• No results found

Welfare Criteria for Policy Making : The BDI Index

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Welfare Criteria for Policy Making : The BDI Index"

Copied!
42
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)
(2)
(3)

1

Introduction ... 1

1.1

Problem ... 1

1.2

Purpose ... 1

1.3

Earlier contributions/ studies ... 2

1.4

Outline of next sections ... 2

2

The Human Development Index & Capability Approach .... 3

2.1

The Human Development Index ... 3

2.1.1

Advantages ... 3

2.1.2

Disadvantages ... 3

2.2

The Capability Approach ... 4

2.2.1

Advantages ... 4

2.2.2

Disadvantages ... 4

3

Limitations of GDP as a gauge for living standards ... 5

3.1

Sustainability ... 5

3.2

Equality ... 5

3.3

Survival ... 8

3.4

Summary ... 8

4

Proxies for sustainability, equality and survival ... 9

4.1

Sustainability – Ecological Footprint ... 9

4.2

Equality – Gini Coefficient ... 9

4.3

Survival – Life Expectancy ... 10

5

Panel unit root tests ... 11

5.1

Panel unit root tests – theory ... 11

5.2

The Fisher-PP Test ... 11

5.3

Ecological Footprint ... 12

5.4

Gini Coefficient ... 14

5.5

Life Expectancy ... 15

6

A new index – The BDI ... 17

6.1

Calculating the BDI ... 17

6.1.1

The BDI for 132 countries ... 19

6.2

Categorizing the BDI ... 20

6.3

Coloring the world ... 21

6.4

BDI vs. GDP per capita ... 22

6.4.1

Global ... 22

6.4.2

G-20 ... 22

6.4.3

Asia ... 23

6.4.4

Africa ... 23

6.4.5

The Americas ... 23

7

Conclusion ... 24

8

Future Research ... 25

List of references ... 26

(4)

Figures

Figure 1

Correlation between HDI and GDP per capita, 2001 PPP US$ ... 3

Figure 2

GDP and CO2 emissions, China ... 5

Figure 3

Negative relationship between life expectancy and income inequality... 6

Figure 4

Positive relationship between health/ social problems and income inequality .... 6

Figure 5

Positive relationship between homocides and income inequality ... 7

Figure 6

Positive relationship between mental illness and income inequality ... 7

Figure 7

Positive relationship between life expectancy and ln(GDP per capita) ... 8

Figure 8

Global Ecological Footprint, 1961 to 2007 ... 9

Figure 9

The Lorenz Curve ... 10

Figure 10

Global Life Expectancy, 1960 to 2009 ... 10

Figure 11

Ecological Footprint for 25 countries, 1961 to 2005 ... 13

Figure 12

Ecological Footprint for 25 countries (first differnce), 1961 to 2005 ... 14

Figure 13

Global Life Expectancy, 1960 to 2009 ... 15

Figure 14

Global Life Expectancy (first difference), 1960 to 2009 ... 16

Figure 15

World Map indicating the BDI ... 21

Tables

Table 1

Panel unit root test, Ecological Footprint ... 13

Table 2

Panel unit root test, Ecological Footprint (first difference) ... 14

Table 3

Panel unit root test, Life Expectancy ... 15

Table 4

Panel unit root test, Life Expectancy (first difference) ... 16

Table 5

BDI for 132 countries, 2008 ... 19

Table 6

BDI Intervals and Categories ... 20

Appendix

Appendix 1 ...

29

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)

𝑦

𝑖𝑡

= 𝜌

𝑖

𝑦

𝑖𝑡−1

+ 𝑧

𝑖𝑡

𝛾 + 𝑢

𝑖𝑡

(1)

𝑧

𝑖𝑡

𝑢

𝑖𝑡

𝜌

𝑖

𝜌

𝑖

= 1 𝑦

𝑖

𝜌

𝑖

< 1 𝑦

𝑖

𝐻

0

: 𝜌

𝑖

= 1 ∀𝑖

𝜌

𝑖

𝐻

1

: 𝜌

𝑖

< 1 ∀𝑖

𝐻

1

: 𝜌

𝑖

< 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑁

𝜌

𝑖

= 𝜌 ∀𝑖

𝑦

𝑖𝑡

= 𝑑

𝑖𝑡

+ 𝑥

𝑖𝑡

𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑁 ; 𝑡 = 1,2, … , 𝑇 (2)

𝑑

𝑖𝑡

= 𝛼

𝑖0

+ 𝛼

𝑖1

𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝛼

𝑖𝑚 𝑖

𝑡

𝑚𝑖

(2.1)

𝑥

𝑖𝑡

= 𝜌

𝑖

𝑥

𝑖(𝑡−1)

+ 𝑢

𝑖𝑡

(2.2)

(16)

𝐻

0

: 𝜌

𝑖

= 1 ∀𝑖

𝐻

1

: 𝜌

𝑖

< 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑁

−2 log 𝜋

𝑖 𝑁 𝑖=1

→ 𝜒

2𝑁2

(3)

𝑍 =

1

𝑁

Φ

−1

(𝜋

𝑖 𝑁 𝑖=1

) → 𝑁 0,1 (4)

Φ

−1

𝑐𝑑𝑓 =

1

2

1 + erf⁡

𝑥 − µ

2𝜍²

(5)

𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝑥 =

2

𝑛

𝑒

−𝑡2

𝑑𝑡.

𝑥 0

(6)

(17)

𝐻

0

: 𝜌

𝑖

= 1 ∀𝑖

𝐻

1

: 𝜌

𝑖

< 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑁

(18)

𝐻

0

: 𝜌

𝑖

= 1 ∀𝑖

(19)

𝐻

0

: 𝜌

𝑖

= 1 ∀𝑖

(20)

𝐻

0

: 𝜌

𝑖

= 1 ∀𝑖

(21)

0 ≤ 𝐵𝐷𝐼 ≤ 1

𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑋)

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥

=

𝑥 − min⁡(𝑥)

max⁡(𝑥) − min⁡(𝑥)

𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝐺𝐸𝑅)

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥

=

5.08 − 0.44

10.51 − 0.44

= 0.46

𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑊𝐸

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥

=

5.88 − 0.44

10.51 − 0.44

= 0.54

𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦(𝐺𝐸𝑅)

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥−1

=

80.09

−1

− 44.99

−1

82.59

−1

− 44.99

−1

= 0.037

𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦(𝑆𝑊𝐸)

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥−1

=

81.24

−1

− 44.99

−1

82.59

−1

− 44.99

−1

= 0.020

(22)

𝐵𝐷𝐼 = 0.45 × 𝐿𝐸

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥

+ 0.10 × 𝐸𝐹

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥

+ (0.45 × 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)

𝐵𝐷𝐼

𝐺𝐸𝑅

= 0.45 × 0.037 + 0.10 × 0.46 + 0.45 × 0.28 = 0.19

𝐵𝐷𝐼

𝑆𝑊𝐸

= 0.45 × 0.020 + 0.10 × 0.54 + 0.45 × 0.25 = 0.18

(23)
(24)

BDI Intervals

Category

[0.00 ; 0.20]

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑕𝑖𝑔𝑕

(0.20 ; 0.25]

𝑕𝑖𝑔𝑕

(0.25 ; 0.30]

𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒

(0.30 ; 0.35]

𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒

(0.35 ; 0.40]

𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒

(0.40 ; 0.45]

𝑙𝑜𝑤

(0.45 ; 1.00]

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑤

(25)

World Map indicating the BDI very high high upper middle middle lower middle low very low

(26)

𝑟

𝑠

= 1 −

6

𝑑

𝑖 2 𝑛 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛

2

− 1

(7)

𝐻

0

: 𝜌

𝑠

= 0

𝐻

1

: 𝜌

𝑠

≠ 0

𝑛 > 30

𝑧 = 𝑟

𝑠

𝑛 − 1 (8)

𝑛 ≤ 30

𝑛 = 132)

𝑟

𝑠

= 0.724

𝑧 = 8.29

α

(27)

𝑟

𝑠

= 0.581

𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

0.01/2, 18 𝑑.𝑓.

= 0.625

𝑟

𝑠

= 0.426

𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

0.01/2, 30 𝑑.𝑓.

= 0.478

𝑟

𝑠

= 0.0580

𝑧 = 0.362

α

𝑟

𝑠

= 0.690

𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

0.01/2, 23 𝑑.𝑓.

= 0.549

(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)

Appendix 1

Intermediate Phillips-Perron test results EF Cross

section Prob. Bandwidth Obs Austria 0.6754 6.0 44 Belgium 0.6677 2.0 44 Denmark 0.2532 10.0 44 Finland 0.5286 8.0 44 France 0.5174 0.0 44 Germany 0.8927 1.0 44 Greece 0.3372 3.0 44 Iceland 0.6352 3.0 44 Ireland 0.5120 1.0 44 Italy 0.5783 3.0 44 Luxembourg 0.5631 1.0 44 Netherlands 0.6205 7.0 44 Norway 0.6821 19.0 44 Portugal 0.7743 4.0 44 Spain 0.8003 3.0 44 Sweden 0.9044 43.0 44 Switzerland 0.7615 4.0 44 United Kingdom 0.1310 2.0 44 Australia 0.5935 1.0 44 Japan 0.7418 0.0 44 Korea 0.6329 9.0 44 New Zealand 0.8599 1.0 44 Canada 0.2726 5.0 44 United States 0.4232 3.0 44 Mexico 0.3431 2.0 44

Intermediate Phillips-Perron test results D(EF) Cross

section Prob. Bandwidth Obs Austria 0.0617 25.0 43 Belgium 0.1006 9.0 43 Denmark 0.0118 10.0 43 Finland 0.0725 42.0 43 France 0.0337 4.0 43 Germany 0.4302 7.0 43 Greece 0.0018 9.0 43 Iceland 0.0883 35.0 43 Ireland 0.0229 7.0 43 Italy 0.0641 8.0 43 Luxembourg 0.0458 11.0 43 Netherlands 0.0137 18.0 43 Norway 0.0443 28.0 43 Portugal 0.0965 3.0 43 Spain 0.0617 5.0 43 Sweden 0.0128 15.0 43 Switzerland 0.0491 12.0 43 United Kingdom 0.1178 5.0 43 Australia 0.0178 42.0 43 Japan 0.1671 17.0 43

(34)

Korea 0.0052 25.0 43 New Zealand 0.0559 5.0 43 Canada 0.0003 30.0 43 United States 0.2079 8.0 43 Mexico 0.0024 0.0 43

(35)

Appendix 2

Intermediate Phillips-Perron test results LIFE_EXPECTANCY Cross

section Prob. Bandwidth Obs Afghanistan 0.8422 5.0 48

Albania 0.0300 5.0 48 Algeria 0.9989 5.0 48 Angola 0.6146 5.0 48 Antigua and

Barbuda Dropped from Test Argentina 0.3385 5.0 48 Armenia 0.7890 5.0 48 Aruba 0.6322 5.0 48 Australia 0.9670 3.0 24 Austria 0.7986 2.0 48 Azerbaijan 0.7861 5.0 48 Bahamas, The 0.5660 5.0 48 Bahrain 0.9997 4.0 48 Bangladesh 0.8304 5.0 48 Barbados 0.4841 5.0 48 Belarus 0.9978 2.0 23 Belgium 0.8806 10.0 18 Belize 0.4410 5.0 48 Benin 0.7143 5.0 48 Bermuda 1.0000 0.0 4 Bhutan 0.2347 5.0 48 Bolivia 0.8577 5.0 48 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.5259 5.0 48 Botswana 0.8476 5.0 48 Brazil 1.0000 5.0 48 Brunei Darussalam 0.9962 5.0 48 Bulgaria 0.0667 3.0 48 Burkina Faso 0.0797 5.0 48 Burundi 0.7269 5.0 48 Cambodia 0.6355 5.0 48 Cameroon 0.9813 5.0 48 Canada 0.2922 4.0 48 Cape Verde 0.9977 5.0 48 Central African Republic 0.9191 5.0 48 Chad 0.9899 5.0 48 Channel Islands 0.4830 5.0 48 Chile 0.9991 5.0 48 China 0.0062 4.0 48 Colombia 0.9026 5.0 48 Comoros 0.7436 5.0 48 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.8224 5.0 48 Congo, Rep. 0.7578 5.0 48 Costa Rica 0.9960 5.0 48 Cote d'Ivoire 0.9227 5.0 48 Croatia 0.8059 3.0 30 Cuba 0.1481 5.0 48 Cyprus 0.9791 5.0 48 Czech Republic 0.9578 4.0 48 Denmark 0.9451 0.0 48

(36)

Djibouti 0.9613 4.0 48 Dominica Dropped from Test Dominican

Republic 0.9845 5.0 48 Ecuador 0.9995 5.0 48 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.9983 5.0 48 El Salvador 0.7518 5.0 48 Equatorial Guinea 0.9659 5.0 48 Eritrea 0.9408 5.0 48 Estonia 0.7860 6.0 21 Ethiopia 0.9462 5.0 48 Fiji 0.9415 5.0 48 Finland 0.1333 4.0 48 France 0.0744 3.0 48 French Polynesia 0.9749 5.0 48 Gabon 0.9946 5.0 48 Gambia, The 0.9989 5.0 48 Georgia 0.0492 4.0 48 Germany 0.1761 0.0 18 Ghana 0.9981 5.0 48 Greece 0.5196 1.0 19 Greenland 0.9972 0.0 6 Grenada 0.7404 5.0 48 Guam 0.0000 5.0 48 Guatemala 0.9613 5.0 48 Guinea 0.0921 5.0 48 Guinea-Bissau 0.8869 5.0 48 Guyana 0.7957 5.0 48 Haiti 0.6968 5.0 48 Honduras 1.0000 5.0 48 Hong Kong SAR,

China 0.2408 1.0 41 Hungary 0.9865 3.0 48 Iceland 0.0218 2.0 33 India 0.7918 5.0 48 Indonesia 1.0000 5.0 48 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.9996 5.0 48 Iraq 0.9541 5.0 48 Ireland 0.8961 2.0 21 Israel 0.3785 11.0 45 Italy 0.0001 3.0 48 Jamaica 0.0020 5.0 48 Japan 0.5423 3.0 48 Jordan 0.9945 5.0 48 Kazakhstan 0.8976 2.0 21 Kenya 0.8502 5.0 48 Kiribati Dropped from Test Korea, Dem. Rep. 0.9348 5.0 48

Korea, Rep. 0.9848 1.0 14 Kosovo 0.3226 1.0 27 Kuwait 0.9065 5.0 48 Kyrgyz Republic 0.7804 0.0 19 Lao PDR 0.6401 5.0 48 Latvia 0.7551 1.0 48 Lebanon 0.0043 5.0 48 Lesotho 0.9826 5.0 48 Liberia 0.9407 5.0 48 Libya 0.9966 5.0 48 Lithuania 0.2273 1.0 48 Luxembourg 0.0701 9.0 18 Macao SAR, China 0.9530 5.0 48

(37)

Macedonia, FYR 0.0623 5.0 48 Madagascar 0.8975 5.0 48 Malawi 0.8077 5.0 48 Malaysia 0.2189 5.0 48 Maldives 0.7667 5.0 48 Mali 0.2542 5.0 48 Malta 0.0870 2.0 16 Mauritania 0.9984 5.0 48 Mauritius 0.6937 1.0 15 Mayotte 0.9999 1.0 6 Mexico 1.0000 3.0 48 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.5135 5.0 48 Moldova 0.2538 5.0 48 Mongolia 0.4830 4.0 48 Montenegro 0.9492 5.0 48 Morocco 0.9984 5.0 48 Mozambique 0.6637 5.0 48 Myanmar 0.4543 5.0 48 Namibia 0.8637 5.0 48 Nepal 0.4509 5.0 48 Netherlands 0.7113 4.0 48 Netherlands Antilles 0.8332 5.0 48 New Caledonia 0.0620 1.0 20 New Zealand 0.2929 3.0 48 Nicaragua 0.6533 5.0 48 Niger 1.0000 5.0 48 Nigeria 0.7815 5.0 48 Norway 0.7521 1.0 48 Oman 0.9998 5.0 48 Pakistan 0.0174 5.0 48 Palau Dropped from Test Panama 0.9384 5.0 48 Papua New Guinea 0.9447 5.0 48 Paraguay 0.9980 5.0 48 Peru 1.0000 5.0 48 Philippines 0.8481 5.0 48 Poland 0.8329 1.0 48 Portugal 0.1680 2.0 20 Puerto Rico 0.4002 7.0 8 Qatar 0.1210 5.0 48 Romania 0.6231 2.0 41 Russian Federation 0.8602 0.0 38 Rwanda 0.8320 5.0 48 Samoa 1.0000 5.0 48 Sao Tome and

Principe 0.1772 5.0 48 Saudi Arabia 1.0000 5.0 48 Senegal 0.9771 5.0 48 Serbia 0.9979 4.0 9 Seychelles 0.0001 5.0 6 Sierra Leone 0.8111 5.0 48 Singapore 0.1260 0.0 12 Slovak Republic 0.6082 15.0 28 Slovenia 0.3804 0.0 19 Solomon Islands 0.7744 5.0 48 Somalia 0.4591 5.0 48 South Africa 0.9964 5.0 48 Spain 0.4695 1.0 48 Sri Lanka 0.7817 5.0 48

(38)

St. Kitts and Nevis Dropped from Test St. Lucia 0.4197 0.0 15 St. Vincent and the

Grenadines 0.6880 5.0 48 Sudan 0.8044 5.0 48 Suriname 0.3957 5.0 48 Swaziland 0.9864 5.0 48 Sweden 0.5033 4.0 48 Switzerland 0.1266 4.0 48 Syrian Arab Republic 1.0000 5.0 48 Tajikistan 0.5600 5.0 48 Tanzania 0.8231 5.0 48 Thailand 0.9777 5.0 48 Timor-Leste 0.8450 5.0 48 Togo 0.9139 5.0 48 Tonga 0.3163 5.0 48 Trinidad and Tobago 0.4977 5.0 48 Tunisia 0.2807 1.0 18 Turkey 0.8164 5.0 48 Turkmenistan 0.3765 5.0 48 Uganda 0.7304 5.0 48 Ukraine 0.8567 2.0 21 United Arab Emirates 0.9999 5.0 48 United Kingdom 0.1302 3.0 48 United States 0.5488 2.0 48 Uruguay 0.5592 3.0 13 Uzbekistan 0.5856 5.0 48 Vanuatu 0.9999 5.0 48 Venezuela, RB 0.5547 0.0 16 Vietnam 0.9666 5.0 48 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.9984 4.0 5 West Bank and

Gaza 0.0000 2.0 18

Yemen, Rep. 0.8512 5.0 48 Zambia 0.7024 5.0 48 Zimbabwe 0.8591 5.0 48

Intermediate Phillips-Perron test results D(LIFE_EXPECTANCY) Cross

section Prob. Bandwidth Obs Afghanistan 0.6393 5.0 47

Albania 0.0096 5.0 47 Algeria 0.7688 5.0 47 Angola 0.7455 5.0 47 Antigua and

Barbuda Dropped from Test Argentina 0.3219 4.0 47 Armenia 0.4553 5.0 47 Aruba 0.4193 5.0 47 Australia 0.0057 2.0 17 Austria 0.0000 3.0 47 Azerbaijan 0.3594 5.0 47 Bahamas, The 0.3563 5.0 47 Bahrain 0.8534 4.0 47 Bangladesh 0.5473 5.0 47

(39)

Barbados 0.0632 5.0 47 Belarus 0.0037 0.0 22 Belgium 0.0032 8.0 17 Belize 0.5815 5.0 47 Benin 0.2607 5.0 47 Bermuda Dropped from Test

Bhutan 0.3718 5.0 47 Bolivia 0.6167 5.0 47 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.1607 4.0 47 Botswana 0.4586 5.0 47 Brazil 0.8693 5.0 47 Brunei Darussalam 0.6482 4.0 47 Bulgaria 0.0000 0.0 47 Burkina Faso 0.1026 5.0 47 Burundi 0.3692 5.0 47 Cambodia 0.2153 5.0 47 Cameroon 0.6348 5.0 47 Canada 0.0000 3.0 47 Cape Verde 0.7645 5.0 47 Central African Republic 0.7050 5.0 47 Chad 0.6618 5.0 47 Channel Islands 0.5603 5.0 47 Chile 0.8731 5.0 47 China 0.5986 4.0 47 Colombia 0.2940 5.0 47 Comoros 0.3375 5.0 47 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.2910 4.0 47 Congo, Rep. 0.6131 5.0 47 Costa Rica 0.8407 5.0 47 Cote d'Ivoire 0.6257 5.0 47 Croatia 0.0005 0.0 28 Cuba 0.5102 5.0 47 Cyprus 0.5543 5.0 47 Czech Republic 0.0000 3.0 47 Denmark 0.0000 2.0 47 Djibouti 0.5296 5.0 47 Dominica Dropped from Test Dominican

Republic 0.8005 5.0 47 Ecuador 0.8912 5.0 47 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.9346 5.0 47 El Salvador 0.3211 5.0 47 Equatorial Guinea 0.3970 5.0 47 Eritrea 0.5188 5.0 47 Estonia 0.1177 7.0 20 Ethiopia 0.2872 5.0 47 Fiji 0.5943 5.0 47 Finland 0.0000 4.0 47 France 0.0000 1.0 47 French Polynesia 0.4435 4.0 47 Gabon 0.6516 5.0 47 Gambia, The 0.8061 5.0 47 Georgia 0.4310 4.0 47 Germany 0.0008 2.0 17 Ghana 0.5023 5.0 47 Greece 0.0001 2.0 18 Greenland 1.0000 3.0 4 Grenada 0.5425 5.0 47 Guam 0.0370 5.0 47

(40)

Guatemala 0.8471 5.0 47 Guinea 0.3647 4.0 47 Guinea-Bissau 0.3150 5.0 47 Guyana 0.5590 5.0 47 Haiti 0.4145 4.0 47 Honduras 0.9318 5.0 47 Hong Kong SAR,

China 0.0000 7.0 38 Hungary 0.0000 2.0 47 Iceland 0.0000 18.0 32 India 0.7159 5.0 47 Indonesia 0.8887 4.0 47 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.7603 5.0 47 Iraq 0.3989 5.0 47 Ireland 0.5757 2.0 17 Israel 0.0000 4.0 43 Italy 0.0000 19.0 47 Jamaica 0.0523 5.0 47 Japan 0.0000 4.0 47 Jordan 0.7995 5.0 47 Kazakhstan 0.1489 3.0 20 Kenya 0.5448 5.0 47 Kiribati Dropped from Test Korea, Dem. Rep. 0.6965 5.0 47

Korea, Rep. 0.0958 5.0 10 Kosovo 0.0000 1.0 26 Kuwait 0.7111 5.0 47 Kyrgyz Republic 0.0656 3.0 18 Lao PDR 0.6200 5.0 47 Latvia 0.0015 9.0 47 Lebanon 0.0149 5.0 47 Lesotho 0.4304 5.0 47 Liberia 0.4693 5.0 47 Libya 0.8172 5.0 47 Lithuania 0.0000 3.0 47 Luxembourg 0.0001 14.0 17 Macao SAR, China 0.4125 5.0 47 Macedonia, FYR 0.3875 4.0 47 Madagascar 0.2108 4.0 47 Malawi 0.2742 5.0 47 Malaysia 0.7177 4.0 47 Maldives 0.3128 5.0 47 Mali 0.5798 5.0 47 Malta 0.0000 9.0 15 Mauritania 0.7046 5.0 47 Mauritius 0.0388 1.0 13 Mayotte 0.9959 0.0 5 Mexico 0.3111 2.0 47 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.5912 5.0 47 Moldova 0.1950 5.0 47 Mongolia 0.2785 4.0 47 Montenegro 0.7319 5.0 47 Morocco 0.8901 5.0 47 Mozambique 0.3209 5.0 47 Myanmar 0.6788 5.0 47 Namibia 0.3563 5.0 47 Nepal 0.3933 5.0 47 Netherlands 0.0000 4.0 47 Netherlands Antilles 0.5905 5.0 47

(41)

New Caledonia 0.0000 2.0 18 New Zealand 0.0000 4.0 47 Nicaragua 0.4444 5.0 47 Niger 0.9001 5.0 47 Nigeria 0.4361 5.0 47 Norway 0.0000 2.0 47 Oman 0.8879 5.0 47 Pakistan 0.5222 4.0 47 Palau Dropped from Test Panama 0.7110 5.0 47 Papua New Guinea 0.4589 5.0 47 Paraguay 0.4387 4.0 47 Peru 0.9180 4.0 47 Philippines 0.0283 5.0 47 Poland 0.0000 2.0 47 Portugal 0.0001 2.0 18 Puerto Rico 0.6791 5.0 7 Qatar 0.7551 5.0 47 Romania 0.0605 7.0 39 Russian Federation 0.0607 7.0 37 Rwanda 0.2446 4.0 47 Samoa 0.9967 5.0 47 Sao Tome and

Principe 0.1915 5.0 47 Saudi Arabia 0.9439 5.0 47 Senegal 0.6122 5.0 47 Serbia 0.1622 0.0 7 Seychelles 0.0000 4.0 5 Sierra Leone 0.3777 5.0 47 Singapore 0.0000 9.0 10 Slovak Republic 0.0007 6.0 27 Slovenia 0.0001 1.0 18 Solomon Islands 0.3538 5.0 47 Somalia 0.1545 4.0 47 South Africa 0.5954 5.0 47 Spain 0.0000 2.0 47 Sri Lanka 0.3153 4.0 47 St. Kitts and Nevis Dropped from Test

St. Lucia 0.0086 2.0 14 St. Vincent and the

Grenadines 0.2294 4.0 47 Sudan 0.1696 5.0 47 Suriname 0.5075 5.0 47 Swaziland 0.5091 5.0 47 Sweden 0.0000 0.0 47 Switzerland 0.0000 0.0 47 Syrian Arab Republic 0.9195 5.0 47 Tajikistan 0.4136 5.0 47 Tanzania 0.7714 5.0 47 Thailand 0.6718 5.0 47 Timor-Leste 0.2320 4.0 47 Togo 0.6648 5.0 47 Tonga 0.5602 5.0 47 Trinidad and Tobago 0.0256 5.0 47 Tunisia 0.0013 0.0 17 Turkey 0.3634 5.0 47 Turkmenistan 0.3795 4.0 47 Uganda 0.6524 5.0 47 Ukraine 0.0036 2.0 20

(42)

United Arab Emirates 0.8908 5.0 47 United Kingdom 0.0000 2.0 47 United States 0.0000 2.0 47 Uruguay 0.0123 5.0 12 Uzbekistan 0.3915 5.0 47 Vanuatu 0.9652 5.0 47 Venezuela, RB 0.0073 1.0 15 Vietnam 0.6482 5.0 47 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.9999 2.0 3 West Bank and

Gaza 0.0005 2.0 17

Yemen, Rep. 0.4139 5.0 47 Zambia 0.6656 5.0 47 Zimbabwe 0.5788 5.0 47

References

Related documents

This study is a panel data study where pooled ordinary least squares and fixed effects regression model where used to estimate quality of government on income... The two models

A sentivity analysis was performed to check the robustness of the model. The results of estimation in sentivity analysis are given in the tables 2 and 3. To check the

Starting with examining the validity of Kuznets hypothesis in China’s situation, we separately estimate the effect that China’s rapid economic growth takes on the overall

This paper proposes a measure of guanxi to capture its multiple dimensions and studies its impact on income inequality, using China household finance survey data.. In

Thus, besides effects such as lower efficiency and, over time, hinder to economic growth, the empirical results in this study support the argument that financial repression has

Secondly, a multilevel regression analysis is performed in order to test if a country´s level of income inequality affects differences (polarization) in attitudes between people

Pareto-efficient marginal income tax rates as a function of the consumption levels (for a log-normal consumption distribution) in equilibrium, based on non-self-centered

KEYWORDS: micro data, panel data, poverty, poverty traps, income distribution, inequality, top incomes, welfare state, household disposable income, income mobility,