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Rotordynamic optimization of large turbo systems using genetic algorithms

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DOCTORA L T H E S I S

DOCTORA L T H E S I S

Luleå University of Technology

The Polhem Laboratory, Division of Computer Aided Design 2006:12|: 102-15|: - -- 06 ⁄12 -- 

Rotordynamic Optimization of Large

Turbo Systems using Genetic Algorithms

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