Search for charginos nearly mass degenerate with the lightest neutralino based
on a disappearing-track signature in
pp collisions
at
p
ffiffi
ð
sÞ ¼ 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector
G. Aad et al.* (ATLAS Collaboration)
(Received 14 October 2013; published 6 December 2013)
A search is presented for direct chargino production based on a disappearing-track signature using 20:3 fb1of proton-proton collisions atpffiffiffis¼ 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. In anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking (AMSB) models, the lightest chargino is nearly mass degenerate with the lightest neutralino and its lifetime is long enough to be detected in the tracking detectors by identifying decays that result in tracks with no associated hits in the outer region of the tracking system. Some models with supersymmetry also predict charginos with a significant lifetime. This analysis attains sensitivity for charginos with a lifetime between 0.1 and 10 ns, and significantly surpasses the reach of the LEP experiments. No significant excess above the background expectation is observed for candidate tracks with large transverse momentum, and constraints on chargino properties are obtained. In the AMSB scenarios, a chargino mass below 270 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.88.112006 PACS numbers: 12.60.Jv, 13.85.Rm, 14.80.Nb
I. INTRODUCTION
Anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking (AMSB) models [1,2], where soft supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking is caused by loop effects, provide a constrained mass spectrum of SUSY particles. One prominent feature of these models is that the lightest supersymmetric particle is the nearly pure neutral wino that is mass degenerate with the charged wino. The lightest chargino ( ~1) is then
slightly heavier than the lightest neutralino ( ~01) due to
radiative corrections involving electroweak gauge bosons. The typical mass splitting between ~1 and ~01 (m~1) is 160 MeV, which implies that ~
1 has a considerable
lifetime and predominantly decays into ~0
1 plus a
low-momentum (100 MeV) . The mean lifetime (~1) of ~1 is expressed in terms of m~1 and expected to be typically a fraction of a nanosecond. Several other SUSY models, which are motivated by the large value of the Higgs boson mass, also predict charginos with a significant lifetime and their decay to a soft pion and the lightest supersymmetric particle [3–6]. Therefore, some charginos could have decay lengths exceeding a few tens of centi-meters at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). When decay-ing in the sensitive volume, they are expected to be observed as ‘‘disappearing tracks’’ that have no more than a few associated hits in the outer region of the tracking system, and the softly emitted is not reconstructed as it is curved away by the magnetic field. This article explores
AMSB scenarios by searching for charginos with their subsequent decays that result in such disappearing tracks. The electroweak production of charginos has a sizable cross section in proton-proton (pp) collisions at LHC energies. Chargino-pair and chargino-neutralino associ-ated production processes are identified using jets of large transverse momentum (pT) from initial-state radiation
(pp ! ~1~01j and ~þ1~1j, where j denotes a jet used to
trigger the signal event). The search presented here, based on 20:3 fb1 of 8 TeV pp collision data, increases the sensitivity compared to the previous ATLAS searches [7,8] due to analysis improvements and increases in the beam energy and luminosity. The most significant improvement is achieved by enhancing the track reconstruction effi-ciency for charginos having short decay lengths. In particular, the efficiency for charginos with ~1 0:2 ns, predicted for m~1160 MeV, is around 100 times larger than in the previous searches. The present analysis also provides sensitivity to a wider range of chargino lifetimes and covers a larger angular acceptance. It significantly surpasses the reach of the LEP experiments [9–12] for charginos with lifetimes >0:1 ns.
II. THE ATLAS DETECTOR
ATLAS is a multipurpose detector [13], covering nearly the entire solid angle [14] around the collision point with layers of tracking devices surrounded by a superconducting solenoid providing a 2 T axial magnetic field, a calorimeter system, and a muon spectrometer. The inner detector (ID) provides track reconstruction in the region jj < 2:5 and consists of pixel and silicon microstrip (SCT) detectors inside a straw-tube transition radiation tracker (TRT). The pixel detector consists of three barrel layers and four disks in the forward and backward directions, providing on
*Full author list given at the end of the article.
Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distri-bution of this work must maintain attridistri-bution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.
average three measurement points for charged tracks. The SCT is composed of four cylindrical layers of double-sided silicon microstrip modules, with nine disk layers in each endcap region; eight silicon microstrip sensors are typi-cally crossed by each track. The TRT, of particular impor-tance to this search, covers jj < 1:0 with its barrel detector, 0:8 < jj < 2:0 with the endcaps, and the radial range 563–1066 mm. The average number of TRT hits on a track going through the inner detector in the central region is about 32. Tracks in the transition region 0:8 < jj < 1:2 pass partially through both the barrel and endcap and are still expected to have >25 hits on average. Tracks passing through the dead region of the barrel TRT at jj < 0:1 produce no TRT hits. The calorimeter system covers the range of jj < 4:9. The electromagnetic calorimeter is a lead/liquid-argon (lead/LAr) detector in the barrel (jj < 1:475) and endcap (1:375 < jj < 3:2) regions. The had-ronic calorimeters are composed of a steel and scintillator barrel (jj < 1:7), a copper/LAr endcap (1:5 < jj < 3:2), and a LAr forward system (3:1 < jj < 4:9) with copper and tungsten absorbers. The muon spectrometer consists of three large superconducting toroids, trigger chambers, and precision tracking chambers that provide muon momentum measurements up tojj ¼ 2:7.
III. DATA AND SIMULATED EVENT SAMPLES The data analyzed for this search were recorded in 2012 with the LHC colliding protons at pffiffiffis¼ 8 TeV. The integrated luminosity, after the application of beam, detector, and data quality requirements, corresponds to 20:3 0:6 fb1, where the luminosity measurement is based on the calibration procedure described in Ref. [15] and uses the most recent van der Meer scans performed in November 2012 to determine the calibration and its uncertainty.
The analysis makes use of a dedicated topological trig-ger in order to suppress a huge Standard Model (SM) multijet background: it requires at least one jet with pT>
80 GeV, large missing transverse momentum (its magni-tude, Emiss
T , above 70 GeV), and jet-Emiss
T
min > 1, where
jet-EmissT
min indicates the azimuthal separation between the
missing transverse momentum and the jet. If the event contains multiple jets with pT> 45 GeV, the smallest
jet-E miss T
min value is taken by using either of the two
highest-pT jets. For the multijet background, jet-Emiss
T
min
peaks near zero since a large Emiss
T is usually due to jet
mismeasurement and is thus aligned with a high-pT jet,
while the signal events cluster at jet-E miss T
min .
Simulated Monte Carlo (MC) events are used to assess the experimental sensitivity to given models. The minimal AMSB model is characterized by four parameters: the gravitino mass (m3=2), the universal scalar mass (m0),
the ratio of Higgs vacuum expectation values at the
electroweak scale ( tan ), and the sign of the Higgsino mass term (). A large value of 1 TeV is used for m0 in
order to prevent the appearance of a tachyonic slepton. The production cross section is determined largely by the wino mass and is fairly independent of the other parameters. In this model, the wino mass is proportional to m3=2. The
SUSY mass spectrum and the decay tables are calculated with theISASUSYfromISAJETv7.80 [16]. The correspond-ing MC signal samples are produced uscorrespond-ing Herwigþ þ 2:5:2 [17] withCTEQ6L1[18] parton distribution functions of the proton (PDFs). All samples used in this article are produced using a detector simulation [19] based onGEANT4
[20] and include multiple pp interactions (pileup) in the triggered and adjacent bunch crossings to model the pileup effect. Simulated points with chargino masses (m~1) rang-ing from 80–600 GeV and various values of the chargino lifetime ~1 are generated. In the GEANT4simulation the charginos decay exponentially and the branching fraction for the decay ~1 ! ~01 is set to 100%. Signal cross
sections are calculated at next-to-leading order in susing
the PROSPINO2 [21] program as shown in Fig. 1. The
nominal cross section and its uncertainty are taken from an envelope of cross section predictions using different PDF sets and factorization and renormalization scales, as described in Ref. [22].
IV. RECONSTRUCTION, OBJECT IDENTIFICATION, AND EVENT SELECTION Standard Model processes, especially W þ jet events that naturally have large EmissT , can result in final-state
kinematics similar to that of the signal. Kinematic selec-tion criteria are applied to ensure high trigger efficiency and to reduce background arising from multijet processes
[TeV] 3/2 m 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Cross section [pb] -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 1 10 2 10 pp→ χ∼+1χ∼01 -1 χ∼ + 1 χ∼ → pp 0 1 χ∼ -1 χ∼ → pp Total
Prospino2 AMSB: tanβ=5,µ>0
= 8 TeV s [GeV] ± 1 χ∼ m 100 200 300 400 500 600
FIG. 1 (color online). The cross section for direct chargino production at pffiffiffis¼ 8 TeV as a function of the gravitino mass m3=2. The corresponding chargino mass m~1 for each m3=2value
is indicated.
or from electroweak gauge bosons that decay leptonically. At the next stage, the vast majority of SM background events are removed by identifying and demanding a dis-appearing track in the event.
A. Track reconstruction
Charged particle trajectories are reconstructed as tracks in the ID. In order to improve the efficiency of reconstruct-ing particles leavreconstruct-ing short tracks, this analysis applies an extra extended-track reconstruction that provides pixel-seeded reconstructed tracks in addition to the ATLAS standard tracks. The standard track reconstruction algo-rithm [23] is a sequence made of two main steps. First, an inside-out sequence starts from triplets of three-dimensional space points from the pixel and SCT detec-tors, with each space point originating from a unique detector layer, and then extends the resulting trajectories by combining other pixel, SCT, and TRT hits. A second sequence takes the remaining TRT hits as seeds and attempts to extend identified trajectories inwards by com-bining them with unused space points. The first sequence is optimized to find primary tracks coming from the interac-tion point, while the second sequence is optimized for the reconstruction of electrons from photon conversions in the ID volume. The inside-out sequence is of particular interest for finding long-lived chargino trajectories, although it is optimized for the reconstruction of stable particles that leave long tracks in the ID, and, in particular, only recon-structs tracks with a minimum of seven space points. In order to increase the acceptance of the track reconstruction and especially the chargino track reconstruction efficiency at low radius, a third sequence is applied. This sequence proceeds using leftover pixel and SCT hits from the two previous tracking sequences and reconstructs tracks with a minimum of three pixel hits, while no SCT or TRT hits are required. The outward extension then follows; SCT and TRT hits are attached if they lie along the track trajectory. The tracks reconstructed by the third sequence are used only to select disappearing-track candidates.
B. Event reconstruction
The event vertex [24] is required to have at least five associated tracks. When more than one such vertex is found, the vertex with the largestPjpTj2of the associated
tracks is chosen as primary. Jets are reconstructed using the anti-ktalgorithm [25] with a distance parameter of 0.4. The
inputs to the jet reconstruction algorithm are topological calorimeter energy clusters seeded by cells with energy significantly above the noise level. Jet energies are then calibrated back to the particle level [26]. Reconstructed jets must satisfy the requirements of pT> 20 GeV and
jj < 2:8. Electron candidates are reconstructed from en-ergy clusters in the electromagnetic calorimeter matched to a track in the ID. Electrons must then fulfill the ‘‘loose’’ identification requirements described in Ref. [27], have
transverse energy ET> 10 GeV, and be within the region
jj < 2:47. Muon candidates are formed by matching ID tracks with either a complete track or a track segment reconstructed in the muon spectrometer [28]. Furthermore, muons must satisfy the requirements of Nb-layer> 0 if crossing an active module of the innermost
pixel layer, Npixel> 0, NSCT 6, pT> 10 GeV, and
jj < 2:4, where Nb-layer, Npixel, and NSCTare the numbers
of hits in the innermost pixel layer, the pixel and SCT detectors, respectively.
Following the object reconstruction described above, overlaps between jets and leptons are resolved to ensure isolation of leptons. First, any jet candidate lying within a distance of R pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiðÞ2þ ðÞ2¼ 0:2 of an electron is discarded. Then, any lepton candidate within a distance of R ¼ 0:4 of any surviving jet is discarded.
The calculation of Emiss
T is based on the transverse
momenta of remaining jets and lepton candidates and on all calorimeter energy clusters that are not associated with such objects [29].
C. Kinematic selection
Following the event reconstruction, selection require-ments to reject noncollision background events, given in Ref. [26], are applied to jets. In order to suppress back-grounds from W=Z þ jets and top-pair production pro-cesses, events are discarded if they contain any electron or muon candidates (lepton veto). Events containing muons are further suppressed by requiring no tracks with pT> 10 GeV reconstructed in the muon spectrometer.
The candidate events are finally required to have EmissT > 90 GeV, at least one jet with pT> 90 GeV, and
jet-E miss T
min > 1:5. The trigger selection is >98% efficient
for signal events satisfying these selection requirements. D. Selection of disappearing tracks
The tracks originating from charginos are expected to have high transverse momenta, to be isolated, and to have few associated hits in the outer region of the ID. The TRT detector, in particular, provides substantial discrimination against penetrating stable charged particles if only a small number of hits on the track is required. Therefore, candi-date tracks for decaying charginos are required to fulfill the following criteria:
(I) the track must have Npixel 3, Nb-layer 1 if
cross-ing an active module of the innermost pixel layer, NSCT 2, jd0j < 0:1 mm, and jz0sin j < 0:5 mm,
where d0 and z0 are the transverse and longitudinal
impact parameters with respect to the primary vertex;
(II) the track reconstruction must be of good quality, meeting the following requirements: it must have a track fit 2probability of >10%, no hits formed in a single pixel row of which the readout is shared with
another pixel, and no hits missing in active silicon modules along the trajectory between the first and last hit of the track;
(III) the track must be isolated: it must fulfill pcone40
T =pT< 0:04, where pcone40T is the sum of pT
of all tracks with pT> 400 MeV, jd0j < 1:5 mm,
andjz0sin j < 1:5 mm that lie within a cone of
R ¼ 0:4 around the track. There must also be no jets having pT above 45 GeV within a cone of
R ¼ 0:4 around the candidate track;
(IV) the candidate track must have pT above 15 GeV,
and must be the highest-pT isolated track in the
event;
(V) the candidate track must satisfy 0:1 < jj < 1:9; (VI) the number of TRT hits associated with the track
(NTRT), determined by counting hits lying on the
extrapolated track, must be less than five.
Criteria (I) and (II) are applied in order to ensure well-reconstructed primary tracks. Criteria (III) and (IV) are employed to select chargino tracks that are isolated and have in most cases the highest pT. These criteria also
substantially reduce background tracks from the pileup. Criterion (V) is used to ensure coverage by the TRT active region and enhance the rejection of background tracks. Criterion (VI) helps to remove the majority of background tracks in SM processes, as shown in Fig.2. For SM charged particles traversing the TRT detector, the number of TRT hits is typically NTRT’ 32, whereas for charginos that
decay before reaching the TRT detector the expected is NTRT’0. Hereafter, ‘‘high-pTisolated track selection’’ and
‘‘disappearing-track selection’’ indicate criteria (I)–(V) and (I)–(VI), respectively. Charginos triggered in this
search should be highly boosted, thus no discriminant based on the energy loss dE=dx measurable in the pixel detector is adopted.
Making use of short tracks and the whole TRT detector for the background track rejection extends the sensitive decay volume inwards and enlarges the region of signal acceptance in . This results in better sensitivity for char-ginos, especially with small lifetime, than in the previous search [8] based on the 7 TeV collision data. Figure 3
shows the tracking efficiency with the disappearing-track selection for decaying charginos as a function of the radius and of the decay vertex. It is fully efficient for charginos that reach the first SCT layer and decay before reaching the TRT detector. The MC simulation shows that it is also largely independent of m~1. A summary of the kinematic selection criteria, disappearing-track requirements, and data reduction is given in TableI.
TRT N 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Tracks -2 10 -1 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 Data SM MC prediction = 0.2 ns 1 ± χ∼ τ = 200 GeV, 1 ± χ∼ m = 0.2 ns 1 ± χ∼ τ = 200 GeV, 1 ± χ∼ m
(Decay radius < infinite)
(Decay radius < 563 mm) ATLAS ) -1 Ldt = 20.3 fb
∫
= 8 TeV, s (FIG. 2 (color online). Number of TRT hits (NTRT) for data and
signal MC events (m~1 ¼ 200 GeV, ~1 ¼ 0:2 ns) with the
high-pTisolated track selection. The expectation from SM MC
events is also shown. The solid colored histogram shows the expected distribution for charginos with a decay radius <563 mm while the hatched histogram shows it for all charginos for these mass and lifetime values. Tracks with NTRT< 5 in
SM events, mimicking the decaying-chargino signature, are described in Sec.V. η -2 -1 0 1 2 Radius [mm] 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Efficiency 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Pixel SCT TRT ATLASSimulation
FIG. 3 (color online). The efficiency for decaying charginos with the disappearing-track selection. Vertical and horizontal axes are the radius and of the decay, respectively. Sensitive layers and areas of the pixel, SCT, and TRT detectors are also indicated in the figure.
TABLE I. Summary of selection requirements and data reduc-tion for data and expected signal events (m~1 ¼ 200 GeV,
~1 ¼ 0:2 ns). The signal selection efficiencies are also shown
in parentheses. Signal efficiencies are low at the first stage due to the trigger based on a jet from initial-state radiation.
Selection requirement Observed events Expected signal MC events (efficiency [%]) Quality requirements and trigger 20479553 1873 (8.8)
Jet cleaning 18627508 1867 (8.8)
Lepton veto 12485944 1827 (8.6)
Leading jet pT> 90 GeV 10308840 1571 (7.4)
Emiss T > 90 GeV 6113773 1484 (7.0) jet-E miss T min > 1:5 5604087 1444 (6.8)
High-pT isolated track selection 34379 21.9 (0.10)
Disappearing-track selection 3256 18.4 (0.087)
V. ESTIMATE OF THEpTSPECTRUM OF
BACKGROUND TRACKS
There are three primary sources of tracks from back-ground processes that mimic the disappearing-track signa-ture: charged hadrons interacting with material in the ID (interacting-hadron tracks), prompt electrons or muons failing to satisfy their identification criteria (lepton tracks), and low-pTcharged particles whose pTis highly
mismeas-ured (pT-mismeasured tracks). Interacting-hadron and
electron tracks are responsible for the background in the approximate range pT< 50 GeV, whereas
pT-mismeasured tracks are dominant for pT> 100 GeV.
A small contribution from muon tracks is expected throughout the full pT range. The contribution of
charged-hadron decays is significantly smaller than that of interacting hadrons; therefore, such a background source is neglected. A background estimation based on the MC simulation has difficulty accurately describing the proper-ties of these background tracks. Therefore, the background contribution to the disappearing-track candidates is esti-mated using techniques that do not rely on the MC simu-lation. Each of the three types of background tracks shows a distinctive pTspectrum; a simultaneous fit is performed
for signal and background yields using the observed pT
spectrum and templates of background track pT spectra
produced from dedicated control data samples. The pT
spectra of the first two background types are obtained in the same way as in Ref. [8].
A. Interacting-hadron tracks
Charged hadrons, mostly charged pions, can interact with material in the ID and their tracks can be misidentified as disappearing tracks. The shape of the pTdistribution of
interacting-hadron tracks is obtained from that of non-interacting-hadron tracks. In the pT range above 15 GeV,
where inelastic interactions dominate, the interaction rate has nearly no dependence on pT [30], which is also
con-firmed by the detector simulation. By adopting kinematic selection criteria identical to those for the signal and ensuring traversal of the TRT detector by requiring NTRT> 25, a data sample of non-interacting-hadron tracks
is obtained. A pure control data sample is ensured by requiring associated calorimeter activity and removing the contamination from electron and muon tracks (described below) and any chargino signal. The following requirements are applied: Econe40
T > 7:5 GeV and
P
R<0:4EclusT =ptrackT > 0:4, where Econe40T is the calorimeter
transverse energy deposited in a cone of R < 0:4 around the track (excluding ETof the calorimeter cluster matched
to the track),PR<0:4Eclus
T is the sum of cluster energies
in a cone of R < 0:4 around the track, and ptrackT is the
track pT.
In most cases, interacting hadrons have associated calo-rimeter activity that can be used to form jets. Therefore, after the selection requirements, the contribution of this
background to the disappearing-track candidates having pT> 100 GeV is negligibly small.
B. Leptons failing to satisfy identification criteria Some charged leptons (‘ e or ) lose much of their momenta in the ID due to scattering with material or large bremsstrahlung. Such leptons are unlikely to be correctly identified (hence surviving the lepton veto) and may be classified as disappearing tracks.
In order to estimate the lepton-track background, a control data sample is defined by requiring kinematic selection identical to those for the signal search sample, while requiring one lepton that fulfills both its identifica-tion criteria and the isolated track selecidentifica-tion criteria. The pT
spectrum of leptons without any identification require-ments is obtained by applying a correction for the identification efficiency. The pT distribution of lepton
background tracks is then estimated by multiplying this distribution by the probability (Pdis‘ ) of failing to satisfy the lepton identification criteria (hence being retained in the signal search sample) and passing the disappearing-track selection criteria. The electron and muon components are considered separately.
For the measurement ofPdis
‘ , a tag-and-probe method is
applied to Z ! ‘‘ events collected with unprescaled single-lepton triggers and by requiring a Z boson candidate with reconstructed invariant mass within5 GeV of the Z mass. Tag-leptons are required to be well isolated from jets and to fulfill the lepton identification criteria. Probe-leptons are selected without any identification require-ments but with exactly the same high-pT isolated track
selection criteria used for chargino candidate tracks. The probabilityPdis
‘ is given by the fraction of events in which
the probe-lepton passes the disappearing-track selection criteria; it ranges between 102 and 104 for electrons and 104 and 105 for muons. Statistical uncertainties and uncertainties on the identification efficiency are con-sidered in deriving the estimated pT spectra and their
uncertainties.
C. Tracks with mismeasuredpT
The background contribution to disappearing-track can-didates with pT> 100 GeV originates primarily from
tracks with mismeasured pT (pT-mismeasured tracks). A
high density of silicon hits, hadronic interactions, and scattering can lead to combinations of wrong space points in the procedure of track-seed finding or outward extension of trajectories, resulting in anomalously high values of pT
especially for short-length tracks. Simulation studies indicate that the pTspectrum of such tracks depends little
on the reconstructed d0 or production process. Figure 4
shows the pTspectrum of disappearing tracks with
differ-ent d0 values in a multijet-enriched data sample collected
with single-jet triggers and requirements of Emiss T <
interacting-hadron and lepton tracks is expected to be very small in the range pT> 50 GeV or jd0j > 1 mm. The pT
shape of pT-mismeasured tracks with jd0j < 0:1 mm is
found to be the same as that of similarly mismeasured tracks with 1 mm < jd0j < 10 mm. A sample with a
nearly pure pT-mismeasured track contribution can be
obtained with the same requirements as for the signal tracks, while requiring 1 mm < jd0j < 10 mm. The pT
shape is finally determined by a fit to the sample by a functional form xa(x ptrack
T ), where a ¼ 1:78 0:05 is
obtained.
VI. ESTIMATE OF SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTIES
The sources of systematic uncertainty on the signal ex-pectation are the following: the theoretical cross section, parton radiation model, jet energy scale (JES) and resolution (JER), trigger efficiency, pileup modeling, track reconstruc-tion efficiency, and the integrated luminosity. The contribu-tions of each systematic uncertainty in the signal yield are summarized in TableIIfor two reference signal samples.
Theoretical uncertainties on the signal cross section, already described in Sec.III, range from 6% to 8% depend-ing on m~1. The uncertainties on the modeling of high-pT jets, originating from initial- and final-state radiation, are estimated by varying the generator tunes in the simulation as well as by generator-level studies carried out on samples produced with an additional jet in the matrix-element method using the MADGRAPH5 program [31] and the
PYTHIA6program [32]. By adopting PDF tunes that provide
less and more radiation and taking the maximum deviation from the nominal tune, the uncertainty due to jet radiation
is evaluated. The uncertainty arising from the matching of matrix elements with parton showers is evaluated by dou-bling and halving the default value of the matching parameter [33]. The resulting changes are combined in quadrature and yield an uncertainty of 10%–17% depend-ing on m~1. The uncertainties on the JES and JER result in a variation of the signal selection efficiency that is assessed according to Ref. [26], and an uncertainty of 3%–6% is assigned. An uncertainty due to the trigger efficiency is estimated to be 4.5% by taking the difference between data and MC simulation in a W þ jet sample in which W decays into plus . The uncertainty originating from the pileup
modeling in the simulation is evaluated by weighting simulated samples so that the average number of pileup interactions is varied by 10%, which yields a 0.5% uncertainty on the signal efficiency. The ID material affects the track reconstruction efficiency. An uncertainty of 2% is assigned from Ref. [34] to take into account differences in the tracking efficiency between data and MC simulation related to the detector material description in the simula-tion. The uncertainty on the integrated luminosity is 2:8%. It is derived, following the same methodology as that detailed in Ref. [15].
Systematic uncertainties on the background pT shapes
and normalizations arising from statistical uncertainties of the control data samples and uncertainties on the lepton identification efficiencies are also considered in deriving the results (discussed in Sec.VII). In order to account for a possible bias induced by the d0 requirement in the control
data sample of pT-mismeasured tracks, an additional
uncertainty is assigned by taking the difference between the value of the parameter a given in Sec.V Cand the value 1:82 0:07 derived using SM background MC events remaining after the selection requirements.
VII. FIT TO THEpTSPECTRUM
OF DISAPPEARING TRACKS
The signal hypothesis with a given value of m~1 and ~1 is tested based on an extended maximum likelihood fit to the pTspectrum of the disappearing-track candidates. The
Tracks / GeV -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 1 ATLAS | < 0.1mm 0 |d | < 10.0mm 0 1.0mm < |d [GeV] T Track p 60 100 200 300 400 1000 Ratio 0 0.51 1.52 2.5
FIG. 4 (color online). The pT distributions of disappearing
tracks with impact parameter ranges jd0j < 0:1 mm and
1 mm < jd0j < 10 mm in the multijet-enriched data sample,
normalized to unity. The ratio between the two distributions is also shown at the bottom of the figure. The error bars and band in the ratio plot indicate the statistical uncertainties of each sample.
TABLE II. Summary of systematic uncertainties [%] on the ex-pected number of signal events for m~1 ¼ 200 GeV and 300 GeV.
200 GeV 300 GeV (Theoretical uncertainty) Cross section 6.4 6.8 (Uncertainty on the acceptance)
Modeling of initial/final-state radiation 14.5 16.4
JES/JER 3.9 6.0
Trigger efficiency 4.5 4.5
Pileup modeling 0.5 0.5
Track reconstruction efficiency 2.0 2.0
Luminosity 2.8 2.8
Subtotal 16.1 18.4
likelihood function for the track pTconsists of one
proba-bility density function for the signal and four for the differ-ent backgrounds derived in Sec.V. In the fit, the yields of the signal, interacting-hadron, and pT-mismeasured tracks
are left free. The yields of electron and muon background tracks are constrained to their estimated values within the uncertainties. The effects of systematic uncertainties on the yields and the parameters describing the pT-distribution
shapes of the background tracks are also incorporated into the likelihood function.
The number of observed events having a high-pT
dis-appearing track above a given threshold and the expecta-tion for the background, derived by the background-only fit in the pT range below 75 GeV, are given in TableIII. No
significant deviations from the background expectations are found. The probability (p0 value) that a
background-only experiment is more signal-like than the observation and the model-independent upper limit on the visible cross section (95%
vis ) at 95% confidence level (C.L.) are also
given in the table. Figure5shows the pT distribution for
the selected data events compared to the background model derived by the background-only fit in the full pTrange: the
best-fit values for the yields of interacting hadrons, electron tracks, muon tracks, and pT-mismeasured tracks are
2187 71, 852 35, 23 8, and 212 33, respectively. Three selected examples for the signal are also shown in the figure.
An excess with a corresponding significance of2 is seen in Fig.5at pTaround 90 GeV. Detailed investigation
of the events in this region show no peculiarities or significant differences in event kinematics or track proper-ties compared to candidates in nearby track-pT regions.
The discrepancy is also not consistent with any of the signal hypotheses studied in this article. For the models considered, high-pT tracks are expected and the best
ex-pected sensitivity derives from the region with pT above
200 GeV, where a deficit is observed as reported in TableIII.
Events with two disappearing-track candidates, being particularly sensitive to chargino-pair production with a long lifetime, are also explored. One candidate event is found; however, the event lacks high-pT
disappearing-track candidates (their pTbeing 30 GeV and 18 GeV).
VIII. RESULTS
In the absence of a signal, constraints are set on m~1 and ~1. The upper limit on the production cross section for a given m~1 and ~1 at 95% C.L. is set at the point where the C.L. of the ‘‘signalþ background’’ hypothesis, based on the profile likelihood ratio [35] and the CLs prescription [36], falls below 5% when scanning the C.L. along various values of signal strength. The constraint on the allowed ~1 m~1 parameter space is shown in Fig. 6. The expected limit is set by the median of the distribution of 95% C.L. limits calculated by pseudoexperiments with the expected background and no signal, where the systematic parameters are varied according to their systematic uncer-tainties. The regions excluded by the previous ATLAS search [8] and the LEP2 searches are indicated. The example of the exclusion reached by the ALEPH experi-ment [9] of 8 GeV at 95% C.L. that is derived for the chargino mass in the case of heavy sfermions, irrespective of the chargino-neutralino mass difference, is shown as the
TABLE III. Numbers of observed and expected background events as well as the probability that a background-only experiment is more signal-like than observed (p0) and the
model-independent upper limit on the visible cross section (95%vis ) at 95% C.L.
ptrack
T > 75 GeV ptrackT > 100 GeV ptrackT > 150 GeV ptrackT > 200 GeV
Observed events 59 36 19 13 Expected events 48:5 12:3 37:1 9:4 24:6 6:3 18:0 4:6 p0 value 0.17 0.41 0.46 0.44 Observed 95% vis [fb] 1.76 1.02 0.62 0.44 Expected 95% vis [fb] 1:42þ0:500:39 1:05þ0:370:28 0:67þ0:270:19 0:56þ0:230:16 [GeV] T track p Tracks / GeV -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 Data Total background Interacting hadron -mismeasured track T p Electron Muon = 0.2 ns 1 ± χ∼ τ = 200 GeV, 1 ± χ∼ m = 0.2 ns 1 ± χ∼ τ = 300 GeV, 1 ± χ∼ m = 1.0 ns 1 ± χ∼ τ = 300 GeV, 1 ± χ∼ m -1 Ldt = 20.3 fb
∫
= 8TeV, s ATLAS [GeV] T Track p 20 30 40 100 200 300 1000 Data / Fit 0.50 1 1.52 2.5FIG. 5 (color online). The pT distribution of
disappearing-track candidates. The solid circles show data and lines show each background track pTspectrum obtained by the
background-only fit. The resulting uncertainties on the pTspectrum for each
background are indicated by the error bands. The signal expec-tations are also shown. The ratio of the data to the background track pTspectrum is shown at the bottom of the figure.
LEP2 result. This constraint is largely independent of tan or the sign of .
The analysis is not performed for signals having ~1> 10 ns (corresponding m~1 being below the charged pion mass) because a significant fraction of charginos would traverse the ID before decaying, thereby reducing the event selection efficiency. In these scenarios the charginos are considered as stable particles and the main search tool would be to look for tracks with anomalous ionization energy loss [37]. In comparison with the previous result, the sensitivity to charginos having ~1 < 1 ns is signifi-cantly improved and the exclusion reach is extended by 200 GeV.
Figure7 shows the constraint on the allowed m~1 m~1 parameter space of the minimal AMSB model; the expected 95% C.L. exclusion reaches m~1 ¼ 245
þ25 30 GeV
for m~1 160 MeV. The limits on ~1 are converted into limits on m~1 following Ref. [38]. The theoretical prediction of m~1 for winolike lightest chargino and
neutralino states at two-loop level [39] is also indicated in the figure. A new limit that excludes charginos of m~1 < 270 GeV (corresponding m~1 and ~1 being160 MeV and0:2 ns, respectively) at 95% C.L. is set in the AMSB models.
IX. CONCLUSIONS
The results from a search for charginos nearly mass degenerate with the lightest neutralino based on the high-pT disappearing-track signature are presented. The
analysis is based on 20:3 fb1 of pp collisions at pffiffiffis¼ 8 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The pTspectrum of observed candidate tracks is found to
be consistent with the expectation from SM background processes, and no indication of decaying charginos is observed. Constraints on the chargino mass, the mean lifetime, and the mass splitting are set, which are valid for most scenarios in which the lightest supersymmetric particle is a nearly pure neutral wino. In the AMSB
[GeV] 1 ± χ∼ m 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 [MeV] 1 χ∼ m∆ 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 ATLAS -1 L dt = 20.3 fb
∫
= 8 TeV, s ) theory σ 1 ± Observed 95% C.L. limit ( ) exp σ 1 ± Expected 95% C.L. limit ( , EW prod.) -1 = 7 TeV, 4.7 fb s ATLAS (ALEPH (Phys. Lett. B533 223 (2002)) Theory (Phys. Lett. B721 252 (2013))
± 1 χ∼ ‘Stable’ > 0 µ = 5, β tan
FIG. 7 (color online). The constraint on the allowed m~1
m~1 space of the AMSB model for tan ¼ 5 and > 0. The
dashed line shows the expected limits at 95% C.L., with the surrounding shaded band indicating the 1 exclusions due to experimental uncertainties. Observed limits are indicated by the solid bold contour representing the nominal limit and the narrow surrounding shaded band is obtained by varying the cross section by the theoretical scale and PDF uncertainties. The previous result from Ref. [8] and an example of the limits achieved at LEP2 by the ALEPH experiment [9] are also shown on the left by the dotted line and the shaded region, respectively. Charginos in the lower shaded region could have significantly longer life-time values for which this analysis has no sensitivity as the chargino does not decay within the tracking volume. For this region of long-lived charginos, the limits achieved at LEP2 by the ALEPH experiment is 101 GeV [9].
[GeV] 1 ± χ∼ m 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 [ns]±χ∼1 τ -1 10 1 10 ATLAS -1 L dt = 20.3 fb
∫
= 8 TeV, s ) theory σ 1 ± Observed 95% C.L. limit ( ) exp σ 1 ± Expected 95% C.L. limit ( , EW prod.) -1 = 7 TeV, 4.7 fb s ATLAS (ALEPH (Phys. Lett. B533 223 (2002))
± 1 χ∼ ‘Stable’ > 0 µ = 5, β tan
FIG. 6 (color online). The constraint on the allowed ~1
m~1 space for tan ¼ 5 and > 0. The black dashed line
shows the expected limits at 95% C.L., with the surrounding shaded band indicating the 1 exclusions due to experimental uncertainties. Observed limits are indicated by the solid bold contour representing the nominal limit and the narrow surround-ing shaded band is obtained by varysurround-ing the cross section by the theoretical scale and PDF uncertainties. The previous result from Ref. [8] and an example of the limits achieved at LEP2 by the ALEPH experiment [9] are also shown on the left by the dotted line and the shaded region, respectively. The search for charginos with long lifetimes, as indicated by the upper shaded region, is not covered by this analysis. The limits achieved at LEP2 by the ALEPH experiment of 101 GeV for long-lived charginos is taken from [9].
models, a chargino having a mass below 270 GeV is excluded at 95% C.L.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST, and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR, and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC, and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC, and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG, and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF,
MINERVA, GIF, DIP, and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZSˇ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF, and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular, from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.
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C. Conta,120a,120bG. Conti,57F. Conventi,103a,kM. Cooke,15B. D. Cooper,77A. M. Cooper-Sarkar,119 N. J. Cooper-Smith,76K. Copic,15T. Cornelissen,176M. Corradi,20aF. Corriveau,86,lA. Corso-Radu,164 A. Cortes-Gonzalez,12G. Cortiana,100G. Costa,90aM. J. Costa,168D. Costanzo,140D. Coˆte´,8G. Cottin,32a L. Courneyea,170G. Cowan,76B. E. Cox,83K. Cranmer,109G. Cree,29S. Cre´pe´-Renaudin,55F. Crescioli,79 M. Cristinziani,21G. Crosetti,37a,37bC.-M. Cuciuc,26aC. Cuenca Almenar,177T. Cuhadar Donszelmann,140 J. Cummings,177M. Curatolo,47C. Cuthbert,151H. Czirr,142P. Czodrowski,44Z. Czyczula,177S. D’Auria,53 M. D’Onofrio,73A. D’Orazio,133a,133bM. J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa,125aC. Da Via,83W. Dabrowski,38a
A. Dafinca,119T. Dai,88F. Dallaire,94C. Dallapiccola,85M. Dam,36D. S. Damiani,138A. C. Daniells,18 M. Dano Hoffmann,36V. Dao,105G. Darbo,50aG. L. Darlea,26cS. Darmora,8J. A. Dassoulas,42W. Davey,21
C. David,170T. Davidek,128E. Davies,119,fM. Davies,94O. Davignon,79A. R. Davison,77Y. Davygora,58a E. Dawe,143I. Dawson,140R. K. Daya-Ishmukhametova,23K. De,8R. de Asmundis,103aS. De Castro,20a,20b S. De Cecco,79J. de Graat,99N. De Groot,105P. de Jong,106C. De La Taille,116H. De la Torre,81F. De Lorenzi,63 L. De Nooij,106D. De Pedis,133aA. De Salvo,133aU. De Sanctis,165a,165cA. De Santo,150J. B. De Vivie De Regie,116
G. De Zorzi,133a,133bW. J. Dearnaley,71R. Debbe,25C. Debenedetti,46B. Dechenaux,55D. V. Dedovich,64 J. Degenhardt,121J. Del Peso,81T. Del Prete,123a,123bT. Delemontex,55F. Deliot,137M. Deliyergiyev,74 A. Dell’Acqua,30L. Dell’Asta,22M. Della Pietra,103a,kD. della Volpe,103a,103bM. Delmastro,5P. A. Delsart,55 C. Deluca,106S. Demers,177M. Demichev,64A. Demilly,79B. Demirkoz,12,mS. P. Denisov,129D. Derendarz,39
J. E. Derkaoui,136dF. Derue,79P. Dervan,73K. Desch,21P. O. Deviveiros,106A. Dewhurst,130B. DeWilde,149 S. Dhaliwal,106R. Dhullipudi,78,nA. Di Ciaccio,134a,134bL. Di Ciaccio,5C. Di Donato,103a,103bA. Di Girolamo,30
B. Di Girolamo,30A. Di Mattia,153B. Di Micco,135a,135bR. Di Nardo,47A. Di Simone,48R. Di Sipio,20a,20b D. Di Valentino,29M. A. Diaz,32aE. B. Diehl,88J. Dietrich,42T. A. Dietzsch,58aS. Diglio,87K. Dindar Yagci,40 J. Dingfelder,21C. Dionisi,133a,133bP. Dita,26aS. Dita,26aF. Dittus,30F. Djama,84T. Djobava,51bM. A. B. do Vale,24c
A. Do Valle Wemans,125a,oT. K. O. Doan,5D. Dobos,30E. Dobson,77J. Dodd,35C. Doglioni,49T. Doherty,53 T. Dohmae,156Y. Doi,65,aJ. Dolejsi,128Z. Dolezal,128B. A. Dolgoshein,97,aM. Donadelli,24dS. Donati,123a,123b J. Donini,34J. Dopke,30A. Doria,103aA. Dos Anjos,174A. Dotti,123a,123bM. T. Dova,70A. T. Doyle,53M. Dris,10 J. Dubbert,88S. Dube,15E. Dubreuil,34E. Duchovni,173G. Duckeck,99O. A. Ducu,26aD. Duda,176A. Dudarev,30
F. Dudziak,63L. Duflot,116L. Duguid,76M. Du¨hrssen,30M. Dunford,58aH. Duran Yildiz,4aM. Du¨ren,52 M. Dwuznik,38aJ. Ebke,99W. Edson,2C. A. Edwards,76N. C. Edwards,46W. Ehrenfeld,21T. Eifert,144G. Eigen,14 K. Einsweiler,15E. Eisenhandler,75T. Ekelof,167M. El Kacimi,136cM. Ellert,167S. Elles,5F. Ellinghaus,82K. Ellis,75
N. Ellis,30J. Elmsheuser,99M. Elsing,30D. Emeliyanov,130Y. Enari,156O. C. Endner,82M. Endo,117 R. Engelmann,149J. Erdmann,177A. Ereditato,17D. Eriksson,147aG. Ernis,176J. Ernst,2M. Ernst,25J. Ernwein,137 D. Errede,166S. Errede,166E. Ertel,82M. Escalier,116H. Esch,43C. Escobar,124X. Espinal Curull,12B. Esposito,47
F. Etienne,84A. I. Etienvre,137E. Etzion,154D. Evangelakou,54H. Evans,60L. Fabbri,20a,20bG. Facini,30 R. M. Fakhrutdinov,129S. Falciano,133aY. Fang,33aM. Fanti,90a,90bA. Farbin,8A. Farilla,135aT. Farooque,159 S. Farrell,164S. M. Farrington,171P. Farthouat,30F. Fassi,168P. Fassnacht,30D. Fassouliotis,9B. Fatholahzadeh,159 A. Favareto,50a,50bL. Fayard,116P. Federic,145aO. L. Fedin,122W. Fedorko,169M. Fehling-Kaschek,48L. Feligioni,84
C. Feng,33dE. J. Feng,6H. Feng,88A. B. Fenyuk,129W. Fernando,6S. Ferrag,53J. Ferrando,53V. Ferrara,42 A. Ferrari,167P. Ferrari,106R. Ferrari,120aD. E. Ferreira de Lima,53A. Ferrer,168D. Ferrere,49C. Ferretti,88
A. Ferretto Parodi,50a,50bM. Fiascaris,31F. Fiedler,82A. Filipcˇicˇ,74M. Filipuzzi,42F. Filthaut,105
M. Fincke-Keeler,170K. D. Finelli,45M. C. N. Fiolhais,125a,jL. Fiorini,168A. Firan,40J. Fischer,176M. J. Fisher,110 E. A. Fitzgerald,23M. Flechl,48I. Fleck,142P. Fleischmann,175S. Fleischmann,176G. T. Fletcher,140G. Fletcher,75 T. Flick,176A. Floderus,80L. R. Flores Castillo,174A. C. Florez Bustos,160bM. J. Flowerdew,100T. Fonseca Martin,17
A. Formica,137A. Forti,83D. Fortin,160aD. Fournier,116H. Fox,71P. Francavilla,12M. Franchini,20a,20b S. Franchino,30D. Francis,30M. Franklin,57S. Franz,61M. Fraternali,120a,120bS. Fratina,121S. T. French,28
C. Friedrich,42F. Friedrich,44D. Froidevaux,30J. A. Frost,28C. Fukunaga,157E. Fullana Torregrosa,128 B. G. Fulsom,144J. Fuster,168C. Gabaldon,55O. Gabizon,173A. Gabrielli,20a,20bA. Gabrielli,133a,133bS. Gadatsch,106 T. Gadfort,25S. Gadomski,49G. Gagliardi,50a,50bP. Gagnon,60C. Galea,99B. Galhardo,125aE. J. Gallas,119V. Gallo,17
B. J. Gallop,130P. Gallus,127G. Galster,36K. K. Gan,110R. P. Gandrajula,62J. Gao,33b,pY. S. Gao,144,h F. M. Garay Walls,46F. Garberson,177C. Garcı´a,168J. E. Garcı´a Navarro,168M. Garcia-Sciveres,15R. W. Gardner,31
N. Garelli,144V. Garonne,30C. Gatti,47G. Gaudio,120aB. Gaur,142L. Gauthier,94P. Gauzzi,133a,133b I. L. Gavrilenko,95C. Gay,169G. Gaycken,21E. N. Gazis,10P. Ge,33d,qZ. Gecse,169C. N. P. Gee,130 D. A. A. Geerts,106Ch. Geich-Gimbel,21K. Gellerstedt,147a,147bC. Gemme,50aA. Gemmell,53M. H. Genest,55 S. Gentile,133a,133bM. George,54S. George,76D. Gerbaudo,164A. Gershon,154H. Ghazlane,136bN. Ghodbane,34 B. Giacobbe,20aS. Giagu,133a,133bV. Giangiobbe,12P. Giannetti,123a,123bF. Gianotti,30B. Gibbard,25S. M. Gibson,76
M. Gilchriese,15T. P. S. Gillam,28D. Gillberg,30A. R. Gillman,130D. M. Gingrich,3,gN. Giokaris,9 M. P. Giordani,165a,165cR. Giordano,103a,103bF. M. Giorgi,16P. Giovannini,100P. F. Giraud,137D. Giugni,90a
C. Giuliani,48M. Giunta,94B. K. Gjelsten,118I. Gkialas,155,rL. K. Gladilin,98C. Glasman,81J. Glatzer,21 A. Glazov,42G. L. Glonti,64M. Goblirsch-Kolb,100J. R. Goddard,75J. Godfrey,143J. Godlewski,30C. Goeringer,82
S. Goldfarb,88T. Golling,177D. Golubkov,129A. Gomes,125a,eL. S. Gomez Fajardo,42R. Gonc¸alo,76 J. Goncalves Pinto Firmino Da Costa,42L. Gonella,21S. Gonza´lez de la Hoz,168G. Gonzalez Parra,12 M. L. Gonzalez Silva,27S. Gonzalez-Sevilla,49J. J. Goodson,149L. Goossens,30P. A. Gorbounov,96H. A. Gordon,25 I. Gorelov,104G. Gorfine,176B. Gorini,30E. Gorini,72a,72bA. Gorisˇek,74E. Gornicki,39A. T. Goshaw,6C. Go¨ssling,43
M. I. Gostkin,64I. Gough Eschrich,164M. Gouighri,136aD. Goujdami,136cM. P. Goulette,49A. G. Goussiou,139 C. Goy,5S. Gozpinar,23H. M. X. Grabas,137L. Graber,54I. Grabowska-Bold,38aP. Grafstro¨m,20a,20bK-J. Grahn,42
J. Gramling,49E. Gramstad,118F. Grancagnolo,72aS. Grancagnolo,16V. Grassi,149V. Gratchev,122H. M. Gray,30 J. A. Gray,149E. Graziani,135aO. G. Grebenyuk,122Z. D. Greenwood,78,nK. Gregersen,36I. M. Gregor,42
P. Grenier,144J. Griffiths,8N. Grigalashvili,64A. A. Grillo,138K. Grimm,71S. Grinstein,12,sPh. Gris,34 Y. V. Grishkevich,98J.-F. Grivaz,116J. P. Grohs,44A. Grohsjean,42E. Gross,173J. Grosse-Knetter,54 G. C. Grossi,134a,134bJ. Groth-Jensen,173Z. J. Grout,150K. Grybel,142F. Guescini,49D. Guest,177O. Gueta,154 C. Guicheney,34E. Guido,50a,50bT. Guillemin,116S. Guindon,2U. Gul,53C. Gumpert,44J. Gunther,127J. Guo,35
S. Gupta,119P. Gutierrez,112N. G. Gutierrez Ortiz,53C. Gutschow,77N. Guttman,154C. Guyot,137C. Gwenlan,119 C. B. Gwilliam,73A. Haas,109C. Haber,15H. K. Hadavand,8P. Haefner,21S. Hageboeck,21Z. Hajduk,39 H. Hakobyan,178D. Hall,119G. Halladjian,62K. Hamacher,176P. Hamal,114K. Hamano,87M. Hamer,54 A. Hamilton,146a,tS. Hamilton,162L. Han,33bK. Hanagaki,117K. Hanawa,156M. Hance,15C. Handel,82P. Hanke,58a
J. R. Hansen,36J. B. Hansen,36J. D. Hansen,36P. H. Hansen,36P. Hansson,144K. Hara,161A. S. Hard,174 T. Harenberg,176S. Harkusha,91D. Harper,88R. D. Harrington,46O. M. Harris,139P. F. Harrison,171F. Hartjes,106
A. Harvey,56S. Hasegawa,102Y. Hasegawa,141S. Hassani,137S. Haug,17M. Hauschild,30R. Hauser,89 M. Havranek,21C. M. Hawkes,18R. J. Hawkings,30A. D. Hawkins,80T. Hayashi,161D. Hayden,89C. P. Hays,119 H. S. Hayward,73S. J. Haywood,130S. J. Head,18T. Heck,82V. Hedberg,80L. Heelan,8S. Heim,121B. Heinemann,15
S. Heisterkamp,36J. Hejbal,126L. Helary,22C. Heller,99M. Heller,30S. Hellman,147a,147bD. Hellmich,21 C. Helsens,30J. Henderson,119R. C. W. Henderson,71A. Henrichs,177A. M. Henriques Correia,30 S. Henrot-Versille,116C. Hensel,54G. H. Herbert,16C. M. Hernandez,8Y. Herna´ndez Jime´nez,168
R. Herrberg-Schubert,16G. Herten,48R. Hertenberger,99L. Hervas,30G. G. Hesketh,77N. P. Hessey,106R. Hickling,75 E. Higo´n-Rodriguez,168J. C. Hill,28K. H. Hiller,42S. Hillert,21S. J. Hillier,18I. Hinchliffe,15E. Hines,121 M. Hirose,117D. Hirschbuehl,176J. Hobbs,149N. Hod,106M. C. Hodgkinson,140P. Hodgson,140A. Hoecker,30
M. R. Hoeferkamp,104J. Hoffman,40D. Hoffmann,84J. I. Hofmann,58aM. Hohlfeld,82T. R. Holmes,15 S. O. Holmgren,147aT. M. Hong,121L. Hooft van Huysduynen,109J-Y. Hostachy,55S. Hou,152A. Hoummada,136a J. Howard,119J. Howarth,83M. Hrabovsky,114I. Hristova,16J. Hrivnac,116T. Hryn’ova,5P. J. Hsu,82S.-C. Hsu,139 D. Hu,35X. Hu,25Y. Huang,146cZ. Hubacek,30F. Hubaut,84F. Huegging,21A. Huettmann,42T. B. Huffman,119 E. W. Hughes,35G. Hughes,71M. Huhtinen,30T. A. Hu¨lsing,82M. Hurwitz,15N. Huseynov,64,dJ. Huston,89J. Huth,57
G. Iacobucci,49G. Iakovidis,10I. Ibragimov,142L. Iconomidou-Fayard,116J. Idarraga,116E. Ideal,177P. Iengo,103a O. Igonkina,106T. Iizawa,172Y. Ikegami,65K. Ikematsu,142M. Ikeno,65D. Iliadis,155N. Ilic,159Y. Inamaru,66
T. Ince,100P. Ioannou,9M. Iodice,135aK. Iordanidou,9V. Ippolito,133a,133bA. Irles Quiles,168C. Isaksson,167 M. Ishino,67M. Ishitsuka,158R. Ishmukhametov,110C. Issever,119S. Istin,19aA. V. Ivashin,129W. Iwanski,39 H. Iwasaki,65J. M. Izen,41V. Izzo,103aB. Jackson,121J. N. Jackson,73M. Jackson,73P. Jackson,1M. R. Jaekel,30
V. Jain,2K. Jakobs,48S. Jakobsen,36T. Jakoubek,126J. Jakubek,127D. O. Jamin,152D. K. Jana,112E. Jansen,77 H. Jansen,30J. Janssen,21M. Janus,171R. C. Jared,174G. Jarlskog,80L. Jeanty,57G.-Y. Jeng,151I. Jen-La Plante,31 D. Jennens,87P. Jenni,48,uJ. Jentzsch,43C. Jeske,171S. Je´ze´quel,5M. K. Jha,20aH. Ji,174W. Ji,82J. Jia,149Y. Jiang,33b M. Jimenez Belenguer,42S. Jin,33aA. Jinaru,26aO. Jinnouchi,158M. D. Joergensen,36D. Joffe,40K. E. Johansson,147a
P. Johansson,140K. A. Johns,7K. Jon-And,147a,147bG. Jones,171R. W. L. Jones,71T. J. Jones,73P. M. Jorge,125a K. D. Joshi,83J. Jovicevic,148X. Ju,174C. A. Jung,43R. M. Jungst,30P. Jussel,61A. Juste Rozas,12,sM. Kaci,168 A. Kaczmarska,39P. Kadlecik,36M. Kado,116H. Kagan,110M. Kagan,144E. Kajomovitz,45S. Kalinin,176S. Kama,40
N. Kanaya,156M. Kaneda,30S. Kaneti,28T. Kanno,158V. A. Kantserov,97J. Kanzaki,65B. Kaplan,109A. Kapliy,31 D. Kar,53K. Karakostas,10N. Karastathis,10M. Karnevskiy,82S. N. Karpov,64K. Karthik,109V. Kartvelishvili,71
A. N. Karyukhin,129L. Kashif,174G. Kasieczka,58bR. D. Kass,110A. Kastanas,14Y. Kataoka,156A. Katre,49 J. Katzy,42V. Kaushik,7K. Kawagoe,69T. Kawamoto,156G. Kawamura,54S. Kazama,156V. F. Kazanin,108
M. Y. Kazarinov,64R. Keeler,170P. T. Keener,121R. Kehoe,40M. Keil,54J. S. Keller,139H. Keoshkerian,5 O. Kepka,126B. P. Kersˇevan,74S. Kersten,176K. Kessoku,156J. Keung,159F. Khalil-zada,11H. Khandanyan,147a,147b
A. Khanov,113D. Kharchenko,64A. Khodinov,97A. Khomich,58aT. J. Khoo,28G. Khoriauli,21A. Khoroshilov,176 V. Khovanskiy,96E. Khramov,64J. Khubua,51bH. Kim,147a,147bS. H. Kim,161N. Kimura,172O. Kind,16B. T. King,73
M. King,66R. S. B. King,119S. B. King,169J. Kirk,130A. E. Kiryunin,100T. Kishimoto,66D. Kisielewska,38a T. Kitamura,66T. Kittelmann,124K. Kiuchi,161E. Kladiva,145bM. Klein,73U. Klein,73K. Kleinknecht,82 P. Klimek,147a,147bA. Klimentov,25R. Klingenberg,43J. A. Klinger,83E. B. Klinkby,36T. Klioutchnikova,30 P. F. Klok,105E.-E. Kluge,58aP. Kluit,106S. Kluth,100E. Kneringer,61E. B. F. G. Knoops,84A. Knue,54B. R. Ko,45 T. Kobayashi,156M. Kobel,44M. Kocian,144P. Kodys,128S. Koenig,82P. Koevesarki,21T. Koffas,29E. Koffeman,106 L. A. Kogan,119S. Kohlmann,176Z. Kohout,127T. Kohriki,65T. Koi,144H. Kolanoski,16I. Koletsou,5J. Koll,89
A. A. Komar,95,aY. Komori,156T. Kondo,65K. Ko¨neke,48A. C. Ko¨nig,105T. Kono,65,vR. Konoplich,109,w N. Konstantinidis,77R. Kopeliansky,153S. Koperny,38aL. Ko¨pke,82A. K. Kopp,48K. Korcyl,39K. Kordas,155 A. Korn,46A. A. Korol,108I. Korolkov,12E. V. Korolkova,140V. A. Korotkov,129O. Kortner,100S. Kortner,100 V. V. Kostyukhin,21S. Kotov,100V. M. Kotov,64A. Kotwal,45C. Kourkoumelis,9V. Kouskoura,155A. Koutsman,160a
G. Kramberger,74M. W. Krasny,79A. Krasznahorkay,109J. K. Kraus,21A. Kravchenko,25S. Kreiss,109 J. Kretzschmar,73K. Kreutzfeldt,52N. Krieger,54P. Krieger,159K. Kroeninger,54H. Kroha,100J. Kroll,121 J. Kroseberg,21J. Krstic,13aU. Kruchonak,64H. Kru¨ger,21T. Kruker,17N. Krumnack,63Z. V. Krumshteyn,64 A. Kruse,174M. C. Kruse,45M. Kruskal,22T. Kubota,87S. Kuday,4aS. Kuehn,48A. Kugel,58cT. Kuhl,42V. Kukhtin,64
Y. Kulchitsky,91S. Kuleshov,32bM. Kuna,133a,133bJ. Kunkle,121A. Kupco,126H. Kurashige,66M. Kurata,161 Y. A. Kurochkin,91R. Kurumida,66V. Kus,126E. S. Kuwertz,148M. Kuze,158J. Kvita,143R. Kwee,16A. La Rosa,49
L. La Rotonda,37a,37bL. Labarga,81S. Lablak,136aC. Lacasta,168F. Lacava,133a,133bJ. Lacey,29H. Lacker,16 D. Lacour,79V. R. Lacuesta,168E. Ladygin,64R. Lafaye,5B. Laforge,79T. Lagouri,177S. Lai,48H. Laier,58a E. Laisne,55L. Lambourne,77C. L. Lampen,7W. Lampl,7E. Lanc¸on,137U. Landgraf,48M. P. J. Landon,75 V. S. Lang,58aC. Lange,42A. J. Lankford,164F. Lanni,25K. Lantzsch,30A. Lanza,120aS. Laplace,79C. Lapoire,21 J. F. Laporte,137T. Lari,90aA. Larner,119M. Lassnig,30P. Laurelli,47V. Lavorini,37a,37bW. Lavrijsen,15P. Laycock,73
B. T. Le,55O. Le Dortz,79E. Le Guirriec,84E. Le Menedeu,12T. LeCompte,6F. Ledroit-Guillon,55C. A. Lee,152 H. Lee,106J. S. H. Lee,117S. C. Lee,152L. Lee,177G. Lefebvre,79M. Lefebvre,170M. Legendre,137F. Legger,99 C. Leggett,15A. Lehan,73M. Lehmacher,21G. Lehmann Miotto,30A. G. Leister,177M. A. L. Leite,24dR. Leitner,128 D. Lellouch,173B. Lemmer,54V. Lendermann,58aK. J. C. Leney,146cT. Lenz,106G. Lenzen,176B. Lenzi,30R. Leone,7 K. Leonhardt,44S. Leontsinis,10C. Leroy,94J-R. Lessard,170C. G. Lester,28C. M. Lester,121J. Leveˆque,5D. Levin,88 L. J. Levinson,173A. Lewis,119G. H. Lewis,109A. M. Leyko,21M. Leyton,16B. Li,33b,xB. Li,84H. Li,149H. L. Li,31
S. Li,45X. Li,88Z. Liang,119,yH. Liao,34B. Liberti,134aP. Lichard,30K. Lie,166J. Liebal,21W. Liebig,14 C. Limbach,21A. Limosani,87M. Limper,62S. C. Lin,152,zF. Linde,106B. E. Lindquist,149J. T. Linnemann,89 E. Lipeles,121A. Lipniacka,14M. Lisovyi,42T. M. Liss,166D. Lissauer,25A. Lister,169A. M. Litke,138B. Liu,152 D. Liu,152J. B. Liu,33bK. Liu,33b,aaL. Liu,88M. Liu,45M. Liu,33bY. Liu,33bM. Livan,120a,120bS. S. A. Livermore,119 A. Lleres,55J. Llorente Merino,81S. L. Lloyd,75F. Lo Sterzo,133a,133bE. Lobodzinska,42P. Loch,7W. S. Lockman,138
T. Loddenkoetter,21F. K. Loebinger,83A. E. Loevschall-Jensen,36A. Loginov,177C. W. Loh,169T. Lohse,16 K. Lohwasser,48M. Lokajicek,126V. P. Lombardo,5J. D. Long,88R. E. Long,71L. Lopes,125aD. Lopez Mateos,57 B. Lopez Paredes,140J. Lorenz,99N. Lorenzo Martinez,116M. Losada,163P. Loscutoff,15M. J. Losty,160a,aX. Lou,41
A. Lounis,116J. Love,6P. A. Love,71A. J. Lowe,144,hF. Lu,33aH. J. Lubatti,139C. Luci,133a,133bA. Lucotte,55 D. Ludwig,42I. Ludwig,48F. Luehring,60W. Lukas,61L. Luminari,133aE. Lund,118J. Lundberg,147a,147b O. Lundberg,147a,147bB. Lund-Jensen,148M. Lungwitz,82D. Lynn,25R. Lysak,126E. Lytken,80H. Ma,25L. L. Ma,33d
G. Maccarrone,47A. Macchiolo,100B. Macˇek,74J. Machado Miguens,125aD. Macina,30R. Mackeprang,36 R. Madar,48R. J. Madaras,15H. J. Maddocks,71W. F. Mader,44A. Madsen,167M. Maeno,8T. Maeno,25 L. Magnoni,164E. Magradze,54K. Mahboubi,48J. Mahlstedt,106S. Mahmoud,73G. Mahout,18C. Maiani,137 C. Maidantchik,24aA. Maio,125a,eS. Majewski,115Y. Makida,65N. Makovec,116P. Mal,137,bbB. Malaescu,79 Pa. Malecki,39V. P. Maleev,122F. Malek,55U. Mallik,62D. Malon,6C. Malone,144S. Maltezos,10V. M. Malyshev,108
S. Malyukov,30J. Mamuzic,13bL. Mandelli,90aI. Mandic´,74R. Mandrysch,62J. Maneira,125aA. Manfredini,100 L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho,24bJ. A. Manjarres Ramos,137A. Mann,99P. M. Manning,138
A. Manousakis-Katsikakis,9B. Mansoulie,137R. Mantifel,86L. Mapelli,30L. March,168J. F. Marchand,29 F. Marchese,134a,134bG. Marchiori,79M. Marcisovsky,126C. P. Marino,170C. N. Marques,125aF. Marroquim,24a
Z. Marshall,15L. F. Marti,17S. Marti-Garcia,168B. Martin,30B. Martin,89J. P. Martin,94T. A. Martin,171 V. J. Martin,46B. Martin dit Latour,49H. Martinez,137M. Martinez,12,sS. Martin-Haugh,150A. C. Martyniuk,170
M. Marx,139F. Marzano,133aA. Marzin,112L. Masetti,82T. Mashimo,156R. Mashinistov,95J. Masik,83 A. L. Maslennikov,108I. Massa,20a,20bN. Massol,5P. Mastrandrea,149A. Mastroberardino,37a,37bT. Masubuchi,156
H. Matsunaga,156T. Matsushita,66P. Ma¨ttig,176S. Ma¨ttig,42J. Mattmann,82C. Mattravers,119,fJ. Maurer,84 S. J. Maxfield,73D. A. Maximov,108,iR. Mazini,152L. Mazzaferro,134a,134bM. Mazzanti,90aG. Mc Goldrick,159
S. P. Mc Kee,88A. McCarn,88R. L. McCarthy,149T. G. McCarthy,29N. A. McCubbin,130K. W. McFarlane,56,a J. A. Mcfayden,140G. Mchedlidze,51bT. Mclaughlan,18S. J. McMahon,130R. A. McPherson,170,lA. Meade,85 J. Mechnich,106M. Mechtel,176M. Medinnis,42S. Meehan,31R. Meera-Lebbai,112S. Mehlhase,36A. Mehta,73
K. Meier,58aC. Meineck,99B. Meirose,80C. Melachrinos,31B. R. Mellado Garcia,146cF. Meloni,90a,90b L. Mendoza Navas,163A. Mengarelli,20a,20bS. Menke,100E. Meoni,162K. M. Mercurio,57S. Mergelmeyer,21
N. Meric,137P. Mermod,49L. Merola,103a,103bC. Meroni,90aF. S. Merritt,31H. Merritt,110A. Messina,30,cc J. Metcalfe,25A. S. Mete,164C. Meyer,82C. Meyer,31J-P. Meyer,137J. Meyer,30J. Meyer,54S. Michal,30 R. P. Middleton,130S. Migas,73L. Mijovic´,137G. Mikenberg,173M. Mikestikova,126M. Mikuzˇ,74D. W. Miller,31