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Nuclear Security, Safety and

Non-Proliferation:

Sweden’s International

Cooperation in 2019

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Foreword

As the Director General of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM), I am pleased to bring to your attention this report that summarises the results of the projects that we implemented in 2019. These international projects were implemented in cooperation with partners in the Russian Federation, Georgia, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova.

SSM’s work is based on a Government instruction, which in turn relates to Sweden’s commitments established in various international fora. These include the Global Partnership, established by the G7, and UN Security Council Resolution 1540, the EU Action Plan on Weapons of Mass Destruction, the MNEPR Agreement, as well as the commitments that arose from the Nuclear Security Summit process during the period 2010-2016. Over the past decades, international contributions to promote nuclear security, safety and non-proliferation have grown to become the “gold standard” and an expression of good faith and good intentions. I am happy that Sweden does its share.

Cooperation in the above-mentioned areas is meaningful not only to the recipient organizations and government agencies and regulators abroad. My organization is also capable of extracting many valuable lessons from our interaction with partners. This contributes to the experience base that SSM has and utilises to influence the development of international standards and rules. In a similar manner, it is of great value to us to implement projects in cooperation with third states. This has an impact

on the views that we have and communicate in international settings.

This is not least the case as SSM in entering a period of modernization and rethinking of its structure and focus areas. As we speak my colleagues and I are introducing new ways of focusing our work in terms of how it adds to efficiency in the five areas of (1) inspection activities, (2) licensing, (3) implementation of norms from the EU and international levels, (4) knowledge and competence as well as (5) emergency preparedness. Moreover, we are currently taking steps into broadening our international work in order to make it encompass for instance the UN Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals. In short, we hope to expand and include more regions and efforts such as access to water resources, medical uses of radiation and others.

Part of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority’s work involves improvement of approaches, processes and methods. Over the years, this has been aided by the feedback we receive from colleagues at home and abroad, as well as from our readers. Feel free to contact us and contribute to our ongoing mission.

Nina Cromnier Director General

Swedish Radiation Safety Authority

ph o to : h an s a lm

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Sweden’s international

cooperation and its

broader context

Since the early 1990s, Sweden has been engaged

in international efforts to ensure that radioactive

and nuclear materials, as well as facilities and

installations, are kept safe and secure.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and 1992, it is likely that Sweden was the first country to initiate cross-border cooperation with the new states. In 1992, Swedish authorities started working with Kazakhstan and Ukraine on various non-proliferation and nuclear materials control issues. While a major international debate went on for many years over the fate of the former Soviet nuclear weapons that were stationed in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, Sweden worked with the newly established Ukrainian and Kazakh regulators and facilities in terms of the management and measurement of nuclear materials. The ultimate aim was to ensure that international requirements in these contexts could be met. Slowly and gradually, this was a practical and contributing factor to Ukraine and Kazakhstan being able to join the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the International Atomic Energy Agency, the IAEA.

To some extent, these early efforts represent a trademark as to how Sweden has operated since this time. Sweden and its representatives have worked, and continue to pursue efforts,

in the particular countries designated by the Swedish Government. The main focus of this work is on practical and technical issues that warrant initiatives for modernization, overhauls and upgrades. From time to time, the efforts accomplished can have broader positive impacts that bring about additional dialogue and new areas of cooperation between the parties involved. In this sense, the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority views its efforts as a true example of “collective security”. This implies a situation where no one is threatened and all parties benefit. Improved security and safety at a facility together with strengthened regulatory functions in a third country contribute not only to safety and security locally, but also to the safety and security of people and institutions in Sweden and societies elsewhere.

Sweden and its Minister for Foreign Affairs at the turn of this century, the late Ms Anna Lindh, initiated much of the cooperation and many of the frameworks for relations with the Russian Federation. The MNEPR Agreement (Multilateral Nuclear and Environmental Programmes in

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Russia) was signed in 2003, and still serves as the legal foundation for not only Sweden’s, but also other states’ cooperation, when it comes to dealing with legacy waste from the Cold War era. At around the same time, yet another international framework was established. In 2002, at the G7 Summit in Kananaskis, Canada created the Global Partnership, under which the G7 states also invited other states to work on nuclear security, safety and non-proliferation issues, in particular in the Russian Federation. Over the years, the ambitions have shifted to other beneficiaries. Today, the Global Partnership, with some 30 member states, is the largest of the institutions created under the G7.

An additional key framework internationally on the part of SSM, and Sweden, comprises the reports by the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly, as well as the UN General Assembly Resolutions, which since 2002 have been unanimously adopted by the UN General Assembly in support of furthering educational efforts in the fields of non-proliferation and education. These UN documents provide guidance for SSM’s educational efforts.

In 2004, the UN Security Council established the UNSC Resolution 1540. This resolution is binding for all UN Member States and requires states to have proper national control systems for materials and technologies potentially useable for the production of weapons of mass destruction. The “1540 mechanism” also establishes a cooperation and exchange function by which all states may request technical and logistical assistance from each other in order to fulfil the requirements established by the Resolution.

Further frameworks at EU level, such as the EU Strategy Against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, from 2003, and its later updates, also play an important role in keeping the EU committed to shared objectives. The Nuclear Security Summit process and its four Summits between 2010 and 2016 produced four communiqués and a work plan. These documents constitute tremendously important goals and

procedures for achieving higher degrees of nuclear security. At the level of the IAEA, the recurring ICONS conferences on nuclear security are taking over the policy-guidance and high-political functions that the Nuclear Security Summit process established.

In practical terms, the various institutions and frameworks interact. In one setting, such as the Global Partnership, there are usually presentations and discussions on the Nuclear Security Summit, UNSCR 1540, etc., and discussions take place on where the frameworks intersect and progress needs to be made in the field. In the context of the Nuclear Security Summit, it was established how the various frameworks, such as the Global Partnership, UNSCR 1540, the IAEA’s Nuclear Security Fund and others, are encouraged to operate.

From a Swedish point of view, the international frameworks mentioned range from basic starting points to sets of formal obligations. The following pages provide a summary of SSM’s accomplishments during 2019. SSM visit to the floating nuclear power plant “Akademik Lomonosov” in Murmansk, July 2019. Photo: Tor Stenberg

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The results and outcomes of the projects are summarized under individual headings depending on the overall effort and the objectives set for each project. Many projects are continuations of earlier efforts. In many cases, the projects contribute to objectives in several areas. However, the projects are only described under the heading showing their main significance.

The following pages present results in various areas of cooperation. For additional information, see the Appendix.

Key Results 1: Strengthening the regulatory

capacities in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine.

SSM has in 2019 provided support for the Ukrainian regulatory authority, the SNRIU, as concerns its upkeep of databases and

capacity-building in the area of nuclear material

accountancy. Furthermore the licence has been provided for software for carrying out safety analysis at the Ukrainian nuclear power plants. This software is in use by the operators and the SNRIU can thus carry out analyses of the safety estimates made at the nuclear power plants. SSM has also provided the SNRIU with proper tools for carrying out information campaigns to the public related to national campaigns for collecting orphan radioactive sources. Related to this a database and registry for radioactive sources is also in use by the SNRIU for which SSM sponsors the upkeep and development. In Moldova, SSM has assisted the regulator NARNRA in modernizing the infrastructure and databases as well as providing means for the collection of orphan radioactive sources. In Belarus, SSM has in cooperation with its Norwegian and Finnish partners initiated activities aiming at strengthening the Belarus regulator, Gosatomnadzor, in its work on nuclear safety culture and the licensing of nuclear activities.

Key Results 2: Environmental monitoring in

Russia and Belarus.

In the course of the year, SSM has supported two crucial efforts as concerns environmental monitoring of radiation. SSM has drawn on the expertise and networks of Lund University. Lund University has cooperated with Belarusian counterparts, the Institute for Radiation Biology on measuring the natural levels of radiation in the vicinity of the Astravets NPP before its entry into operation. The knowledge of the background

radiation makes it possible to identify future increases and whether they would originate from the nuclear operations. Moreover, Lund

Meeting of Moldovan and Swedish parties at the Swedish Embassy in Moldova on the implementation of radioactive waste management measures. Photo: Björn Dverstorp

University has continued its cooperation with the Institute for Radiation Hygiene in St Petersburg on the monitoring of the radiation contamination of the Baltic Sea region from particularly the Chernobyl accident in order to provide data for Russian and international authorities.

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Key Results 3: Training and education in the

field of nuclear security and non-proliferation

in Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia.

Participants at the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Summer School in Ekeaterinburg. Photo: Courtesy of the Ural Federal University

will be completed in 2020. In cooperation with the Canadian MFA, SSM has provided the Kiev Polytechnical Institute with new infrastructure for training students in the field of nuclear security. The syllabus for the training is developed by specialist organizations in the US and Ukraine. At the Nuclear Security Support Center at the Technical University of Moldova, support is provided to the Center’s training facilities and materials. In Russia, SSM has since long a cooperation with scholars at the universities in Tomsk, Ekaterinburg, Novouralsk and St. Petersburg. This network of scholars has received training in academic writing methods according to European principles and will in 2020 publish a book in English for an international audience on various aspects of nuclear non-proliferation and NPT issues in the context of Russia and the world. For the past fifteen years, SSM has cooperated

with various universities on the establishment of training and education on the issues of nuclear security and non-proliferation. In Georgia, support is given to the University of Batumi and its training courses and training materials. In Ukraine, SSM supports the Odessa Center for Non-Proliferation at the National University of Odessa which was established by SSM in 2015 in order to provide the possibility of an international research focus on developments in the Black Sea region. In 2019, the Odessa Center carried out one workshop on nuclear proliferation and non-proliferation issues with international scholars and one summer school for graduate students. The Odessa Center is also in charge of a large multi-annual project on Ukraine’s Nuclear Technology and Science History; a work that

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Reinforcement of the perimeter fence at the radioactive waste deposit in Moldova. Photo: Björn Dverstorp

Key Results 4: EU-financed projects and auxiliary

activities in Moldova, Belarus and Georgia.

sizeable bilateral contribution has been assured and already been put into operation by SSM and it concerns the establishment of the infrastructure and necessary training facilities for the staff that in the long run will operate the facility. It is already now being considered how a third stage of the EU-project will cover the building of the Georgian national storage for nuclear and radioactive waste.

Based on the positive experiences from working in Georgia, the EU-Commission, SIDA, SSM and Moldovan authorities have initiated a cooperation scheme for enhancing the capacity and safety of the national waste management site in Moldova. The site houses a legacy near-surface disposal facility that is known to leak radioactive substances to the surrounding soil and groundwater. In 2019, SSM carried out a site investigation and a long-term radiological safety assessment, which show that it is necessary to retrieve the waste. An ongoing SIDA financed project, managed by SSM, aims at constructing a new storage facility that can accommodate the retrieved waste and also installing a site monitoring programme that is necessary for the retrieval works. SSM is further developing a SSM is involved in a large EU-project in Georgia

that in the long run aims at the establishment of a national storage for nuclear and radioactive materials. The project was first suggested by the EU-Commission in September 2016 based on the fact that SSM had and has a well-developed cooperation with Georgia and that the EU-Commission wished to establish a new and encompassing cooperation with Georgia. In early 2018, the first project went into operation with the aim of establishing a preliminary design for a storage building and its infrastructure. Part of the project was also the various environmental surveys and government decisions for the approval of the design. This first stage of the project was completed in December 2019. From SSM and Sweden there was a co-financing that concerned the mapping and retrieval of radioactive sources at the Anaseuli site, today an abandoned site of a former research center for agriculture. As a follow-up, stage two of the EU-project will move towards establishing a detailed design for the site as well as the adherent government approval and licensing process. From Sweden, through the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, SIDA, a

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Commissioning of the preliminary design for radioactive waste storage in Georgia. Photo: Courtesy of DMT GmbH

project proposal with the European commission with the objective of providing the necessary infrastructure for retrieval and to start a long-term disposal programme. Moreover, SSM received funding from the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy to contribute to the physical protection of the site. Additional work on the security is being implemented by the US Department of Energy. The plans for 2020 and 2021 foresee the establishment of the additional storage building financed by SIDA. Once this is in place, the plans are to activate the above mentioned EU-project to support safe retrieval, packaging and storage of the legacy radioactive waste.

As Soviet nuclear legacy issues in the Black sea region, especially regarding radioactive waste management, have become a matter of national and international concern, Sweden took the initiative to establish cooperation between regulators and waste management agencies in the GUAM countries (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova). This initiative is shaping a common vision and sets a common agenda for regional cooperation in radioactive waste management and decommissioning issues in the GUAM countries and even in a broader regional perspective.

Under a consortium led by the German-French company Riskaudit, SSM participates in a major EU-project that aims at supporting the regulatory

authority in Belarus related to the licensing and putting into operation of the two reactors at the Astravets NPP. The two reactors of type VVER 1200 are expected to start operation in 2020 respectively 2021.

The overall aim of the project is to strengthen the capacity and enhance the capabilities of the regulatory authority in Belarus and its technical support organizations in various regulatory activities, such as building up the legal regulatory base and regulations, assessment and review of licence applications and safety reports submitted for the planned nuclear power plant, as well as regulatory activities concerning emergency preparedness and response and spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management. This work includes implementation of up-to-date international and European safety standards.

The project, approved by the Belarusian authorities in late 2018, was launched in spring 2019. So far SSM has participated in a couple of workshops and trainings for the staff of the Belarusian radiation authority GAN, in Belarus and cooperation countries, and hosted workshops and technical studies. The cooperation has also covered technical means for PSA, as well as addressing the way in which to develop an integrated management system and improved safety culture. The project is expected to run until mid-2021.

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Key Results 5: Management of spent nuclear

fuel and radioactive waste in northwest Russia.

project in cooperation with the Mayak facility concerning equipment for the monitoring of radiation levels at entry and exit points. Moreover, support was given to the modernization of the floating control and monitoring station at the Nerpa Shipyard near Murmansk regarding the radiation exposure for personnel working on the dismantlement of decommissioned nuclear-powered vessels. At the Andreeva Bay site near Murmansk, SSM contributed to the improvement of the infrastructure necessary for the movement of spent nuclear fuel and the safe handling of radioactive waste in the shape of improved power supply lines, containers and computer equipment. More than twenty-five years after its inception,

there is still international cooperation in place concerning the clean-up of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste in northwest Russia. Many efforts have covered physical protection of the materials, their transportation and safe storage. Moreover, there are now efforts that relate to environmental remediation of sites that were previously contaminated. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) has implemented numerous and very large projects based on funds collected from member states and third states contribute with projects of a smaller nature that are auxiliary to the larger efforts by the EBRD. In 2019, SSM concluded a

Key Results 6: Nuclear safety and security

measures towards nuclear power plants

in Ukraine

Since 2014, Sweden and Norway have a commitment to support Ukraine in the field of nuclear security and safety. In 2019, SSM and DSA financed the third stage of the upgrade of the physical protection of the Khmelnitsky NPP. Further efforts will follow in 2020. Moreover, SSM is supporting the participation by various Ukrainian organizations in an OECD-NEA project, the “Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project”, which addresses safety issues concerning the configuration and cladding of fresh and spent nuclear fuel. In 2019, SSM and DSA supported the organization of the Ukrainian National

Conference on Nuclear and Radiological Security. The conference brings together various actors and sectors in order to accomplish common undertakings and to broaden the common understanding. With a related ambition of assembling the Ukrainian state authorities and related organizations, SSM and DSA support the Information Sharing Initiative, ISI, as a forum in which Ukrainian projects in the realm of nuclear and radiological security can be articulated before they are submitted to the G7 Global Partnership and its members for consideration.

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Testing of equipment for non-destructive testing of reactor preasure vessel and steam generators. Photo: Tor Stenberg

Key Results 7: Cooperation on nuclear safety,

decommissioning and waste management with

the Leningrad and Kola Nuclear Power Plants.

The Nordic regulatory authorities from Sweden, Norway and Finland have for many years agreed to have an active cooperation with the two Russian nuclear power plants situated close to the Nordic countries. The cooperation provides transparency and contributes to increased safety by means of a practical cooperation scheme. In the past years, the projects have also focused on overall approaches to decommissioning and radioactive waste management at the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant (LNPP) and the Kola Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP). Special focus is put to the planned and ongoing and decommissioning of the RBMK reactors at LNPP. In 2019 most projects have been joint ventures between the Nordic countries, especially STUK of Finland, and along with Russian in-kind efforts. In cooperation with STUK, SSM has given support to the LNPP as concerns its training of experts who are involved

in the decommissioning of the RBMK reactors as well as the management and handling of the irradiated graphite from the reactors.

At the LNPP, the projects have further covered important safety objectives related to identifying vibration levels, the robustness of valves and electric cabling and components. Other activities have concerned training on the use of Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) methods. In cooperation with the KNPP, a number of projects have been implemented that concern the structural integrity and safety of the reactor pressure vessels and the steam generators and the processes of excluding mismanagement of contaminated materials across barriers of contaminated/non-contaminated zones. With a view to the specific requirements for VVER reactors, specialists from the KNPP have participated in PSA training.

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Appendix: Projects implemented in 2019

Ukraine

Support for non-proliferation education and

academic research capacity building, SSM 2019-708; payments in 2019: 436 kSEK

In 2015, through the support of Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM), a research centre was established at Odessa National University. The main role of the Odessa Center for Non-Proliferation (OdCNP) is to strengthen Ukraine’s work to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The efforts focus on analysis of political, technological, legal and societal processes and factors affecting non-proliferation work in the Black Sea Region. In 2019, SSM supported a PhD programme at Odessa National University and the arrangement of an international workshop as well as a summer school to increase awareness of regional security challenges among the young non-proliferation community in Ukraine and to widen contacts between Ukrainian and European research think tanks.

Research on nuclear history in Ukraine, SSM 2019-1894; payments in 2019: 126 kSEK

In 2019, the OdCNP continued a research project to survey the history of the Ukrainian nuclear sector. International experts from USA, Sweden and Georgia performed reviews of draft text and gave advice to the Ukrainian researchers. The report will be finished and published in book form in 2020. The report will contribute to transparency and a better understanding of the nuclear field and non-proliferation related historical processes in Ukraine.

Development of nuclear security academic education at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, SSM 2019-171, SSM 2018-5894; payments in 2019: 32 kSEK

The objective of the programme is to contribute to the enhancement and strengthening of knowledge and research capabilities in the field of nuclear security, both

at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute (KPI), and among nuclear security professionals at nuclear power plants and related facilities in Ukraine. The KPI has been mandated by the Ukrainian government to establish a nuclear security Master’s degree programme, launched at the KPI in the autumn of 2019. Within the framework of the Global Partnership programme, SSM established a cooperation agreement with the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development of Canada Weapons of Mass Destruction Threat Reduction Program in support of the implementation of the KPI Master’s degree programme on nuclear security. The tasks under the Swedish and Canadian agreement to provide equipment for two computer laboratories for carrying out laboratory work within the Nuclear Security program were implemented during 2019. SSM supported a two-day international conference at the KPI on promoting nuclear security education and creating gender awareness in Ukraine, targeting students and professors from Ukrainian technical universities.

Technical support for SNRIU’s database for IAEA safeguards inspections, SSM 2019-847; payments in 2019: 151 kSEK

SSM assists State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine (SNRIU) by providing technical support for a special-purpose database for recordkeeping of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards inspections in Ukraine. The objectives include ensuring that the safeguards agreement between Ukraine and the IAEA is properly applied, as well as the correct functioning of SNRIU’s nuclear material accountancy reporting to the IAEA. In 2019, database update support was provided as agreed between SSM and SNRIU. Funding was provided to SNRIU safeguards staff to develop their skills and competence in the form of their participation at international conferences on safeguards issues.

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Coordination with SNRIU and Energoatom; payments in 2019: 200 kSEK

SSM participated in one overarching planning meeting with Energoatom and the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), in addition to several bilateral project coordination meetings held with the SNRIU. SSM also participated in the ISI Global Partnership meeting, held in October 2019 in Odessa Ukraine. SSM has also supported specialists from George Kuzmich Training Center and State Ukrainian Agency on Exclusion Zone Management (SUAEZM) to participate in the World Institute on Nuclear Security (WINS) workshop on security of disused radioactive sources.

Outreach campaign on recovering orphan radioactive sources under institutional supervision, SSM2018-1441; payments in 2019: 284 kSEK

SSM has continued to give support to the website uatom. org managed by the SSTC NRS (TSO to the Ukrainian radiation safety authority SNRIU) providing reliable information to the public on radiation safety issues in Ukraine. The website also implements the amnesty campaign for recovery of orphan radioactive sources by disseminating relevant details to various target groups. The website is also part of an information campaign conducted as part of a US cooperation project run in the Dnepropetrovsk Region in Eastern Ukraine on recovering of orphan sources. International events in the framework of SSM’s international cooperation have been covered in articles on uatom.org. The website has gained substantial attention among the public and professional communities with about 20 000 visits to the website per month.

Physical protection at the Khmelnitsky Nuclear Power Plant, SSM2018-5319; payments in 2019: SSM 1 056 kSEK, DSA Norway 5 025 kSEK

This project, launched in 2018, is the third stage carried out within the framework of the trilateral cooperation concerning nuclear safety and security, established between Ukraine, Norway and Sweden. The overall aim is to improve the physical protection system at the Khmelnitsky NPP. By means of financial support from SSM and DSA, the central alarm station has been completed in

the beginning of 2020 in accordance with international standards and regulatory requirements.

Pilot project for removal of disused radioactive sources from well-type storages, SSM2016-3948; payments in 2019: 0 kSEK

Under the G7 Global Partnership, disused radioactive sources from various storage sites in Ukraine shall be moved to Vector, a long-term central storage facility located in the Chernobyl exclusion zone. Transports of these sources began in 2018 and are expected to continue for several years. In connection with this, SSM has supported SC Radon regarding a pilot project on the detailed design for removal of disused radioactive sources from a representative well-type storage located at the Kiev Radon site. Detailed technical solutions have been prepared and a special container for transport of the sources from the well storage was delivered as a pilot product in 2019. SSM will continue to cooperate on the management of the well-type storages in Ukraine and try to attract other donors for the implementation of the project that requires significant funding. The project was concluded financially in 2018, yet administrative elements remained in 2019.

Implementation of PSA RiskSpectrum/RiskWatcher software at SNRIU, Ukraine, SSM2018-3457; payments in 2019: SSM 685 kSEK, DSA 300 kSEK

In collaboration with DSA, SSM purchased a three-year licence for Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) software tools for safety assessment and risk monitoring, incl. the upgrades, support and maintenance of the software, for the Ukrainian radiation safety authority SNRIU and its TSO - SSTC NRS. The software is already in use at Energoatom’s nuclear power plants. With this effort, SNRIU has been equipped with the means for reviewing safety reports from Energoatom. SSM has supported three specialists from Energoatom and SNRIU to participate in a user group meeting regarding the software application in London October 2019.

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Manufacture and delivery of the blind test blocks for personnel qualification in safety related non-destructive analysis of reactor vessels at Ukrainian NPPs, SSM2019-1153; payments in 2019: 1 008 kSEK

In 2019 SSM, in cooperation with the operator of the Ukrainian NPPs – Energoatom, has launched a new project related to reactor safety of the 15 Ukrainian NPPs in operation. Some of the reactors are approaching their designed lifetime and have applied for prolonged license at the Ukrainian nuclear safety regulator. One of the requirements is to ensure personnel qualification for safety related non-destructive assessment (NDA) of the reactor vessels. The project will be performed by the Swedish Qualification Centre (SQC) and the Ukrainian Qualification Body (UQB), and two blind test blocks needed for personnel qualification are going to be manufactured by SAAB in Karlskrona, Sweden. This three-year project is co-financed by SSM (2 MSEK) and DSA (5 MSEK).

Upgrade of the Ukrainian national registry of ionising radiation sources in operation, SSM2017-2093; payments in 2019: 180 kSEK

The Ukrainian nuclear regulator is in the process of upgrading its regional regulatory offices in order to tighten national control over radioactive sources. In 2019, SSM provided financial support to the registry of the SNRIU through development and modernization of its database for radioactive radiation sources in accordance with regulatory requirements. A workshop was also held in 2019 for the personnel of the registry from all regional offices, with the aim of exchanging information and experiences and discussing solutions for future challenges.

Ukrainian participation in the OECD/NEA research projects of the Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project, SSM2016-3188, SSM2019-5959; payments in 2019: 1 031 kSEK

Since 2017, SSM has provided funding to enable the participation of the Ukrainian consortium in OECD/

Nuclear watchdog. Photo: Björn Dverstorp

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NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency within the OECD) to take part in the research projects, Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project (SCIP). This consortium consists of the four leading Ukrainian research institutions in the nuclear field. The SCIP III project has focused on management of damaged fuel and improvement of reactor safety and was finalized in 2019. SCIP IV focusing on safety issues related to spent nuclear fuel started in mid-2019 and will run until 2022.

16th Ukrainian Conference on Nuclear and

Radiological Security, SSM2019-688; payments in 2019: SSM 664 kSEK, DSA 311 kSEK

The conference, held in September 2019 in Lviv, is the most significant event in Ukraine for the national nuclear and radiological security community. The conference gathers all relevant stakeholders for the exchange of experiences and discussion of new challenges in nuclear and radiological security, and in law enforcement. This area not only includes traditional fields of nuclear materials accountancy and control, international safeguards, and physical protection of nuclear facilities, but also radiological security of radioactive sources that have recently become a subject of increasing international concern. Besides traditional topics in nuclear and

radiological security, new concerns related to cyber security, drone threats have been raised at the conference as well as issues regarding gender equality in the field of nuclear security.

Cooperation with the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, SSM2019-8958; payments in 2019: 263 kSEK

This project concerns the revision of the existing curriculum for officials working with security issues related to nuclear and radioactive materials at the Ukraine State Border Guard Service (SBGS). The current curriculum is delivered through the national training centres in Ukraine. The project covers a revamping of the existing framework and modernization of the content, including critical topic areas that have become relevant in recent years. This project has been implemented jointly with the Nordisk Sikkerhet AS Norway with the assistance of the Middlebury Institute of International Studies in USA.

Georgia

EU project on the establishment of a repository for radioactive waste in Georgia, SSM2016-5426; payments in 2019: EU 7 000 kSEK

The framework of the project is to develop a preliminary design for a repository in Georgia for radioactive and nuclear materials. During 2019, SSM and the Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety (ANRS) in Georgia finalised all five tasks of the EU project. The tasks include an assessment of the existing radioactive waste management inventory in Georgia, a compilation of geoscientific and other relevant data about the Saakadze site for an assessment of its suitability for the development of a national facility for storage, treatment and possible disposal of radioactive waste. The project’s main task was finalized at the end of 2019, and included an environmental risk assessment, a basic design and safety assessment and preparation of a government approval for the design. The European Commission provided a total of 1 million euros for the project, and SSM contributed with 200 000 euros over the period 2017-2019 (the project mentioned below).

Remediation efforts at the Anaseuli site, SSM2016-5426; payments in 2019: 200 kSEK

This project is SSM’s bilateral contribution for the EU project on a preliminary design for a repository of nuclear waste. Throughout 2019, SSM continued its efforts initiated in 2017 and contributed to a continuation of a radiological assessment of the situation at the former “Tea and Subtropical Plant Research Institute” close to the village of Anaseuli. The site, originating from the Soviet era, became contaminated when radionuclides were used to assess the effectiveness of different phytoremediation methods, and for other scientific purposes. The site was also used as disposal ground for different types of radioactive waste that originated during this time. The investigation was carried out by specialists from ANRS and the Department for Radioactive Waste Management (DRWM). A report has been presented to SSM describing the radiological assessment of the situation at the Anaseuli site and identification of activities for converting the site into a safe area.

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Non-proliferation education and research capacity building, SSM2019-709; payments in 2019: 377 kSEK

Since 2015, SSM has supported the improvement of non-proliferation education programmes at Georgian universities. In 2018, the fourth Non-Proliferation Summer University was held in Batumi. This event contributed to broadening discussions in academia regarding Georgia’s policy and actions in terms of its international obligations in the framework of the non-proliferation regime. Another activity was aimed to improve and update non-proliferation educational materials in the Georgian language. With SSM support, a Georgian research team completed an analytical report on needs assessment on preparedness and response to nuclear accidents outside the country. SSM provided technical support for further development of independent national real time digital radiation monitoring networks based on universities and research institutes.

Organization of the 2nd GUAM Countries‘ Conference on Nuclear and Radioactive Waste Safety and

Security, SSM2017-2274; payments in 2019: 480 kSEK

In September 2018, an international conference, “Regional Challenges and Perspectives in Radioactive Waste Management and Decommissioning issues in the GUAM Countries”, was held in Chisinau in cooperation between SSM, IAEA and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. As the conference recognized the lack of appropriate information exchange on best practices of radioactive waste management and decommissioning, SSM took the initiative to launch a series of annual regional conferences mainly focusing on nuclear and radioactive waste management for the GUAM countries. In October 2019, SSM, jointly with the Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety of Georgia and the Civil Council on Defence and Security convened the 2nd GUAM Conference in Tbilisi, Georgia. The conference provided the decision makers and experts in the field of nuclear safety and security from the GUAM regional cooperation (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova) and other European countries with an opportunity to exchange views and best practices concerning radioactive waste management, decommissioning of nuclear and radioactive waste facilities, disposal sites and even issues relating

to the public outreach. A third GUAM Conference on Nuclear and Radioactive Waste Safety and Security is planned to be held in Kiev in 2021.

Moldova

Nuclear security education and training at the Technical University of Moldova, SSM2018-997; payments in 2019: 452 kSEK

SSM continued to provide support for capacity building of the Nuclear Security Support Centre (NSSC) of the Technical University of Moldova. The Centre also cooperates with the IAEA and plays an important role in training the staff of various authorities in nuclear and radiological security issues. The main support was directed at enhancement of the NSSC’s curriculum and further technical improvement of the NSSC training laboratory.

Technical support and infrastructure development at NARNRA, SSM2017-5630; payments in 2019:

146 kSEK

SSM has supported the National Agency for Regulation of Nuclear and Radiological Activities (NARNRA) in its efforts to develop infrastructure and human resources for effective performance of NARNRA’s regulatory activities. New office equipment has been purchased and installed to increase the capacity of services and to create a better office environment for the employees, in order to digitalize processes of authorization and inspection, SSM has supported NARNRA in obtaining a digital library providing easy access to information and data dossiers.

Securing radioactive sources outside regulatory control, SSM2017-632; payments in 2019: 39 kSEK

Moldova continues to face problems involving large quantities of abandoned radioactive sources outside regulatory control. Since 2014, SSM has provided

assistance to Moldova in regaining regulatory control over orphan radiological sources by facilitating inspections

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and the collection of radioactive sources at various sites. During 2019 more than 300 orphan radioactive sources were recovered. A large share of the recovered radioactive sources was collected in the uncontrolled territory of Transnistria and transported to the National Radioactive Waste Management Company’s special facilities 5101 and 5012 for classification and storage. This effort significantly improves the securing of radiological materials to avoid risks for public safety and risks that these materials are used for malicious purposes.

Cooperation on Radioactive Waste Management in Moldova, SSM2017-631; payments in 2019: 229 kSEK

SSM has funded the development of a geoscientific and radiological measurement program at the National Radioactive Waste Management Company (RWMC) and assisted in carrying out an environmental and radiological risk assessment of the near-surface Radon-type facility of historical radioactive waste outside Chisinau. These efforts aim to support future governmental decisions on the possible retrieval and treatment of the existing radioactive waste in Moldova. In 2019, SSM has developed a project proposal that, with financial assistance from Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), will finance the development of an environmental and radiological monitoring program and design, licensing and construction of a storage facility for radioactive waste at the RWMC facility. Additional long-term support programs with funding from SIDA and the EU are planned in order to strengthen institutional and technical capacity in line with the National Waste Management Strategy in Moldova.

Upgrades of the Physical Protection System at the near surface “Radon” type radioactive waste disposal facility in Chisinau, Moldova: Reconstruction of the perimeter security fence, SSM2019-3156; payments in 2019: SSM 452 kSEK, UK 2 286 kSEK

The increasing number of collected radioactive sources in Moldova requires safe and secure storage at the National Radioactive Waste Management Company’s facility outside Chisinau. In order to get security of radioactive materials in line with international recommendations and to reduce risks for malicious acts, security upgrades were made. In 2019, SSM jointly with the U.K. Department for Business,

Energy and Industrial Strategy (UK BEIS) have provided financing for the reconstruction of the perimeter fence to strengthen the physical protection system at the facility. The project will be finalized in 2020. In parallel, the Office of Radiological Security (ORS) of the US Department of Energy is currently working on complimentary security system upgrades by the installation of detection equipment and a video surveillance system on the entire length of the reconstructed perimeter fence.

Belarus

EU project on support and assistance to strengthen the capabilities of the Belarusian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, SSM2018-2323; payments in 2019: 32 kSEK

In spring 2018, SSM participated in a kick-off meeting within the EU project “Support and assistance to strengthen the capabilities of the Belarusian Nuclear Regulatory Authority” (BE/RA/09), conducted within the framework Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation (INSC). The overall aim of the project is to strengthen the capacity and enhance the capabilities of the

regulatory authority in Belarus and its Technical Support Organizations in specific regulatory activities relating to the assessment and review of licence applications submitted for the Astravets Nuclear Power Plant in Belarus. The project, approved by the Belarusian authorities in late 2018, was launched in spring 2019 and several workshops related to regulatory and supervision issues of the Belarus radiation safety authority Gosatomnadzor (GAN) have been carried out during 2019.

Zero-Point Measurements at Astravets NPP, Belarus, SSM2019-6032; payments in 2019: 314 kSEK

SSM has launched a new project in Belarus related to commissioning of the Belarusian NPP in Astravets in cooperation with Lund University and Belarus authorities for radiation protection. The aim of the project is to map the radiological status of the areas near the Belarusian NPP before the start of operation. This status is an

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important input for the NPP and the authorities in their efforts to follow-up the radiological situation after the plant has started operation and its impact on the environment and the public has to be followed.

Exchange of experiences between Nordic and Belarusian safety authorities, SSM2016-4328: payments in 2019: 57 kSEK

The Belarusian nuclear power reactors in Astravets are currently undergoing final testing before being put into operation. Within a consensus agreement between Nordic and Belarusian safety authorities a number of activities were planned for 2019, focussing on oversight of safety culture, exchange of experiences during the construction phase, and preparation for a project on updating the radiological surveillance around the plant. Due to limited capacity within the Belarusian authority with the EU project already ongoing and high demand on the staff in relation to the deployment of the first reactor at the Astravets NPP, most of the planned activities had to be postponed.

Russia

Cooperation with Leningrad nuclear power plant regarding decommissioning and waste handling, SSM2017-2225; payments in 2019: SSM 536 kSEK, STUK 100 kSEK

Cooperation between the Leningrad nuclear power plant (LNPP), Rosenergoatom (REA), Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) and SSM on waste management and decommissioning issues continued in 2019 based on an action plan agreed between the parties. Within the cooperation, SSM and STUK co-financed the LNPP’s participation in the International Symposium on Decommissioning and Waste, KONTEC 2019 in Dresden, Germany, the International Workshop “Reactor graphite characterization” at VTT in Helsinki, Finland, the IAEA Technical Meeting on the International Project on Irradiated Graphite Processing Approaches in Vienna, Austria, the International Conference on

Nuclear Decommissioning, ICOND 2019 as well as in a workshop held in November 2019 in Aachen, Germany relating to handling and disposal of irradiated graphite from RBMK reactors. SSM and STUK also organised a knowledge exchange visit on equipment dismantling and decontamination to the Ignalina NPP in Visaginas, Lithuania for experts from LNPP.

Spare parts for online vibration monitoring system at the Leningrad NPP, SSM2017-2221; payments in 2019: SSM 202 kSEK, STUK 200 kSEK

The project comprises upgrading of components and software for the vibration monitoring system for rotating machines at the LNPP. The system, covering all four units of the plant, alerts operators in the event of imbalances and vibrations that might have a negative impact on reactor safety. As part of the system is outdated, SSM provided funding for spare parts to make the system more reliable. The project is co-financed with STUK.

Equipment for cable diagnostics at the Leningrad NPP, SSM2019-432; payments in 2019: 222 kSEK

The project comprises procurement, testing and delivery of equipment for cable diagnostics relating to ageing, safety and reliability, combined with training of LNPP staff. Due to the safety rules, all cables and joints must be checked after installation or repair. This equipment is used to identify, evaluate and locate partial discharge faults, low resistance faults, cable insulation intercepts and accessories in all types of medium-high voltage cables.

Instruments and software for vibration monitoring and balancing of rotary equipment at the Leningrad NPP, SSM2019-431; payment in 2019: SSM 417 kSEK, STUK 400 kSEK

The project comprises the supply of two portable, expert level vibration analysing instruments including software and additional kits for dynamic balancing of rotating components at the plant such as pumps and motors in safety related systems. The equipment is compatible with existing instruments at LNPP. The surveillance and early detection of any vibration or unbalance of safety related components are most crucial for the prevention of

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component hazards and following safety related incidents. The project is co-financed with STUK.

Diagnostics equipment for electric valve actuators at Leningrad NPP, SSM2019-433; payment in 2019: SSM 563 kSEK, STUK 500 kSEK

The project covers supply of portable equipment for measuring and data collection for in-service testing and diagnostics of electric motor-operated valve actuators. The equipment will be used for regular checks to secure the safe and reliable operation of electric motor operated valves in classified safety related systems of the plant. The project is co-financed with STUK.

Training and knowledge exchange in the areas of PSA, operation and maintenance of the Leningrad NPP, SSM2018-2773; payments in 2019: 298 kSEK

The project covers activities relating to enhancement of nuclear safety performance. In 2019, LNPP experts were trained through courses on PSA. Moreover, SSM provided parts of the funding for the LNPP’s participation in the ISOE (International Information System on

Occupational Exposure) Symposium, which took place in Bagnols-sue-Ceze, France in March 2019. Two LNPP experts participated in the Nordic PSA Group Castle Meeting 2019 in Varberg, Sweden. Three LNPP experts participated in the PSAM 2019 Topical Conference and in a RiskSpectrum RiskWatcher Workshop, arranged by Lloyd’s Register in Stockholm in December 2019.

Kola nuclear power plant, safety education workshops, SSM2018-2774; payments in 2019: 167 kSEK

SSM provided funding for the participation of two Kola nuclear power plant (KNPP) experts in a PSA workshop at the Pacs NPP in Hungary in March 2019. One KNPP expert participated in a workshop in FME (Foreign Material Exclusion) arranged by SSM in Stockholm in November 2019. Four Russian nuclear power plants were represented together with representatives from Finnish and Swedish nuclear power plants.

Eddy current testing for reactor pressure vessel head flanges and steam generator flanges at the Kola NPP, SSM2018-1603; payments in 2019: SSM 1 387 kSEK, STUK 1 376 kSEK

The project comprises the procurement, manufacturing, testing, delivery and staff training related to the

semiautomatic equipment for eddy current testing of threaded nuts and holes for reactor pressure vessel head flanges and steam generator flanges. The structural integrity of these test objects is crucial for the safe operation of the plant and strictly regulated through extensive inspections and requirements. The existing equipment is outdated and spare parts are not available. A tendering process was carried out in 2018, resulting in a contract signed with a Swedish supplier. A Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) was performed and approved at the supplier in December 2019. This project, to be completed in 2020, is co-financed with STUK.

Kola NPP, Monitoring of small items from radiological controlled area, SSM2018-1627; payments 2019: SSM 568 kSEK, STUK 258 kSEK

The project comprises the procurement and delivery of gamma monitoring equipment to be used for prevention of unintended transportation of contaminated items from the radiologically controlled areas at the facility. A contract was established in the beginning of 2019 and delivery to the KNPP was assured in October 2019. The project was co-financed with STUK.

Kola NPP, upgrading of inspection manipulators for steam generator header welds, SSM2019-1851; payments 2019: SSM 958 kSEK, STUK 1 200 kSEK

The project comprises the upgrading of an existing inspection manipulator for steam generator header welds. A procurement process was performed by SSM and a contract between KNPP and a supplier was established in November 2019. The delivery contains elaboration of inspection procedure, hardware, training and final test. The project will be completed at the end of 2020. The project is co-financed with STUK.

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Non-proliferation education programmes at Russian universities, SSM 2019-707; payments in 2019: 1 097 kSEK

This project promotes education programmes in Russian academia on non-proliferation and nuclear security. The main efforts focus on capacity building to promote and reinforce academic writing at universities in Novouralsk, Tomsk, St. Petersburg and Ekaterinburg. The Ural Federal University hosted two capacity-building events for regional students: a seminar on the future of global security and non-proliferation, as well as a summer school on the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. SSM supported a student session on non-proliferation issues, held at the Sarov Physics and Technology Institute. Under the leadership of St. Petersburg State University, a group of Russian researchers continued their work on the book “Nuclear Russia”, planned for completion in 2020.

Nuclear legacy in northwest Russia: Support to SevRAO, SSM2017-4612; payments in 2019: 45 kSEK

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), together with Norway, Sweden and Italy, remain involved in large-scale projects on the clean-up of nuclear and radioactive waste from the days of the Soviet Union. In 2019, SSM provided support for a former submarine base in Andreeva Bay to assist on building up its infrastructure for the removal of waste from the base for its safe

management. Here, the main efforts involved upgrading the power supply to ensure safe handling of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. Besides the project has furthermore included the procurement of containers for disposal of radioactive waste, and the modernization of the base’s IT infrastructure (procurement of servers). The project covered some remaining instalments in 2019 and will be finalized in 2020.

Cooperation with the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, SSM2018-1455; payments in 2019: 451 kSEK

SSM provides financing and project management for cooperation conducted between the Research Group of Medical Radiation Physics Malmö, Lund University, and the Institute of Radiation Hygiene (IRH) on radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident. The IRH is also

a TSO to the Russian radiation protection authorities. This cooperation has been expanded to include Belarus and its Institute for Radiation Biology (IRB). The research results have been analysed and published in international scientific journals and presented at international

workshops and conferences, among them, the 3rd International Conference on Dosimetry and Applications 2019, and the conference on Medical Physics in the Baltic States workshop in Kaunas, Lithuania, in November 2019. The aim of the project is among others to contribute to the improvement and harmonisation of radiological-environmental monitoring.

Cooperation with the State Atomic Energy

Cooperation Rosatom and Rostechnadzor, SSM2017-5639; payments in 2019: 659 kSEK

In 2019, SSM continued a dialogue with ROSATOM on issues and projects dealing with the elimination of the Cold War nuclear legacy, aiming to protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. During the XI International Forum Atomexpo meeting in Sochi in April 2019, a joint meeting between SSM, Rosatom and DSA was carried out where issues of common interest in the areas of nuclear safety, security and non-proliferation between Russia, Sweden and Norway were discussed. In March 2019, SSM hosted a delegation of experts from the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service of Russia (Rostechnadzor) to Sweden to share experiences and best practices in the area of safe radioactive waste management and licensing issues at nuclear power plants. Russian experts visited the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB) facilities at Forsmark to explore the Swedish system for management of low and intermediate level waste. Planning meetings concerning nuclear safety and cooperation with the Kola and Leningrad NPPs are generally arranged twice a year between SSM, Rosenergoatom, STUK and DSA. The meetings are arranged in order to provide a general overview of safety work in the Russian nuclear power industry, and to present the frameworks and priorities of the Nordic and Russian partners. The meetings involve reviews of all ongoing projects at the KNPP and LNPP, as well as discussions of future projects. In May 2019, Rosenergoatom hosted the first meeting in Moscow, and in November, SSM hosted the second meeting in Stockholm.

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Legacy waste at the Nerpa Shipyard, SSM2019-5960; payments in 2019: 1 995 kSEK

During 2019 SSM continued to work on the "nuclear legacy issues" i.e. the management and protection of radioactive and nuclear materials on the Kola Peninsula. In 2019, the EBRD project on decommissioning and dismantling of the fuel transport vessel "Lepse" was finalized. The used and damaged fuel has been taken care of and transported by the “Serebrjanka” ship to Murmansk and then by rail to the “Mayak” reprocessing plant. To ensure the safe work in the controlled area for the staff, SSM has contributed to modernization of the floating control and radiation monitoring station No 6 (PKDP-6), designed for access to the most radiation-hazardous areas. This project contributes to protect people and the environment against the consequences of increased levels of ionizing radiation. The project will be completed in early 2020.

Installation of an additional transport passage for security check-point 3, Ozersk, FSUE “PA Mayak”, SSM2018-2972; payments in 2019: 401 kSEK

During 2019, SSM together with the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) “PA Mayak” and JSC “SEC “YAFI” continued co-operation on modernization of the vehicle checkpoint No. 3 of Ozersk by financing the production of an additional modern stationary radiation monitoring portal for all incoming and outgoing vehicles. A new stationary radiation-monitoring portal will contribute to better monitoring of vehicles and decrease risks posed to the environment and population caused by ionizing radiation. The additional check-point will also reduce the risk of illegal transport and trade of nuclear material and radioactive material from Russia to other countries. In December 2019 the project was finalized by a Factory Acceptance Test carried out at the “SEC “YAFI” offices in St. Petersburg.

Staff members at the Office for International Relations

involved in implementation of international projects

Lars van Dassen Sarmite Andersson Zlatan Delalic Björn Dverstorp Håkan Klasén Ervin Liszka

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List of abbreviations

ANRS Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety (Georgia)

DRWM Department for Radioactive Waste Management (Georgia)

DSA Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority

EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

FAT Factory Acceptance Test FME Foreign Material Exclusion

FSUE Federal State Unitary Enterprise (Russia) G7 The Group of Seven (Canada, France,

Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and United States)

GAN Gosatomnadzor, Belarus

GUAM Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency INSC Instrument for Nuclear Safety

Cooperation

IRB Institute for Radiation Biology (Belarus) IRH Institute of Radiation Hygiene (Russia) ISOE International Information System on

Occupational Exposure

KNPP Kola nuclear power plant (Russia) KPI Kiev Polytechnic Institute (Ukraine) LNPP Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia) MNEPR Multilateral Nuclear and Environmental

Programmes in Russia

NARNRA National Agency for Regulation of Nuclear and Radiological Activities (Moldova)

NDA Non-Destructive Analysis NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty

NSSC Nuclear Security Support Centre (Moldova)

OdCNP Odessa Center for Non-proliferation (Ukraine)

OECD/NEA Nuclear Energy Agency within the OECD

ORS Office of Radiological Security (Moldova) PSA Probabilistic Safety Assessment

RBMK Russian reactor type, graphite moderated

REA Rosenergoatom (Russia) RWMC Radioactive Waste Management

Company (Moldova)

SBGS State Border Guard Service in Ukraine SCIP Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project

(Sweden)

SevRAO Federal Enterprise for Radioactive Waste Management (Russia)

Sida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

SKB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.

SNRIU State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine

SQC Swedish Qualification Centre SSM Swedish Radiation Safety Authority STUK Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety

Authority

SUAEZM State Ukrainian Agency on Exclusion Zone Management

UK BEIS U.K. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

UQB Ukrainian Qualification Body VVER Russian reactor type, water cooled WINS World Institute on Nuclear Security

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Swedish Radiation Safety Authority

Postal address:

Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten 171 16 Stockholm

Phone: +46 8 799 40 00

English website: www.ssm.se/en Email address: registrator@ssm.se

References

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