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Fire safety in timber buildings – State of the art

Birgit Östman, Sustainable Built Environemnt. SP Technical Research Institue of Sweden

Stockholm, Sweden

New construction methods and new design tools have enabled

effec-tive construction of good quality timber buildings for affordable

pri-ces. It is generally accepted that timber buildings have a low carbon

footprint and offer healthy and natural living environments.

Further-more, it is well recognised that construction sites of timber buildings

are quiet and dry and, therefore, offer a healthy work environment

for builders.

The combustibility of timber is one of the main reasons that many

building regulations strictly limit the use of timber as a building

mate-rial. As fire safety is an important criterion for the choice of building

materials, the main precondition for an increased use of timber as a

building material is adequate fire safety.

World-wide, several research projects on the fire behaviour of timber

structures have been conducted over the past decades, which aimed

at providing a basis for the safe use of timber. Novel fire design

con-cepts and models (fig. 1b) have been developed, based on extensive

testing [1]. Adoption of improved knowledge of technical detailing,

e.g. implementation of encapsulation of structural members or fire

stops (fig.1a) leads to an increase fire resistance. Furthermore, the

im-plementation of technical measures, such as sprinkler systems, smoke

detecting systems, and well equipped fire services [2], allow the safe

use of timber in a wide field of application (fig. 1d). As a result, many

countries have started to revise their fire regulations (fig.2), leading to

an increased use of timber.

Wood may burn and char from the surface, but normal wood remains

below the pyrolysis zone for a long time. High fire resistance may

therefo-re be maintained also for load-bearing structutherefo-res.

Figure 2. Restrictions of the use of timber structures for higher buildings,

set by national prescriptive regulations, have been eased in Europe over

the last decades. A further increase in permitted use is expected. [1]

COPENHAGEN, DENMARK • CROWNE PLAZA, COPENHAGEN TOWERS • 4-5 JUNE 2015

SFPE EUROPE CONFERENCE

FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERING

1ST

Conference Hosts

SFPE Benelux

SFPE España

SFPE France

SFPE Italia

SFPE Polska

SFPE Sverige

SFPE United Kingdom

Conference Program

Committee

Michael Strömgren,

Research Scientist, SP Technical

Research Institute of Sweden (Chair)

Nicole Testa Boston,

CAE, Executive Director, SFPE

Anne Dederichs, Ph.

D.,

Associate Professor, Technical Univeristy

of Denmark

Melissa Franco,

Marketing & Meeting Manager, SFPE

Chris Jelenewicz,

Engineering Practice Senior Manager, SFPE

Amelle Muller,

CNPP - Laboratoire de Feu et de Environment

Guillermo Rein, Ph.

D.,

Senior Lecturer, Imperial College London

Simone Sacco, P.Ing.,

Manager, Hughes Associates Europe

Piotr Tofilo,

Ph. D.,

President, SFPE Polish Chapter

Gabriele Vigne,

Director, JVVA Fire & Risk

Conference Organizing

Committee

Jimmy Jönsson,

President, SFPE ECCG (Chair)

Erik Almgren,

Head of Fire Protection Öresund, Bengt

Dahlgren Fire and Risk AB

Nicole Testa Boston,

CAE, Executive Director, SFPE

Melissa Franco,

Marketing & Meetings Manager, SFPE

FIND COMPLETE DETAILS AND REGISTRATION AT WWW.SFPE.ORG

On behalf of SFPE, the SFPE European Chapters

Coordination Group (ECCG) and the local Planning

and Organizing Committee comprised of members

from the SFPE Swedish Chapter, we are delighted

to invite you to Copenhagen, Denmark for the

inaugural SFPE Europe Conference on Fire Safety

Engineering that will be held from 4-5 June 2015.

This conference will bring together practitioners, researchers

and educators who are engaged in fire safety engineering. It will

cover different subjects related to fire safety engineering, but

with a special focus on the role of the fire safety engineer and on

the professional practice.

Fire safety engineering as a discipline is gaining recognition

and serves a vital role in many projects within the construction

industry. The purpose of the conference is to further advance the

discipline, and to do that, it is necessary to understand the role of

the fire safety engineer and the different techniques and methods

used within the discipline.

Copenhagen is a modern, multicultural metropolis, famed for

blending business and pleasure. We hope that you will take up the

many opportunities for you to enjoy Copenhagen and all that it has

to offer.

We look forward to seeing you soon at the inaugural SFPE Europe

Conference on Fire Safety Engineering.

Yours Sincerely,

Jimmy Jönsson

2015

President, ECCG

2015 Organizing Chair, SFPE Europe Conference on

Fire Safety Engineering

References

1. Östman, Mikkola, Stein, Frangi, König, Dhima, Hakkarainen,

Bregulla. Fire safety in timber buildings - Technical guideline for Europe.

SP Report 2010:19.

2. INSTA/TS 950. Fire Safety Engineering – Comparative method to verify fire

safety design in buildings. InterNordic Standard, 2014.

Principle for fi re safety design by sprinklers:

Increased fi re safety by installation of sprinklers may lead to relaxations in the passive fi re means, and still fulfi l the same or higher safety level.

New fi re design models have been developed for new innova-tive timber structures and verifi ed by testing. The new models will be included in next version of Eurocode 5.

Proper detailing in timber structures is necessary to ensure that the fi re resistance of structures is maintained. Fire stops are needed for joints, penetrations and installations.

Chapter 6; Load-bearing timber structures, introduces the design methods for verifi cation of the structural stability of timber structures in the event of fi re, applying the classifi ca-tion for Criterion R for fi re resistance (load-bearing funcca-tion). Reference is made to Eurocode 5 with respect to charring and strength and stiffness parameters. Alternative design models are presented, as well as new design methods for timber struc-tures currently outside the present scope of Eurocode 5.

Chapter 7; Timber connections, provides an overview of the basic requirements for timber connections. The calculation methods in Eurocode 5 are complemented with state-of-the-art design methods, the result of recent research. Both timber-to-timber and steel-to-timber-to-timber connections are included. The mo-dels are described and worked examples presented.

Chapter 8; Fire stops, service installations and detailing in

timber structures, deals with the need for adequate detailing

in the building structure to prevent fi re spread within the buil-ding elements to other parts of the builbuil-ding. Special attention is paid to basic principles, fi re stops, element joints and building services installations. Several practical examples of detailing in timber structures are included.

Chapter 9; Novel products and their implementation, is ai-med primarily at product developers. It describes guidelines for introducing novel structural materials and products. The basic performance requirements and potential solutions for insulating materials, encasing claddings and board materials, thin thermal barriers and fi re-retardant wood products are in-cluded. The innovation process from idea to approved product ready for the market is outlined.

Chapter 10; Active fi re protection, describes how such pro-tection is used to achieve a more fl exible fi re safety design of buildings and an acceptable level of fi re safety in large and/or complex buildings. The chapter introduces common active fi re protection systems, including fi re detection and alarm systems, fi re suppression and smoke control systems. Sprinkler installa-tion provides special benefi ts for increased use of wood in buil-dings, particularly where surfaces are to remain visible.

Chapter 11; Performance-based design, describes the basic principles of performance-based design, requirements and verifi cation. Fire risk assessment principles are described in terms of objectives, fi re safety engineering design, design fi res, calculation/simulation methods and statistics. A case study of a probabilistic approach is also included.

Chapter 12; Quality of construction workmanship and

in-spection, describes the need for execution and control of

work-manship to ensure that the planned fi re safety precautions are built in. It also emphasises the need for fi re safety at building sites, when not all fi re safety measures are yet in place.

New active suppression system Required fi re safety level Relaxation in traditional protection

The Technical guideline Fire safety in timber buildings is

published as SP Report 2010:19

6

SP T

echnical Research Institute of Sweden

a) Proper detailing in timber structures is

necessary to ensure that the fire resistance

of structures is maintained. Fire stops are

needed for concealed spaces, joints,

pe-netrations and installations.

b) New fire design models have been developed

for innovative timber structures and verified by

tes-ting. The new models will be included in next

ver-sion of Eurocode 5.

Contact:

Birgit A-L Östman

Phone: +46 10 516 62 24

E-mail: birgit.ostman@sp.se

SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

Sustainable Built Environment

Box 5609, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden

www.sp.se

c) Multifamily house, former corn storage, Eslöv,

Sweden.

Principle for fi re safety design by sprinklers:

Increased fi re safety by installation of sprinklers may lead to relaxations in the passive fi re means, and still fulfi l the same or higher safety level.

New fi re design models have been developed for new innova-tive timber structures and verifi ed by testing. The new models will be included in next version of Eurocode 5.

Proper detailing in timber structures is necessary to ensure that the fi re resistance of structures is maintained. Fire stops are needed for joints, penetrations and installations.

Chapter 6; Load-bearing timber structures, introduces the design methods for verifi cation of the structural stability of timber structures in the event of fi re, applying the classifi ca-tion for Criterion R for fi re resistance (load-bearing funcca-tion). Reference is made to Eurocode 5 with respect to charring and strength and stiffness parameters. Alternative design models are presented, as well as new design methods for timber struc-tures currently outside the present scope of Eurocode 5.

Chapter 7; Timber connections, provides an overview of the basic requirements for timber connections. The calculation methods in Eurocode 5 are complemented with state-of-the-art design methods, the result of recent research. Both timber-to-timber and steel-to-timber-to-timber connections are included. The mo-dels are described and worked examples presented.

Chapter 8; Fire stops, service installations and detailing in

timber structures, deals with the need for adequate detailing

in the building structure to prevent fi re spread within the buil-ding elements to other parts of the builbuil-ding. Special attention is paid to basic principles, fi re stops, element joints and building services installations. Several practical examples of detailing in timber structures are included.

Chapter 9; Novel products and their implementation, is ai-med primarily at product developers. It describes guidelines for introducing novel structural materials and products. The basic performance requirements and potential solutions for insulating materials, encasing claddings and board materials, thin thermal barriers and fi re-retardant wood products are in-cluded. The innovation process from idea to approved product ready for the market is outlined.

Chapter 10; Active fi re protection, describes how such pro-tection is used to achieve a more fl exible fi re safety design of buildings and an acceptable level of fi re safety in large and/or complex buildings. The chapter introduces common active fi re protection systems, including fi re detection and alarm systems, fi re suppression and smoke control systems. Sprinkler installa-tion provides special benefi ts for increased use of wood in buil-dings, particularly where surfaces are to remain visible.

Chapter 11; Performance-based design, describes the basic principles of performance-based design, requirements and verifi cation. Fire risk assessment principles are described in terms of objectives, fi re safety engineering design, design fi res, calculation/simulation methods and statistics. A case study of a probabilistic approach is also included.

Chapter 12; Quality of construction workmanship and

in-spection, describes the need for execution and control of

work-manship to ensure that the planned fi re safety precautions are built in. It also emphasises the need for fi re safety at building sites, when not all fi re safety measures are yet in place.

New active suppression system Required fi re safety level Relaxation in traditional protection

The Technical guideline Fire safety in timber buildings is

published as SP Report 2010:19

6

d) Principle for fire safety design by sprinklers:

Increased fire safety by installation of sprinklers may

lead to relaxations in the passive fire means, and still

fulfill the same or higher safety level.

SP INFO 2015:12

References

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