HALUATKO TIETÄÄ MITEN IHMISEN AIVOT JA MIELI TOIMIVAT?
A ivotutkimusta motivoi ihmisen uteliaisuus itseään ja toimintaansa kohtaan, mutta myös halu lieventää aivo sairauksien aiheuttamaa kärsimystä. Tässä kirjassa eri alojen neurotietei lijät tarjoavat yleis tajuisesti ajankohtaista tietoa ihmis aivojen toimintaperiaatteista.
Nykyisillä tutkimusmenetelmillä aivoista saadaan tark- kaa tietoa ihmiseen kajoamatta. Aivot ovat hierarkkisesti järjestäytynyt hermo verkosto, joka on evoluutiossa kehitty- nyt ennus tamaan tulevaisuutta, ei niinkään prosessoimaan ulkomaailman ärsykkeitä mahdollisimman tarkasti.
Aivot muovautuvat koko elämän ajan vuorovaiku tuk sessa ympäristön ja muiden ihmisten kanssa. Vaikka terveillä aivoilla on keskeinen rooli hyvinvoinnin ja toimintakyvyn kannalta, ihmisen käyttäy tymistä tulee tarkastella koko- naisvaltaisemmin. Tässä asioiden suhteuttamisessa auttaa perustieto omasta keskusproses sorista, todellisesta pää- omastamme.
Runsaasti kuvitettu kirja on tarkoitettu yleistajuiseksi tietolähteeksi ja ajatusten herättäjäksi kaikille aivoista kiinnostuneille.
A I V O A A K K O S E T
CARLSON
& HARI
S. CARLSON & R. HARI (TOIM.)
Aalto-yliopiston julkaisusarja 5/2021 CROSSOVER
Perustieteiden korkeakoulu/
Aalto Brain Centre (ABC) &
Taiteiden ja suunnittelun korkeakoulu Aalto ARTSBooks
Espoo
www.aaltoartsbooks.fi
ISBN 978-952-64-0394-6 (painettu) ISBN 978-952-64-0412-7 (ePub) ISBN 978-952-64-0395-3 (pdf) ISSN 1799-4950
ISSN 1799-4969 (electronic)
© Synnöve Carlson & Riitta Hari ja kirjoittajat
Graafinen suunnittelu Jani Pulkka, Camilla Pentti Typografiaja kansi Jani Pulkka
Infografiikatja niiden muokkaus Camilla Pentti,Juha Haapala, Ville Mehtonen,Jani Pulkka Kirjaintyypit
Amhem, IBM Plex Sans & Mono Materiaalit
Kansi Ensocoat 230 g/m2 Sisus Scandia Natural115 g/m2 Otavan kirjapaino Oy, 2021
!"innehåll
"
INNEHÅLL
Förord !"4
1 HJÄRNANS UPPBYGGNAD OCH FUNKTION • 10
SYNNÖVE CARLSON
!"#$%&%'"("'%) *"+,#)-) ./)012#3%',(("34) *"') ,5'636(,) 3"#$%&%'"("') 678) +9++812#3,3) -) .:)
!"#$7"++"#) 678) ;+9,7"++"#)-) .<)!"#$7"++"#3,) 9) ,#="'")-) .>) 012#3+6="#3,) %,(') ?#9(2#,) 678) ,%%679,'9$,) 6(#@*"3) 9) 812#3=,#A"3) -) BB) 012#38,+$6#3,) 678) %?+9'=#,93C?,'9"3') - BD) 012#3=,#A"3%) E93%'#5A'5#) -) B>) F#@3) 3"#$7"++"#) '9++) 3"5#,+,) 32'$"#A)-) //)G+5'6#*)-) /H)
!
2 AVBILDNING AV MÄNNISKOHJÄRNAN? • 38
RIITTA HARI
I,'6#'6(6;#,E9) JIKL)-) M.)N,;3"'9%A)
#"%63,3%'6(6;#,E9) JNOKL)-) MB)F53A'963"++) (,;3"'#"%63,3%'6(6;#,E9) JENOKL) -) MH) I9EE5%963%'"3%6#,$=9+*393;) ) JIKPL) )-) ) MD)
N,;3"'"37"E,+6;#,E9) ) JNQRL) ) 678) ) "+"A'#6"37"E,+6;#,E9) JQQRL) -) M>) S6%9'#63"(9%%963%'6(6;#,E9) JSQKL) -) H.) G93;"+E6'63"(9%%963%'6(6;#,E9) ) JGSQTK4) ) GSQKL) )-) ) H/)
!2#,C93E#,#U*) %?"A'#6%A6?9) J!POGL)-) H/)G'9(5+"#93;) ,$) 812#3,3) -) HM) S,#,++"++) ,3$23*393;) ,$) ("'6*"#) -) HD)
!
3 VÅR NÄTVERKANDE HJÄRNA • 60
ENRICO GLEREAN
!"#$%&%' ()*' +,--' %#./,$0'1' 23'456' 78$' 9*"#$%&%-:' %#./,$0' 1' 23'
;#./,$0-/,.,%-0&<' (=' *"#$%&%' 1' 2>'
;#./,$0'?'=#%%?-0(*"#$%&%' 1 2@'ABC.($+'1'DE'
#"innehåll
"
4 VÅR FORMBARA HJÄRNA, LÄRANDE OCH MINNE • 72
SYNNÖVE CARLSON OCH VIRVE VUONTELA
V() 812#3,3%) 5'$"7A+93;) -) DH) 012#3,3%) E6#(=,#8"') -) D:) N"*EU**) %"3%6#9%A) *"?#9$,'963) E6#(,#)
812#3,A'9$9'"'"3) -) D<)N@3;%9*9;') (933") 678)
(933"%+U%8"') -) <W) N933"%?,'9"3') 0N) -) <.) N933"') 678) +2#,3*") E6#(,#) %&3,?%"#3,X) YKS) 678) YKI)-) <M) G"3%6#9%A') (933") 678) ,#="'%(933")-) <D)V()
,#="'%(933"'%) 7"++5+2#,) ("A,39%("#) -) <D) N2339%A,3) +2#) %9;) Z) EU#23*#,%) 812#3,3[)-) <>)
!
5 HJÄRNAN UR EN FYSIKERS SYNVINKEL • 94
RISTO ILMONIEMI
P3+"*393;)-) >D)F#@;6#) 6() 812#3,3)-) >>) 012#3,3%) E53A'963)-) .W.)012#3,3) 678) E&%9A)-) .WB)R@#) *"') ,'') +2%,) ',3A,#[)-) .WB)\'') %A#9$,) ',3A,#)-) .W/)\'') ]A6?9"#,])
"++"#) +,;#,) ',3A,#)-) .WH)!&)
812#3,$=9+*393;%'"A39A)-) .W:)!&) '"A39A) EU#) (,;3"'%'9(5+"#93;)-) .W>)
^$,#%'@"3*") E#@;6#)-) ...)
!
!
6 ÖGAT EN DEL AV HJÄRNAN: DEN SMARTA NÄTHINNAN FÅNGAR FOTONER OCH FÖRUTSER DET SOM SKA KOMMA • 114
AARNI SEPPÄNEN OCH PETRI ALA-LAURILA
_,A;#53*"3) '9++) 32'8933"C) 678) %&3E6#%A393;) 9) $2#+*"3) 678) 9) F93+,3*) - ..D)Y15%(9+1U"#4) U;,'%) "$6+5'963) 678) %&3%933"')-) .BW)K&?"#) ,$) 3"#$7"++"#) 9) 32'8933,3) 678) *"#,%) A6??+93;,#)-) .BB) `"#A%,(8"') 9) 32'8933,3X) A6*393;) 678) %"+"A'9$9'"') -) .BH) !2'8933,3) EU#("*+,#) '9++) 678) ("*) %9;3,+"#) %6() 5??%'@#) ,$) "3%A9+*,) +15%A$,3'5() -) .B:) I"3)
%(,#',) 32'8933,3) ="#2A3,#) #U#"+%"#) 678) EU#5'%"#) E#,('9*"3) -) .B<) G,((,3E,''393;)-) ./.)
!
7 MUSKLERNA HÅLLER VÄRLDEN I GÅNG • 134
HARRI PIITULAINEN
012#3,3) Z) A63'#6++7"3'#"') EU#) #U#"+%")-) ./<) N5%A5+,'5#"3%) 5??;9E'"#) -) .M.) F93%'#5A'5#) 9) (5%A+"#3,)-) .MB)
N5%A"+%'Ɖ)-) .M/)S#6?#967"?'963) 678)
#&;;(2#;"3%) #U#"+%"A63'#6++) -) .MH) G+5'6#*) -) .M<)
$"innehåll
"
8 SPRÅKLIG BEARBETNING • 150
RIITTA SALMELIN
G?#@A"') 678) (2339%A,3)-) .H/)V() %?#@A"'%) "$6+5'9634) 5'$"7A+93;) 678) ";"3%A,?"#) -) .HM) G?#@A#"?#"%"3','963) 9) 812#3,3) -) .H:) `,*) %2;"#) 812#3,$=9+*393;) 6() =",#="'393;) ,$) %?#@A) 9) * " 3 ) E#9%A,)
(2339%A6812#3,3[) -) .HD) K9*9;,#") A53%A,?"#%) 93E+&',3*")
?@) EU#%'@"+%"3) ,$) %?#@A+9;,) %9;3,+"#)-) .:W)Y2%5'$"7A+93;) 678) +2%%'U#393;,#) -) .:B) ^$,3'9','9$,) %?#@A(6*"++"#) 678) (,%A9393+2#393;) %6() 3&,) $"#A'&;) EU#)
812#3E6#%A393;) -) .:/) )
9 FILM SOM STIMULI FÖR
HJÄRNAVBILDNINGSSTUDIER • 168
IIRO P. JÄÄSKELÄINEN
F9+("#) ;"#) E,3',%'9%A,) (U1+9;8"'"#) '9++) 53*"#%UA393;) ,$) A23%+6(2%%9;,)#",A'963"#)-).D/)
09"#,#A93) ,$) '9*%%A,+6#) EU#) '9*%=",#="'393;) 9) 812#3,3) -) .DH) Y9A8"'"#) 9) A23%+6#) $9%,#) %9;) %6() +9A8"'"#) 9) 812#3,A'9$9'"')-) .D:) ^23%+6#) A,3) ,$+2%,%) ,$) 812#3,A'9$9'"') -) .DD) \3$23*393;) ,$) E9+("#) EU#)
53*"#%UA393;) ,$) %679,+) A6;39'963) -) .D<) N"'6*5'$"7A+93;) 2#) 3&7A"+3) '9++) A63'935"#+9;,) E#,(%'";) -) .<W)G+5'+"*393;,#-) .<.)
!
10 DEN KÄNSLOSAMMA HJÄRNAN • 184
LAURI NUMMENMAA OCH HEINI SAARIMÄKI
I"')(23%A+9;,)?%&A"'%)'"#(6%',')-)
.<D) ^23%+6#3,%) U$"#+"$3,*%93'"++9;"3%) -) .<<)^23%+6#3,%) 3"5#63,+,) 32'$"#A)-) .>W) ^23%+6#) %2''"#) A#6??"3) 9) #U#"+%") -) .>/) ^23%+6#3,) %&3+9;;U#%) -) .>H)`,#EU#)
%&3%) A23%+6#) 5'@'[)-) .>D)G+5'6#*)-) .><)
!
11 VAR HÅLLER MEDVETANDET HUS? • 202
LAURI PARKKONEN
P3+"*393;)-)BWH)`,*)2#)("*$"',3*"[)-) BWH)N"*$"',3*"')%6()E9+6%6E9%A')
?#6=+"()-)BW:)P*"3'9E9"#93;),$) ("*$"',3*")-)BW<)a3*"#%UA393;),$) ("*$"',3*")-)B..)N6*"++"#)U$"#)
#"E+"b9$')("*$"',3*")-)B.M) G,((,3E,''393;)-)B.:)
%"innehåll
"
12 HJÄRNAN I BLÅSVÄDER – AVBILDNING AV NEUROLOGISKA SJUKDOMAR • 218
NINA FORSS
a3*"#%UA393;) ,$) 3"5#6+6;9%A,) ?,'9"3'"#)-) BB.) G'#5A'5#"++) 678) *&3,(9%A) 812#3,$=9+*393;) -) BBB)F53A'963"++) 812#3,$=9+*393;)-) BBM)
^#639%A) %(2#',)-) BBH)G'U#393;,#) 9) $,A"38"')678) ("*$"',3*";#,*)-) BB<)G+5'6#*)-) B/.)
!
13 OM HJÄRNANS OCH PSYKETS SJUKDOMAR OCH VÄLMÅENDE • 234
TUUKKA RAIJ
`,#EU#)53*"#%UA,)812#3,3)6()*"')(,3)$9++)EU#%'@)2#)
?%&A"'[)-)B/D)N6'%$,#9;8"'"#)9)812#3,3)'9++)?%&A9%A,)
%&('6()-)B/>)`,#EU#)'"3*"#,#)?%&A"'),'')%'U#,%[)-) BMM)05#)?@$"#A,#)?%&A9,'#9%A,)="8,3*+93;,#) 812#3,3[)-)BMH)S%&A9%A)82+%,)9)E#,('9*"3)-)BMD)
!
14 VET VI HUR DEN MÄNSKLIGA HJÄRNAN FUNGERAR? • 250
RIITTA HARI
\'')%")*"3)%'6#,)=9+*"3c) F#@3) #U#"+%") '9++) %933"%EU#39(("+%") 678)
%,(%?"+)-) BHH)P3'"++9;"3') 6(;9$393;)-) B:/)`,#) 678) "3) 2#) ;,+"3)
?@) %9'') %2'') J6#*%?#@A) E#@3) 099'6+,L) -) B:M) `9A'"3) ,$) %679,+')
%,(%?"+)-) B:M)_,7A) '6) =,%97%)-) B:D)G,((,3E,''393;)-) B:>) )
15 KONST, NEUROVETENSKAP OCH KREATIVITET – VAD KAN VI LÄRA AV VARANDRA? • 272
RIITTA HARI
!2#) 6+9A,) *9%79?+93"#) (U'%)-) BDH)G&3%933"'%) E53A'963) 5#) A63%'"3%) %&3$93A"+)-) BD<)^63%') %6() '#2393;) EU#) ?%&A"')-) BD>)
!"5#6"%'"'9A)-) B<W)05#) A,3) A63%'"3) ="#U#,) 678) ;#9?,[) K,+,#) $9)
"3%) %,((,) %?#@A[)-) B<.)^,3) $9) $"',) 3@;6') 6() ,3*#,%)
%933"%933"8@++) Z) d5,+9,[)-) B<B)^6#') A63%'89%'6#9,) ,$) "3) 3"5#6E6#%A,#") -) B</) ^#",'9$9'"'4) '23A,3*") 678) 812#3,3) -) B<:) G+5'#"E+"A'963) A#93;) EU#8@++,3*"') ("++,3) 3"5#6$"'"3%A,?) 678) A63%')-) B>W)
!
Upphovsrätt för bilder !"295 Index !"299
!
!"# "
!#!#!"
!"#"
KAPITEL 10
!"#"!"#"
!"#"!"#"
!
!"#"!"# "
#!# "
!
DEN KÄNSLOSAMMA HJÄRNAN
!"#"!"# "
!"#"!"# "
LAURI NUMMENMAA OCH HEINI SAARIMÄKI
!
LAURI NUMMENMAA
!"#$%&'()(*&+,-$./012%2'$234$
.+25&//2+$($*&-(3(6/1$,78(%-6(6'$7(-$
9:;<3&6)+&)$7(-$=82$>6(7&+/()&)?$
@>**&6*,,$52+/1,+$($*&1,6(/*&+6,$
8,12*$-&)$3&6)+,%,$6&+7/0/)&*&)$*&-$
4AB+6,78(%-6(6'/*&)2-&+?$
'
HEINI SAARIMÄKI
!"#$6&>+252+/1,+&$234$!(6%,6-/$
C1,-&*(<52+/1,+-21)2+$7(-$
;,**&+52+/$>6(7&+/()&)?$D,,+(*B1($
52+/1,+$2*$1B6/%2+$($4AB+6,6#$1+2..&6$
234$./01&)$234$2*$4>+$-&6$
/23(2&*2)(26&%%,$8&,+8&)6(6'&6$
>)7&31%,/$5+E6$8,+6-2*&6$)(%%$
7>F&6%(7&)?$G$/(6$52+/16(6'$12*8(6&+,+$
426$4AB+6,78(%-6(6'#$*,/1(6(6%B+6(6'$
234$17,%(),)(7,$*&)2-&+$/,*)$
6,)>+%(16,6-&$/)(*>%(#$/E/2*$5(%*&+$
234$8&+B))&%/&+?$
&$#"DEN KÄNSLOSAMMA HJÄRNAN
"
DET MÄNSKLIGA PSYKETS TERMOSTAT
'(")*((+,-.,"/+0"*1"23//4".0"(534(+(6.17"/89-.":9;"6/*<5=7")=("4+<0+,":9-,>"
<53?." @=-8))=17" ,:16" :9;" >(6=,4A" B*(,/:1" 2*16.1" 0>1." <.6.17" +@/.(<" +"
,?1.-.(<=":9;"+@/.(<"+"<8,41."(8.(,=17":9;":24."@/+1"0+"0+//1><+6."+(2C1"0>1."
-*(,/:1"D";31"*1"<=4")C5/+64".44"0+"+(4=";=/."4+<=(";>//=1"+"486/.1(."C0=1"0>1."
/+0A" E/+(4" 1.,=1+" -.(" 2>" :,," .44" 61*/." )=<" 0>1" ?.14(=1" )=<.(" ,4*(<+64"
,3-4.(<=" =24=1"(534(+(6"-.("/=<."4+//"C0=1*4.(<="=//=1"13,)=<=/,@13-A"F24."
21>6.1" 0+" :,," 0.12C1" 0+" +(4=" -.(" 0.1." ,:)" GAHAHA" '(4=1?1+,=," 03/9.(,-="
0=4=(,-.?,:22+9=1=(" I1" H?:9-7" ,:)" 2C1)>1" @=;*1,-." ,+(." -*(,/:1" 4:4./4"
:9;"(.0+6=1."6=(:)"18)<=("=(@.14"34+21>(",+("@=(;>1<."/:6+-A"
I>(6.",43<+=1",:)"65:14,"?>"?.4+=(4=1":9;"21+,-."21+0+//+6."<=/4.6.1="0+,.1"
=)=//=14+<".44"/+0=4"+(4=7":)"-*(,/:1(."2C1,0+((=1";=/47"@/+1"=(@.14"5*)(4":9;"
/36(4" 34.(" <+1=-4" 5*)(45:9-4" :9;" 2*16/C,47" +" )>(6." 2.//" 1=(4.0" 2.1/+64" =//=1"
:)C5/+64A" B*(,/:)*,,+6." ,4C1(+(6.1" *1" =44" 48?+,-4" ,8)4:)" ?>" .//0.1/+6."
?,8-+.41+,-.",53-<:).17",>,:)"<=?1=,,+:(7",9;+J:21=(+":9;"6=(=1./+,=1.4"
>(6=,4,8(<1:)A" K0>(6,)*,,+6." ,41*0.(" =24=1" (534(+(6" *1" >" ,+(" ,+<." =44"
-*((=4=9-=(" ?>" 13,)=<=/,@=1:=(<=A" F9-,>" <=" -*(,/:1" 0+" 3??/=0=1" +"
0.1<.6=("?>0=1-.1"0*/@=2+((.(<=4"?>")>(6.",*44A"L4=1-:)).(<="?:,+4+0."
-*(,/:1" ;*(6=1" ,.)).(" )=<" @*441=" ;*/,.7" ,4C11=" ,:9+./." (*40=1-" :9;"
;C61=" ,:9+./" ,4*//(+(6" MN83@:)+1,-8" )A2/A" OPPQRA" S=6.4+0." -*(,/:1" *1"
<*1=):4" =(" @=48<.(<=" 1+,-2.-4:1" 2C1" ,>0*/" <=(" ?,8-+,-." ,:)" <=("
,:).4+,-." ;*/,.(" MH3+(("OPP&RA"T=4",4>1"-/.14".44"-*(,/:1"*1"(C<0*(<+6."
2C1")*((+,-:1"D")=("0.12C1U"
I*((+,-:1":9;".(<1."<531"/=0=1"+"-:)?/+9=1.<=":9;"-:(,4.(4"2C1*(<=1/+6."
)+/5C=1"23//.".0",>0*/"2.1:1",:)")C5/+6;=4=1".44"21*)5.":9;"C-."<=("=6(.":9;"
.1421*(<=1,"0*/@=2+((.(<=A"E.,@=;:0":9;"@.,23(-4+:(=17",>,:)"2C<.":9;"
2:14?/.(4(+(67" *1" (C<0*(<+6." 2C1" .//." .14=1A" V//." <531" )>,4=" :9-,>" -3((."
3(<0+-."2.1/+6.")+/5C=1":9;"2.-4:1=17",>,:)":/*)?/+6."4=)?=1.431=17"6+24=1"
:9;",-*)<."/+0,)=<=/A"E84=,<531")>,4="-3((.";>//.",+6"3(<.("21>("1:0<531"
:9;"/*1.",+6"3(<0+-."?/.4,=1":9;")+/5C=1"<*1"<=4"2+((,"1:0<531A"T=,,34:)"
)>,4="<*66<531"-3((."4.";.(<":)",+(".0-:))."2C1".44"<=",-.";>//.,"0+<"/+0A"
B.?.9+4=4=("2C1"-:6(+4+0"@=.1@=4(+(6"*1"@=61*(,.<7":9;"<=("-.("?>"+(6=4",*44"
,-C4." .//." <=,,." M:9;" :4./+6." .(<1.R" 3??6+24=1" ,:)" -1*0," 2C1" C0=1/=0(.<A"
T*12C1" @=;C0," =(" )=-.(+,)" ,:)" 340*/5=1" :9;" 2+/41=1.1" 34" <=4" ,:)" *1"
0+-4+6.,4" 2C1" C0=1/=0(.<=(" :9;" 1=.6=1.1" ?>" <=4A" B*(,/:1" 1=6/=1.1" .//4" 0>14"
@=4==(<="?>"53,4"<=4";*1",*44=4A"B*(,/:1(.",481"34.(".44"0+")*1-=1"<=4",>0*/"
,4:1." @=,/347" ,:)" 0./" .0" ?.14(=1" :9;" 2.)+/5=@+/<(+(67" ,:)" )+(<1="
;.(</+(6.1" +" 0.1<.6=(7" 4+//" =W=)?=/" ).40.(:1" :9;" )3,+-,).-A" T=(" ;*1"
48?=(" .0" @=,/34,)=-.(+,)" ,:)" ?>6>1" +" @.-613(<=(" *1" 9=(41./" 2C1"
)*((+,-:1," :9;" .//." <531,"
"
&$$"Hjärnalfabet / Kapitel 10
"
=W=-34+0."23(-4+:(=1A"X0=(":)"0+"-.("-*((."<=4",:)".44"0+"2.44.1".//.",4:1."
:9;",)>"@=,/34"+"/+0=4")=<0=4=4":9;"=24=14*(-,.)47"/=0=1"0+")=1?.14=(".0"
0>1." /+0" )=<" -*(,/:1(." ?>" .34:?+/:4A" Y" ?.4+=(4,43<+=1" ;.1" ).(" 2.-4+,-4"
:@,=10=1.4" .44" :)" -*(,/:1(." 2C1,0+((=17" 4+//" =W=)?=/" 4+//" 2C/5<" .0" =("
;5*1(,-.<.7"Z-:14,/34,Z"2C1)>6.(".44"2.44."=(,"=(-/."@=,/34"ME=9;.1.")A2/A"
OPPPRA"S*1"<=("-*(,/:)*,,+6.".34:?+/:4=("2C1,0+((=17"-.("+(4="-:6(+4+:(=("
-:)?=(,=1."2C1"@1+,4=1(."+"@=,/34,2.44.(<=4A"
!
!
KÄNSLORNAS ÖVERLEVNADSINTELLIGENS
[31<.(."0+"*1":9;"<=4"0+"3??/=0=1":9;"-*((=1";.(</.1"+(4=":)",/3)?=(7"34.("
/.6@3(<=(;=4=1(."+")*((+,-:;5*1(.(,"23(-4+:(=17"+(-/3,+0="-*(,/:1(.7"*1"=44"
1=,3/4.4" .0" .14340=9-/+(6A" \+" (534=1" .0" ,C4" :9;" 2=4" ).47" 0+/-=4" 6C1" .44"
=(=16+@=;:0=4",*-=1,4*//,A"\+"*/,-.1",=W"=24=1,:)"0>1",/*-4"2:14/=0=1"6=(:)"
<=4A" L" .(<1." ,+<.(" .0,-81" 0+" :,*-=1;=47" ,)*14." :9;" 2.1/+6." ,+43.4+:(=1"
=24=1,:)" <=" -.(" 6C1." .44" 0>1." /+0" 4.1" ,/34" +" 2C14+<A" ]0=1.//4" +" 0*1/<=(" /=0=1"
)*((+,-:1"+"613??=1",:)";>//=1"+;:?"4.9-"0.1=",4.1-."C),=,+<+6.":9;"0.1)."
-*(,/:1A" F9-,>" )>(6." 2:1)=1" .0" -*(,/:)*,,+64" @=4==(<=" ,:)" -.(" 4=" ,+6"
,:)"?1:<3-4=1".0"-3/4317"4+//"=W=)?=/".661=,,+:(":9;":),:167"*1",>"3(+0=1,=//."
.44"<=4"+(4="*1")C5/+64".44"<="-.(";."3??,4>44"6=(:)"+(/*14"-3/431.10A"
B*(,/:1"45*(.1"+"<=,,.":9;")>(6.".(<1.",+43.4+:(=1",:)".34:).4+,-"ZC0=1^"
/=0(.<,+(4=//+6=(,Z"6=(:)".44"?,8-=4,":9;"-1:??=(,"@=61*(,.<="1=,31,=1"1+-4.,"
+(" ?>" :)6+0(+(6=(," ,4*(<+64" 2C1*(<=1/+6." 34).(+(6.1A" '(,-+/<." -*(,/:1" -.("
2.-4+,-4" ,=," ,:)" ,(.@@4" 2C1*(<=1/+6." 23(-4+:(=//." 4+//,4>(<" +" -1:??" :9;" ?,8-=7"
0+/-." 340=9-/.4," 2C1" .44" ,0.1." ?>" ;:4=(" ):4" C0=1/=0(.<=(" MV<:/?;," OP&#RA"
B*(,/:1" *1" .//4,>" +(4=" =(@.14" 3??/=0=/,=1" MZ5.6" -*((=1" )+6" /=<,=(ZR7" 34.("
C0=161+?.(<=" 4+//,4>(<" ,:)" ,481" :16.(+,)=(," ;.(</+(6" ?>" ,8,4=)(+0>A"
K+//,4>(<=(" -.(" 0.1." +" .//4" 21>(" (>61." ,=-3(<=1" 4+//"2/=1.")+(34=1"=//=1"1=(4.0"
4+)).1A"'("/>(60.1+6"@=(*6=(;=4"4+//"0+,,."48?=1".0"-*(,/:17"=W=)?=/0+,";.4"
=//=1"1*<,/.7"-.//.,";3)C1A"
I=<"4.(-="?>".44"=0:/34+:(=("6.//1.1"@:14"C0=12/C<+6.":9;"23(-4+:(,:<36/+6."
/C,(+(6.17",4>1"<=4"-/.14".44"-*(,/:1(."0.1+4"(844+6."2C1":/+-.".14=1"3(<=1")+/5:(4./,"
>1"=24=1,:)"<="*104,"(=<"21>("6=(=1.4+:("4+//"6=(=1.4+:(A"F.0,=44":)"0+"0+//"<=4"
=//=1"+(4="*1"<=4":)C5/+64"2C1":,,".44";=/4"-:))."@:14"21>("<=4"-*(,/:/+0",:)"
=0:/34+:(=("?1:61.))=1.4"+"0>1.";5*1(:1A"T=4"0+"/*1":,,":9;"<=(")+/5C"0+"/=0=1"+"
-.("?>0=1-."<=4"0+"1=.6=1.1"-*(,/:)*,,+64"?>7")=(";5*1(.(,"3??@866(.<",-.?.1"
,41+-4."1.).1"2C1",5*/0."-*(,/:1(.A"T*12C1"*1"<=4":)C5/+64".44"3??/=0."-*(,/:1",:)"
;5*1(.("+(4="340=9-/.4,"2C1".44"?1:<39=1.A"F)0*(4"3??/=0=1")*((+,-:1"C0=1.//4"
+"0*1/<=("/+-(.(<="
&$%"DEN KÄNSLOSAMMA HJÄRNAN
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
)
Bild 1. !"#$%&$%'#()#*+,%%)#*-."/#)*&0-*1/&223* !"#$%&/#)*/,(%,/)/*1'#5,/%'(4*&/()#'$+,#$*'#/,*4'%%$46#7*
$6*)44*7,4*8"$4*+&4$9)/)/*1/)9,#*'*&+('9#'#(,#3*:,4*4'%%$46#7*$&+*26*7,4*-"/*$"44,4*522$46/*'*-."/#)#;*
1/&22,#*&0-*2$<1,4*269,/1)/*'*$'#*45/*-5/7)#)*1"#$%&+"$$'()*/,)14'&#,/*$&+*9"01$*7"/#"$43*=4>9,/*7,#*
$'45)4'&#*$&+*9"01,/*,#*1"#$%);*269,/1)$*1"#$%&/#)*&01$6*)9*'#7'9'7,#$*+&4'9)4'&#;*4&%1#'#(*&0-*-5+>/3*
!
"#$%&'(!#)*$!'+!,*!"-&&-(!,*+!).,!'&."-!$-+$/!01-&.2-!,34(5!'67!+#$$.%"'89(%9"!
).%-(!-11!,*$!9)*(&*)$-,%.$1*&&.2*$%!%'+!"#$%&'($-!%"-:-(!#(!&."$-$,*!.$1*!;-(-!7'%!
+#$$.%"'(!41-$!'6"%<!+*&&-$!'&."-!,34(-(1*(!=>-$"%*::!?@@AB!C*D'4E!FGGGH/!
I#$%&'($-!:<)*("-(!74(!+-$!)#&3*(!).&"*$!%*$%'(.%"!.$8'(+-1.'$!%'+!#(!)."1.2!.!
*$! ).%%! %.14-1.'$! '67! 73#&:*(! .$,.).,*$! (."1-! .$! %.$! ;*2(#$%-,*! "-:-6.1*1! -11!
;*-(;*1-!.$8'(+-1.'$!:<!,*1!%'+!#(!)."1.2-%1!89(!9)*(&*)$-,*$!.!,*$!%:*6.8."-!
%.14-1.'$*$! =J$,*(%'$! '67! J,'&:7%! FG?KH/! I#$%&'(! "-$! %*%! %'+! *$! %'(1%!
+*&&-$67*8*(L! .! 7.*(-(".$! 9)*(! .$8'(+-1.'$%:('6*%%*(! %1M(! ,*! -"1.).1*1*$! .! %<)#&! ,*!
(*! =7'+*'%1-%N! -&&'%1-%N!8M%.'&'2.///H! %'+! ,*! 792(*! ="'2$.1.'$N! +<&///H! %M%1*+*$!
=;.&,! ?H/! O#(! *11! "#$%&'1.&&%1<$,! )#6"%N! %"*(! *$! +#$2,! -41'+-1.%"-! 89(#$,(.$2-(! .!
-$%."1%411(M6"N!(9%1N!,*1!-41'$'+-!$*()%M%1*+*1N!;*1**$,*N!+.$$*!'67!"'2$.1.'$/!
D*1!*$2*&%"-!'(,*1!89(!"#$%&'(N!emotionN!#(!7#(&*11!4(!,*1!&-1.$%"-!emoveoN!%'+!
;*1M,*(!%#11-!.!(9(*&%*!*&&*(!(4;;-/!D*11-!;*%"(.)*(!)#&!"#$%&'($-%!-&&'%1-1.%"-!
4::2.81N! ,*1! ).&&! %#2-! -11! 89(#$,(-! ;*1**$,*$! -&&1*81*(!,*!M11(*! "(-)*$!89(! -11!
4::(#117<&&-! "('::*$%! .$(*! ;-&-$%/! I#$%&'($-! 4::(#117<&&*(! .$1*! ,*1! .$(*!
1.&&%1<$,*1!.$'+!2.)$-!(-+-(!%<%'+!7'+*'%1-%*$N!41-$!89(;*(*,*(!'(2-$.%+*$!
89(!M11(*!)#(&,*$%!"(-)!.!(*%:*"1.)*!%.14-1.'$/!
D*!,*&84$"1.'$*(!%'+!"#$%&'($-!(*2&*(-(!"-&&-%!'81-!)#&,.21!1(#88-$,*!89(!
"'+:'$*$1*(L!"#$%&'($-!;*%1<(!-)!+<$2-!,*&-(!'67!'(2-$.%+*$%!;*1**$,*!89(#$,(-%!
2*$'+!-11!,*%%-!%-+)*("-(/!P11!7'1!%'+!';%*()*(-%!.!'+2.)$.$2*$N!1.&&!*E*+:*&!*11!
4$2,'+%2#$2!
1.
'
2.
!
3.
!
4.
!
5.
'
' F>E ' 3EE ' >EE '
"#$%&'('!
$#&)*+*%#,#%!
-&.//*%0((*%1$2!
-3$*(.4%%&+"-!
! -.5$0%0.$!!
'
&%P"Hjärnalfabet / Kapitel 10
"
,:)"2C12C/5=1":,,"?>"=("(.44/+6"6.4.7"2>1"?3/,=(".44"C-.7".-4+0+4=4=(".44"
,4*//.,"+("?>"2/8-4":9;"3??)*1-,.);=4=(".44"4+//"=W=)?=/"1+-4.,"+("?>"0./"
.0"2/8-40*6":9;"4+//2/8-4,:14=1A"T=,,34:)"0*9-,")+((=(".0"=0=(43=//."4+<+6.1="
/+-(.(<=",+43.4+:(=1"=//=1".(<1."2.1:,+43.4+:(=1A"H.)).(4.6=4"@+/<.1"<="
;*1" 2C1*(<1+(6.1(." =44" -*(,/:4+//,4>(<" ,:)" -.(" =12.1.," )=<0=4=4" :9;"
@=(*)(.,"4+//"=W=)?=/"1*<,/.A"
!
!
KÄNSLORNAS NEURALA NÄTVERK
G46>=(<="21>(";5*1(.0@+/<(+(6,,43<+=1"0=4"0+".44":/+-."2C1*(<1+(6.1"+"4*(-.(<="
:9;"-*(,/:/+0"0+,.1",+6",:)"2C1*(<1+(6.1"+";5*1(.-4+0+4=4=(A"F)0*(4"0=4"0+".44"
;5*1(23(-4+:(=1" ,:)" 2C1*(<1.," -:140.1+64" 4+//" =W=)?=/" =24=1" 41.(,-1.(+=//."
).6(=4?3/,=1" M,=" BV_YK'N" OR" =//=1" ?=1).(=(4" 4+//" 2C/5<" .0" ;5*1(,-.<:17"
2.-4+,-4" -.(" ?>0=1-." 4.(-.1" :9;" -*(,/:1" )89-=4A" '24=1,:)" ;5*1(.(" *1"
2C1@3(<=(")=<";=/."-1:??=("0+."<=4"?=1+2=1."(=10,8,4=)=47"@/:<9+1-3/.4+:(=("
:9;"+(1=",=-1=4+:(=("0+,.1",+6",><.(."=22=-4=1":9-,>",:)"2C1*(<1+(6.1"+"<=("
-1:??,/+6.".-4+0+4=4=(A
S*40=1-=(".0"(=109=//=1":)2:1).1",+6"-:(4+(3=1/+64"6=(:)"/*1.(<=":9;".((.("
.-4+0+4=47":9;"0.1-=(";5*1(.("=//=1"(>6:(",?=9+2+-"<=/".0"<=("23(6=1.1",:)"
=(,-+/<.7"21>("0.1.(<1."21+,4>=(<="Z):<3/=1ZA"X0=(":)"=W=)?=/0+,";C1,=/,8,4=)=4"
+(:)" ,4:1;5*1(,@.1-=(" *1" -:(9=(41=1.4" 4+//" 4+((+(6/:@=1(.7" @=,4>1" <=4" <="
2.94:".0"4./1+-.",+(,=)=//.("-:??/.<="<=/.1":9;"@.(:1",:)"6>1"21>("+((=1C1.4"0+."
-*1(:1(." +" ;5*1(,4.))=(" 4+//" 4;./.)3," :9;" 0+<.1=" 4+//" ;C1,=/@.1-=(" +"
4+((+(6/:@=(A" T*1+21>(" 2C1)=</.," +(2:1).4+:(=(" 0+<.1=" =W=)?=/0+," 4+//" <="
:)1><=("+";5*1(.(",:)"*1",?=9+./+,=1.<="?>".44"@=.1@=4."4./"=//=1"?/.(=1."
1C1=/,=":9;",:)"+",+("431"-.("1=6/=1.".-4+0+4=4=("+";C1,=/@.1-=(A"[C1,=/,+((=4"
3??,4>1" .//4,>" <=9=(41./+,=1.4" +" ;5*1(.(A" _>" ,.))." ,*44" 23(6=1.1" -*(,/:1(."
<=9=(41./+,=1.4"+";=/.";5*1(.("M@+/<"ORA"Y(6=4"=(,-+/4":)1><="+";5*1(.(".(,0.1.1"2C1"
.44" @=.1@=4." (>6:(" 0+,," -*(,/.7" 34.(" ;5*1(.(" +((=;>//=1" )>(6."
<=9=(41./+,=1.<=",8,4=)",:)",0.1.1"2C1"?1:<3-4+:(=(".0":/+-."-:)?:(=(4=1"+"
-*(,/:1(."M2C1*(<1.4"-1:??,/+64"@=4==(<=7")=<0=4(." -*(,/:3??/=0=/,=1":,0AR"
MB:@=1")A2/A"OPP$`"H..1+)*-+")A2/A"OP&$RA"a=(:)"+(4=1.-4+:(")=//.("<=,,.",8,4=)"
3??,4>1"<=4":/+-."2C1*(<1+(6.1"+"28,+:/:6+":9;"@=4==(<=7")=<".(<1.":1<"-*(,/:1A"
F/+-."-*(,/:1"-.("=)=//=14+<"+(4="34+21>(";5*1(.-4+0+4=4"=//=1"-1:??,/+6".-4+0+4=4"
,-+/5.," >4" =W.-47" 34.(" 61*(,=1(." *1" +" (>6:(" )>(" 2/84.(<=A" T=44." *1" 2C1,4>=/+64"
:9-,>")=<"4.(-="?>"@=4==(<=47"=24=1,:)")89-=4"-*(,/:,4814"@=4==(<="-1*0=1"
<=/0+,"/+-(.(<="2C1*(<1+(6.1"+";5*1(^":9;"-1:??,.-4+0+4=4A"'W=)?=/0+,"-1*0=1"
,>0*/" .661=,,+:(" ,:)" 1*<,/." +(4=(,+2+=1.<=" -1:??,23(-4+:(=1" :9;"
3??)*1-,.);=47")=("0+<".661=,,+:(",481,"@=4==(<=4"4+//".44.9-":9;"0+<"1*<,/."4+//"
2/8-4A"
&%&"DEN KÄNSLOSAMMA HJÄRNAN
"
! !
Bild 2. !"#$%(=$G+,%'0(<<B&+,'.?BB'0#%-B($'()*'0#%-B($,HB,$?%HI'
!
Q'(%"$.$2*$! '+! ,*! $*4(-&-! +*"-$.%+*($-! ;-"'+! "#$%&'($-! 1'2! *11!
;*1M,-$,*!%1*2!8(-+<1!$#(!+*1',*($-!89(!84$"1.'$*&&!73#($-);.&,$.$2!41)*6"&-,*%!:<!
?@@G51-&*1/!R$$-$!,*1!7#(!)-(!8'(%"$.$2*$!;*2(#$%-,!1.&&!4$,*(%9"$.$2!-)!:-1.*$1*(!
+*,! 73#($%"-,'(! '67! 1.&&! '&."-! &#"*+*,*&%:(9)$.$2-(/! D*! 89(%1-! 73#($-);.&,5!
$.$2%%14,.*($-!:<!8(.%"-!8(.).&&.2-!,*&1-2-(*!).%-,*!-11!+#$$.%"'(%!"#$%&'(!;-%*(-(!%.2!
:<! -&&'%1-1.%"! (*2&*(.$2! -)! &.)%84$"1.'$*(! =7M:'17-&-+4%! .! +.1173#($-$H! '67! :<!
-"1.).1*1*$! .! '+(<,*$! %'+! #(! %:*6.-&.%*(-,*! :<! -11! ;*-(;*1-! %'+-1.%"-! '67!
.$1*('6*:1.)-!%.2$-&*(!8(<$!"('::*$!="#$%*&;-("*$N!.$%4&-N!8(#+(*!29(,*&).$,&.$2*$H/!
P$!&."$-$,*!4::%#11$.$2!'+(<,*$!-"1.)*(-%!).,!,*!8&*%1-!"#$%&'($-!=S--(.+#".!+/8&/!
FG?TB! U'(."-V-! +/8&/! FGFGH/! W.&&! ,*%%-! '+(<,*$! 79(! *E*+:*&).%! '+(<,*$-! ).,!
+.11&.$3*$! -)! 73#($;-("*$N! "#$%*&;-("*$! %-+1! -+M2,-&-$N! 73#($%1-++*$! '67!
17-&-+4%!$*,-$!'+!%1'(73#($%;-("*$/!
R$2*1!-)!,*!7#(!73#($'+(<,*$-!-$%)-(-(!*$;-(1!89(!-11!;*-(;*1-!"#$%&'(N!41-$!
,*!,*&1-(!'6"%<!.!%1M($.$2!'67!(*2&*(.$2!-)!+<$2-!-$,(-!:('6*%%*(/!><!%-++-!%#11!
8.$$%!,*1!.$2*1!*$%".&1!'+(<,*!%'+!X:(',46*(-(X!$<2'$!*$%".&,!"#$%&-/!W.&&!*E*+:*&!
7-(!+-$!.$1*!.!%14,.*(!:<!:-1.*$1*(!+*,!73#($%"-,'(!"4$$-1!).%-!-11!%"-,-!:<!$<2'1!
).%%1! '+(<,*! -)! 73#($-$! %M%1*+-1.%"1! %"4&&*! &*,-! 1.&&! 89(#$,(.$2-(! .! $<2'$! ).%%!
"#$%&-/!D#(*+'1!)*1!+-$!-11!&'"-&-!73#($%"-,'(!"-$!89(#$,(-!*$!).%%!-&&+#$1!
"#$%&'(*&-1*(-,! +*"-$.%+! *&&*(! 84$"1.'$*&&!"'+:'$*$1/!PE*+:*&).%!89(%#+(-(!
%"-,'(! :<! 8('$1-&&';*($-! '67! 8('$1'1*+:'(-&! &';#(! ,*2*$*(-1.'$!
:&-$*$&.27*1*$!'67!89(+<2-$!-11!(*2&*(-!"#$%&'($-/!Q('$1-&&';*($-!1'(,*!)-(-!
)#%*$1&.2-!89(!"#$%&'(*2&*(.$2N!
Främre gördelvindlingen känsloreglering
Basalganglier bearbetning av belöning och njutning
Amygdala
bedömning av känsloinnehållet i yttre skeenden
Främre pannloben medvetenhet om känslo- upplevelser samt känsloregreling
Känselbarken kontroll av kroppens somatosensoriska tillstånd
Insula
interoception, homeostas och autonom reglering
&%O"Hjärnalfabet / Kapitel 10
"
'67!%"-,'(!:<!,*+!&*,*(!%M%1*+-1.%"1!1.&&!.+:4&%.).1*1!'67!%19($.$2-(!.!,*!*E*"41.)-!
84$"1.'$*($-/!S"-,'(!:<!.$%4&-!89(%#+(-(!+'1.)-1.'$*$!'67!89(+<2-$!-11!+*,)*1*1!
89&3-!+*,!'&."-!"('::%1.&&%1<$,N!%"-,'(!:<!-+M2,-&-$!'(%-"-(!&<$212<*$,*!;(.%1*(!.!
89(+<2-$! -11! (*-2*(-! :<! "#$%&'+#%%.2-! %.14-1.'$*(! +*,-$! +.$%"-,!
,':-+.$-"1.).1*1! .! ;-%-&2-$2&.*($-! 1.&&! *E*+:*&! ).,! >-(".$%'$%! %34",'+! &*,*(! 1.&&!
89(#$,(.$2-(!.!+'1.)-1.'$*$/!
D*%%41'+!)*1!+-$!-11!*88*"1*(!:<!,*$!"*+.%"-!-"1.).1*1*$!.!,*%%-!%M%1*+!
%*&*"1.)1!89(#$,(-(!.$,.).,*$%!"#$%&'&.)/!PE*+:*&).%!&42$-(!':.-1*(N!%<%'+!7*('.$!'67!
+'(8.$N!$*,!;*1**$,*1!+*,-$!%4;%1-$%*(!%'+!:<)*("-(!,':-+.$%M%1*+*1N!1.&&!*E*+:*&!
-+8*1-+.$N!)*("-(!4::7*1%-$,*/!C#"*+*,*&!%'+!:<)*("-(!%*('1'$.$%M%1*+*1!.$)*("-(!
.!%.$!14(!:<!74+9(*1/!P$%".&,-!"#$%&'1.&&%1<$,!"-$!1#$"-%!4::%1<!2*$'+!%-+)*("-$!-)!
'&."-!,*&"'+:'$*$1*(!-)!"#$%&'(/!><!%<!%#11!7-(!"#$%&'1.&&%1<$,!"4$$-1!.,*$1.8.*(-%!
:<&.1&.21!2*$'+!*$!+-%".$.$&#($.$2%-&2'(.1+!=;.&,!YH!%'+!"&-%%.8.6*(-(!.$,.).,*$%!
73#($-"1.).1*1N! %#(%".&1! '+! -&2'(.1+*$! +-1-,*%! +*,! '+8-11-$,*! ,-1-! '+!
-"1.).1*1*$!.!'&."-!,*&-(!-)!73#($-$!=S--(.+#".!+/8&/!FG?TN!FG?AH/!I#$%&'(!"-$!
-&&1%<!;*1(-"1-%!%'+!*11!;-"2(4$,%1.&&%1<$,!89(!73#($-$!'67!:%M"*1N!'67!,*11-!
1.&&%1<$,! :<)*("-(! 74(! )<(-! 9)(.2-! %*$%'(.%"-! '67! "'2$.1.)-! %M%1*+!
84$2*(-(/!
"
"
'
Bild 3. J4/0(+%?%HJ' &/' 0#%-B($' ?' *"#$%&%I' K,+' =&-0?%?%B#$%?%H-&BH($?.=,$' 0&%' =&%'
?+,%.?7?,$&' +,' 0#%-B($' ,%' ?%+?/?+' C<<B,/.' /?+' ,%' /?--' .?+<C%0.I' L#$H,$%&' <G' M?B+,%' &%H,$' +,.' (=$G+,' ?' *"#$%&%' +#$' $,-<,0.?/,' 0#%-B&' M#-.' 0C%+,' &/0(+&-I' 4BB&' 0#%-B($'
$,<$,-,%.,$&-' +,),%.$&B?-,$&.' ?' *"#$%&%' ()*' +,.' HG$' ?%.,' &..' C.?7$G%' ,%'
=&-0?%?%B#$%?%H-&BH($?.=' M?B+&' ,%' ,%0,B' =(.-/&$?H*,.' =,BB&%' ,%-0?B+&' 0#%-B($' ()*' ,%-0?B+&' (=$G+,%' ?' *"#$%&%I'6#'&6#%$0$5! 4%51#$2#! 7&1$! /46(0-'%0.$#$! *''&0,3-0! ,87(8! 9:;<=>8!
&%b"DEN KÄNSLOSAMMA HJÄRNAN
"
KÄNSLOR SÄTTER KROPPEN I RÖRELSE
D*1!8.$$%!*11!9+%*%.,.21!%-+;-$,!+*&&-$!"#$%&'(!'67!"('::%&.2!-"1.).1*1/!I#$%&'($-!
89(#$,(-(!1.&&%1<$,*1!.!"('::*$!Z!1.&&!*E*+:*&!8<(!(#,%&-!"('::*$!-11!%1*&$-!'67!
73#(1-1!-11!;4&1-!7<(,-(*!+*,-$!%1'&17*1!2*(!(*%&.2!7<&&$.$2N!%*E4*&&!4::7*1%$.$2!
8<(!;&',!-11!8&9,-!1.&&!"9$%'(2-$*$!'67!<%M$*$!-)!*$!"*(!1<(1;.1!8<(!%-&.)!-11!
41%9$,(-%!'67!89(;*(*,*(!+-1%:3#&"$.$2%'(2-$*$!:<!-11!%:3#&"-!:('1*.$*(N!
"'&7M,(-1*(!'67!8*11*(!.!+-1*$!89(!89(;(4"$.$2!'67!&-2(.$2/!D*$!7#(!1M:*$!-)!
89(#$,(.$2-(! .! ,*$! "('::%&.2-! -"1.).1*1*$! #(! )."1.2-! 89(! +*,)*1$-! "#$%&'5 4::&*)*&%*(N! '67! '81-! 89(+*,&-%! 8-"1.%"1! "#$%&'(! ).-! "('::*$/! U4,*$! #(! )<(1!
%19(%1-!%.$$*%'(2-$!'67!#(!)."1.21!%#(%".&1!%'+!"-$-&!89(!%+#(1-!'67!$341$.$2/!
Q<!%-"*(! '(%-"-(!%<!%1-("-!4::&*)*&%*(!%'+!,*$!7422-$,*!%+#(1-$!$#(!+-$!
%1.2*(!:<!*$!2&-%%"#()-!*&&*(!<!-$,(-!%.,-$!*$%!:-(1$*(%!+34"-!;*(9(.$2!$#(!+-$!
%9+$,(46"*1!,(-(!%.2!.!%#$2*$/!
D*$!7#(!"#$%&'($-%!"('::%&.27*1!8<(!'6"%<!"#$%&'($-!-11!X"#$$-%X!-$$'(&4$,-!
#$!-&&1!-$$-1!:%M".%"1!.$$*7<&&/!>-$."*$!9)*(!%M(*;(.%1N!89(&-+-$,*!%'(2!*&&*(!
;(.$$-$,*!"#(&*"!.!;(9%1*1!"#$$%!")-&.1-1.)1!%*11!-$$'(&4$,-!34%1!,#(89(!-11!,*!#(!
89("$.::-,*! +*,! "(-81.2-! 89(#$,(.$2-(! .! "('::%1.&&%1<$,*1/! R$1*! *$%! 7<(,-!
.$1*&&*"14*&&-!-$%1(#$2$.$2-(!"-$!2*$*(*(-!&."-!%1-("-!"#$%&'(/!
C<$2)-(.2N!"#$%&'+#%%.2!;*&-%1$.$2!"-$!:<)*("-!,*$!"('::%&.2-!7#&%-$!,.(*"1/!
R7#(,.2-! "#$%&'(! -)! .&%"-! '67! )(*,*! '67! <189&3-$,*! 9"$.$2! .! $.)<*($-! -)!
%1(*%%7'(+'$*(!:<8(*%1-(!'(2-$.%+*$!'67!4129(!(.%"8-"1'(*(!89(!73#(15!'67!
"#(&%34",'+-(!=S4.$$!FGG?H/!D*$!89(%)-(%(*-"1.'$!'67!)-"%-+7*1!%'+!%1(*%%!
41&9%*(!).%-(!%.2!.!9"-,!-"1.).1*1!.!-+M2,-&-/!R!*$!%14,.*!+#11*%!$#%1-$!1(*74$,(-!
,*&1-2-(*%!73#($5!'67!73#(1-"1.).1*1!+*,!:'%.1('$*+.%%.'$%1'+'2(-8.!=>PWN!%*!!?@ABCD*
EHN! )-(*81*(! 73#(15! '67! 73#($.$8-("1*(! 7'%! :-1.*$1*($-! 89&3,*%! 4$,*(! ,*!
"'++-$,*!<(*$/!J"1.).1*1!.!-+M2,-&-$!:(*,.6*(-,*!%-$$'&."7*1!89(!73#(1-11-6"!*&&*(!
73#($.$8-("1!=W-V-"'&!+/8&/!FG?[H/!\!-$,(-!%.,-$!:<)*("-(!'6"%<!"('::%&.2-!
84$"1.'$*(!"#$%&'&.)*1!'67!)#&;*8.$$-$,*1!89(!+<$-,*(!'67!<(/!]*2*&;4$,*$!-*(';!
1(#$.$2!%#$"*(!%1(*%%$.)<$!'67!+.$%"-(!"#$%&'($-!-)!<$2*%1!'67!,*:(*%%.'$!=>*&4%'!
+/8&/!FGG^HN!+*,-$!9)*(#1-$,*!'67!8*1+-!<!-$,(-!%.,-$!+*,89(!+'11-2&.27*1!89(!
-88*"1.)-!%19($.$2-(!'67!-$,(-!:%M".%"-!%34",'+-(!=C4::.$'!+/8&/!FG?GH/!
D*1!"('::%&.2-!1.&&%1<$,*1!:<)*("-(!'6"%<!(*$1!-&&+#$1!"#$%&'($-!'67!74+9(*1N!
'67!1(9117*1!*&&*(!*$%!*$!+.&,!89("M&$.$2!"-$!!&*,-!1.&&!$*,%1#+,7*1/!D*$!7#(!
1M:*$!-)!"('::%&.2-!74+9(%)#$2$.$2-(!7-(!4$,*(%9"1%!2*$'+!-11!+-$!+#11!
*88*"1*($-!-)!)-66.$-1.'$*(!:<!74+9(*1/!PE*+:*&).%!'(%-"-(!)-66.$-1.'$!+'1!
1M8'.,8*;*(!*$!&.$,(.2!.$8&-++-1'(.%"!(*-"1.'$!%'+!&*,*(!1.&&!-11!,*$!)-66.$*(-,*%!
74+9(!%34$"*(N!#)*$!'+!,*1!792%1!#(!89(!$<2(-!,-2-(/!P81*(%'+!74+9(*1!.$1*!
%34$"*(!89((#$!$<2(-!1.++-(!*81*(!)-66.$*(.$2*$N!7-$,&-(!,*1!)*("&.2*$!'+!*$!
74+9(%)#$2$.$2!'(%-"-,!-)!.$8&-++-1.'$*$!'67!.$1*!;-(-!'+!
&%c"Hjärnalfabet / Kapitel 10
"
"
Bild 4. N$(<<-0&$.($' 8/,$' 0#%-B($I' O&$",' 0#%-B&' *#%H,$' -&==&%' =,+' ,..' ,H,.'
C<<B,/,B-,M&-,$&.' J7?%H,$&/.$P)0J' ?' 0$(<<,%I' K,+/,.%&' 0#%-B(C<<B,/,B-,$' MPHH,$' +,B/?-'
<G' =,+/,.,%*,.' (=' -G+&%&' 0$(<<-B?H&' 78$#%+$?%H&$I' N$(<<-0&$.($%&' ' M&-,$&$' -?H' <G'
=,+,B/#$+,%&' ?' +,' -"#B//#$+,$?%H&$' -(=' 3EQ' +,B.&H&$,' H"($.I'6#'&6#%$0$5! 4%51#$2#! 7&1$!
/46(0-'%0.$#$! $4,,#$,''! ,87(8! 9:;<?>8!
$
"#$%&'()*+",!#)-!.&/01!#2/.3!4&-5%1'!$6!7388+/3'+)/#'+0$&/.'1/!1991%!0+%1.'!1('1%6'!
:;3%%+#)/!-<(9<!=>>?@<!
A1/!42%!'B$1/!37!(5%2/0%+/C3%!+!01/!.%)$$#9+C3!3.'+7+'1'1/!2%!1/!7+.'+C!(3.')%!+!
&$$.)-#'-1.3/+#-1/!(5%!-1071'/3!.2/#9)&$$91719#1%!:#6#)-!"D3C!2%!C930"@E!0197+#!
&$$9171%!7+!)##!73%3!C9303!1991%!#)%C#/3!02%(5%!3''!01'!+/'1%)81$'+73!#B#'1-1',!#)-!(59D1%!
3.'+7+'1'1/!+!.%)$$1/,!&$$'28.1%!1/!.2/#9)%13.'+)/!#)-!(5%2/0%3'!'+99#'6/01'!+!.%)$$1/!:*+90!
F@<!A1/!+/'1%)81$'+73!+/()%-3'+)/1/!C2991%!.%)$$1/!)84!*13%*1'3#!+!+/#&93,!)84!2%!
'+99#3--3/#!-10!#)-3')#1/#)%+#.3!03'3,!#)-!*13%*1'3#!+!.2/#19*3%.1/,!7+.'+C3!
*BCC.9)##3%!(5%!.2/#9)-2##+C3!&$$91719#1%<!G6/C3!-1071'/3!.2/#9)-2##+C3!&$$91719#1%!
*BCC1%!#$18+(+.'!$6!3''!7+!&$$'28.1%!3''!'+99#'6/01'!+!.%)$$1/!(5%2/0%3'#,!'+99!1H1-$19!$6!
C%&/0!37!1''!%B8.!1991%!-3C)/'<!I+!*9+%!/3'&%9+C'7+#!+/'1!-1071'/3!)-!3993!.%)$$#9+C3!
(5%2/0%+/C3%!)84!+/'1!$6!96/C3!72C3%!41991%!)-!3993!76%3!.2/#9)%<!J$$-2%.#3-41'1/,!#)-!
#'B%!)84!729D1%!&'!+//146991'!+!76%'!-1071'3/01,!-6#'1!.&//3!(+9'%1%3!&'!
&%Q"DEN KÄNSLOSAMMA HJÄRNAN
"
)/50+C3!)84!#73C3!1-)'+)/1993!#+C/391%!&%!76%'!-1071'3/01!1('1%#)-!01##!.3$38+'1'!2%!
*1C%2/#30<!K2/#9)%!.3/!#'B%3!*1#9&'!)8.#6!C1/)-!01/!42%!'B$1/!37!#73C3!*3.C%&/0#L
#+C/391%,! )84! +/'1! (5%%2/! .2/#9)%/3#! #'B%.3! 1991%! 7+.'! 571%#'+C1%! 1/! 7+##! '%5#.19! *9+%! 7+!
-1071'/3! )-! 01-<! G1071'/3! .2/#9)&$$91719#1%! 2%! 7+.'+C3! 4D29$-1019! (5%! 01! 1H1.&'+73!
(&/.'+)/1%/3,! 1('1%#)-! 01##3! &$$91719#1%! (5%-1093%! '+99! )##! 3''! .)C/+'+)/,!
#9&'910/+/C#(5%-6C3! )84! 1H1.&'+73! (&/.'+)/1%! -6#'1! +/*1C%+$3#! /2%!
571%917/30#&'-3/+/C3%!#.3!'38.93#<!
"
!
KÄNSLORNA SYNLIGGÖRS
V44"4*(-.7"/*66."?>")+((=4":9;")>(6.".(<1."-:6(+4+0."23(-4+:(=1"*1"?1+0.4."
:9;",41+-4"+(4=1(.A"T="*1"23(-4+:(=1",:)"+(4=",8(,"34>47":)"+(4="?=1,:(=(",5*/0"
1>-.1",*6."0.<";=("4*(-=1A"B*(,/:1"<*1=):4"*1"+")>(6.".0,==(<=(":22=(4/+6."
D"<=":1,.-.1":24.".34:).4+,-.7"34>4",8(/+6."2C1*(<1+(6.1"+"+(<+0+<=(,"1C1=/,=17"
;>//(+(67"6=,4=17"1C,47"@=1C1+(6":9;"@/+9-A"T="28,+:/:6+,-."2C1*(<1+(6.1(.",:)"
-*(,/:4+//,4>(<=4":1,.-.1"0+,.1",+6"+"+(<+0+<=(,"@=4==(<=A"K+//"=W=)?=/"=("1>44."
,:)",=1"=44"1:0<531"/+66."?>"/31"/>(64"@:14.",4=/(.1"4+//7"0+/-=4"6C1"<=4",0>1.1="2C1"
1:0<531=4".44",="<=(A"'44"/+4=4"@.1("40=-.1":9;"(*1).1",+6"2C1,+-4+64"=("(8"/=--:)?+,"
?>"<.6+,=4,"6>1<7")=<.("=44"*/,-.(<="?.1"?>"2/86?/.4,=(",?1+(6=1"):4"0.1.(<1."
)=<"@3/4.(<=";5*14.("2C1".44":)2.)(."0.1.(<1."=24=1"=("/>(6"21>(0.1:A"
T=4"0=4=(,-.?/+6."+(41=,,=4"2C1"-*(,/:)*,,+6."344189-"@C15.<="(*1"d;.1/=,"
T.1e+("M&$P%D&$$OR">1"&$#O"1.??:14=1.<=".44")3,-/=1"+".(,+-4=":9;"-1:??";:,"
,>0*/" )*((+,-:1" ,:)" <531" 2C1*(<1.," ?>" :/+-." ,*44" 0+<" 4+//" =W=)?=/" 01=<=" =//=1"
1*<,/.A" T.1e+(," :@,=10.4+:(=1" /.<=" 613(<=(" 2C1" <=" 4=:1+=1" :)"
613(<.22=-4=1" ,:)" 340=9-/.<=," 3(<=1" ,/34=4" .0" &%QP^4./=4A" E.-:)" :/+-."
-*(,/:344189-" /+66=1" =(/+64" <=" ;*1" 4=:1+=1(." .-4+0+4=4" +" ,+(,=)=//.(" :/+-."
-*(,/:,8,4=)" +" <=4" 9=(41./." (=10,8,4=)=4" :9;" +@/.(<" @/+1" <=((." .-4+0+4=4"
,8(/+6"6=(:)"-*(,/:344189-A"K+<+6.",43<+=1".0"?,8-:/:6=("_.3/"'-).("0+,.<=".44"
,.))."?1:4:48?+,-.".(,+-4,344189-"+":/+-."-3/431=1".,,:9+=1.<=,")=<",.))."
-.4=6:1+=1".0"-*(,/:1A"H=(.1=";.1"):4,0.1.(<="1=,3/4.4"2>44,"=W=)?=/0+,"
2C1"-*(,/:344189-"6=(:)"1C,4"=//=1"-1:??,;>//(+(6A"F.0,=44"-3/431"+<=(4+2+=1.1"
:9;" 344189-=1" .//4,>" )*((+,-:1" 0+,,." 613(<.22=-4=1" D" =(/+64" <=(" 0.(/+6.,4="
2C14=9-(+(6=(" *1" <=" 01=<=7" ,:167" 6/*<5=7" 2C10>(+(67" 213-4.(" :9;" .0,-8A"
H=(.1=";.1"3??,*44(+(6=("613(<.22=-4=1" 340+<6.4,"D":9-,>".(<1."*("<=",=W"
:0.((*)(<.7" 4+//" =W=)?=/" 2C1.-47" 6=(.(," :9;" ,4:/4;=4" D" 1*-(.," :24." ,:)"
613(<.22=-4=1"M@+/<"QRA"
F9-,>"<=".14=1",:)",4>1")*((+,-.("(*1).,4";.1"48?+,-."344189-,,*44"2C1"
613(<.22=-4=1(.7":9;"1=<.(",)>"@.1("+<=(4+2+=1.1":9;"344189-=1"613(<.22=-4=1A"
T*12C1" ;.1" ).(" <1.6+4" ,/34,.4,=(" .44" 613(<.22=-4=1(." <=/0+," *1" @+:/:6+,-4"
<=4=1)+(=1.<=A"a=(:)"-3/431":9;"/*1.(<="3??,4>1"<=4"2C1,4>,"/:-./."<+./=-4=1"
2C1"-*(,/:344189-7"
&%!"Hjärnalfabet / Kapitel 10
"
"
Bild 5. R,'/&%B?H&-.,'&%-?0.-C..$P)0,%'78$'H$C%+&77,0.,$%&I'SB#+",'()*'-.(B.*,.'*#%H,$' .P+B?H.' -&==&%' =,+' <(-?.?/&' 0#%-B($T' 78$/G%?%H' 0&%' ?' -?%' .C$' /&$&' -G/#B' <(-?.?/' 9+C' 7G$'
*8$&' &..' +C' /C%%?.' <G' B(..(:' -(=' %,H&.?/' 9+C' 7G$' ,..' .,B,7(%-&=.&B'7$G%'-"C0*C-,.' =,+' M,-0,+,.' &..'+?%' =&0,' &/B?+?.:I' U,-.,%' &/' 0#%-B($%&' #$' .P+B?H.' %,H&.?/&I'6#'&6#%$0$5!
4%51#$2#! 7&1$! /46(0-'%0.$#$! )'$! 2#&! *"@'(-! ,87(8! 9:;<<>8!
$
:9;"=W=)?=/0+,";.1"344189-=("2C1"1*<,/."=(".((.("-/.(6"+"F,4.,+=("):4"<=("
0+"*1"0.(."0+<A"_>".1@=4,?/.4,=1":9;"+"0+,,."2.)+/5=1"-.("@=4==(<=-:<=("
<*)?." 344189-=(" 2C1" 01=<=" =//=1" ;=/4" 1.<=1." <=)" 21>(" -*(,/:-.14.(A"
N+-(.(<=".(,+-4,344189-"-.("<=,,34:)"344189-.":/+-."+(1="-*(,/:4+//,4>(<7"
:9;".44"+<=(4+2+=1.".(,+-4,344189-"-1*0=1".//4+<"=("1=2=1=(,1.)"D"=W=)?=/0+,"
*1"<=4",0>14".44",-+/5."?>"=44".(,+-4=",:)"344189-=1",)*14.":9;"=44",:)"
344189-=1" 41+3)2" =//=1" ,=W3=//" (534(+(67" :)" <=(" C01+6." -:(4=W4=("
M-1:??,;>//(+(67" ,+43.4+:(,2.-4:1=17" )+/5CR" 1.<=1.4," 21>(" @+/<=1(.A"
B*(,/:344189-"@=1*44.1".//4,>"./<1+6";=/4"?>/+4/+64":)"+(<+0+<=(,"-*(,/:/*6=A"
'44"@1."=W=)?=/"?>"<=4";*1"*1"<=";3(<1.4./,"/==(<=(",:)",=10+9=?=1,:(./"
<.6/+6=("6=1",+(."-3(<=1":9;",:)"+(4="=(,")=<"@*,4."0+/5."-.(".(4.,"
;.(</.":)"(534(+(67"34.("*1".0,=<<.".44"2C1)=</.",:9+./".99=?4.(,A"
B1:??,344189-=("2C1"-*(,/:1"-.("0.1."/+-."0+-4+6.",:)".(,+-4,344189-=("
Mf+4-:e=1":9;"K1.98"OP&%RA"'W=)?=/0+,"/*66=1").(")*1-="4+//"(>6:(",:)"
;:??.1".0"+/,-."1=<.("?>";>//7":9;";=(,",-1+-";C1,":9-,>"<+4"+(4="@/+9-=("
(>1A"g3"2/=1"-*//:1",:)"6=1":,,"+(2:1).4+:(":)".(<1.,"-*(,/:17"<=,4:")=1"
?>/+4/+64" -.(" 0+" @=<C)." -*(,/:1(.A" B*(,/:344189-" ,:)" :@,=10=1.4," +"
.(,+-4=":9;"-1:??,;>//(+(6"@=.1@=4.,",:)"=(";=/;=47":9;"<="+(4=61=1.,"+"
:@,=10.4+:(=1",:)"@=,-1+0=1"=44"-*(,/:4+//,4>(<A"
&%#"DEN KÄNSLOSAMMA HJÄRNAN
"
"
"
!
Y";5*1(.0@+/<(+(6,,43<+=1";.1").("0+,.4".44"+(2:1).4+:(":)"-*(,/:344189-"
@=.1@=4.," ,(.@@4" =24=1" ?=19=?4+:(=(A" '(/+64" 1=6+,41=1+(6.1" 21>(" =(,-+/<."
(=109=//=1" ?>" .?:1" @C15.1" @=.1@=4(+(6=(" .0" (=341./." :9;" -*(,/:)*,,+6."
.(,+-4,344189-"<+22=1=(4+=1.,"+";5*1(.("1=<.("=24=1":)-1+(6"&PP")+//+,=-3(<=1"=24=1"
.44".(,+-4,344189-=4":@,=10=1.4,A"Y"=/=-41:=(9=2./:61.2+,-."3(<=1,C-(+(6.1"M''a7",="
!?@ABCD*ER";.1"<=4":@,=10=1.4,".44"<=4"@.1."4.1"(>61."4+:4./,")+//+,=-3(<=1"/*(61="
.44"@=.1@=4.".(,+-4,344189-"ME.448":9;"K.8/:1"OPPbRA"S*1"-*(,/:344189-"-*((,"
+6=(" @=.1@=4.," .(,+-4,^" :9;" -1:??,1=/.4=1.<" +(2:1).4+:(" .0" 4+((+(6^" :9;"
(.9-/:@=1(.7",:)",.).1@=4.1")=<"<="/+)@+,-.":)1><=(",:)"@=.1@=4.1"-*(,/:1"
M.)86<./.(R" :9;" :)1><=(." +" ;5*,,/:@=(" ,:)" ,481" 3??)*1-,.);=4=(A" Y@/.(<"
:1,.-.1",-.<:1"?>"(.9-/:@=(".(,+-4,@/+(<;=47"<=4"0+//",*6.":2C1)>6.".44"-*((."+6=("
=(" .((.(" ?>" ;=(," .(,+-4=7" )=(" :)" <=" :)1><=(" ,:)" ,?=9+./+,=1.4" ,+6" ?>" .44"
@=.1@=4."-*(,/:1"-/.1.1",+6" 34.(" ,-.<:1" -.(" =(" .(,+-4,@/+(<" ?=1,:(" +@/.(<" *(<>"
-*((." +6=(" .(<1." ?>" <=1.," .(,+-4,344189-A" F)0*(4" 6*//=1" .44" ,-.<:1" ?>"
.)86<./.(" -.(" 6C1." <=4" ,0>1.1=" .44" -*((." +6=(" .(,+-4,344189-7" *0=(" :)"
?=1,:(=("2:142.1.(<="-.("+<=(4+2+=1."<=(".(<1.,".(,+-4=",:)"0.(/+64A"
!
!
VARFÖR SYNS KÄNSLOR UTÅT?
Y6=(-*((+(6" .0" .(<1.," -*(,/:1" 6=1" :,," )C5/+6;=4" .44" Z/*,." 4.(-.1Z7"
=24=1,:)"<=4".44".(<1.,".0,+-4=1":9;")>/"0+,.1",+6"+"<=1.,".(,+-4,344189-"
:9;"6=,4=1"6C1".44"0+"-.("2C134,=",.),?=/=4")=<"<=)A"_>",>",*44"-.("
0+" 3(<0+-." =(" +/,-=4" 21*,.(<=" -://=6." =//=1" 41C,4." 0>1" ?.14(=1" ,:)" *1"
(=<,4*)<" =24=1" =(" )+,,/89-.<" .1@=4,+(4=1053A" V44" <=4" ,:9+./." 3)6*(6=4"
+(4=".//4+<"@=;C0=1"@C15.,":)"21>("@C15.(",?.1.1"4+<":9;")C<.A"
F1<=4" -*(,/:344189-" .(48<=1" .44" -*(,/:)*,,+6." 2C1*(<1+(6.1" +"
.(,+-4=" :9;" -1:??" ,-3//=" ;." 340=9-/.4," 2C1" .44" 0+" ,-." -3((." 2C1)=</."
0>1."-*(,/:1"4+//".(<1.A"T=44."*1"=)=//=14+<"+(4="(C<0*(<+640+,"2.//=4A"K+//"
=W=)?=/",(C1?=1"0+"?>"(*,.("+(2C1".0,-8"2C1".44";+(<1.")*(6<=("/3-4=1"
,:)" (>1" (*,.(7" :9;" +(4=" +" 2C1,4." ;.(<" 2C1" .44" 2C1)=</." -*(,/.(" .0"
.0,-8"4+//".(<1."MH3,,-+(<")A2/A"OPP$RA"L".(<1.",+<.("@=45*(.1"=("<=/"
.0" 0>1." .(,+-4,344189-" :9;" 6=,4=1" ,?=9+2+-4" -:))3(+-.4+:(=(A"
N==(<=(" :9;" ,-1.44" .,,:9+=1.," :24." )=<" 6/*<5=" =//=1" (534(+(67" )=(" +"
,5*/0."0=1-=4"/=1":9;",-1.44.1")*((+,-:1")89-=4",*//.("(*1"<="3??/=0=1"
,4.1-" /3,4" D" ,-1.44.(2.//" :9;" @1=<." /==(<=(" *1" =W41=)4" :0.(/+6." +"
,.)@.(<" )=<" <=" ,4C1,4." (534(+(6.1(." ,>,:)" ,=W7" /*9-=1" ).4" =//=1"
+<1:44A" H-1.447" /==(<=(" :9;" )>(6." .(<1." .(,+-4,344189-" 2C1)=</.1"
2.-4+,-4"+"2C1,4.";.(<",:9+./.".0,+-4=1":9;"):4+0"MH9:44")A2/A"OP&QRA"
&%$"Hjärnalfabet / Kapitel 10
"
B*(,/:1",)+44.1"/*44".0",+6A"S*1"0+",=1"=44"/+4=4"@.1("2.//."?>"98-=/(":9;"@C15."
61>4."41C,4/C,47"-18?=1"-*(,/:1".0",)*14.":9;":/3,4"+("+":,,",5*/0.A"T=(";*1"
48?=(".0".34:).4+,-",+)3/=1+(6".0".(<1.,"-*(,/:1";5*/?=1":,,",4*//."+(":,,"?>"
,.))."0>6/*(6<",:)"0>1.")=<)*((+,-:17":9;",><.("=):4+:(=//",?=6/+(6"*1"
(>6:4"0+":)=<0=4=4"6C1"(*,4.(";=/."4+<=(A"Y";5*1(.0@+/<(+(6,,43<+=1";.1"0+"
3??4*9-4".44")*((+,-:1,";5*1(.-4+0+4=4",8(-1:(+,=1.,"(*1"<="3??/=0=1",4.1-."
-*(,/:1"MS3))=()..")A2/A"OP&ORA"T>"@=;C0=1"0+"+(4=".(,41*(6.":,,"2C1".44"
,/34.":,,"4+//"0.<".(<1."-*((=1A"H><.(",=(,:):4:1+,-",+)3/=1+(6";5*/?=1"
.44" +<=(4+2+=1." .(<1." )*((+,-:1," -*(,/:17" )=(" 2C1,0>1.," .0,=0*14"
=W=)?=/0+,"4+//"2C/5<".0",-.<:1"?>"-*(,=/@.1-=(A"
H?=6/+(6"M,="N4VWXYZ' F[R"6C1"<=4"/*44.1="2C1",>0*/"?:,+4+0.",:)"(=6.4+0."
-*(,/:1".44",?1+<.",+6"+"=("613??"D"=44",)+44.(<=",-1.44"23(6=1.1",:)",:9+./4"
-+44",:)"-.("2C1=(.":9-,>",4:1."613??=1")=<")*((+,-:17")=<.("31,+((="
=//=1"?.(+-",:)"@184=1"34"+"=("2:/-,-.1."/*44"-.("61+?."0*/<+64")>(6.A"I.("
)>,4=".//4,>"0.1."3??)*1-,.)"?>"-*(,/:1",:)",)+44.1".0",+6"M:9;",:)"
).(",)+44.1".0"?>".(<1.R7":9;"+")>(6."/*6=("0:1="<=4"2.-4+,-4"@*441=":)"
<="+(4=".//,",)+44.<=A"h*<<(+(6,).(,-.?"?>"=(":/89-,?/.4,")>,4=";>//."
;303<=4"-.//4":9;".-4.",+6"2C1".44",?1+<."?.(+-":9;",-1*9-"@/.(<"<=",-.<.<=7"
:9;" =(" ?,8-:4=1.?=34" ,:)" /*44" 2>1" >(6=,4" :9;" 0+,.1" ,+(" >(6=,4" -.(" +(4="
;5*/?.",+(."?.4+=(4=1"?>"@*,4.")C5/+6.",*44A"
!
!
SLUTORD
i/C<=4".0"4.(-.1":9;"-*(,/:1",4.((.1"./<1+6".0A"X0=(":)"<=4")=,4.".0"+((=;>//=4"+"
0>14"?,8-="*1"?:,+4+04"=//=1"(=341./4"MT+=(=1":9;"T+=(=1"&%%!`"S3))=()..")A2/A"
OP&$R7"41*(6=1",+6"/=<,.))."4.(-.1":9;"2C1=,4*//(+(6.1">4=1-:)).(<=":9;":24."
:0*(4.4"?>":,,A"I=<";5*/?".0")=-.(+,)=1(."2C1".44"1=6/=1."0>1."-*(,/:1"-.("0+"
431/+64"(:6"?>0=1-."0+/-."-*(,/:1"0+"3??/=0=1":9;"(*1A"X0=(":)"-*(,/:1";5*/?=1":,,"
2/8" 2.1:1" :9;" 3(<0+-." ,53-<:).17" -.(" <=" +(4=" ;5*/?." )=<" .44" <=,+6(."
):@+/4=/=2:(=17"@866."18)<,-844/.17"@=,/34.":)",4:1/=-=("?>"@:/>("=//=1"
@=613(<."@=4==(<=(,"=22=-4=1"?>"/*(61=",+-4A"B*(,/:1"23(6=1.1".//1."@*,4"(*1"
C0=1/=0(.<,34).(+(6.1"-1*0=1"@=,/34";*1":9;"(3A"T*12C1"*1"=-:(:)+,-4":9;"
?:/+4+,-4"@=,/34,2.44.(<=",:)"=(@.14"346>1"21>("-*(,/:1"<C)4".44")+,,/89-.,7"
=24=1,:)"<=";*1"2:1)=1(.".0"@=,/34,2.44.(<="-1*0=1"2C1)>6.(".44"?/.(=1.",4:1."
;=/;=4=1"/>(64"+("+"21.)4+<=(A"T=4"*1"/C(4".44"6=".-4"?>",+(."=6(."-*(,/:1",>".44"
).("+"@=,/34,,+43.4+:(=1"-.("41.)?."?>"@1:),=(":9;"<*)?.",+(."-*(,/:1",>".44"
:9-,>"-:6(+4+:(=("2>1"13)".44".6=1.A"
&%%"DEN KÄNSLOSAMMA HJÄRNAN
"
LITTERATUR
J,'&:7%!]L!U'V!%7'4&,!$*4('%6.*$6*!%14,M!*+'1.'$%_!`M!,.%1.$24.%7.$2!*+'1.'$!
%1-1*%N!6'$6*:1%N!-$,!*E:*(.*$6*%/!Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci FG?[N!?FL!FKZY?/!
J$,*(%'$!DaN!J,'&:7%!]L!J!8(-+*V'("!8'(!%14,M.$2!*+'1.'$%!-6('%%!%:*6.*%/!
Cell FG?KN!?^[L!?A[ZFGG/!
`-11M!bN!W-M&'(!baL!P-(&M!:('6*%%.$2!'8!17*!%.E!;-%.6!8-6.-&!*+'1.'$-&!*E:(*%%.'$%/!
Cogn Brain Res FGGYN!?[L!T?YZTFG/!
`*67-(-!JN!W(-$*&!DN!D-+-%.'!UL!c7-(-61*(.d-1.'$!'8!17*!,*6.%.'$5+-".$2!,*8.6.1!'8!
:-1.*$1%!V.17!)*$1('+*,.-&!:(*8('$1-&!6'(1*E!&*%.'$%/!Brain FGGGN!?FYL!F?A@Z!
FFGF/!
D-(V.$!cL!Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. a'7$!b4((-MN!C'$,'$N!
?A[F/!
D.*$*(!PN!D.*$*(!cL!b'%1!:*':&*!-(*!7-::M/!Psychol Sci ?@@TN![L!?A?Z?A^/!U-((.%'$!
OJN!`(M,'$!CN!e-&"*(!cN!f(-M!bJN!S1*:1'*!JN!D'&-$!]aN!c(.167&*M!UDL!
O*4(-&!'(.2.$%!'8!74+-$!%.6"$*%%!.$!.$1*('6*:1.)*!(*%:'$%*%!1'!.$8&-++-1.'$/!
Biol Psychiatry FGG@N!TTL!K?^ZKFF/!
U'(."-V-!WN!c'V*$!JSN!I*&1$*(!DN!I-+.1-$.!gL!W7*!$*4(-&!(*:(*%*$1-1.'$!'8!).%4-&&M!
*)'"*,!*+'1.'$!.%!7.275,.+*$%.'$-&N!6-1*2'(.6-&N!-$,!,.%1(.;41*,!-6('%%!
1(-$%+',-&!;(-.$!(*2.'$%/!iScience FGFGN!FYL!KY/!
I';*(!UN!`-((*11!CQN!a'%*:7!aN!`&.%%5b'(*-4!PN!C.$,h4.%1!IN!e-2*(!WDL!
Q4$61.'$-&!2('4:.$2!-$,!6'(1.6-&5%4;6'(1.6-&!.$1*(-61.'$%!.$!*+'1.'$L!
J!+*1-5-$-&M%.%!'8!$*4('.+-2.$2!%14,.*%/!Neuroimage FGGAN!KFL!@@AZ?GY?/!
C*D'4E!aPL!P+'1.'$!6.(64.1%!.$!17*!;(-.$/!Annu Rev Neurosci FGGGN!FYL!?^^Z?AK/!
C4::.$'!QSN!,*!e.1!CbN!`'4)M!>QN!S1.3$*$!WN!c4.3:*(%!>N!>*$$.$E!`eaUN!
i.1+-$!QfL!0)*(V*.271N!';*%.1MN!-$,!,*:(*%%.'$L!J!%M%1*+-1.6!(*).*V!-$,!
+*1-5-$-&M%.%!'8!&'$2.14,.$-&!%14,.*%/!Arch Gen Psychiatr FG?GN!T[L!FFGZFF@/!
CM4;'+.(%"M!SN!I.$2!CN!D.*$*(!PL!W7*!;*$*8.1%!'8!8(*h4*$1!:'%.1.)*!-88*61L!
D'*%!7-::.$*%%!&*-,!1'!%466*%%_!Psychol Bull FGG^N!?Y?L!AGYZA^^/!!
O4++*$+--!CN!f&*(*-$!PN!j..$."-.$*$!bN!a##%"*&#.$*$!R>N!U-(.!]N!S-+%!bL!
P+'1.'$%!:('+'1*!%'6.-&!.$1*(-61.'$!;M!%M$67('$.d.$2!;(-.$!-61.).1M!-6('%%!
.$,.).,4-&%/!Proc Natl Acad Sci USA FG?FN!?G@L!@^@@Z@TGK/!
O4++*$+--!CN!f&*(*-$!PN!U-(.!]N!U.*1-$*$!aIL!`',.&M!+-:%!'8!*+'1.'$%/!
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA FG?KN!???L!TKTZT^?/!
O4++*$+--!CN!U-(.!]N!U.*1-$*$!aIN!f&*(*-$!PL!b-:%!'8!%4;3*61.)*!8**&.$2%/!
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA FG?AN!??^L!@?@AZ@FGY/!
>-$"%*::!aL!Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. 0E8'(,!k$.)*(%.1M!>(*%%N!O*V!g'("N!OgN!?@@A/!
>*&4%'!bJN!f4*((-!,*!J$,(-,*!CUL!>7M%.6-&!-61.).1M!-$,!+*$1-&!7*-&17L!W7*!
-%%'6.-1.'$!;*1V**$!*E*(6.%*!-$,!+'',/!Clinics (Sao Paulo) FGG^N!TGL!T?Z[G/!
OPP"Hjärnalfabet / Kapitel 10
"
S--(.+#".!UN!f'1%':'4&'%!JN!a##%"*&#.$*$!R>N!C-+:.$*$!aN!j4.&&*4+.*(!>N!U-(.!
]N!S-+%!bN!O4++*$+--!CL!D.%6(*1*!$*4(-&!%.2$-14(*%!'8!;-%.6!*+'1.'$%/!Cereb Cortex FG?TN!TL!F^TYZF^[Y/!
S--(.+#".!UN!P31*7-,.-$!CQN!f&*(*-$!PN!a##%"*&#.$*$!R>N!j4.&&*4+.*(!>N!S-+%!bN!
O4++*$+--!CL!D.%1(.;41*,!-88*61.)*!%:-6*!(*:(*%*$1%!+4&1.:&*!*+'1.'$!
6-1*2'(.*%!-6('%%!17*!74+-$!;(-.$/!Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci FG?AN!?YL!K[?ZKAF/!
S6'11!SIN!C-)-$!ON!c7*$!SN!b6f*11.2-$!cL!W7*!%'6.-&!&.8*!'8!&-4271*(/!Trends Cogn Sci FG?^N!?AL!T?AZTFG/!
S4.$$!]bL!W7*!1*((.;&*!1V'%!Z!-$2*(!-$,!-$E.*1ML!U-d-(,'4%!1'!M'4(!7*-&17/!
Am Psychologist FGG?N!^TL!F[ZYT/!
S4%%".$,!abN!C**!DUN!c4%.!JN!Q*.+-N!]N!f(-;%".!eN!J$,*(%'$!JIL!PE:(*%%.$2!8*-(!
*$7-$6*%!%*$%'(M!-6h4.%.1.'$/!Nat Neurosci FGGAN!??L!AKYZA^G/!
W-V-"'&!JN!R%7-.!JN!W-"E!]J>N!Q.24*('-!JCN!J&.!JN!I-.%*(!gN!W(4'$2!lJN!S'&'+'$!
caPN!c-&6-2$'!cN!b-$.!jN!W-$2!cgN!b4&,*(!eabN!b4(('427!aeN!U'88+-$$!kN!
O-7(*$,'(8!bN!S7.$!CbN!Q-M-,!iJN!>.1+-$!]IL!]*&-1.'$!;*1V**$!(*%1.$2!
-+M2,-&-(!-61.).1M!-$,!6-(,.')-%64&-(!*)*$1%L!J!&'$2.14,.$-&!-$,!6'7'(1!%14,M/!
Lancet FG?[N!YA@L!AYKZAK^/!
)-$!,*(!S67-&"N!aN!U-V"N!SWN!Q.%67*(N!JUN!D''%3*!`L!b').$2!8-6*%N!&''".$2!:&-6*%L!
j-&.,-1.'$!'8!17*!J+%1*(,-+!DM$-+.6!Q-6.-&!PE:(*%%.'$!S*1!=JDQPSH/!Emotion FG??N!??L!@G[Z@FG/!
e.1"'V*(!iN!W(-6M!aCL!`',.&M!6'++4$.6-1.'$!'8!*+'1.'$L!P).,*$6*!8'(!*E1(-8-6.-&!
;*7-).'(-&!*E:(*%%.'$%!-$,!-)-.&-;&*!6',.$2!%M%1*+%/!Emot Rev FG?@N!??L!?AKZ!
?@Y/!