marine beriZe, manana kobaiZe
eTnikuri jgufis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba
∗ (vinaobis cvlis dinamika mesxTa gamuslimebis magaliTze) cnobilia, rom mesxeTidan deportirebuli mosaxleoba ar warmoad-gens homogenur erTobas. es statia ZiriTadad fokusirebulia Jgufis im nawilze, romelic dGes e.w. `gardamavali identobis~ safexurze imKofeba da erTgvarad cdilobs vinaobis krizisis daZlevas. gamokvle-va eKrdnoba istoriul da zepir wKaroebs, aseve deportirebulTa pub-likaciebsa da monaTxrobSi moZiebul cnobebs. Cven vaCvenebT ganviTare-bis ZiriTad tendencias da dinamikas da miznad ar visaxavT statisti-kur analizs.statiaSi warmodgenilia istoria Jgufisa, romelic ramdenime sau-kunis manZilze mudmivad iKo sxvadasxva politikuri eqsperimentis obi-eqti. eTnikuri Jgufis vinaobis Secvlis (axali eTnikuri Jgufis Seq-mnis) mizniT warmoebuli politikuri `cdebi~ xorcieldeboda sxvadas-xva politikuri Zalis mier da ssxvadas-xvadassxvadas-xva politikuri miznebiT. mosax-leobis am Jgufze regularulad iKenebdnen rogorc ideologiur da ekonomikur saSualebebs, aseve Zalmomreobas. es Jgufi orJer iqna gada-saxlebuli - Jer saqarTvelodan, Semdeg ki uzbekeTidan.
istoria am Jgufisa, romelic xSirad moixsenieba xan `Turqi mesxe-bis~ da xan `mesxi Turqemesxe-bis~ saxeliT, mtkivneuli problemaa ramdenime saxelmwifosaTvis: saqarTvelo, ruseTi, TurqeTi, uzbekeTi, azerbaiJani _ es aris arasruli CamonaTvali am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwi-foebisa da mxolod es siac aaSkaravebs problemis sirTules.
winamdebare statiaSi Cven vexebiT am mravalplaniani problemis mxolod erT sakiTxs _ mosaxleobis Jgufis vinaobis cvlis sakiTxs. itoriuli dokumentebis, werilobiTi da zepiri wKaroebis SeJereba sa-Sualebas iZleva, Tvali gavadevnoT oTxaswlian, uwKvet `laboratori-ul samuSaos~ romelic warmatebiT mimdinareobda mudmivi politikuri kontrolis pirobebSi. eTno-socialuri `seleqciis~ es dauGalavi cde-bi mimarTuli iKo dampKrocde-bi saxelmwifoecde-bisTvis sasurveli
∗ wakiTxul iqna moxsenebad baTumSi saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiur simpoziumze,
2006w.
traciuli garemosa da politikuri poziciebis Sesaqmnelad da Jerac grZeldeba.
e. w. Turqi mesxebis xvedri cxadi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor cdi-lobdnen garkveuli politikuri Zalebi erT teritoriaze TavmoKrili sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis adamianebisagan erTi Jgufis Seqmnas da saziaro koleqtiuri cnobierebis CamoKalibebas.
Jgufis vinaobis ganmsazGvreli niSnebi erT mTlian kompleqss qmni-an da am kompleqsis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris wonasworoba mniSvne-lovani pirobaa Jgufis arsebobisaTvis. roca es wonasworoba irGveva, Jgufi gadainacvlebs aramKar, gardamaval mdgomareobaSi. Tu es mdgoma-reoba arsebobis mudmiv formad iqca JgufisaTvis an individisaTvis, aman, mosalodnelia, garkveuli krizisi gamoiwvios. aramKar, arastabi-lur mdgomareobaSi mKofi Jgufi mudmivad eswrafvis stabiarastabi-luri mdgo-mareobis kvlav mopovebas. vinaobis niSanTa kompleqsis dakarguli kom-ponentis aGdgenas.
xSirad aGiniSneba, rom vinaobis SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia maSinac, roca esa Tu is niSani vinaobisa dakargulia, magaliTad, ena, saziaro teritoria, saerTo istoria da sxva. amis magaliTad sxvadasxva eTni-kur Jgufs asaxeleben. es garkveulwilad marTalia, magram unda aGiniSnos, rom aseTi mdgomareoba _ vinaobis romelime komponentis nakleboba _ aris gardamavali, aramKari viTarebis niSani ara mxolod Jgufis momavali ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed am Jgufisa da TviT misi mezoblebisTvisac warmoadgens faqtobrivi arastabiluri mdgomareobis mizezs.
aseTi aramKari mdgomareoba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mimarTule-biT ganviTardes:
• an mosalodnelia, rom daikargos adrindeli vinaobis is bolo niSnebi, romelic Jer kidev iKo SenarCunebuli da Tana-arsebobda axali vinaobis komponentebTan erTad, sabolood Se-erwKas axal vinaobas, am SemTxvevaSi ukve ikargeba xsovna (/codna) adrindeli vinaobis Sesaxeb _ Cveni azriT, vinao-bis Kvelaze ZiriTadi da umTavresi niSani.
• an Jgufma unda aGidginos niSanTa erToblioba, mTliani sistema erovnuli vinaobisa. swrafva am niSanTa erTobliobis aGdgenisaken damaxasiaTebelia aseTi arastabilur mdgomareoba-Si mKofi JgufebisaTvis. sxva sakiTxia, romeli politikuri Za-lis mier iqneba Jgufis es Tviseba gamoKenebuli da ra mimarTu-lebiT iqneba warmarTuli es swrafva.
eTnikuri Jgufis mdgomareoba damokidebulia ori saxis sruliad naTlad gamokveTil resursebze _ materialursa da sulierze. materi-aluri resursebi moicavs iseT elementebs, rogoricaa mosaxleoba, te-ritoria, ekonomika. sulier resursebSi moiazreba: ena, religia/ideo-logia, kultura; saziaro istoria da gadmocemebi/ `kulturuli
me-xsiereba~.
Jgufis demografiuli situacia, gansaxlebis xasiaTi, da sakuTar da mezoblad mdebare kulturebTan damokidebuleba aris gadamwKveti faqtori, ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba Jgufis vinaoba. Tavis mxriv, es faqtorebi damokidebulia da gansazGvrulia politikuri da soci-al-ekonomikuri faqtorebiT. magram damokidebulebebis Secvlis mizniT xSirad ideologiuri saSualebebic gamoiKeneba.
eTnikuri cvlilebebis procesi, romelic mesxeTSi da, kerZod, sa-mcxe-JavaxeTSi XVI-XVII saukuneebidan diwKo, mimarTuli iKo am terito-riaze mcxovrebi da Camosaxlebuli sxvadasxva Jgufis erT mTlianobad CamoKalibebisaken. kerZod, erT Jgufad unda CamoKalibebuliKvnen gamah-madianebuli qarTvelebi da am teritoriaze Camosaxlebuli sxva Jgufe-bi _ TurqeJgufe-bi da qurTeJgufe-bi.
es iKo rTuli da xangrZlivi procesi, romelic mimdinareobda Jer TurqeTis, Semdeg ki ruseTis kontrolis qveS. am saxelmwifoebis miza-ni iKo aqauri mosaxleobis gamoKeneba, rogorc saSualebis, rogorc ia-raGisa am strategiulad mniSvnelovani teritoriis samarTavad. es mi-zani, miuxedavad am qveKnebSi mimdinare Sida politikuri cvlilebebi-sa, ucvleli darCa sami-oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi.
istoriul wKaroebSi Semonaxuli masala TvalnaTliv aCvenebs am teritoriaze mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erovnebis da sarwmunoebis adamianTa erT Jgufad CamoKalibebis safexurebs:
1. sarwmunoebis cvla (ekonomikuri da sxva saSualebebiT waxali-sebuli);
2. sarwmunoebis cvlis Sedegad mSobliuri enis TandaTanobiTi cvla pirvelad enis gamoKenebis garkveul sferoebSi (religiuri ri-tualebi, ganaTleba) da maGal socialur fenebSi, Semdeg ki Kvela sferoSi (oJaxis CaTvliT) da Kvela socialur fenaSi (glexobis Ca-TvliT).
3. sarwmunoebisa da mSobliuri enis Secvlis gamo axleburi da-mokidebuleba adrindel vinaobasTan da adrindeli vinaobis bolo kva-lis - gvaris Secvla.
4. sakuTari Tavis aGqma axali Jgufis wevrad da Zveli Jgufisagan gamiJvna.
sarwmunoebis cvla
rogorc aGvniSneT, vinaobis cvlis upirvelesi nabiJi iKo sarwmu-noebis Secvla, rac imarTeboda TurqeTis mxridan ekonomikuri da sxva saSualebebis gamoKenebiT: sarwmunoebis cvlis procesi daiwKo XVI sau-kuneSi. mTeli ormoci weli gavida, JaKelTa saxlis pirveli warmomad-genlis gamahmadianebamde (lomsaZe 1975, 285). Semdegi 50 weli dasyir-da, rom oJaxis sxva wevrebsac mieGoT muslimanuri sarwmunoeba.
mesxTa gamuslimeba sakmaod neli tempiT midioda da rogorc Cans, es procesi Zalian didxans atarebda formalur xasiaTs. sarwmunoeba TandaTan Seicvala Jer didgvarovanTa fenam (`mTavarni da warCinebul-ni arian mahmadianwarCinebul-ni da glexwarCinebul-ni qristianewarCinebul-ni~ (vaxuSti 1854, 171). me-Tvramete saukuneSi glexebic mahmadiandebian. Tumca amis miuxedavad, rogorc Cans, Jgufi (Kovel SemTxvevaSi didi nawili) Tavis vinaobas qarTul saxelmwifosTan da da qarTvelobasTan isev da isev aigivebs. amas mowmobs platon ioselianis cnoba, romlis mixedviTac 1778 w. Tavfaravanze saagarakod Casul giorgi batoniSvils xlebia JavaxeTis faSa Tavisi didebulebiT, daswrebia wirva-locvas ufliswulTan er-Tad. `Zveli samesxoisa qalni da kacni didisa lmobierebiTa ismendnen locvasa da vedrebas sitKvaTa maTsa enasa zeda, maTgan ar daviwKebul-Ta~ (lomsaZe 1975, 297).
oficialurad XIX saukunis dasawKisisTvis qarTvelTa gamahmadiane-ba mesxeTSi TiTqos dasrulebulia (TamaraSvili 1902, 434; lomsaZe 1975. 305). magram mosaxleobis nawili, rogorc Cans, mxolod nomina-lurad iTvleba mahmadianad. islami mosaxleobis umetesi nawilisTvis am droisTvis ekonomikuri SeGavaTebisa da politikuri imunitetis ga-ranti iKo.
gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi Tavisi ufleba-movaleobebiTac gan-sxvavdebodnen qristianebisgan. swored es gaxldaT gamahmadianebis Kve-laze efeqturi meqanizmi: miwis mesakuTre aucileblad samxedro val-debuli unda KofiliKo, amasTan, mxolod muslimans hqonda ufleba, rom JarSi emsaxura, rac sabolood imas niSnavda, rom mxolod musli-mans hqonda miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba.
mahmadianoba rom XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebisTvis, marTalia, saKovelTao, magram Jer kidev ZaladobiT Tavsmoxveul da mxolod nomi-nalur aGmsareblobad rCeboda mosaxleobis umetesobisTvis, iqidanac Cans, rom, rogorc ki amisi SesaZlebloba miecaT (1828 wlis andriano-polis zavis Semdeg), daiwKo mesxTa masiuri moqceva qristianobaze.
ramdenadac sarwmunoeba Jgufis vinaobis ganuKofel niSnad iKo aGqmuli, gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi Tavs qristiani qarTvelebisagan gansxvavebul Jgufad aGiqvamdnen da aseve gansxvavebul Jgufad aGiqme-bodnen isini maTganac, Tumca, rogorc Cans, Jgufebs erTmaneTTan iden-tobis sxva komponentebiT erTobis gancda am droisaTvis moSlili ar hqondaT da mahmadian qarTvelebSi kvlav Zlieri iKo swrafva erovnuli vinaobis niSanTa erTobliobis aGdgenisaken.
XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos sabolood daukarges Ta-vis mahmadian nawilTan gamTlianebis SesaZlebloba _ 1840w. ruseTis mTavrobas TxovniT mimarTes samcxe-JavaxeTis didebuli gvarebis warmo-madgenlebma, romlebic acxadebdnen, rom kuTxis mosaxleobasTan erTad daubrundebodnen qristianobas, Tuki mTavroba maT iseTsave pirobebs Seuqmnida, rogoric qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas hqonda. ruseTis
mTav-robam, romelsac regionSi saxazino miwebis gazrda hqonda miznad, ua-ri uTxra qarTvel didgvarovanTa STamomavlebs istoua-riuli samSoblos wiaGSi Tavisi wodebis Sesabamisi statusiT integraciaze. SeiZleba iT-qvas, rom qarTuli vinaobidan saboloo ukuqcevis mizezi maSin ga-xda mxolod da mxolod is, rom swavlis uCveulod moKvare mesx didebulebs waerTvaT SvilebisTvis saTanado ganaTlebis micemis SesaZlebloba _ keTilSobilTa saswavleblebSi maTi mibarebis uf-leba.
XIX saukunis bolomde (zogi Cveni respondenti ki aseT faqtebs 1944 wlamde, mahmadianTa deportaciamdec ki adasturebs) mahmadian mo-saxleobaSi gamoiKofoda sakmaod didi procenti faruli qristianebi-sa, romlebic farulad iwerdnen Jvars, marxulobdnen, inaTlebodnen da sikvdilis Semdegac qristianulad imarxebodnen. 1840 wels musli-manobis gamarJvebis saboloo wlad asaxeleben TurqeTSi mcxovrebi mah-madiani qarTvelebi, romelTa monaTxrobic qarTvelTa gamuslimebis sa-kiTxebze XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Cauweria zaqaria yiyinaZes (yiyina-Ze 2004, 25; 37). rogorc Cans, qarTuli samGvdeloebis mecadineobas da samxreT saqarTvelos mahmadianTa aseve did ltolvas winaprebis sa-rwmunoebaze moqcevisaken ruseTisa da osmaleTis saxelmwifoebrivi po-litika erTdroulad da SeTanxmebulad gadaeGoba gzaze.
aqac da Semdegac Cven xSirad veKrdnobiT calkeul pirTa Canawe-rebs an zepir mogonebebs, radgan vTvliT, rom Zalze didia zepiri is-toriis, rogorc istoriuli movlenebis dokumentirebis wKaros samec-niero mniSvneloba. rogorc cnobilia, individualuri (komunikaciuri) mexsiereba koleqtiuri mexsierebis ganuKofeli nawilia da es ori mo-nacemi ganuwKveteli urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTzemoqmedebis mdgo-mareobaSi imKofeba. komunikaciuri mexsierebis Kvelaze mniSvnelovani momentebi bolos kulturul mexsierebaSi gadainacvleben. komunikaciu-ri mexsiereba mxolod ramdenime Taobis mexsierebas swvdeba da misi xangrZlivoba 80-100 wels moicavs (mindaZe 2005, 24, 26... asmani 1999, 51; beriZe 2005, 38).
mahmadiani mosaxleobis zepir mexsierebaSi Jer kidev XX saukunis dasawKisamde `ikiTxeba~ erTi saintereso detali: sarwmunoebis kvlav Secvlis ucnauri `molodini~. zaqaria yiyinaZis mTxrobelebi _ mo-rwmune muslimanebi, xSirad ki sasuliero pirebic ki, Tavis monaTxrob-Si adastureben, rom maT winaprebs sJerodaT kvlav qristianobaze mo-qcevisa.
erTi ucnauri momenti ixateba maT monaTxrobSi _ ramdenime mTqmeli imeorebs, rom `is, vinc nebiT gaTaTrda, nebiT gaqristiandeba, xolo vinc ZaliT gaTaTrda _ ZaliT gaqristiandeba: `qedis xoJa axmed xalifaSvilis naambobi: zegani nebiT aris gamahmadianebuli, aq osma-lebs sisxli ar dauGvriaT, amitom zegani nebiT gaqristiandebao, amis niSani Cven ukve vnaxeT _ Serif-beg ximSiaSvili, zegneli, Tavis nebiT
gaqristianda~. an `xalifaSvili ambobda: me gamigia sxvebisgan, SavSeTi da imerxevic nebiT aris gamahmadianebuli da isinic Tavis nebiTve ga-qristiandebian. SavSelni iseTi xalxia, rom isini Kvelaze adre gaqar-Tveldebiano~ (yiyinaZe 2004, 21-22).
aq ar daviwKebT am paradoqsuli gamoTqmis analizs, mTavaria, rom XX saukunemdec ki azri qristianobaze kvlav moqcevis garduvalobaze eyvSeutanlad meordeba mahmadian qarTvelebSi, rogorc vTqviT, TviT musliman sasuliero pirebisganac ki.
mesxTa vinaobis cvlis mTel procesSi pirveli da umTavresi safe-xuri gamahmadianeba iKo, magram danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas _ rom ara umkacresi kontroli TurqeTis saxelmwifo moxeleTagan da ruse-Tis aSkara daintereseba am procesis SeuqcevadobiT, XIX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebamde mahmadian qarTvelobaSi Jer kidev sakmaod Zlieria vi-naobis swored am komponentis _ rwmenis aGdgenisaken swrafva (lomsa-Ze 1975, 304; Kazbegi 1876, 121; beri(lomsa-Ze 2005, 18-21; umarov-gozaliSvi-li 2004, 56; froneumarov-gozaliSvi-li 1991, 63; yiyinaZe 2004.).
mSobliuri ena
cvlilebebi Seexo dedaenasac, vinaobis am erT-erT ZiriTad niSans. sarwmunoebis cvlilebas mohKva enobrivi cvlileba, rac pirvelad maGal wreebSi daiwKo da enis gamoKenebis garkveuli sferoebiT Semoi-fargleboda, Semdeg ki enis gamoKenebis Kvela sfero moicva da garda amisa, mosaxleobis Kvela fenas Seexo. XVIII s. Sua wlebisTvis `TaTru-li~ aq mxolod osmalebTan saurTierTo ena Kofila: `ena aqusT qar-Tuli da uwKian moTaveTa TaTrulica damyirneobisaTvis osmalTa~ (va-xuSti 1854 131).
TviT warCinebulTa Sorisac enis gamoKenebis sferoebi asea aGwe-rili: `warCinebulni nadimTa da krebulTa Sina ubnoben aw TaTrulsa da anu urTierTas megobrobaTa Sina itKvian qarTulsave~ (vaxuSti, 1941, 12; lomsaZe 1975, 295-296).
enis statusiT da am enaze mosaubre mosaxleobis socialuri sta-tusiT xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi manipulirebam Sedegi gamoiGo da bolos da bolos Turquli ena dabal fenebSic gavrcelda.
XX saukunis dasawKisisTvis kuTxis istoriuli mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba aGar warmoadgenda eTnikuri erTobiT gamTlianebul mono-liTur sazogadoebas. enobrivi situacia am droisTvis aseTi iKo: gaba-tonebuli ena iKo Turquli; qarTulad laparakobdnen da erTmaneTTan qarTulad saubrobdnen qristiani qarTvelebi (marTlmadidebeli da ka-Tolike). mahmadian qarTvelTa didma nawilma icoda qarTuli, Tumca maTi dedaena Turquli iKo.
miuxedavad amisa, saxeldeba enisa, romliTac mxaris mahmadiani mo-saxleoba erTmaneTTan da danarCen momo-saxleobasTan urTierTobda, iKo
`TaTruli~ _ rogorc maTTvis, visTvisac es ena dedaenad iqca, ise imaTTvis, visTvisac is socialuri da politikuri realobis mier `Se-Tavazebuli~ aucilebloba iKo qarTul-Turquli (qarTul _ `TaTru-li~!) bilingvizmis pirobebSi.
sagulisxmoa, rom repatriaciis Semdeg dedaenis saxeldebam mahma-dian mesxTa Soris cvlileba ganicada. dGes isini gaurbian TavianTi salaparako enis `Turqulad~ an, miT umetes, `TaTrulad~ moxseniebas da es gasagebicaa _ TviTdamkvidrebis mcdelobis procesSi mKofi Jgu-fisTvis araxelsaKrelia iseT enaze saubari, romelic mas sxva JgufTan gaagivebda
rogorc Cans, es aris mcdeloba, rom erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdes erTi mxriv, Turquli ena, romelic maT sarwmunoebis gziT SeiZines da romelic maTTvis mxolod sarwmunoebrivi mikuTvnebulobis gamomxatve-lia, da meore mxriv, Turquli ena, romelic eTnikuri TurqebisTvis eTnikuri vinaobisa da eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis gamomxatvelia.
am sakiTxze msJelobisas veKrdnobodiT aramiznobrivad mopovebul masalas, romelic dadasturebulia TviT repatrirebulTa publikaci-ebSi. mTxrobelebi sruliad sxva, KofiT sakiTxebze msJelobis dros da ara dasmuli SekiTxvebis pasuxad, sruliad bunebrivad da Zalada-utaneblad asaxeleben Tavisi vinaobis niSnebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki ig-rZnoba, rom mTxrobeli Segnebulad axdens Tavisi vinaobis `axali~ ma-xasiaTeblebis manifestacias.
Cans, rom, Jgufi, romelic Turquli enis saSualebiT (rwmenasTan erTad) adre Tavis Tavs danarCeni qarTvelebisgan gamoacalkevebda, dGes ukve Turquli identobidan sakuTari Jgufis vinaobis gamomiJvnas mieltvis.
swored am mizniT _ sakuTari vinaobis gamocalkevebisa da xazgas-mis mizniT gaCnda saintereso terminebi `Cveni ena~, `Cveni dialeqti~. marTa qindievi, 61 wlis: `induselebi laparakobdnen sanaxevrod qarTulad, sanaxevrod Cveneburad~...
`iqve gogona, daaxloebiT Cemi xnisa, eubneba dedamiss Cvens ena-ze~...
fazliaT Janaeva, 56 wlis: `indusas da Kamzas mkvidrebi Kvela qar-Tulad laparakobda. Cven dialeqtze ufro kacebi laparakobdnen, maT ufro uwevdaT gareT siaruli da ase iswavles~ (baraTaSvili 1997, 57).
igive suraTs vxedavT 1956 wels repatrirebuli qalbatonis, Tbi-lisSi mcxovrebi nazira vaCnaZis mogonebebSi romelic rusul enaze gamoica 2004 wels TbilisSi:
`Kvela sofelSi, sadac Cven vcxovrobdiT (saubaria adigenis raio-nis soflebze), laparakobdnen im enaze, romelzec Cven vlaparakob-diT. arasdros aravis mouxseniebia es ena Turqulad. mas ewodeboda muslimanuri. rogorc sxva xalxebSia _ roca vinmes raGacas uxsnian
da is ver igebs, eubnebian: Я же тебе по русски говорю... an me Sen qarTu-lad geubnebi. ase ambobdnen CvenTanac: `ben sene mislimandja ainadie-rim~ (me Sen muslimanurad geubnebi) (vaCnaZe 2004, 129). am patara amo-naridSi kargad Cans, rogor uyirs Jgufis wevrs sakuTari enis saxel-wodebis dasaxeleba. is Jer ase moixseniebs mas: `ena, romelzec Cven vlaparakobdiT~ (Sdr. `Cveni ena~, `Cveni dialeqti~), Semdeg ki, raki xvdeba amis aucileblobas, cdilobs daasabuTos ararsebuli `muslima-nuri enis~ arseboba. (aseTive warmatebiT SeiZleboda gvemtkicebina, rom arsebobs `qristianuli ena~ _ `me Sen qristianulad gelaparake-bi~; adamianuri ena _ `adamianurad gelaparakebi~ da a. S. )
igive avtori wers, rom sofel bolaJurSi, iseve, rogorc udeSi, cxovrobdnen muslimanebi da kaTolikeebi da `aq musulmanebi Tavis enazec laparakobdnen da qarTuladac, ese igi, me minda vTqva, rom, maT ena ar daviwKebiaT. qarTvelebmac icodnen muslimanuri, axlad Semosuli ena, imitom, rom mosaxleoba urTierTobs erTmaneTTan.... iKo soflebi, sadac mxolod muslimanebi cxovrobdnen da mxolod gvarebi iKo qarTuli da araqarTuli. aseT soflebSi laparakobdnen Cvens ena-ze, magram calkeuli sitKvebi iKo qarTuli: tKupi qliavi, lurJa, akva-ni. urTierTobis sxva ena maT ar syirdebodaT, radgan Kvela lapara-kobda Cvens, ierlis, enaze~ (vaCnaZe 2004, 130).
am monakveTSi kargad Cans, rom `Cveni ena~, `ierlis ena~ aq miTiTe-bulia im Jgufis enad, romelic muslimania, cxovrobs erTad, da gan-sxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan mxolod qarTuli an araqarTuli gvariT.
wKvili `qarTuli-araqarTuli~ aq migvaniSnebs imaze, rom avtori gaurbis gamoTqmas `Turquli gvari~. rogorc vxedavT, Jgufi vinaobis am parametriTac (gvari) cdilobs gaemiJnos da daafiqsiros im JgufTan (TurqebTan) Tavisi araigiveoba, romelsac cvlilebis procesSi xan-grZlivad iKo mikedlebuli da aseve xangrZlivi drois manZilze miel-tvoda da adasturebda masTan identobas. `araqarTuli gvari~ aq ise-Tive zogadi terminia vinaobis aGniSvnis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc `muslimanuri ena~. sainteresoa isic, rom roca avtori ambobs, rom zogma muslimanma ar daiviwKa ena, rasakvirvelia gulisxmobs qarTuls, romelsac ver aniyebs ukve veGaranair statuss garda sakomunikaciosi. is ver ambobs rom es iKo `dedaena~, verc `Tavisi ena~, `adrindeli ena~ an sxva ram. Kvela es gadafaravda axal saidentifikacio niSnuls _ `Cveni ena~. Tumca qarTulis pirveladobas mainc xazs gausvams da qar-Tul-Turquli orenovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad qmnis aseT wKvils: qarTu-li _ musqarTu-limanuri (`axladSemosuqarTu-li ena~).
unda aGiniSnos, rom `TaTrulis ~ paralelurad `mahmadianuri ena~ dasturdeba s. yiyinaZis masalaSic (yiyinaZe 2004, 36 da sxv.).
aq Cans am Jgufis CamoKalibebis axali etapis erT-erTi mTavari Ta-visebureba _ Jgufi sagrZnoblad aqtiurdeba, rom aGadginos vinaobis dakargul niSanTagan erT-erTi _ sakuTari ena. es ki sakmaod rTuli
xdeba misTvis, radgan winaprebis enis aGdgena am statusiT mas ukve aGar SeuZlia, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom aGar axsovs es ena, xolo is ena, romelsac flobs (Turquli), mas sxva JgufTan aigivebs.
ase rom `muslimanuri ena~, `Cveni ena~ an `ierlis ena~ is termi-nebia, romliTac Jgufi cdilobs Tavisi vinaobis darGveuli wonaswo-robis aGdgenas. amasTan, es terminebi TviT maTi `momxmareblisTvisac~ ki ar aris bolomde CamoKalibebuli da ualternativo. sainteresoa am mxriv imave avtoris sitKvebi: `papaCemi, Saxpander orJokiniZe mSvenieri mTxrobeli iKo. misgan SevitKveT Cveni warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. is gviam-bobda da Tan gvTxovda, kargad dagvemaxsovrebina da Semdeg Cveni Svi-lebisa da SviliSvilebisTvis gadagveca misi monaTxrobi, rom ar gawKvetiliKo TaobaTa Soris damakavSirebeli Zafi, ar gawKvetiliKo warsulTan kavSiri. misgan gavigeT, rom Cveni winaprebi iKvnen qar-Tveli qristianebi, rogor gavxdiT muslimanebi da rogor moxda, rom qarTvelebi viKaviT da Turqulad vlaparakobdiT~ (vaCnaZe 2004, 100).
aq kargad Cans erTi mxriv is, rom avtorma mSvenivrad icis Jgufis istoria da uaxloes warsulSi am Jgufis vinaobis Kvela niSani: erov-neba qarTveli, ena Turquli, religia _ muslimani. vinaobis niSnTa es erToblioba misi bavSvobis xanas miekuTvneba (dabadebulia 1926 wels). avtors, rogorc Tavisi, Jer kidev CamouKalibebeli vinaobis `Cven-Jgu-fis` wevrs kargad aqvs gaazrebuli am Jgufis axali strategia da Ta-visive bavSvobisa da sakuTari mexsierebis (agreTve Jgufis koleqtiuri mexsierebis) sawinaaGmdegod ramdenime gverdis iqiT Tavissave wignSi aKalibebs Jgufis vinaobis sruliad sxva niSnebs: muslimanoba, Cveni ena, Cveni xalxi.
Cveni statia ukve gadacemuli iKo dasabeydad, roca gamoqveKnda l. JaniaSvilis wigni `1944 wels samxreT saqarTvelodan gasaxlebulTa eTnoistoriuli problemebi~. vtori am naSromSi gvTavazobs deporti-rebulTa da repatriantTa Soris anketuri gamokiTxvis analizs. unda iTqvas, rom kvlevis Sedegebi faqtobrivad emTxveva im suraTs, rac iq-mneba Jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva sa-xiT TviTidentobis maxasiaTeblebis demonstrirebis an komentirebisas. anketuri monacemebiT repatriantTa umravlesoba cdilobs, mdgo-mareoba ise warmoadginon, TiTqos maTi saoJaxo ena qarTuli iKos, Tumca maTi pasuxebi ar asaxavs realobas da sakontrolo kiTxvis da-smis Semdeg irkveva, rom gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba oJaxSi Turqul enaze saubrobs (JaniaSvili 2006, 85). avtori miuTiTebs, rom JgufSi Cndeba survili sakuTari dedaenis (Turqulis) axleburad saxeldebi-sa da am mizniT SemoaqvT `axali lingvofaqtori `mesxuri ena~ (JaniaS-vili 2006, 85).
`mesxuri ena~ repatriantTa dedaenis saxelad dadasturebulia t. futkaraZis mier Seswavlil masalaSic (futkaraZe 2005, 26).
sakuTari salaparako enis Turqul enad saxeldebisagan Tavis ari-deba isev da isev sakuTari Turqulisagan gansxvavebuli vinaobis da-dgenis survilis gamoxatulebaa. mSobliuri enis cneba xSirad eTniku-ri vinaobasTan erTad ganuKrelad moiazreba. amisi TvalsaCino magali-Tia walkaSi mcxovrebi Turqulenovani berZnebis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic Tavis mSobliur enad berZnuls asaxelebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom araTu TviTon respondentebs, aramed winaparTa ramdenime Taobas ukve daviwKebuli hqonda berZnuli ena (mixailovi 1994). analogiuri viTareba aCvena Cven mier 1999 wels Tbilisis ramdenime skolaSi Cata-rebulma gamokiTxvam. erovnebiT somexi, berZeni, qurTi/iezidi, asirie-li, ukraineli respondentebis nawili erTmaneTTan aigivebda mSobliu-ri enisa da Tavisi erovnebis cnebas da mSobliur enad asaxelebda Ta-visi erovnebis enas maSinac, roca am enaze araTu TviTon, aramed maTi mSoblebic ver laparakobdnen. (kobaiZe 2001). ra Tqma unda, es exeba mxolod gamokiTxulTa erT nawils. statiaSi am sakiTxs kidev Sevexe-biT Jgufis saxeldebasTan dakavSireSevexe-biT.
rogorc vxedavT, repatriantTa identobis maxasiaTebelTagan mxo-lod erTi parametri _ religia darCa ucvleli. rac Seexeba danarCe-nebs, isini ormag opoziciaSi moeqca qarTulTan da TurqulTan: qar-Tuli | Cveni ena | Turquli; qarTveli | Cveni xalxi | Turqi.
* * *
qarTvelTa gamuslimebis procesSi vinaobis niSanTagan Kvelaze ad-re, rogorc ukve iTqva, religiuri niSani moiSala. aman ki, rasakvirve-lia, warmoSva enis problemac. XIX saukunis gamahmadianebuli qarTvele-bi TiTqos bodiSoben imis gamo, rom maTi salaparako ena kvlav qarTu-lia. germanel mogzaurs karl koxs tao-klarJeTSi Cauweria erTi iqa-uri begisgan: `papaCemi qristiani iKo da qristianad gardaicvala. mama-Cemi da me mahmadis naTliT gavnaTldiT, oGond ena Cveni winaprebis SegvrCa. marTalia, codva da danaSaulia giauris enaze laparaki, mag-ram es ena TviT GmerTis mier gvaqvs boZebuli da ra vqnaTo~ (lomsaZe 1995, 82). mSobliuri enis statusis eyvqveS daKenebis momenti Jgufis vinaobis cvlis gzaze sabediswero aGmoCnda mesxeTisaTvis, sadac vinao-bis niSanTa rGvevisa da cvlis kontroli, rogorc vTqviT, oTxi sau-kunis manZilze ar SewKvetila da saxelmwifoebriv doneze igegmeboda.
TurqeTSi mcxovrebi bevri qarTveli muslimanisTvisac es procesi enis sruli daviwKebiT damTavrda, magram sakmarisi gaxda ideologiuri da politikuri zewolis odnavi Sesustebac ki, rom dawKebuliKo mSobliuri enis statusis ganmtkicebisaTvis Jgufis gaaqtiureba, rasac sxvadsaxva wKaroebic adastureben (ClaiZe 2005; S. futkaraZe; tele-arx `imedis~ dokumentur filmTa seria da sxv.). aq Jgufis vinaobis ganmsazGvrel niSanTa erTobliobis aGdgenisaken ltolva swored
mSobliuri enis statusis gaZlierebis surviliT gamoixata. TiTqmis saukunenaxevris Semdeg mas aqeT, roca tao-klarJeli begi `Tavs imar-Tlebda~ imis gamo, rom GmerTs `giauris~ enaze adidebda, Seiqmna `gurJuli vaizi~ _ qarTuli locva, romelic qarTuli enis xotbis erT-erT umSvenieres nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
qarTuli `im duniaze~ salaparako enaa, es aris uflis Jildo da saCuqari _ naTqvamia am locvaSi, romelic SuSana futkaraZes minatbe-li xoJis, niaz JaJaniZisgan Cauweria:
`... icode, gurJuli rom qarTulia, qarTuli ena metad tkbilia.
im dunis ena Cveneburia,
GmerTo batono, Sen Segvibrale.
... netai Sen, rom gaq ena qarTuli,
sxuaze raT geqceva Tuali da guli... ... GmerT Seexuewe, SeTxue samoTxe, GmerTo batono, Sen Segvibrale... GmerT Seexvewe lamaz qarTuliT,
GmerTis emaneTi (saCuqari, avt.) tkbili gurJuliT, GmerTs esmis Cveni gulSi furCulic,
GmerTo batono, Sen Segvibrale.
tkbili qarTuliT, tkbili gurJuliT, GmerT exveweba sul Cveni guli.
im queKnis ena, Cueni qarTuli, GmerTo batono, Sen Segvibrale.
... Senidam veliT Kvela kargobas,
Sen xar mileTis dampurebeli,
qarTuli enis dambrunebeli. (futkaraZe 1993, 271-275).
vinaobis dakargul niSanTa gawonasworebis aseTi SesaZlebloba (Zveli niSnis aGdgenis da gaZlierebis xarJze) mesxeTis mahmadianma qar-Tvelobam vinaobis cvlis vercerT etapze ver gamoiKena. amitomG ga-A
Cnda aq axal Jgufad CamoKalibebis procesSi sakuTari metKvelebis axa-li, aqamde ararsebuli terminebiT saxeldebis tendencia.
sainteresoa, rom axalcixeli gurJebis damokidebulebas deda-enisa-dmi kritikulad afasebs TurqeTis qarTveloba: `ena ar aquan mesxebsa, deiviwKes gurJis ena. aGarc gurJi arian, aGarc Turqi. Cvena gurJis Jingani davarqviT, aba ratom deiviwKes gurJis ena~ (S. futkaraZe 1993, 76). es damokidebuleba vrceldeba Kvela qarTuli tomis warmomadge-nelze, vinc qarTuli daiviwKa: `Cvena, mincxam gurJiJa ar icis, imas qarTvel kacaT ar vTliT~ (iqve, 153).
gansxvavebul Jgufad aGqma da Jgufis gamoKofa erTi mxriv, qristi-ani qarTvelebisagan da, meore mxriv, Camosaxlebuli mahmadianebisagan (eTnikuri Turqebi, Taraqmebi, qurTebi...), gamoixata am Jgufis saxel-debiT.
zogJer aGiniSneba, rom ama Tu im Jgufis istorias Jgufis vinaobis gansazGvrisas gadamwKveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram faqtobrivad es ase ar aris _ Jgufis warmodgena sakuTar istoriaze da warmomavlo-baze mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ama Tu im Jgufis awmKo Tu momava-li xvedrisaTvis. xolo Jgufis saxemomava-li Jgufs swored garkveul istori-asTan kavSirSi warmoaCens.
cnobilia, rom Jgufis TviTdasaxeleba koleqtiuri vinaobis erT-erTi mTavari markeria. misi meSveobiT Jgufi Tavis Tavs gareSeTagan miJnavs. swored TviTdasaxelebaSi axdens Jgufi sakuTari arsis imgvar SeJamebas, TiTqos saxelSi arsebobdes misi gadarCenis garantia. `ko-leqtiur saxels Tilismis msgavsi mistikuri konotacia aqvs~ (smiTi 1987, 23; CxartiSvili 2005, 227). amitomac, Jgufis vinaobis cvlis mTel process gasdevs uwKveti mcdeloba TviTdasaxelebis `SerCevisa~.
cnobilia, rom gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi gansxvavdebodnen Camo-saxlebuli mahmadiani tomebisagan ara marto Tavisi warmomavlobiT, aramed miwaze sakuTrebis uflebiTac. es iKo maTi istoriuli da ara Semdgom SeZenili an mopovebuli samkvidro, romelic mahmadianuri sa-rwmunoebis aGiarebiT SeinarCunes. es gansxvavebuli TviTaGqma gamoixa-ta imiT, rom es Jgufi _ gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi _ Tavis Tavs ierlis, adgilobrivs, uwodebdnen. amiT isini Tavis Tavs ganasxvaveb-dnen rogorc qristiani qarTvelebisagan, aseve, da upirveles Kovlisa, Camosaxlebuli mahmadianebisagan.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavdapirvelad es sitKva ekonomikuri, soci-aluri statusis gamomxatvelic iKo da niSnavda adgilobrivs, romel-sac miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba hqonda.
miwaze mkvidri uflebis mqone `ierli~ (adgilobrivi) sarwmunoe-bis niSnis mixedviT erTiandeboda Camosaxlebul TaraqamebTan da qur-TebTan da maTTan erTad moixsenieboda gamaerTianebeli saxeliT `Ta-Tari~.
mecxramete saukunis rusul aGwerebSi sarwmunoebis aGmniSvneli sitKva `TaTari~ Canacvlebuli iqna eTnikuri Jgufis saxeliT `Turqi~ da eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad samcxe-JavaxeTSi mcxovrebi mah-madianebi aGiwernen rogorc Turqebi. amis Sesaxeb XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gaocebas ver malavda l. zagurski: `vin misca maT es saxelwo-deba (Turqi), romelic dasaxlebul punqtTa aGwerebSi ukve 30-iani wlebidan gvxvdeba, Zneli saTqmelia~. (lomsaZe 1975, 309).
ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros da am omis Semdeg periodSic qristia-nobasa da mahmadianobas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba erTgvarad gaigivda
politikuri orientaciis arCevanis gakeTebasTan. radganac saqarTvelo rogorc saxelmwifo aGar arsebobda, arCevani keTdeboda rusul da Turqul orientacias Soris da ara qarTul da Turqul orientacias Soris. aman mahmadianobis sasargeblod imoqmeda, rac isev ruseTis wis-qvilze asxamda wKals, radganac mahmadianebi masobrivad gadadiodnen TurqeTSi, ruseTi ki swored Tavisufali miwebiT iKo dainteresebu-li (lomsaZe 1995, 240; beriZe 2005, 22).
meore msoflio omis win, roca sabyoTa politikis erT-erT amoca-nad iqca ucxoeTTan damakavSirebeli Kovelgvari niSnis Tu simbolos mokveTa, aGwerebSi sitKva Turquli Canacvlebuli iqna sitKva azerbai-JaneliT.
1939 wlis aGweris win maT winadadebas aZlevdnen qarTvelebad da-weriliKvnen (beriZe 2005, 102, 111), magram radgan isini Tavs ukve Turqebad acxadebdnen, oficialur statistikaSi isini azerbaiJanele-bad aGiwernen. sarwmunoebis garda, gadasaxlebis Semdeg ukve deporta-ciac kidev erTi xelSemwKobi faqtori gaxda am eTnikurad mravalfe-rovani Jgufis erT mTlianobad warmosadgenad (kobaiZe 1999, 160).
sxvadasxva xalxs, romelTa erT Jgufad CamoKalibeba enisa da re-ligiis erTianobis miuxedavad aq ver moxerxda, deportaciam mianiya ki-dev erTi saerTo niSani _ es iKo saziaro istoriuli xvedri. amito-mac aris, rom Jgufad CamoKalibebis mcdelobis procesSi misi wevrebi erTi mxriv, gaurbian istoriul yrilSi sakiTxis ganxilvas da sxvebis-ganac iTxoven, Tavi daanebon `istoriis qeqvas~, radgan es, maTi TqmiT, dapirispirebas aGvivebs, meore mxriv, xdeba 1944 wlis Semdeg Kvela, Tundac Zalian kerZo movlenis ganzogadeba da Jgufis saerTo istori-is epizodad mistori-isi kvalificireba. zogJer ki Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da xSirad Jgufis mTel Semdgom cxovrebaze, mis sxva JgufTan mimarTe-bebze, politikur orientaciasa da moqmedebis strategiaze gavlenas axdens ubralo gaugebrobaze dafuZnebuli faqti. es ar aris gasakviri _ Jgufis es mdgomareoba _ `istoriisqmnadobis~ etapi sxva (gansakuT-rebiT gadamkveTi interesebis mqone) Jgufebis Kvela qmedebis mimarT zedmeti mgrZnobiarobiT gamoirCeva.
moviKvanT erT, Cveni azriT, sagulisxmo magaliTs: erT-erTi ga-vrcelebuli da xSirad moxseniebuli epizodi mahmadian mesxTa depor-tirebis Semdgomi cxovrebidan iKo 1962w. maTi delegaciis stumroba maSindel patriarqTan, uwmindesTan da unetaresTan efrem meoresTan, romelmac TiTqosda ar SeiwKnara maTi Txovna samSobloSi dabrunebaSi daxmarebis Sesaxeb da Tanac ganucxada, Tqven CvenTvis ucxoni xarT da ver migiGebTo.
2005 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos axlandelma patriarqma, uw-mindesma da unetaresma ilia meorem miiGo mahmadian mesxTa delegacia. am Sexvedras eswreboda statiis erT-erTi avtoric (marine beriZe). romelsac SesaZlebloba mieca, kidev erTxel moesmina aGniSnuli
isto-ria qalbaton klara baraTaSvilisgan, romlis mamac, latifSa baraTaS-vili, gaxldaT 1962 wels patriarqTan Sexvedris organizatori da de-legaciis xelmZGvaneli.
sabednierod, qalbatonma klaram es istoria gadmosca rusul ena-ze da CvenTvis maSinve naTeli gaxda, am ucnauri da Seusabamo epizo-dis azri. qalbatoni klaras gancxadebiT patriarqs Sua aziidan Camo-suli delegaciisTvis uTqvams: `Вы для нас, как отрезанный кусок хлеба, мы не можем вас принять~.
cxadia, es gaxlavT perifrazi patriarqis sitKvebisa, ufro swo-red, is `varianti~ rogorc aGiqva misi naTqvami auditoriam.
am sitKvebis Tqma qarTvel patriarqs ubralod ar SeeZlo ara mxo-lod imitom, rom misi wodeba da mdgomareoba gamoricxavda amas, ara-med imitomac, rom aseTi gamoTqma ucxo da arabunebrivia qarTuli eni-saTvis. qarTulis nebismierma mcodnem icis, rom aseTi frazeologema _ `puris moyrili nayeri~ ucxos, samudamod moSorebulis, gamoKofi-lis... aGsaniSnavad qarTulma ar icis. samagierod bunebrivia: `sxeulis nawili~, `sxeulis nayeri~, rac ganuSorebels, ganuKrels, samudamod SenTan dakavSirebuls, sakuTars da sakuTari sxeuliviT Zvirfass da mtkivneuls niSnavs.
mesxeTSi xSirad gvxvdeba gamoTqma `puris moyrili nayeri~ ufro swored, Sedareba `rogorc gatexili (an gayrili) puri~, rac swored iseT nawilebs aGniSnavs, risi gamrTelebac, SeerTebac aGar SeiZleba. es gamoTqma gamoxatavs Seurigebel mtrobas, SeuTavsebel Tanaarsebo-bas da a. S. (daaxloebiT iseT mniSvnelobebs, rogorc: zeTi da wKali-viT Seurevneli da sxv.). (mesxuri dialeqti mdidari iKo Turquli frazeologizmebiT da Zveli Taobis adamianebSi Jer kidev SemorCenila qarTul-Turquli orenovnebis Zalze saintereso kvali, roca ama Tu im frTian gamoTqmas Turqulad moiSveliebs mTqmeli da Semdeg qarTu-lad Targmnis).
rogorc vxedavT, `puris moyrili nayeri~ sruliad sapirispiro mniSvnelobis gamoTqmaa, vidre is fraza, romelic rusulad mosaubre qarTvel patriarqs SeiZleba eTqva (`Вы для нас как отрезанный кусок (часть) тела~.
rogorc vxedavT, `kulturuli mexsierebis~ rGveva, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, `kulturuli amnezia~ am droisTvis ise Sors aris wasuli, rom is gamsyvalavs mexsierebis istoriul, kulturul, KofiT, lingvis-tur... Sreebs
Jgufis gaucxoeba sawKisi istoriuli da kulturuli garemodan misi CamoSoreba kidev erTxel gamoixata am Jgufis saxeldebiTac. bo-lo sabyoTa aGweris dros 80-iani wlebis bobo-los uzbekeTSi, andijanis olqSi, `agitatorebi dadiodnen saxlebSi da Kvelas afrTxilebdnen, Turqebad CaweriliKvnen~ (baraTaSvili 1997, 54). uzbekebi `kapkazs~ (kavkasiels) gviwodebdnen (baraTaSvili 1997, 58). (bolos da bolos
ori sxvadasxva eTnikuri saxeli `Turqi~ da `mesxi~ dawKvilda da maT uwodes `Turqi mesxebi~. am saxeliT erTiandeba Kvela mahmadiani, vinc deportirebuli iqna samcxe-JavaxeTidan 1944 wels. am SemTxvevaSi Tur-qi mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis meSveobiT miGebul erovnebas gamoxatavs da mesxi _ teritorias, saidanac isini gaasaxles. dGes isini moiTxo-ven, rom am ori eTnikuri saxelis aralogikuri, paradoqsuli dawKvi-lebis _ `Turqi mesxi~ _ nacvlad, maT ewodoT mesxebi, aseT SemTxveva-Si mesxi SeiZenda sruliad axal SemTxveva-Sinaarss, vidre mas axla aqvs da isto-riuladac hqonda, rac, bunebrivia, kidev erTi axali gaugebrobis wKaro gaxdeba. sakuTari salaparako enis mesxurad moxseniebac amave tendenciis nawilia: Jgufis mier sakuTari vinaobis da enis saxeldebis Ziebis nawili. Jgufis eTnikuri vinaobis saxeli da Jgufis mSobliuri enis saxeli ki, Cveulebriv (Tumca ara KovelTvis), erTi da igivea.
am Jgufis saxeldebis cvlam aseTi gza ganvlo: qarTveli (mesxi) > ierli muslimani > TaTari > Turqi > azerbaiJaneli > kapkazi > Turqi mesxi (> da kidev erTi SesaZlo cvlilebaa: mesxi, am sitKvis axali mniSvnelobiT). sxvadasxva wKaroebSi SevxvdebiT maT dasaxelebas ro-gorc mesxeT-Turqebi, mesxi Turqebi, mesxebi, axicka Turqebi... am Camo-naTvals aklia `gurJi~ _ romelic TurqeTSi mcxovrebi Kvela qarTu-li warmomavlobis Jgufis saxeqarTu-lia da, maT Soris, mesxebisac (axalcixe-lebisac). amis udao sabuTs qalbatoni nazira vaCnaZe gvawvdis. is mo-gviTxrobs werilze, romelic bavSvobaSi dauweria mamamiss, mamidis TxovniT da gaugzavnia TurqeTSi, ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros iq da-rCenil oJaxis wevrebTan. mas Turme sicocxlis bolomde axsovda ucna-uri misamarTi _ qarTvel (gurJ) mustafas, romelic cxovrobs Tur-qeTSi, daba CorumSi, qarTvelebis (gurJebis) ubanSi.
* * *
rodesac Jgufis vinaoba aseTi cvalebadia da xangrZlivad imKofeba formirebis procesSi, ra Tqma unda, dainteresebuli politikuri Za-lebi cdiloben, rom TavisTvis sasurveli mimarTuZa-lebiT warmarTon es ganviTareba.
gasakviri ar aris, rom am Jgufis warmomadgeneli aseT SekiTxvas svams:
vin varT sinamdvileSi? (baraTaSvili 1997, 4).
am kiTxvaze pasuxi Jer kidev maSin yirda, roca sarwmunoebaSecvli-li magram qarTulad molaparake mesxebi sakuTar miwa-wKalze cxovrob-dnen da qarTul garemosTan KofiTi da naTesauri kontaqtebi Jer isev hqondaT SerCenili. aGsaniSnavia, rom araintegrirebulobis grZnoba am Jgufis damaxasiaTebel niSnad Jer kidev XIX saukuneSia aGwerili:
cnobili mogzauri da mkvlevari zagurski ase axasiaTebs XIX s. 70-iani wlebis Cvens mahmadian Tanamemamules: `maT ar uKvarT kiTxvebi
Ta-visi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, miniSneba imaze, rom maTi winaprebi odesGac marTlmadideblebi iKvnen. aseT miniSnebas rom Tavi aaridon, isini xSirad, da amaSi me Tavad davrwmundi, imizezeben qar-Tuli enis arcodnas~ (lomsaZe 1995, 306).
g. Kazbegis TqmiT es adamianebi `daGvremil-daGrublulni~ dadi-odnen, aGar mGerdadi-odnen, aGar cekvavdnen (Kazbegi, gv. 33), isini mtkivne-ulad ganicdidnen winaparTa gzis uarKofis simZimes, gaurbodnen qris-tianobas da amdenad, qristianobis matarebel qarTvelebsac (lomsaZe 1975, 306). es aGwera saocari sizustiT emTxveva Tanamedrove emigran-tebis aGweras evropeli mkvlevrebis mier da vinaobis (identobis) ambi-valenturobiT aris axsnili (kristal-andersoni 2001, 214-227). ro-gorc Cans, mSobliuri garemosagan da sakuTari vinaobisagan daSorebiT gamowveuli simptomebi erTmaneTs hgavs miuxedavad imisa, fizikuri gadaadgilebiT aGmoCndeba pirovneba ucxo garemoSi Tu Tavissave sa-mSobloSi gaucxovdeba.
adrindeli vinaobis xsovnisa da axalSeZenili vinaobis erTdrou-lad matareblis Sinagani konfliqtis mdgomareoba sxvadasxva saxiT iCens Tavs garemoebebis mixedviT. Zveli vinaobisagan gamiJvnis survilis saboloo gamoxatva ki gvarisa da saxelis nebaKoflobiT Secvla iKo rogorc Jgufis, aseve pirovnul doneze.
rogorc iTqva, vinaobis cvlis ramdenimesaukunovani periodis man-Zilze Jgufs ramdenJerme Seucvales saxelwodeba. am xangrZliv proces-Si Jgufi mxolod XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarproces-Si asaxelebda mtkiced Tavis vinaobis Kvela niSans: religia _ musulmani; erovneba _ Turqi (ierli); dedaena _ Turquli.
dGes Jgufi Turquli identobidan TavisdaGwevis iseTive mtkivne-ul procesSi imKofeba, rogorSic XIX saukunis II naxevridan iKo _ mis-Tvis Zveleburad mtkivneuli da damabnevelia kiTxva `vin xar?~ da ki-dev ufro mZimea umisamarTod darCenili SekiTxva: `mainc vin varT si-namdvileSi?~.
nazira vaCnaZe:
`Cven ukve ar viciT, ra vupasuxoT, roca gvekiTxebian ra erovnebi-sa varT, imitom rom Cveni pasuxi ar daemTxveva pasportis Canawers, me-re ki wadi da amtkice, rom aqlemi ara xar. azerbaiJanSi Cven Turqebs gveZaxdnen, albaT imitom rom Cveni ena maTgan gansxvavebulia. Sua azia-Si _ kavkasielebs _ rogorc Cans imitom, rom iq kavkasiidan CagviKva-nes. ruseTSi _ Turqebs, radgan ase viKaviT daregistrirebuli gasax-lebis siebSi, saqrTveloSi _ TaTrebs. Semdeg ki saerTodac ararsebu-li erovneba moigones _ `Turqi mesxebi~ da am damGiT ai, ukve samoci welia xalxi casa da miwas Soris aris gamokidebuli~ (vaCnaZe 2004, 103).
am monakveTSi naTlad aris gadmocemuli am Jgufis mTeli trage-dia, Tumca avtori mainc gaurbis mTavar sakiTxs: gasagebia, rom
Camo-TvlilTagan arcerTi termini ar gamoxatavs am Jgufis namdvil vinao-bas, magram ras uwodeben isini Tavis Tavs, romelia is erTaderTi da namdvili, araSerqmeuli, araTavsmoxveuli termini, romelic Kvelaze zustad SeesatKviseba maT vinaobas? imave gverdze avtori wers: `pira-dad me Svidi ena vici srulKofilad, magram erovneba erTaderTi maqvs~, Tumca isev ar asaxelebs, romelia es erovneba. wignSi sxvadasxva adgilas Jgufis saxelad gvxvdeba: `Cveni xalxi~, `mesxebi~, `mesxebi sa-qarTvelodan~.
2005 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos eklesiis patriarqTan, uwmin-desTan da unetaresTan _ ilia meoresTan Sexvedraze mahmadian mesxTa warmomadgenlebi im gaumarTlebel saxelwodebaze Ciodnen (`Turqi me-sxebi~), romelic maT usamarTlod `miakeres~. patriarqis pasuxi da mo-wodeba aseTi iKo: nu vilaparakebT imaze ras gviwodeben sxvebi. Tqven TviTon TqviT, vin xarT, daasaxeleT Tqveni vinaoba gabedu-lad!
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom gabeduli pasuxi kiTxvaze `vin xar?~ am Jgufis wevrebis did umravlesobas iseve uyirs, rogorc saukunenaxev-ris win (ix. zemoT).
rogorc vxedavT, Jgufis vinaobis cvla im mimarTulebiT ganviTar-da, rom dGes mKari enobrivi da eTnikuri identoba arcerT Zvel ori-entirTan ar vlindeba (arc qarTulTan da arc TurqulTan). gasakviri ar aris, rom uamravi arakeTilmosurne Seecados Jgufis aseTi mdgoma-reobiT manipulirebas.
rogorc ukve iTqva, problemaSi ramdenime saxelmwifoa CarTuli. Kvela Taviseburadaa dainteresebuli deportirebulTa bedis ganviTa-rebiT. am problemebis mkvlevarTa damokidebulebac araerTgvarovania vinaobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
rogorc vTqviT, dGes cdiloben Kvela deportirebuli erT Jgu-fad warmoadginon (Cervonnaia, iunusovi da sxv. ix. JaniaSvili 2006), ai ras wers am Tvalsazrisis erT-erTi momxre avtori: `mesxeT-Turqebi Turquli erovnuli umciresobaa, daaxloebiT 400.000 adamiani, msof-lioSi mcxovrebi 45 milioniani Turqi eris nawili.... magram gansxvave-buli eTnografiuli Jgufia, radgan misi kultura Kalibdeboda qar-TvelebTan saukunovani mezoblobisa da urTierTobis pirobebSi`... Sem-deg is ganagrZobs: `isini Tavis samSoblod Tvlian ara TurqeTs, ara saqarTvelos, aramed swored im teritorias, romelsac hqvia mesxeTi anu JavaxeTi anu axalcixeTi~. igi wers, rom Turqebi aq cxovrobdnen ukve V-VII saukuneebidan. maTi enaa Turquli, Tumca masze qarTulsac mouxdenia gavlena. Semdeg avtori aGniSnavs: `1829 wlidan 1944 wla-mde arcerTi religiuri an eTnikuri konfliqti am Jgufs mezobel JgufebTan ar hqonia~ (Cervonnaia 1998).
Tumca, avtorTa didi nawili aGniSnavs, rom es Jgufi ar CamoKali-bebula monoliTur eTnikur erTobad. sakiTxis sxva kuTxiT
warmodge-na da saubari repatriaciaze ufro dainteresebuli politikuri mxa-reebis mier GGvivdeba (ix. tomlinsoni, peuCi), swored amitomac iwvevs eyvs repatriaciis, rogorc problemis gadayris gzis erTaderToba mkvlevarTa Soris (rei).
Jgufi rom Jer kidev CamouKalibebel kulturul-ideologiur er-Tobas warmoadgens, amaze miuTiTebs l. JaniaSvilic da aGniSnavs, rom am Jgufis eTnikuri perspeqtivebi mTlianadaa damokidebuli uaxloes momavalze.
gareSe Zalebis zemoqmedebiT sxvadasxva Jgufebis erT Jgufad ga-martivebulad warmodgena am SemTxvevaSi unikaluri movlena ar aris da amisi magaliTebi sxva saxelmwifoebSic dasturdeba.
raki Jgufis Tanamedrove saxe, gamoxatuli vinaobis niSanTa axali sistemiT, ar aris mKari da monoliTuri. mosalodnelia, rom Jgufis axali TviTwodeba `moirgos~ arahomogenur JgufTa simravlem (an `mo-argon~), rac, albaT, axal problemebs warmoqmnis da erTxel kidev ga-urkveveli xniT gadadebs Jgufis vinaobis mKar maxasiaTebelTa aGdgenas da namdvili erTobiT TviTdamkvidrebas.
statiaSi ar gvisaubria erTiani istoriuli warsulis (koleqtiu-ri kulturuli mexsierebis) rolze am Jgufis o(koleqtiu-rientaciis gamorkvevis sakiTxSi. saqme is gaxlavT, rom Sori istoria mexsierebis miGmaa da-rCenili, radgan individualuri (komunikaciuri) mexsierebis diapazoni (80-100 weli) mas ver swvdeba, raTa gaakontrolos da marTebulad ga-aaqtiuros xelovnurad damaxinJebuli da daviwKebuli koleqtiuri kulturuli mexsiereba da Jgufis vinaobis xelaxali gansazGvrisaTvis sworad gamoiKenos igi.
rogorc vTqviT, axali istoriis gaxseneba (XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi) Zalze mtkivneulia maTTvis da Tvlian, rom es mxolod dapiris-pirebas aGvivebs. istoria am JgufisTvis iwKeba 1944 wels _ deporta-ciis Semdgom.
ase rom, saerTo istoriis roli vinaobis gansazGvrisas dGes am Jgufs ar aaxloebs arc qarTul arc Turqul sinamdvilesTan. vfiq-robT, es tragikuli istoria Jgufis vinaobis cvlis ZaldatanebiTi mravalsaukunovani eqsperimentisa unda dasruldes istoriul erToba-Ta gaTvaliswinebiT, oGond aucileblad saerTo momavalze orientaci-iT. Jgufis vinaobis ganmsazGvrel sulier faqtorTa Soris aucileb-lad unda gamoikveTos mTavari _ Tanxmoba saerTo momavalze im erTo-basTan, romelTan erTadac airCevs Jgufi Tavisi momavali cxovrebis ga-grZelebas. mxolod saerTo momavalSi SeiZleba moiKaros Tavi drosa da sivrceSi umowKalod gafantulma `samSoblom~ da daSlil-danawev-rebulma vinaobam (sulieri da enobrivi samSoblo TurqeTSi, mSobliu-ri miwa-wKali _ mesxeTSi, sakuTamSobliu-ri bavSvoba Sua aziasa da azerbaiJan-Si...).
mxriv frTxili da istoriuli realobis Sesaferisi unda iKos. kargi iqneboda, sxva qarTuli warmoSobis muslimanur Jgufebze orientireba. vfiqrobT TurqeTis qarTvelobaSi vinaobis niSanTa cvla garkveuli periodis manZilze zustad emTxveoda mesxeTis qarTvelTa gamuslimebis zemoT aGweril suraTs. dGes Kvela qarTuli warmoSobis toms Tur-qeTSi oficialurad ewodeba `qarTuli warmoSobis Turqi~, xolo ara-oficialurad _ `gurJi~. erTmaneTisTvis isini `Cveneburebi~ arian, Tumca Sida kuTxuri (tomobrivi) diferenciac aisaxeba (mayaxleli, ayareli, imerxeveli, axalcixeli, SavSeli....). mahmadian mesxebs aq aqvT zustad iseTive saxeldeba, rogorc sxva qarTul tomebs. isini `axlci-xeli gurJebi~ anu `axalci`axlci-xeli Cveneburebi~ arian.
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vaxuSti 1941 _ vaxuSti, aGwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, Tbilisi, 1941.
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TamaraSvili 1902 _ m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qar-TvelTa Soris, namdvili sabuTebis SemotaniT da ganmartebiT XIII sau-kundan XX saukunemde, Tbilisi, 1902.
kobaiZe 1999 _ M. Kobaidze, Minority identity and identity maintenance in Georgia, in: Working Papers, vol. 47. pp. 149-168. Department of Linguistics, Lund University.
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kristal-andersoni 2001 _ Binnie Kristal-Andersson, Understanding refu-gees, immigrants and their children - a psychological model, Lund, 2001.
iunusovi 2000 _ А. Юнусов, Ахыскинские (месхетинские) турки: дважды депортированный народ, Баку, 2000.
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mixailovi 1994 _ m. mixailovi, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis eTnikuri TviTSegnebis Taviseburebani, xelnaweri (rusul enaze), saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, erovnul urTierTobaTa kvlevis centri, Tbilisi, 1994.
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MARINE BERIDZE, MANANA KOBAIDZE
Ethnic Identity Features: Creation, Loss and Revival Dynamics
(The case of Turkish Meskhetians) S u m m a r y
The process of ethnic changes, that started in southern Georgia (Meskheti/ Samtskhe-Javakheti) in the 16th -17th centuries, was aimed at forming a new ethnic group out of the local population (Georgians, in particular, Meskhetians) and the immigrant population (Turks and Kurds). This was a complex and long process and was going on under the control of two powerful states: Turkey and, later, Russia. To create a new ethnic group and use it as a “tool” for mastering this strategically important territory was a policy of these states and has remained unchanged during three to four centuries.
The gradual development of the features, unifying these groups, is documented in the historical sources: 1. Change of confession (encouraged by economic and other means); 2. Language shift (first within some domains and within high social classes and later in all domains and even among lower classes of the population), 3. Change of surnames (as a result of or final step of identity change), 4. New perception of own identity.
Changing of the group name has reflected the group's development dynamics: Georgians who remained Christians retained their name Kartveli (Georgian in Georgian), Georgians who became Muslims in the 17-18th centuries were called Jerli (local in Turkish), and immigrated Muslims, who where ethnic Turks and Kurds, were called Tarakama.
The next step was a unification of Jerli and Tarakama by the confessional feature and the naming of these two groups as Tatari (resp. Muslim). In the Russian censuses since the 19th century the unifying name of these groups, indicating confession (Tatari), has been changed with the unifying name indicating ethnicity (Turk) (regardless of the fact that ethnical composition of "Turks" was diverse).
The Muslim population of this area also obtained an economic advantage. After the power change in Georgia in 1918, fear of losing the property strengthened the loyalty of this group to Turkey. In the 1920s Georgian schools were closed and Turkish schools were opened for the Georgian Muslims in Samtskhe-Javakheti. When the political climate changed, during the census before the Second World War, it was suggested that they should be registered as Georgians but this attempt failed. In the 1939 census they were called Azerbaijanis by officials and, thus, avoided the term Turk in the census. The group was deported to Central Asia in 1944.
The group has retained and strengthened its unity after the deportation. Later, all Muslims deported to Central Asia from Samtskhe-Javakheti (Meskheti) irrespective of their ethnic diversity (Georgians, in particular, Meskhetians, as well as non-Georgians: Turks, Kurds) received the new shared name Turkish Meskhetians where two different names denoting the different ethnic origin are presented on the same level which is
quite confusing. Nowadays people named as "Turkish Meskhetians" protest this name and demand to be called "Meskhetians" (Such a change, in turn, can cause new misunderstandings).
It is noteworthy that Muslim Georgians try to avoid the term Turkish as a name of the Turkish language spoken by them and regularly call it "Our language". This seems to be a way to differentiate "our language" as a language obtained through the new confession and indicating the confessional loyalty, on the one hand, and the Turkish language that is spoken by ethnic Turks as a part of their ethnic identity and an indicator of their ethnic belonging, on the other hand. At the same time, it emphasises "our language" as a distinctive feature from the Georgian speaking Georgians.
The group strives and acts for repatriation.
The history of this group is an obvious case of the attempt to form one ethnic group out of different ethnic groups in the process of interaction between internal and external forces. It also confirms that the identity features function as an entire complex. Strive to reconstruct the whole complex of the features and overcome the lack of the missing feature (language, ideology, territory…) may exhibit vitality of the group. It is another matter that this strive may be employed for different goals by different political forces.
