 Chad 0.6618 5.0 47 Channel Islands 0.5603 5.0 47 Chile 0.8731 5.0 47 China 0.5986 4.0 47 Colombia 0.2940 5.0 47 Comoros 0.3375 5.0 47 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.2910 4.0 47 Congo, Rep. 0.6131 5.0 47 Costa Rica 0.8407 5.0 47 Cote d'Ivoire 0.6257 5.0 47 Croatia 0.0005 0.0 28 Cuba 0.5102 5.0 47 Cyprus 0.5543 5.0 47 Czech Republic 0.0000 3.0 47 Denmark 0.0000 2.0 47 Djibouti 0.5296 5.0 47 Dominica Dropped from Test Dominican
Republic 0.8005 5.0 47 Ecuador 0.8912 5.0 47 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.9346 5.0 47 El Salvador 0.3211 5.0 47 Equatorial Guinea 0.3970 5.0 47 Eritrea 0.5188 5.0 47 Estonia 0.1177 7.0 20 Ethiopia 0.2872 5.0 47 Fiji 0.5943 5.0 47 Finland 0.0000 4.0 47 France 0.0000 1.0 47 French Polynesia 0.4435 4.0 47 Gabon 0.6516 5.0 47 Gambia, The 0.8061 5.0 47 Georgia 0.4310 4.0 47 Germany 0.0008 2.0 17 Ghana 0.5023 5.0 47 Greece 0.0001 2.0 18 Greenland 1.0000 3.0 4 Grenada 0.5425 5.0 47 Guam 0.0370 5.0 47
Guatemala 0.8471 5.0 47 Guinea 0.3647 4.0 47 Guinea-Bissau 0.3150 5.0 47 Guyana 0.5590 5.0 47 Haiti 0.4145 4.0 47 Honduras 0.9318 5.0 47 Hong Kong SAR,
China 0.0000 7.0 38 Hungary 0.0000 2.0 47 Iceland 0.0000 18.0 32 India 0.7159 5.0 47 Indonesia 0.8887 4.0 47 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.7603 5.0 47 Iraq 0.3989 5.0 47 Ireland 0.5757 2.0 17 Israel 0.0000 4.0 43 Italy 0.0000 19.0 47 Jamaica 0.0523 5.0 47 Japan 0.0000 4.0 47 Jordan 0.7995 5.0 47 Kazakhstan 0.1489 3.0 20 Kenya 0.5448 5.0 47 Kiribati Dropped from Test Korea, Dem. Rep. 0.6965 5.0 47
Korea, Rep. 0.0958 5.0 10 Kosovo 0.0000 1.0 26 Kuwait 0.7111 5.0 47 Kyrgyz Republic 0.0656 3.0 18 Lao PDR 0.6200 5.0 47 Latvia 0.0015 9.0 47 Lebanon 0.0149 5.0 47 Lesotho 0.4304 5.0 47 Liberia 0.4693 5.0 47 Libya 0.8172 5.0 47 Lithuania 0.0000 3.0 47 Luxembourg 0.0001 14.0 17 Macao SAR, China 0.4125 5.0 47 Macedonia, FYR 0.3875 4.0 47 Madagascar 0.2108 4.0 47 Malawi 0.2742 5.0 47 Malaysia 0.7177 4.0 47 Maldives 0.3128 5.0 47 Mali 0.5798 5.0 47 Malta 0.0000 9.0 15 Mauritania 0.7046 5.0 47 Mauritius 0.0388 1.0 13 Mayotte 0.9959 0.0 5 Mexico 0.3111 2.0 47 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.5912 5.0 47 Moldova 0.1950 5.0 47 Mongolia 0.2785 4.0 47 Montenegro 0.7319 5.0 47 Morocco 0.8901 5.0 47 Mozambique 0.3209 5.0 47 Myanmar 0.6788 5.0 47 Namibia 0.3563 5.0 47 Nepal 0.3933 5.0 47 Netherlands 0.0000 4.0 47 Netherlands Antilles 0.5905 5.0 47
New Caledonia 0.0000 2.0 18 New Zealand 0.0000 4.0 47 Nicaragua 0.4444 5.0 47 Niger 0.9001 5.0 47 Nigeria 0.4361 5.0 47 Norway 0.0000 2.0 47 Oman 0.8879 5.0 47 Pakistan 0.5222 4.0 47 Palau Dropped from Test Panama 0.7110 5.0 47 Papua New Guinea 0.4589 5.0 47 Paraguay 0.4387 4.0 47 Peru 0.9180 4.0 47 Philippines 0.0283 5.0 47 Poland 0.0000 2.0 47 Portugal 0.0001 2.0 18 Puerto Rico 0.6791 5.0 7 Qatar 0.7551 5.0 47 Romania 0.0605 7.0 39 Russian Federation 0.0607 7.0 37 Rwanda 0.2446 4.0 47 Samoa 0.9967 5.0 47 Sao Tome and
Principe 0.1915 5.0 47 Saudi Arabia 0.9439 5.0 47 Senegal 0.6122 5.0 47 Serbia 0.1622 0.0 7 Seychelles 0.0000 4.0 5 Sierra Leone 0.3777 5.0 47 Singapore 0.0000 9.0 10 Slovak Republic 0.0007 6.0 27 Slovenia 0.0001 1.0 18 Solomon Islands 0.3538 5.0 47 Somalia 0.1545 4.0 47 South Africa 0.5954 5.0 47 Spain 0.0000 2.0 47 Sri Lanka 0.3153 4.0 47 St. Kitts and Nevis Dropped from Test
St. Lucia 0.0086 2.0 14 St. Vincent and the
Grenadines 0.2294 4.0 47 Sudan 0.1696 5.0 47 Suriname 0.5075 5.0 47 Swaziland 0.5091 5.0 47 Sweden 0.0000 0.0 47 Switzerland 0.0000 0.0 47 Syrian Arab Republic 0.9195 5.0 47 Tajikistan 0.4136 5.0 47 Tanzania 0.7714 5.0 47 Thailand 0.6718 5.0 47 Timor-Leste 0.2320 4.0 47 Togo 0.6648 5.0 47 Tonga 0.5602 5.0 47 Trinidad and Tobago 0.0256 5.0 47 Tunisia 0.0013 0.0 17 Turkey 0.3634 5.0 47 Turkmenistan 0.3795 4.0 47 Uganda 0.6524 5.0 47 Ukraine 0.0036 2.0 20
United Arab Emirates 0.8908 5.0 47 United Kingdom 0.0000 2.0 47 United States 0.0000 2.0 47 Uruguay 0.0123 5.0 12 Uzbekistan 0.3915 5.0 47 Vanuatu 0.9652 5.0 47 Venezuela, RB 0.0073 1.0 15 Vietnam 0.6482 5.0 47 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.9999 2.0 3 West Bank and
Gaza 0.0005 2.0 17
Yemen, Rep. 0.4139 5.0 47 Zambia 0.6656 5.0 47 Zimbabwe 0.5788 5.0 47