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VTInotat

No: TF 55-03 Date: 1986-09-05

Title: The effect of "Vorfeid"-luminance on visibility distances to targets on the

road. '

Author: Gabriel Helmers

Division: Road User and Vehicle Project no: 55315-6

Project title: The effect of "Vorfeld"-luminance on visibility distances in low beam illumination.

Sponsor: Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, BRD

Distribution: free / féätñttéd /

Statens väg- och trafikinstitut

' Z Pa: 587 07 Linköping. 722/. 073- 7752 00. Te/ex 50725 VTISGI S

(2)

SwedishRaadand I TrafficResearchInstitute

Road User and Vehicle Division 1986-09-05 Gabriel Helmers

THE EFFECT OF "VORFELD"-LUMINANCE ON VISIBILITY DISTANCES TO TARGETS ON THE ROAD

INTRODUCTION

Robert Bosch GmbH has given commission to the Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute to investigate the size of the effect of "Vorfeld" luminance on visibility distances to targets on the road. In this work two methods have been applied. Full scale field simulations of opposing situations between two vehicles on a straight level road has

been the main method while computer simlations have been used as a complementary method.

Definition of the "Vorfeld"

The "Vorfeld" is defined as the road surface in front of the vehicle from 5 m up to a distance of 30 m.

Headlight conditions in field experiments and computer simulations In the field experiments two levels of "Vorfeld"-luminance have been

investigatd: "Low" and "High". The "Low Vorfeld" is created by two correctly aimed Audi 100 low beam headlights while in the "High

Vorfeld" condition two PES (low beams) aimed 1,50 down are added.

These headlights have been delivered from Bosch for these experiments.

Computer simulations of visibility distances have been carried out under

exactly the same conditions. Light intensity data of each experimental headlight has been received on tap'e from Bosch for use in the

simula-tions.

Additional computer simulations have been made with higher "Vorfeld"-luminance levels by multiplying the light intensities of the 2 PES by the factors 2 and 4. All headlight conditions used in the field experiments as

(3)

"Vorfeld" condition

Basic low Extra Field Computer

beam "Vorfeid" Experiments Simulations

iiiumination illumination

Two Audi-100 - Low Low

low beam

2 PES

High

High (i)

headiights

2x2 PES

-

High (2)

4x2 PES - High (4)

'-The experimental vehicle equipped with the headlights experiments is shown by the following photos:

used in the

The outer headiights are the ordinary Audi-100 low beams, the inner ones

(4)

*'25

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_ n . . *i 3 _ .r t

(5)

Control of the headlight illumination beyond the area of the "Vorfeld"

The two PES are adding some light towards the road on distances beyond the "Vorfeld". In order to equalize the light intensity falling into this area of target detection an extra headlight with a diffusing filter was mounted below the four ordinary headlights (see figures above).

The light intensity of this extra headlight in the direction toward the target was adjusted in the laboratory to be exactly as large as the

comparable extra illumination of this area from the two PES.

The illumination of the target on distances beyond 50 m' should then be equal for the two "Vorfeld" conditions "High" and "Low".

The light above the cut-off has been simulated in two ways in the

computer simulations. The first set of data has been received from a correct simulation of the light intensities of the field experiments

complemented with another two levels of "Vorfeld" luminance: "High" (2)

and (4) shown in the tables below.

"Vorfeld" condition Headlight condition

Low 2 Audi 100 + additive constant

High (i) 2 Audi 100 + 2 PES above as

well as below the cut-off

High (2)

2 Audi 100 + 2 PES above the cut-off

+ 4 PES below the cut-off High (4) 2 Audi 100 + 2 PES above the cut-off

+ 8 PES below the cut-off

The second set of data has been received from a simulation without any added light above the cut-off. The conditions is shown below.

"Vorfeld" condition

Headlight condition

LOW 2 Audi 100

High (l) 2 Audi 100 + 2 PES below the cut-off

High (2)

2 Audi 100 + 4 PES below the cut-off

(6)

The experimental situation

The experimental situation as it has been specified by Bosch is shown in

Figure 1.

This specification is valid for two of the three field experiments as well as for the computer simulations.

The distance from the vertical plane dividing the lane of travel in two

equally broad parts in Figure 1 to the near side of the target has been 1,75 m. This vertical plane coincides with the median plane of the

experimental vehicle.

The glaring light (Eg) is coming from a vehicle which is standstill in the

middle of the opposite lane.

The speed of the experimental vehicle has been 50 km/h. Beside the driver and an experimental leader three subjects have been seated in this vehicle.

The only task of the subjects is to push a silent push-button immediately after detection of a target on the road.

As an experimental control of the detections, a target is now and then

removed. Experiment l

Independent variables and levels A. "Vorfeld" conditions (2)

_ "Hith _ "Low"

B. Opposing beam (3)

- Presence light (-)

- Low beam correctly aimed (O)

(7)

C. Luminance factor of target (size .4x.4 m)

- .03 black - .07 dark grey - .18 light grey.

Total number of experimental conditions

Number of replications (2)

Total number of trials: 36

Longitudinal positions of the targets in front of the opposing standstill vehicle: O; 150; 300 and 400 m.

Control measurements of the headlight illumination of the targets showed that the illumination was equal for the "High" and the "Low Vorfeld" conditions on distances to the targets over 60 m.

The visibility distances of the black target were in the area of unequal

illumination. Consequently, these results cannot be used in the analysis so they are dismissed.

Experiment 2 and 3

In Experiment 1 the illumination of the target at 'short distances was

unequal for the "High" and "Low "Vorfeld" condition. This was an effect

of the asymmetric sector of the 2 PES extra headlights. The following experiments 2 and 3 were carried out to minimize this risk of unequal illumination of the targets at distances beyond the area of the "Vorfeld". Experiment 2

In Experiment 2 the target position on the road was l m to the left of the experimental vehicle when passing. To avoid detection of the targets as silhouettes towards the opposing beam the opposing vehicle was

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experimental vehicle on a collision course. Under these circumstances visibility distances to a target in a position alongside with the front of

the standstill vehicle cannot be measured. Independent variables and levels

A. "Vorfeld" conditions (2) __ "High"

_ "Low"

B. Opposing beam (3)

- ,Presence light (-)

- Low beam, correctly aimed (0)

- Low beam, aimed 1,50 up. (+)

C. Luminance factor of target (l)

- .07 dark grey.

Total number of experimental conditions

(2)x(3)x(l) = 6

'

Number of replications (6) Total number of trials: 36

Measurements of illumination towards the targets showed that there was no difference between the "High" and "Low" "Vorfeld" condition on distances longer than 40 m.

Longitudinal positions of the targets in front of the opposing standstill vehicle: 150; 300 and 400 m.

Experiment 3

In Experiment 3 the illumination of the targets placed l m to the right of

the passing experimental vehicle was equalized for the "High" and "Low" "Vorfeld" conditions by aiming the two extra PES headlights about #0 to the right.

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Experiment 3 is at large a repetition of experiment l with the exception

that only one target luminance factor value has been used: the dark grey target. The reason for this is that the detection of the black target is expected at so short distances that the target will be illuminated by light

below the cut-off before detection. This will probably conceal an effect of "Vorfeld" luminance level on visibility distances. On the other hand

the light grey target has been left out because the repetition of a small

number of experimental conditions is regarded as more important in order to show the size of the possible effect.

Independent. variables and levels: A. "Vorfeld" conditions (2)

__ "High" _ "Low"

B. Opposing beam (3)

- Presence light (-)

- Low beam, correctly aimed (O) - Low beam, aimed 1,50 up (+) C. Luminance factor of target (l)

- .07, dark grey.

Total number of experimental conditions

(2)x(3)x(l) = 6

Number of replications (6)

Total number of trials: 36.

The results of the light measurements during Experiment 3 are shown below:

A. Levels of illumination from the "High" and "Low" "Vorfeld" conditions after reflection in the road surface. Measurements made just behind the windshield.

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High

Low

0,28 lux 0,20 lux

B. Glaring light intensities (cd) from opposing vehicle towards

experi-mental vehicle at some distances.

Distance m

300 150 100 50

Presence light (-) 3 cd 2 cd 3 cd 3 cd

Low beam (O)

930 cd

790 cd

700 cd

540 cd

Low beam, 1,50 up (+) 9.500 cd 9.100 cd 9.300 cd 8.300 cd

C. Vorfeld luminance levels 15-20 m in front of the experimental vehicle. See table below.

Luminance (cd/m1)

Position "High" "Low"

Straight in front 0,94 0,51

of the vehicle

1,8 m to the left 0,46 0,37

1,8 m to the right 1,29 0,42

D. The headlight illumination of the target (lux) at some distances in

front of the experimental vehicle.

Distance (m)

80 60. 40 20

"'High" 4,4 9,0 19 45

"Low" 4,5 9, 0 19 38

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10

Results, Experiments 1-3

The results are shown for Experiment 1 in Figures 2-7 and in Tables 1 and 2, for Experiment 2 in Figures 8-10 and in table 3 and for Experi-ment 3 in Figures 11-13 and in table 4. The overall effect over the three

experiments are shown in Table 5. Comments on the results

The effect of the "Vorfeld" luminance of the levels which have been tested is small. The gain in visibility distance to a dark grey target with the size of .4x.4 m by reducing the "Vorfeld" luminance from the level of

"High" to "Low" is for each experiment about 3 per cent. Results of the computer simulations

The computed visibility distances to a dark grey target for simulations of

different "Vorfeld" luminance levels are shown in Table 6 and in Figures

14-16.

The simulations are made in a situation with an opposing vehicle (an Audi 100 with correcly aimed beams) at twenty different distances ranging from 30-340 m in front of the experimental vehicle.

Comments on the results

- There are very small differences in visibility distances between the

two different simulations. This means that the extra light above the cut-off in the first simulation does not have any significant import-ance for the interpretation of the results.

- Compared to the results of the field experiments the gain in visibility

distance by reducing the "Vorfeld" luminance from the "High (1)" to the "Low" level is even smaller: about 1 compared to 3 per cent.

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ll

Discussion

The results of the field experiments as well as of the computer simula-tions show that the effect on visibilty distances to targets on the road is

small when the "Vorfeld" luminances are varied by a factor of about 2

(when illuminated by 2 and 4 low beams respectively).

This result is valid for a road surface retroreflection of 12 mcd/mZ/lux which is a quite normal value for dry road surfaces in Sweden. Generaliz-ation of this result to other road surface conditions (e.g. snow) should be avoided before further research.

The relative difference between the results of the field experiments and the computer simulations is difficult to interpret. One possibility isthat the computer model is to insensitive in computing the effect of "Vorfeld" glare, another is that there could have been small differences between

the illumination of the target for the "Low" and "High" "Vorfeld"

condi-tions in the field experiments in spite of light measurements for experi-mental control.

Because the two PES have been two ordinary asymmetric low beams there has been some difficulties to make the basic "Low" "Vorfeld"

condition quite similar to the "High" "Vorfeld" condition on distances

beyond the "Vorfeld".

For future field experiments in this area of research it would be prefer-able to use PES with a horisontal cut-off and a minimum of light above this cut-off.

(13)

G

12

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(14)

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(16)

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(18)

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(19)

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(20)

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(21)

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(22)

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(23)

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(24)

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(25)

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"High" "Vorfeld" luminances when meeting a vehicle on low

beams aimed 1,50 up (+). (Experiement 3).

D i s t a n c e b e t we e n c a r s (m )

(26)

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and "High (1)" "Vorfeld" when meeting a vehicle on correctly

aimed low beams. (Simulation 1).

D i s t a n c e b e t we e n c a r s .

(27)

aimed low beams. (Simulation l).

Computed sight distances to dark grey targets for the "Low"

and "High (2)" "Vorfeld" when meeting a vehicle on correctly

FiLweIS S igh t di st an ce . 1 0 0 % 90 d

80

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(28)

aimed low beams. (Simulation 1).

Computed sight distances to dark grey targets for the "Low"

and "High (4)" "Vcrfeld" when meeting a vehicle on correctly

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(29)

Tabie 1 Differences in sight distances to a dark grey target for the "Low" and "High" "Vorfeid" conditions in Experiment 1

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Experiment 1

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(30)

Tabie 3 Differences in sight distances to a dark grey target for the "Low" and "High" "Vorfeid" conditions in Experiment 2

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Tabie 4 Differences in sight distanceá to a dark grey target for the l'Low" and "High" "Vorfeid" conditions in Experiment 3

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(31)

Tab1e 5 Differences in sight distances to a dark grey target for the "Low" and "High" "Vorfe1d" conditions in Experiments 1, 2 and 3

ggg/mla/äance. Jc'ffewemce gflow"- '2,4%"(m) '

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017/1705/sz

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Mean

2, 7"

570

_ 7/3

2I 7

(0)

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0,2

7,5'

3,2/

<+>

4, a

4 /

3, 5

X, 5'

Mean

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7/ 3

3; 3

02, ?

Jm

;oge-rnéa In

erteyrt'

:3

:3

:5

0 P 517h+ dufamtê

(32)

Tab1e 6 Simu1ated sight distances to a dark grey target for a number of "V0rfe1d" conditions

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"#74 (0:,

»av

2 PEs

96,?

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v "

---/I--

895,3*

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w h --

-- / -

84,3

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- "

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- (Mi/md'

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---

?572

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- /' *-

w

83/3

(33)

Figure

Figure 12: Sight distances to dark grey targets for the &#34;Low&#34; and
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References

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