http://www.diva-portal.org
This is the published version of a chapter published in Society, Health and Population during the Demographic Transition.
Citation for the original published chapter:
Brändström, A. (1988)
The Silent Sick. Life-Histories of 19th Century Swedish Hospital Patients.
In: Anders Brändström and Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Society, Health and Population during the Demographic Transition (pp. 343-368). Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International
N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.
Permanent link to this version:
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136489
Pc`Odg`ioOd^f+Hda`*Ddnojmd`n
ja.6oc?`iopmtOr`_dncDjnkdo\gL\od`ion
:cYZgh;gucYhigxb
F\^lp`nN`q`g\i_F`\i*Ld`mm`L`o`mc\q`^mdod^\ggt\i\gtu`_nop_d`n\]jpooc`
cdnojmtja_dn`\n`n+ O^cjg\mnc\q`) oc`t\mbp`) nop_d`_dibm`\o_`o\dg\ghjno
`q`mt_dn`\n`)donjmdbdi)donnkm`\_dib)\i_don`aa`^onjih\ifdi_+Pc`m`npgon
c\q`]``ikp]gdnc`_dioc`ajmhjahjm]d_dot\i_hjmo\gdotm\o`n+ @j^ojmn)
\i_ oc`dm ^`\n`g`nn g\nodib nompbbg` \b\dino npaa`mdib \i_ kjjm c`\goc c\q`
]``i^\m`apggt\nn`nn`_+ Pc`oc`m\k`pod^m`bdh`i) oc` h`_d^\gdinomph`ion)
\i_oc`^gdid^\g\kk\m\opnc\q`\gg]``ibdq`i\cdnojmtjaoc`dmjri) ]pooc`
k\od`io)oc`nd^f\i_npaa`mdib) c\q`m`h\di`_\ijithjpn a)
Pc`cdnojmtja\_dn`\n`ncjpg_)lpdo`i\opm\ggtji`rjpg_ocdif)]`^`iom`_
\mjpi_oc`k`jkg`\aagd^o`_]tdo+ Scjr`m`oc`t< Djr_d_oc`ta``g\]jpo
oc`dmndop\odji<Sc\o]`^\h`jaoc`h<Mp`nodjinlpdo`i\opm\gojoc`nj^d\g
cdnojmd\i)]po_daad^pgoojadi_dioc`q\nogdo`m\opm`jioc`cdnojmtjah`_d^di`+
=^^jm_dib oj N`q`g \i_ L`o`m _dn`\n` c\n ]``i \r\m_`_ don jri cdnojmt)
ojb`oc`m rdoc oc` ^mpn\_`mn jah`_d^\g n^d`i^` ^\hk\dbidib \b\dino oc`h+
Pc`nd^fk\od`ioc\njigt`sdno`_di\ajjoijo`)jm\n\ijao`i]du\mm``s\hkg`7
\n \hjino`m amjh oc` jk`m\odib oc`\o`m+ Pc` k\od`io c\n jigt]``i rjmoc
h`iodjidib]`^\pn`jacdnmjg`\nnjh`njmoja\h`_dphajm\idio`m`nodib
_dn`\n`/+
Sc`oc`m ocdn cjg_n omp` ajm oc` h\ejmdot jagdo`m\opm` ji oc` cdnojmt ja
h`_d^di`dn\h\oo`mjajkdidji+Ki`ocdibdn)cjr`q`m^g`\m)do^`mo\digtcjg_n
omp`ajmhjnonop_d`n_`\gdibrdococ`cdnojmtjacjnkdo\gn+
Pc`m` \m` iph`mjpn cjnkdo\g cdnojmd`n oc\o h\i\b`) \ghjno rdoc ^gdid^\g
k`ma`^odji) oj\qjd_`q`ih`iodjidiboc\ooc`m`\^op\ggtr`m`nd^fk`jkg`di
oc`r\m_n+Eino`\_r`b`o_`o\dg`_\i\gtn`njaoc`\m^cdo`^opm`jaoc`cjnkdo\g)
oc`_`ndbijan`k\m\o`r\m_n)oc`ntno`hjan`r\b`)rc`ioc`cjnkdo\g^c\ib`_
amjhrjj_`iojdmji]`_n) \i_rc`oc`moc`r\ggnr`m`rcdo`*r\nc`_jmijo+
Pc`no\aajaoc`cjnkdo\g\gr\tnn``hnoj]`jaoc`pohjnodio`m`no+ B\hjpn
npmb`jin\i__j^ojmn\m`km`n`io`_7r`b`oojfijrjaoc`dm`_p^\odji)cjr
oc`t nompbbg`_ \b\dino _dn`\n` \i_ dbijm\i^`) rc\o n^d`iodad^ \^cd`q`h`ion
oc`t h\_`) `o^+ Pc` ipmn`n) oc` \kjoc`^\mt) oc` ^g`mfn) oc` h\d_n) \i_ oc`
bp\m_d\inj aoc`din\i`\m`km`n`io`_ojoc`m`\_`m+Pc`k\od`ion\m`)cjr`q`m)
010
n`g_jh h`iodji`_+ Ojh`odh`n `q`i oc` rjm_ k\od`io dn \qjd_`_8 di njh`
nop_d`n é iph]`mja]`_nè n``hnoj]`pn`_\n\i`lpdq\g`io+ Ptkd^\ggt) oc`
hjno _`o\dg`_ cdnojmd^\g \i\gtndn ja Or`_dnc cjnkdo\gn dn \i \m^cdo`^opm\g
cdnojmt0+ E _jijo`q`i^jind_`moc`iph`mjpncdnojmd`n rmdoo`idih`hjmt
jacjnkdo\gn\n]`dibk\mod^pg\mgt\i\gtod^\gjmcdnojmd^\gdioc`dm\kkmj\^c+
>`^\pn`jaocdnr`fijrhp^chjm`\]jpooc`cjnkdo\g\n\hjiph`ioja
oc`\moja^jinomp^odibkjhkjpn]pdg_dibn+Pc`dmapi^odji\nnjh`njmoja`s*
k`mdh`io\gg\]jm\ojmtajmnfdgg`_n^d`iodnon) \i_\n\kg\tbmjpi_ ajmkcdg\i*
ocmjkdnon \i_,jm kjgdod^d\in dn r`gg*fijri+ >po oc` k\od`ion c\q` m`h\di`_
ndg`io\i_\ijithjpn+
@pmdibm`^`iot`\mnoc`m`c\n]``i\om`i_ojr\m_\i`rfdi_jacdnojmtja
h`_d^di`) rcd^c `hkc\ndu`n oc` nj^d\g dio`m\^odji ]`or``i h`_d^di` \i_
nj^d`ot+O^cjg\mngdf`D`imtOdb`mdno)?c\mg`nNjn`i)\i_Amrdi=^f`mfi`^co
c\q`ja^jpmn`\gr\tnc\_\nj^d\g_dh`indjiojoc`dmm`n`\m^c+Oop_d`nh\_`
]t\pocjmnamjhoc`nj^d\gn^d`i^`n\i_oc`cph\idod`nc\q`)cjr`q`m)di^m`\n*
`__m\h\od^\ggt+J`rlp`nodjinc\q`]``i\nf`_) \i_jg_ji`n\i\gtu`_di\
_daa`m`io k`mnk`^odq` 1+ Odi^` nd^fi`nn \i_ c`\goc \m` orj jaoc` hjno api*
_\h`io\g\nk`^onjacph\igda`\i_oc`m`ajm`c\q`bm`\o^pgopm\g\i_nj^d\g
dhk\^ojinj^d`ot)dodnlpdo`i\opm\goc\ooc``aajmoojpi_`mno\i__dn`\n`dnja
oc`bm`\o`nodio`m_dn^dkgdi\mtdio`m`no+Pcdnc\n\go`m`_oc`^jpmn`)ijojigtja
oc`cdnojmtjah`_d^di`dib`i`m\g) ]po\gnjjaoc`cdnojmtjacjnkdo\gn+
Ki`r\tjarmdodib\i`rcjnkdo\gcdnojmtdnojkpohjm``hkc\ndnjioc`
cdnojmtjaoc`k\od`ion]tpndiboc`jao`i`s^`gg`iom`^jm_nja\_hdnndjin\i_
_dnhdnn\gn+ >tpndiboc`n`njpm^`nr`b`o\_`o\dg`_\i_^g`\m*^pokd^opm`ja
rcj oc` `dbco``ioc* \i_ idi`o``ioc*^`iopmtk\od`ion r`m`) rctoc`tqdndo`_
oc`cjnkdo\g)cjroc`tr`m`om`\o`_)\i_rc\oc\kk`i`_ojoc`h_pmdiboc`dm
no\t+ Eioc`O^\i_di\qd\i^jpiomd`nKdqdi_H\mn`ic\npn`_cjnkdo\gm`^jm_n
ajm k\od`ion di cdn nop_t ja oc` J\qt Djnkdo\g di ?jk`ic\b`i \i_ oc`
Gjibn]`mb cjnkdo\g di Jjmr\t+ Ei c`m diq`nodb\odji dioj oc` kjgdod^\g \i_
nj^d\g hjodq`n ]`cdi_ oc` ajpi_\odji ja cjnkdo\gn di @`ih\mf) Odbicdg_
R\ggbÄm_\ nop_d`_ oc` k\od`ion \_hdoo`_ oj Bm`_mdfn Djnkdo\g \i_ Gjh*
hpi`cjnkdo\g`o di ?jk`ic\b`i) \i_ Lm\`noj =hon Otb`cpn di J\`nq`_+
Pc`m`dnijnop_tdiOr`_`irc`m`apggpn`c\n]``ih\_`jak\od`ionm`^jm_n+
Ijnojaoc`h\m`rmdoo`idioc`\]jq`h`iodji`_ a\ncdji) ocjpbcoc`m`\m`
njh` `s^`kodjin 2+ =mocpm A Ehcja c\n pn`_ k\od`ionë m`^jm_n amjh oc`
?c\mdo`*Djnkdo\gdi>`mgdidijm_`moj_`n^md]`oc`nd^f3+ EiAibg\i_ ) AI
Odbnrjmoc) Fjci Sjj_r\m_ \i_ Oo`q`i ?c`mmtc\q` h\_`dhkjmo\io ^ji*
omd]podjin ]t pndib oc` n\h` otk` ja h\o`md\g+ Ei oc` QO=) Sdggd\h D
Sdggd\hn\i_Cp`io`m>Ndnn`c\q`\gnj_dm`^o`_hp^chjm`dio`m`noojr\m_
oc`k\od`io+ Cp`io`m>Ndnn`c\nm`^`iogtkp]gdnc`_\]jjf\]jpooc`Njt\g
Eiadmh\mtjaA_di]pmbc) rc`m`c`h\f`n`so`indq`pn`jak\od`ionë m`^jm_n)
km`n^mdkodji ]dggn) ^\n`*]jjfn) \i_ nop_`ionë ijo`]jjfn+ Ndnn` ^\i oc`m`]t
bdq`\_`o\dg`_kd^opm`jaoc`_dn`\n`njaoc`k\od`ion)oc`dmnj^d\g]\^fbmjpi_
\i_h`_d^\gom`\oh`io\i_don `aa`^o4+ Eioc`n`nop_d`n r`^\i) ajmoc` admno
011
odh`) n\toc\ooc`k\od`ion]`bdioj`h`mb`pkjioc`\m`i\)\i_oc\ooc`t\m`
bdq`ioc`dmjricdnojmt+
Pc`admnocjnkdo\gn
Or`_`inadmnocjnkdo\g)oc`O`m\adh`mDjnkdo\gdiOoj^fcjgh)r\najpi_`_di
.42/+A\mgd`m\oo`hkon\oajpi_dib\cjnkdo\gçoc`nj*^\gg`_Gdhd`db^jbç
c\_a\dg`__p`ojoc`g\^fja^\kdo\g\i_dio`m`no+ Pc`O`m\adh`mDjnkdo\gdi
Ooj^fcjghjk`i`_rdoc\^\k\^dotja`dbco]`_n) \i_rdococ`dio`iodjija
^pmdibk\pk`mnd^fk`jkg`amjhoc`rcjg`^jpiomt+Pc`cjnkdo\gr\nadi\i^`_
h\digt]to\s`n\i_^jiomd]podjinamjh`\^cjaOr`_`in^jpiod`n+Eo_d_ijo)
ja^jpmn`) o\f`gjib]`ajm`k`jkg`m`\gdu`_oc\ooc` O`m\adh`mDjnkdo\gr\n
ojjnh\gg\i_dor\npn`_jigt]toc`^dodu`injaOoj^fcjgh+Ei.432Or`_dnc
L\mgd\h`iooc`m`ajm`b\q`k`mhdnndjiajmoc`ajpi_\odjija^jpiot*cjnkdo\gn+
Pc` Or`_dnc Cjq`mih`io ^jiomd]po`_ oj oc` adi\i^`n amjh \ api_ $FZY^(
X^cVa[dcYZc% _`ndbi`_ `nk`^d\ggt ajm ocdn kpmkjn`+ Pc` ^jiomd]podjin r`m`)
cjr`q`m)q`mthj_`no\i_oc`^jpiotcjnkdo\gnc\_oj]`adi\i^`_\gnj]toc`
oc` gj^\g \pocjmdod`n ocmjpbc o\s`n) ?cpm^c ^jgg`^odjin) \i_ kmdq\o` _ji\*
odjin+
Eodndhkjmo\ioojm`h`h]`mcjrOr`_dnccjnkdo\gnr`m`adi\i^`_+>`^\pn`
jaoc`g\mb`kmjkjmodjijahji`tamjhkp]gd^h`\in) \i_oc`a\^ooc\ooc`t
r`m`oj]`bjq`mi`_]tOo\o`\pocjmdod`n)ji]joc\gj^\g\i_^`iom\gg`q`g)oc`t
i`q`m\nnph`_oc`^c\m\^o`mja\Rjgpio\mtcjnkdo\g)nj^jhhjidiAibg\i_)
O^jog\i_) \i_oc`Qido`_Oo\o`n+ Pcdn) diopmi) \nr`nc\ggn``)c\_\i`aa`^o
pkji\_hdnndjikjgd^t)\i_\gnjpkjioc`m`gd\]dgdotjanjh`jaoc`diajmh\*
odjidioc`k\od`ionë m`^jm_n+
Pc`Or`_dnc^jpiotcjnkdo\gnr`m`m\oc`mnh\ggdi^jhk\mdnjirdococjn`
diAibg\i_\i_O^jog\i_)\i_`som`h`gtnh\gg^jhk\m`_rdoccjnkdo\gnnp^c
\n oc` I\nn\^cpn`oon C`i`m\g) jm Djo`g @d`p diL\mdn rdoc hjm`oc\i .1--
]`_n+ L\mdn \gji` c\_ hjm`oc\i 0-cjnkdo\gn rdoc \ojo\g iph]`m jahjm`
oc\i /- --- ]`_n 5) rcd^c dn oc` n\h` \n oc` ojo\g iph]`m jacjnkdo\gn di
Or`_`idioc`t`\m.5--+Pc`Or`_dnccjnkdo\gn^jpg_ijojaa`mhjm`oc\i\k*
kmjsdh\o`gt32-]`_n\ooc\oodh`+ Pc`\q`m\b`ndu`ja\^jpiotcjnkdo\gr\n
.3]`_n) rdoc\i\q`m\b`ja5-\_hdnndjink`mt`\m6+ Pc`g\mb`nocjnkdo\g\o
oc`opmijaoc``dbco``ioc^`iopmtr\noc`O`m\adh`mcjnkdo\gdiOoj^fcjgh
rdoc .1-]`_n+
Pc`hj_`nondu`jaOr`_dnc`dbco``ioc*\i_idi`o``ioc*^`iopmtcjnkdo\gndn
\_m\r]\^frc`ih\fdib^jhk\mdnjinrdococ`_`q`gjkh`iojadinodopodji\g
^\m`dijoc`mApmjk`\i^jpiomd`n+Kiji`c\i_)ji`^jpg_\mbp`oc\o]`^\pn`
oc`tr`m`njnh\gg)oc`tr`m`n^d`iodad^\ggt]\^fr\m_+Pc`cjnkdo\gkctnd^d\in
g\^f`_k`mc\kn]joch`_d^\gfijrg`_b`\i_oc`mdbco`lpdkh`iodijm_`moj
]`np^^`nnapgdioc`dmrjmf+ Or`_dnccjnkdo\ghjmo\gdotm\o`nrjpg_]`cdbc`m
]`^\pn` ja kmdhdodq` oc`m\kt+ Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) ji` ^jpg_ \mbp` oc\o
Or`_dnc cjnkdo\gn r`m` ajmopi\o`) dioc\o oc`dm hj_`no ndu` kmjo`^o`_ oc`h
012
amjhoc`cjmmjmn jajq`m^mjr_dib+ Pc`g\oo`mr\n am`lp`iogtm`kjmo`_ amjh
Djo`g@d`pdiL\mdn)rc`m``qd_`iogt\oodh`npkojajpmk`mnjinr`m`j]gdb`_
ojnc\m`oc`n\h`]`_+Pcjh\nI^G`jri)lpjodibBgjm`i^`Jdbcodib\g`)kd^*
opm`nidi`o``ioc^`iopmtcjnkdo\gn\njq`m^mjr_`_\i_adgoctc`ggcjg`n.-+Pc`
hp^ca`\m`_é cjnkdo\g_dn`\n`è)rcd^ch\_`do\ghjnodhkjnnd]g`ajmAibgdnc
kctnd^d\in oj \_hdo k`mnjin npaa`mdib amjh dia`^odjpn _dn`\n`n) ncjpg_
oc`m`ajm`ijoc\q`^\pn`_\itkmj]g`hndiOr`_dnccjnkdo\gn+
Pc` ^ji^gpndji r` ^\i _m\r amjh ocdn \mbph`io dn oc\o Or`_dnc ^jpiot
cjnkdo\gnncjpg_c\q`c\_k\od`ionrdoc\ojo\ggt_daa`m`io_dn`\n`k\ijm\h\
\i_rdochp^c gjr`m hjmo\gdotm\o`n+ =ocdm_ kjnnd]dgdotrjpg_ ]`oc\o oc`
i`b\odq``aa`^onjakmdhdodq`oc`m\kt\i_oc`kjndodq``aa`^onjahj_`nondu`
`q`i`_ ocdibn jpo) oc`m`]t ^m`\odib \ n``hdibgt ndhdg\m ndop\odji di ^jh*
k\mdnjirdocg\mb`Apmjk`\icjnkdo\gn+Pcpn)]tijo]`dibg\mb`moc\i\ndibg`
r\m_\ooc`Njt\gEiadmh\mtj aA_di]pmbc)oc`dmkjnnd]g`^jiomd]podjiojoc`
cdnojmtjacjnkdo\gndiApmjk`rjpg_]`hjm`\nnjh`ocdibkd^opm`nlp`\i_
`sjod^+Sdococdndihdi_r`opmijpm\oo`iodjiojoc`^jpiotcjnkdo\gdiD~m*
iÇn\i_+
Pc`?jpiotDjnkdo\gjaD~miÇn\i_
Ei .443\ é cjnkdo\gè r\n ajpi_`_dioc`ojrijaOpi_nq\gg) oc`admnodioc`
^jpiotjaR~no`mijmmg\i_7\m`io`_mjjhrdocorj]`_n+Pc`_j^ojmdi^c\mb`
r\noc`kmjqdi^d\gkctnd^d\i+ Pc`m`dn ij`qd_`i^`oc\oocdn é cjnkdo\gè `q`m
\_hdoo`_\itk\od`ion)ndi^`ijm`^jm_nr`m`f`ko+Sc`iFjc\iO\cg]`mb)oc`
kctnd^d\idi^c\mb`)hjq`_ojD~miÇn\i_oc`cjnkdo\gr\n^gjn`_)\i_\ggoc`
`lpdkh`ior\nom\ina`mm`_ojD~miÇn\i_+Ei.455oc`admnom`\gcjnkdo\gjk`i*
`_rdocidi`]`_n\q\dg\]g`ajmoc`om`\oh`iojand^fk`jkg`+ Odsjaoc`]`_n
r`m`oj]`m`n`mq`_ajmoc`nd^fkjjm)\i_ocm``ajmocjn`rcj^jpg_\aajm_oj
k\t oc` hj_`no nph ja 1 Ofdggdib\m k`m _\t+ @pmdib oc` admno _`^\_`n oc`
cjnkdo\g b\q` nc`go`m \i_ h`_d^\g ^\m` oj \]jpo /- k\od`ion `\^c t`\m+ Pc`
cjnkdo\gn`mq`_\omdkg`api^odji8 \n\ijm_di\mtcjnkdo\gajm^pm\]g`nd^f8 \n
\i\ntgph8\i_\n\ éDjg]jhèajmk\od`ionnpaa`mdibamjhq`i`m`\g_dn`\n`n)
h\digtntkcdgdn+ Pc`m`r\njigtji`kctnd^d\idi^c\mb`jaoc`cjnkdo\g) oc`
êêGpmcpnè\i_oc`cjh`ajmoc`din\i`+Djr`q`m)rc`inpmb`mtc\_oj]`k`m*
ajmh`_) oc`npmb`ji`hkgjt`_]toc`ojrijaD~miÇn\i_r\n^\gg`_di+
Pc`ocm``_daa`m`ioapi^odjinjaoc`cjnkdo\gr`m`dikm\^od^`n`k\m\o`_jigt
]t\_hdidnom\odq`kmj^`_pm`n+N`^jm_nja\_hdnndjin\i__dnhdnn\gnr`m`f`ko
n`k\m\o`gt) \i_`\^capi^odji\gnj c\_n`k\m\o`\^^jpio]jjfn+ Eikm\^od^`)
cjr`q`m)oc`din\i`^jpg_nodgg`io`moc`m`^jm_njaoc`cjnkdo\g\i_oc`]jpi*
_\md`n ]`or``i oc` é Gpmcpnè \i_ oc` cjnkdo\g r`m` jao`i ad^ododjpn+ Pc`
é Gpmcpnè \i_ oc` jm_di\mt cjnkdo\g \gnj ]`i`ado`_ amjh oc` n\h` kp]gd^
o\s`n) rcdg`oc`cjh`ajmoc`din\i`m`^`dq`_donjriapi_dibamjh .5/5ji*
r\m_n+
013
F Ve ,) Or`_`i\i_oc`^jpiotj aR~no`mijmmg\i_
Pa^?hngmrh_R|lm^kghkkeZg]
D|kgÄlZg]
Ong]loZeeZg]
ma^Ong]loZee*k^`bhg
Pcdn \mod^g` rdgg _`\g rdococ`k\od`ionë m`^jm_n amjhoc`cjnkdo\g\i_oc`
é Gpmcpnè_pmdiboc`adaott`\mn]`or``i.5.1\i_.531+EiBdbpm`.r`^\in``
oc`ojo\giph]`mj ak\od`ion\_hdoo`_ojoc`cjnkdo\g`\^ct`\m+Ei.5/-oc`di*
n\i`r`m`hjq`_oj\n`k\m\o`]pdg_dib)rc`m`]toc`iph]`mj a]`_n^jpg_]`
di^m`\n`_ oj 0-+ Pc` cjnkdo\g ijr \_hdoo`_ \mjpi_ .-- k\od`ion `\^c t`\m+
Pc`cjnkdo\g`sk\i_`_di.512\i_.520)\i_rdoc\kkmjsdh\o`gt3-]`_nijr
\q\dg\]g`) jq`m /2- k\od`ion r`m` \_hdoo`_ `\^c t`\m+ >`or``i oc` t`\mn
.5.1*.531\ojo\gj a3504\_hdnndjinr`m``io`m`_diojoc`m`^jm_n+
Pc` h\ejmdot j a oc` nd^f) i`\mgt 6- k`m ^`io) ^\h` amjh oc` ^jpiot j a
R~no`mijmmg\i_+ /-k`m^`io j aoc`hr`m`gdqdibdioc`ojrij aD~miÇn\i_)
\i_.-k`m^`io^\h`amjhk\mdnc`n^gjn`ojD~miÇn\i_+Pc`cjnkdo\g_d_^`m*
o\digtapi^odji\n\^jpiotcjnkdo\g)]poocdn_d_ijoh`\ioc\ok\od`ionamjh
joc`m m`bdjin r`m` `s^gp_`_+ Ki oc` ^jiom\mt) oc` cjnkdo\g kctnd^d\i = = H`inomÇh^pm`_n\dgjmnamjh@`ih\mf) Jjmr\t) \i_C`mh\it+ D`\_hdoo`_
n`\nji\ggt `hkgjt`_ rjmf`mn \i_ c\i_d^m\aon amjh Bdig\i_) \i_ di g\o`
O`ko`h]`m .530 c` `q`i c\_ \ k\od`io amjh J`r Ujmf7 /3 t`\m jg_ Bm\in
?mj^f`_)rcjr\nom`\o`_dioc`cjnkdo\gajm4_\tn)npaa`mdibamjh>gnh^eZaVh
jm é oc`mjn`è \i_^pm`_+
=ndioc`^\n`j aoc`O`m\adh`mcjnkdo\gdiOoj^fcjgh)oc`h\ejmdotj ak\*
od`ion^\h`amjhoc`ojri\i_oc`npmmjpi_dib^jpiomtnd_`+Pcdna\^oc\n\gnj
]``i ^jiadmh`_ amjh nop_d`n j aoc` ?jpiot Djnkdo\g diQh`Ä ..+ Pc` kpm*
kjn` j aoc`cjnkdo\g r\n oj c`gkoc`i``_dib nd^f dioc`gj^\g m`bdji) ]podi
km\^od^`oc`kctnd^d\in)jmm\oc`moc`?jpiotCjq`mijmrcjc\_oc`adi\gn\t)
\gr\tn \_hdoo`_ ocjn` rcj bjo nd^f jm diepm`_ rcdg` oc`t r`m` k\nndib
ocmjpbc+Pc`cjnkdo\gr\ngj^\o`_]toc`^j\no\i_di\i\m`\rc`m`oc`ncdkk*
dibj abjj_nr\n\idhkjmo\iok\moj aoc``^jijht+Pm\_`^jio\^onrdocjoc`m
^jpiomd`n r`m` am`lp`io) \i_ ocdn `skg\din oc` m\oc`m g\mb` kmjkjmodji j a
ajm`dbi`mn dioc`cjnkdo\g7 hjnogt n\dgjmn+ EiP\]g` . r`^\i n``oc` j^^pk\*
odji\gnomp^opm`j aoc`cjnkdo\gënk\od`ion+
= h\ejmdot j aoc` k\od`ion \_hdoo`_ oj oc` cjnkdo\g jmdbdi\o`_ amjh oc`
gjr`m nj^d\g^g\nn`n+ Pc`g\mb`nobmjpk r\n pinfdgg`_ rjmf`mn amjhoc` n\r*
hdgg di_pnomt \i_ \bmd^pgopm\g rjmf`mn+ = g\mb` ^\o`bjmt r\n k\od`ion rdoc
pink`^dad`_ j^^pk\odji\g odog`n np^c \n é oc` bdmgè jm é oc` rd_jrè) odog`n
pnp\ggt`lpdq\g`iooj\q`mtgjrkjndodjijioc`nj^d\gn^\g`+ Pc`h\ejmdotj a
n\dgjmn)rdococ``s^`kodjij aocjn`rcj^\h`jiajm`dbincdkn)r`m``imjgg`_
dioc`Or`_dncr\m*ag``o+ Pc`^\o`bjmt é Hjr`mhd__g`^g\nnè di^gp_`_^dqdg
n`mq\ion) np^c \n^g`mfn \i_ kjnojaad^`rjmf`mn+ Ei^gp_`_ diocdn bmjpk r`m`
\gnjn`\^\ko\din\i_jaad^`mn amjhoc`J\qt\i_oc`=mht+
Sc\odnnomdfdibdiP\]g` . dnoc`m\oc`mg\mb`kmjkjmodjij ak\od`ionrdoc\
m`g\odq`gtcdbc nj^d\gkjndodjidinj^d`ot+ Aq`mtadaock\od`io]`gjib`_ojoc`
gjr`mhd__g`^g\nn)oc`k`\n\iomt)jmoc`^m\aon+ Eodnj a^jpmn`omp`oc\o\h\*
ejmdotj ak\od`ion^\h`amjhoc`gjr`mnj^d\gm\ifn)]pooc`?jpiotDjnkdo\g
j aD~miÇn\i_ r\n ^`mo\digtijo j^^pkd`_ jigt]toc` é di_pnomdjpn kjjmè 8
ocjn`piajmopi\o`nrcj]tijh`\in^jpg_^\m`ajm\i_npkkjmooc`hn`gq`n
015
?^\jgZ,) Pjo\giph]`mj a\_hdnndjin `\^ct`\m+ D~miÇn\i_ .5.1*.531+
.5.2 .5/2 .502 .512 .522 .532
_pmdiboc`dmdggi`nn+ Eodn\gnjdi^jmm`^oojn\toc\ooc`gjr`m^g\nn`nr`m`jq`m*
m`km`n`io`_\ooc`cjnkdo\g+ Eodnkmj]\]gthjm`^jmm`^ooj\mbp`oc\ooc`j^*
^pk\odji\gnomp^opm`j aoc`k\od`ion\^op\ggtm`km`n`io`_oc`nj^d\gnomp^opm`
j a^jio`hkjm\mtD~miÇn\i_+ Pcdn dn \idio`m`nodib adi_dib) ndi^`do^jiom\*
_d^on oc` kjkpg\m ]`gd`a oc\o `dbco``ioc* \i_ `\mgt idi`o``ioc*^`iopmt
cjnkdo\gn r`m` ijocdib hjm` oc\i \ghncjpn`nçpn`_ ]t \i piajmopi\o`
hdijmdot) \i_ \qjd_`_ ]toc`h\ejmdot ./+ Ei a\^o) ji`dno`hko`_ojn\toc\o
\itji`rcjr\n nomp^f]t\_dn`\n`rcd^ckjkpg\mh`_d^di`\ocjh`^jpg_
ijoc`\g)r`ioojoc`cjnkdo\g+Djr`q`m)oc`m`dnnja\mdinpaad^d`io`qd_`i^`oj
npkkjmonp^c\ctkjoc`ndn+
Pc`cjnkdo\gr\nijoapggj aoc`\b`_\i_diadmh) `doc`m+Pc`nd^f\_hdoo`_
r`m`h`i\i_rjh`idioc`dmkmdh`j agda`+ EiP\]g`/r`^\in``oc\ohjm`
oc\i2-k`m^`ioj aoc`k\od`ionr`m`]`or``i/-\i_06t`\mnj a\b`+Kigt.1
k`m^`ior`m`hjm`oc\i2-t`\mnjg_+Pc`kctnd^d\i\gnj\_hdoo`_hjm`oc\i
J á
0- -*
/ 2 -*
/--*
.-- ê
.2- *
016
MVWaZ,) K^^pk\odji\gnomp^opm`ja\_hdoo`_k\od`ion+ D~miÇn\i_ .5--*.531+
K^^pk\odji J L`m^`io
Hjr`mhd__g`^g\nn /05 0+2
B\mh`mn 3.1 6+-
D\i_d^m\aon 2.5 4+2
?mjao`mn 240 5+1
Ojg_d`mn\i_n\dgjmn 35/ .-+-
Sjmf`mndidi_pnomt\i_\bmd^pgopm` /.00 0.+/
Qink`^dad`_ .010 .6+3
Jjj^^pk\odjibdq`i 403 .-+5
Pjo\g 3504 .--+-
MVWaZ-) =b`nomp^opm`jaoc`k\od`ion+ D~miÇn\i_ .5.1ç.531+
=b` J L`m^`io
pi_`m . t`\m 0/ -+2
.ç6 0-0 1+1
.-ç.6 6/1 .0+2
/-ç/6 //40 00+/
0-ç06 ./.0 .4+4
1-ç16 452 ..+2
2-ç26 200 4+5
3-ç36 00. 1+5
4 - * 64 .+1
Jjdiajmh\odji 013 2+.
0--^cdg_m`ipi_`moc`\b`j a .-) rcd^cr\n\q`mt`som\jm_di\mtkmj^`_pm`+
Ujpib ^cdg_m`i r`m` pnp\ggt ^jind_`m`_ \n pinpdo\]g` k\od`ion ]`^\pn` j a
oc`dmé n`ind]g`i\opm`è)\i_oc`a\^ooc\ooc`tjao`inpaa`m`_amjhdia`^odjpn
_dn`\n`n+ Bjmoc`n\h`m`\njikm`bi\iorjh`ir`m`pnp\ggtijo\_hdoo`_ .0+
Pc`_dn`\n`k\ijm\h\
@pmdibocdn^jia`m`i^`r`c\q`c\_oc`jkkjmopidotoj_dn^pnnoc`_daad^pgod`n
di dio`mkm`odib oc` ijh`i^g\opm` ajm oc` ^\pn`n j a _`\oc _pmdib oc`
`dbco``ioc* \i_ idi`o``ioc ^`iopmd`n+ Eo dn \ r`gg*fijri a\^o oc\o h`_d^\g
n^d`i^` j aoc\o odh` c\_ \ ojo\ggt _daa`m`io ^ji^`ko j aoc` api^odjin j aoc`
cph\i]j_t) \i_oc`nk`^dad^i\opm`j a_dn`\n`+Adbco``ioc\i_idi`o``ioc*
^`iopmth`_d^\gkcdgjnjkc`mn\gnj]\n`_oc`dm^ji^`konj a_dn`\n`\i_^\pn`n
j a_`\ocji\^jiapndibhdsopm`j anthkojhn\i_kpm`gtoc`jm`od^\g\nnphk*
odjin+ >`^\pn`j aocdn)oc`bm`\oijnjgjbd`nrmdoo`i]tHdii\`pn%.430&) jm]t
02-
>jdnnd`m_`O\pq\b`%.435&km`n`io`_kmj]g`hnj adio`mkm`o\odji`q`iojkctnd*
^d\in j aoc\oodh` .1+ Eor\noc`m`ajm` ^jh h jioc\oh\itj aoc`bm`\o^gdid*
^d\indiApmjk`)Sdggd\h?pgg`idiA_di]pmbcajmdino\i^`) jao`irmjo`oc`dm
jrindhkgdad`_ijnjgjbd`noj]`pn`_dioc`dmo`\^cdibr\m_n .2+ Ea)oc`m`ajm`)
r`omtoj pi_`mno\i_ i\h`n j a_dn`\n`n jm^\pn`n j a_`\oc \^^jm_dibojoc`
^ji^`kon j ajpmjriodh`n) r`rdggh``ordocn`q`m`_daad^pgod`n .3+
Cp`io`m > Ndnn` c\n _dn^pnn`_ oc` kmj]g`h j a dio`mkm`odib oc` _dn`\n`
k\ijm\h\dioc`g\o``dbco``ioc^`iopmtrc`inop_tdiboc`Njt\gEiadmh\mt
j aA_di]pmbc+ Eicdnjkdidjidodn`nn`iod\gajmjpmpi_`mno\i_dibj acjnkdo\g
^\m`ojomtojm`o\dioc`am\h`rjmfoc\ojmdbdi\ggtajmh`_oc`_dn`\n`^ji^`kon
\ooc`Eiadmh\mt+ Elpjo`7 é Eino`\_j aomtdibojh\o^coc`\m^c\d^g\]`gnrdoc
nk`^dad^hj_`mih`_d^\go`mhn) oc`b`i`m\g n^c`h`m`o\di`_oc``dbco``ioc*
^`iopmt ijnjgjbd^\g o`mhdijgjbt ]po m`_dnomd]po`_ _dn`\n` `iodod`n oj oc`dm
km`nph`_ ^jio`hkjm\mt i\opm` \i_ \aa`^o`_ ]j_t ntno`hè+ D`) oc`m`ajm`)
kg\^`_\_dn`\n`oc\ooc`A_di]pmbckctnd^d\ini\h`_é ?cgjmjndnè)rcd^cdn
kjnnd]gt \idmji_`ad^d`i^t \i`hd\) ]po diSdggd\h ?pgg`iën ijnjgjbtr\n \
b`ipn \hjib oc` \_ti\hd^ i`pmjn`nçpi_`m _dn`\n`n \aa`^odib oc` n`sp\g
jmb\inç]`^\pn`?pgg`i^jind_`m`_do\ajmhj a\h`ijmmc`\ .4+
Eor\n^jh h jiajmOr`_dnckctnd^d\inojnop_th`_d^di`\]mj\_+Hdii\`pn
r\n) ajmdino\i^`) ji`j a>j`mc\\q`ën kpkdgndiH`t_`i .5+ =ooc`opmij aoc`
`dbco``ioc ^`iopmt oc` Qidq`mndot j a A_di]pmbc) rdoc Sdggd\h ?pgg`i) oc`
Lmja`nnjmj aI`_d^di`) r\n oc`^`iom`j ah`_d^\g `_p^\odjidiApmjk`+ Eodn
ijo ^g`\m rc`oc`m^jio`hkjm\mt Or`_dnc kctnd^d\inqdndo`_A_di]pmbc) ]po
?pgg`iën diagp`i^` ji Or`_dnc h`_d^di` dn ijod^`\]g`+ Ddn ijnjgjbt r\n
`qd_`iogtpn`_\on`q`m\gcjnkdo\gn) \nr\ncdnB\mh\^jkj`d\L\pk`mph+ Pc`
i\h`n j aoc` _dn`\n`n dioc`?jpiotDjnkdo\g j aD~miÇn\i_oc`m`ajm`]`\m
bm`\ondhdg\mdod`nojocjn`j aoc`k\od`ion\ooc`Njt\gEiadmh\mtj aA_di]pmbc+
Eo dn oc`m`ajm` kjnnd]g` oj pn` Ndnn`ën ^g\nndad^\odji ntno`h ji Or`_dnc
h\o`md\g) rcd^c jk`in pk dio`m`nodib ^jhk\m\odq` k`mnk`^odq`n ]`or``i oc`
cjnkdo\gn+
Ndnn`c\n^\o`bjmdu`_oc`_dn`\n`ndioj .4^g\nn`n) _`k`i_dibjioc`jmb\i
\i_oc`k\moj aoc`]j_toc\or\n^jind_`m`_oj]`\aa`^o`_+Pc`n\h`ntno`h
c\n]``i\kkgd`_jik\od`ionëm`^jm_namjhD~miÇn\i_di)cjr`q`m)\ngdbcogt
ndhkgdad`_ ajmh+ Pc`m`npgon \m`_dnkg\t`_diP\]g` 0+
é @dn`\n`n \aa`^odiboc` n`sp\g jmb\inè r`m`pnp\ggtntkcdgdn) ]po\gnj di*
^gp_`_ kcthjndn) \h`ijmmc`\) \i_h`ijmmc\bd\+ é Opmbd^\g dia`^odjinè di*
^gp_`\]^`nn`n)]ji`^\md`n) adnopg\n) njm`n)b\ibm`i`)\i_pg^`mn+ é Eia`^odjpn
_dn`\n`nè r`m` _daa`m`io otk`n j a a`q`m8 dio`mhdoo`io a`q`m) c`^od^ a`q`m) \i_
i`mqjpn a`q`m8 ]po\gnj nh\ggkjs) \i_otkcpn+ é N`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`nè ^jq`m
\noch\) ]m`\no k\di) ^ti\^c`) _tnki`\) kcodndn) ^jinphkodji) kg`pmdnt)
ki`phjid\)\i_op]`m^pgjndn+ é Pphjmn\i_^\i^`mnèh`\iooc\ooc`k\od`ion
npaa`m`_amjhn^mjapg\n)^\i^`mn)ophjmn)h`o\no\n`n)\i_oc`gdf`+Pc`kctnd*
^d\inh\_`\_dnodi^odji]`or``i^\i^`mjpnnjm`n\i_jm_di\mtnjm`n_`k`i*
_dibjioc`nomp^opm`j aoc`npma\^`+
02.
MVWaZ.) @dn`\n`k\ijm\h\\hjibk\od`ion+ D~miÇn\i_ .5.1ç.531+
@dn`\n` J L`m^`io
@dn`\n`\aa`^odibn`sp\gjmb\in .6.5 /5+.
Opmbd^\gdia`^odjin 4-0 .-+0
Eia`^odjpn_dn`\n`n 35. .-+-
N`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n 32/ 6+2
Pm\ph\od^^ji_dodjin 11/ 3+2
Pphjmn\i_^\i^`mn 04/ 2+1
@dn`\n`n\aa`^odiboc`_db`nodq`ntno`h 0-4 1+2
?dm^pg\ojmt_dnjm_`mn /5- 1+.
J`pmjgjbd^\g_dn`\n`n /3/ 0+5
I`io\g_dn`\n`n /21 0+4
Ipn^pgjnf`g`o\g_dnjm_`mn /1. 0+2
Koc`mn) ijdiajmh\odji //3 0+0
@dn`\n`njaoc`nfdi .5- /+3
Qmdi\mtom\^o_dn`\n`n .-2 .+2
At`kmj]g`hn .-- .+2
Opmbd^\gkmj^`_pm`n 53 .+0
Eiag\hh\odjinjapink`^jmdbdi /5 -+1
=gg _dn`\n`n 3504 .--+-
é Pm\ph\od^^ji_dodjinèdi^gp_`\ggoc`_daa`m`iootk`nj arjpi_n^\pn`_)ajm
dino\i^`) ]t\^^d_`ion np^c\n]pmin) _dngj^\odjin) am\^opm`n) gps\odjin) ^ji*
b`g\odjin) ncjorjpi_n) \i_oc`gdf`+ é @dn`\n`n j aoc`_db`nodq`ntno`hè di*
^gp_` qjhdodib) rjmhn) ^cjg`m\) ^jgd^) b\nomd^ ^jhkg\dion) _tnk`knd\)
`io`mdodn)d^o`mpn)_tn`io`mt)\i__d\mmc`\+Pc`o`mhé J`pmjgjbd^\g_dn`\n`nè
^jq`m `kdg`knt) c`\_\^c`) c`hdkg`bd\) k\m\gtndn) kcm`idodn) \omjkcd\) \i_
\kjkg`sd\+ é I`io\g_dn`\n`nèjioc`joc`mc\i_r`m`_dn`\n`nnp^c\nh\id\)
ctno`md\) h`g\i^cjgt) ithkcjh\id\) ijno\gbd\) nopkd_dot) \i_h\_i`nn+
é ?dm^pg\ojmt_dnjm_`mnèr`m`\fdi_j a_dn`\n`_daad^pgooj_d\bijn`) ndi^`
kctnd^d\ing\^f`_jpmhj_`mi^gdid^\g`lpdkh`io+Pc`_dn`\n`noc\o]`gjib`_
oj ocdn bmjpk r`m` pnp\ggt ^\gg`_ ct_mjkn) \i\`hd\) \i\n\m^\) \n^do`n) \i_
_mjknt+Qi_`moc`c`\_dibé Ipn^pgj*nf`g`o\g_dnjm_`mnèr`adi_hjnoj aoc`
\dgh`ion^\pn`_]th\itt`\mnj agjibc\m_g\]jpm\i__m\pbcot_r`ggdibn7
]\^fk\di)dn^cd\n)mc`ph\odnh)\i_k\didioc`gdh]n+ é @dn`\n`nj aoc`nfdiè
r`m` gdf`rdn` jao`i _p` oj c\mnc gdqdib ^ji_dodjin) \i_ g\^f j a k`mnji\g
ctbd`i`+ D`m`r` adi_ ^jhkg\dion np^c\n do^c`n) n^pmqt) odi`\^\kdodn) `mpk*
odjinj aoc`nfdi)\i_g`kmjnt+Eodnrjmoch`iodjidiboc\ooc`o`mhg`kmjntc\_
^c\ib`_ don h`\idib _pmdiboc` `dbco``ioc ^`iopmt+ Eo ij gjib`m h`\io oc`
_dn`\n`oc\on`mdjpngt_dnadbpm`_oc`nd^f+Adbco``ioc^`iopmtkctnd^d\inr`m`
r`gg\r\m`j aocdna\^o) \i_dino`\_oc`tjao`ipn`_oc`o`mh é ]g\^fn^pmqtè
ajmoc` é`\mgd`mè ajmhj ag`kmjnt .6+
Pc`ir`c\q`oc`^\o`bjmté At`kmj]g`hnèrc`m`r`adi_np^c\dgh`ion\n
\h\pmjndn) \i_ jkoc\ghd\+ Bdi\ggt) pi_`m oc` c`\_dib é Koc`mnè r` adi_
02/
hdn^`gg\i`jpn _dn`\n`n \aa`^odib oc` pmdi\mt om\^o) k\din j a pink`^dad`_
jmdbdi) hdijmnpmbd^\g^ji_dodjin`o^+
=nr`^\in``amjhP\]g`0oc`hjno^jhhji_dn`\n`^\o`bjmt\hjiboc`
k\od`ion\ooc`^jpiotcjnkdo\gj aD~miÇn\i_r\n_dn`\n`n\aa`^odiboc`n`sp\g
jmb\in+J`\mgt\ggj aoc`n`k\od`ionnpaa`m`_amjhntkcdgdndiq\mdjpnno\b`n+Ei
ocdnm`nk`^oO^\i_di\qd\icjnkdo\gnr`m`_daa`m`ioamjhhjnojoc`mApmjk`\i
\i_ =h`md^\i cjnkdo\gn di oc`dm \_hdnndji kjgd^t/-+ Ei Aibg\i_ qjgpio\mt
cjnkdo\gn m`apn`_ oj \_hdo k`jkg` npaa`mdib amjh q`i`m`\g _dn`\n`n) hjnogt
_p`ojhjm\gep_bh`ion+R`i`m`\g_dn`\n`nr`m`^jind_`m`_oc`rjmnoajmhj a
kpidnch`ioajmoc`ndinj aoc`ag`nc) \i_oc`m`ajm`q`mtdhkmjk`majm\_hdn*
ndji /.+ Ei oc` Qido`_ Oo\o`n h\it cjnkdo\g kctnd^d\in m`apn`_ oj \_hdo
q`i`m`\gnd^f`q`i\ao`moc`opmij aoc`idi`o``ioc^`iopmt//+ Ki`ncjpg_ijo
ajmb`ooc\o cjnkdo\gn r`m` \gnj `sk`^o`_oj n`mq`\i êê`_p^\odji\gè kpmkjn`)
d+`+ojdhkmjq`oc`?cmdnod\ihjm\gj aoc`k\pk`m^g\nn`n)\i_q`i`m`\gk\od`ion
r`m`ocjpbcoojc\q`\]\_diagp`i^`jijoc`mnd^fnjpgn+Pc`Njt\gEiadmh\mt
j aA_di]pmbc _d_) cjr`q`m) \_hdoq`i`m`\g k\od`ion \o \i`\mgtno\b`) ]po do
r\nhjnogt_p`ojoc`a\^ooc\ooc`tc\_\^jiom\^ordococ`Njt\gJ\qtoj\_*
hdo nd^f n\dgjmn) rcj am`lp`iogt npaa`m`_ amjh ocdn _dn`\n` /0+ Ei Or`_`i do
r\n`s\^ogtoc`joc`mr\t\mjpi_+ Pc`nomjib`no\mbph`io ajmoc`adi\i^dib
j acjnkdo\gnr\noc`a`\mj a\ipi^jiomjgg`_nkm`\_dibj antkcdgdn+@pmdiboc`
admnoc\gaj aoc``dbco``ioc^`iopmt)bjq`mih`io\g^jhhdnndjin`nodh\o`_oc\o
rdocdi\a`r_`^\_`noc`rcjg`i\odji^jpg_]`dia`^o`_pig`nnnjh`ocdibr\n
_ji`oj nojkoc`_dn`\n`/1+
?jiadi`h`io di cjnkdo\gn r\n \gnj oc` jigt `aa`^odq` r\t oj ^jiomjg oc`
_dn`\n`+Pc`jigtfijrih`ocj_ajm^pmdibntkcdgdnr\n]tbdqdiboc`k\od`ion
g\mb`_jn`nj ah`m^pmt) piodgoc`t]`b\iojncjr\^po`nthkojhnj akjdnji*
dib+ Pc` k\od`ion no\mo`_ oj _mdq`gçoc` h`ocj_ r\n ^\gg`_ oc` hVa^kVi^dc
XjgZçrc`m`]toc`np]no\i^`rcd^c^\pn`_oc`_dn`\n`r\n^jind_`m`_oj]`
`sk`gg`_+Pc`h`ocj_r\n`som`h`gt_\ib`mjpn\i_odh`*^jinphdib+Pc`k\*
od`ionc\_oj]`hjidojm`__\dgt]toc`kctnd^d\i)\i_oc`m`ajm`^jiadi`h`io
dicjnkdo\gr\n i`^`nn\mt+ Djnkdo\gni\opm\ggt\gnj n`mq`_\n\lp\m\iodi`+
>`^\pn` j aoc` m`g\odq` dhkjmo\i^` j aoc`q`i`m`\g k\od`ion) cjnkdo\gn \^*
op\ggtm`^`dq`_a\mhjm`adi\i^d\gnpkkjmoamjhoc`Cjq`mih`ioajmocdnkpm*
kjn`) oc\ioc`t`q`mm`^`dq`_ ajmoc`om`\oh`ioj ajm_di\mtnd^fk`jkg`+ Pcdn
r\n oc` ^\n` \ghjno ocmjpbcjpo oc` rcjg` j a oc` idi`o``ioc ^`iopmt+
Djnkdo\gnrcd^cn`mq`_oc`_jp]g`api^odji\n]jocb`i`m\gcjnkdo\gn\i_\n
é Gpmcpnè ^jpg_) cjr`q`m) pn` oc` adi\i^d\g npmkgpn) daoc`m` `q`m r\n \it)
amjhoc`om`\oh`ioj aq`i`m`\gk\od`ion+
Pc` q`i`m`\g k\od`ion c\_ oc` gjib`no _pm\odji j a no\t j a \gg nd^f \o oc`
cjnkdo\g di D~miÇn\i_+ Ei njh` `som`h`^\n`n oc`tc\_ oj m`h\dioc`m` ajm
i`\mgtorjt`\mn)]pooc`\q`m\b`odh`j a^jiadi`h`ior\n\kkmjsdh\o`gt4-
_\tn %=kk`i_ds=&+ Pc`\q`m\b` ajm\ggk\od`ion) m`b\m_g`nn j arc\o\dgh`io
oc`tnpaa`m`_amjh)r\n21+6_\tn+ Eodn\gnjdio`m`nodibojijod^`oc\oj aoc`n`
k\od`ionrcj^\h`ojoc`cjnkdo\gamjhjpond_`oc`^jpiotj aR~no`mijmmg\i_)
i`\mgt2-k`m^`ionpaa`m`_amjhntkcdgdn+
020
Opmbd^\gdia`^odjin ^\h`n`^ji_rdoc .-+0 k`m^`ioj aoc`k\od`ion+ Pcjn`
npaa`mdibamjhnjm`n\i_adnopg\nc\_ojno\tdioc`cjnkdo\gajmlpdo`\odh`ç
\i\q`m\b`j a31+6_\tn+Pcdnr\nkmj]\]gt_p`ojoc`a\^ooc\ohjnoj aoc`h
^\h`ojoc`cjnkdo\grdocrjpi_ndi\q`mt]\_^ji_dodji+ Eor\ni\opm\gajm
k`jkg`ojomtojc`\g)ajmdino\i^`)n`q`m`^pon\ocjh`]`ajm`oc`tr`ioojoc`
cjnkdo\g+ >`^\pn` j a oc` pia\hdgd\mdot rdoc ctbd`i` oc` njm`n jao`i bjo
n`mdjpngtdia`^o`_\i_b\ibm`ijpn+Kigtrc`i\ggkjkpg\m^pm`nc\_a\dg`__d_
oc`tn``fcjnkdo\g\_hdnndji+Pc`m`\m``s\hkg`nrc`m`k\od`ionc\_npaa`m`_
amjhrjpi_najmhjiocn\i_`q`it`\mn)]`ajm`oc`tadi\ggtr`ioojn``\_j^*
ojm/2+
Eia`^odjpn _dn`\n`n) h\digt a`q`mn) ^\h` di ocdm_ kg\^` di oc` _dn`\n`
k\ijm\h\ \o oc` cjnkdo\g+ .- k`m ^`io r`m` \_hdoo`_ rdoc ocdn nthkojh+
B`q`mnr`m`ji`j aoc`hjnodhkjmo\io^g\nn`ndioc`ijnjgjbd`nj aoc``dbc*
o``ioc ^`iopmt) ndi^` oc`t n``h`_ oj \aa`^o ijo jigt\ ndibg` jmb\i) ]po oc`
rcjg` ]j_t+ Ijm` oc\ior`gq` _daa`m`io otk`n j a a`q`mn r`m` nk`^dad`_) \i_
`\^cji`j aoc`h^jpg_diopmic\q`np]bmjpkn+ Eodn) cjr`q`m) ijohtdio`i*
odjiojbjdioj_`o\dg\]jpoocdn^jhkg`sêê_dn`\n`ëëdiocdnk\k`m+E^\ih`m`gt
kjdio oj njh` joc`m nop_d`n oc\o _`\g rdoc oc`kmj]g`h hjm` `so`indq`gt/3+
>`^\pn` j a oc` i\opm` j a a`q`mçtjp `doc`m b`o r`gg a\dmgt lpd^fgt) jm tjp
_d`çoc` \q`m\b` no\t \o oc` cjnkdo\g ajm a`q`m k\od`ion r\n q`mt ncjmo) 0-+6
_\tn+Pcdn\gnjh`\iooc\o\h\ejmdotj aoc`k\od`ionnpaa`mdibamjhdia`^odjpn
_dn`\n`n ^\h` amjh ncjmo _dno\i^`n+ Aq`mt ajpmoc k\od`io amjh D~miÇn\i_
npaa`m`_ amjh a`q`m) ]po jigt .+1 k`m ^`io j aoc` k\od`ion amjh jpond_` oc`
^jpiotj aR~no`mijmmg\i_]`gjib`_ojocdn^\o`bjmt+
Pc`n\h`^\i]`n\d_j am`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n+ Eihjno^\n`noc`^c\i^`j a
npmqdq\gr\ngdhdo`_+Eor\njao`ih`\idibg`nnoj`q`i^jind_`m\gjibejpmi`t
oj oc` cjnkdo\g+ L\od`ion ]`gjibdib oj ocdn ^\o`bjmt `doc`m bjo r`gg lpd^fgt)
r`m`_dnhdnn`_\ndi^pm\]g`jmr`m`a\^`_rdoc\^`mo\di_`\oc+>`^\pn`j aocdn
oc`\q`m\b`no\tr\njigt01+1_\tn)\i_\h\ejmdotj aoc`k\od`ion^\h`amjh
i`\m]t+
Pc`m`dngdoog`ojn\t\]jpooc`m`noj aoc`_dn`\n`k\ijm\h\\ooc`?jpiot
Djnkdo\g j a D~miÇn\i_+ L\od`ion npaa`mdib amjh joc`m _dn`\n`n oc\i oc`
\]jq`*h`iodji`_^\h`di`lp\giph]`mn) rc`oc`moc`tgdq`_ i`\m]tjm\o\
a\m_dno\i^`+Pc`ncjmo`no_pm\odjij ano\tr\n`sk`md`i^`_]tk\od`ionnpaa`m*
dib amjh_dn`\n`nj aoc`_db`nodq`ntno`h+ Pc`tm`h\di`_dioc`cjnkdo\gajm
jigt/2+6_\tn+
Kioc`rcjg`oc`k\od`iondiD~miÇn\i_m`h\di`_dicjnkdo\ghp^cgjib`m
oc\ik\od`ion\ooc`Njt\gEiadmh\mtj aA_di]pmbc)rc`m`oc`\q`m\b`g`iboc
j ano\t r\n jigt/6+. _\tn /4+ Sc`oc`mocdn r\n _p` oj hjm` `aad^d`io om`\o*
h`io) jm h`m`gt oj `^jijh d^ m`\njin) do dn c\m_ oj n\t+ Pc` k\od`ion \o oc`
?jpiot Djnkdo\g j a D~miÇn\i_ npaa`m`_) cjr`q`m) amjh mjpbcgt oc` n\h`
otk`j a_dn`\n`n+=ooc`Njt\gEiadmh\mtj aA_di]pmbc)oc`m`r`m`)j a^jpmn`)
a`r`mk\od`ionrdocq`i`m`\g^jhkg\dion) .6k`m^`io) \i_dia`^odjpn_dn`\n`n
r`m`hjm`^jhhji) .2)3k`m^`io%=kk`i_ds>&+Pc`k\od`iondiD~miÇn\i_
021
npaa`m`_) ji oc` joc`m c\i_) hjm` jao`i amjh i`pmjgjbd^\g \i_ h`io\g
_dn`\n`n)\i_^\i^`mn+>pojioc`rcjg`oc`kmjkjmodjinr`m`km`oothp^coc`
n\h`+
>`ajm`r`g`\q`oc`_dn`\n`k\ijm\h\\hjiboc`cjnkdo\gk\od`ion)r`nc\gg
omtoj\inr`mji`hjm`lp`nodji+S`m`oc`m`é nj^d\g_dn`\n`nèd+`+_d_^`mo\di
nj^d\g^\o`bjmd`nj ak\od`ionnpaa`mamjh\k\mod^pg\m_dn`\n`<Ear`o\f`\gjjf
\ooc`cjnkdo\gm`^jm_n)r`adi_oc\ooc`m`dnjigtji`_dn`\n`oc\oc\_\_dnodi^o
nj^d\gk\oo`mi7 _dn`\n`j aoc`n`sp\gjmb\in+ .4+1k`m^`ioj aoc`gjr`mhd__g`
^g\nnk\od`ionnpaa`m`_amjhocdn^jhkg\dio8 .5+3k`m^`ioj aoc`a\mh`mn8 .5+/
k`m^`ioj aoc` njg_d`mn \i_n\dgjmn8 /1+. j aoc`^mjao`mn8 /0+5 k`m^`ioj aoc`
c\i_d^m\aon8 \i_ adi\ggt) 0.+1 k`m ^`io j a oc` di_pnomd\g \i_ \bmd^pgopm\g
rjmf`mn+
Eodnj]qdjpnoc\ontkcdgdnr\nhjm`^jh h ji\hjiboc`gjr`m^g\nn`n\_*
hdoo`_ oj cjnkdo\g^\m`+ Opmkmdndibgt`ijpbc) njg_d`mn \i_ n\dgjmn c\_ \gjr
k`m^`io\b`+ Eioc`h`_d^\g _`]\o` j aoc`odh` ^jio`hkjm\mtkctnd^d\in am`*
lp`iogt\oo\^f`_n\dgjmnajm]`diboc`kmdh\mtnjpm^`j antkcdgdn+O`q`m\g_j^*
ojmn_`h\i_`_oc\ooc`m`ncjpg_]`\ij]gdb\ojmt^gjn``s\hdi\odjij a`q`mt
n\dgjmrc`ic`m`opmi`_\ao`m\qjt\b`+J\opm\ggtdakmjhdn^pdotr\n^jhhji
\hjib n\dgjmn \m`g\odq`gtnh\ggiph]`mj aoc`h^jpg_ nkm`\_ntkcdgdn+ >po
np^ckmjhdn^pdotncjpg_\gnjc\q`rjmf`_oc`joc`mr\t\mjpi_\i_dia`^o`_
n\dgjmn) njk`mc\knoc`dmm`kpo\odjir\n `s\bb`m\o`_) jm \go`mi\odq`gt) rcd^c
m`h\dinoj]`^c`^f`_) J\q\gn`\h`ir`m`om`\o`_`gn`rc`m`+
C\o`r\tnoj_`\oc<
Pc`^jiomd]podjij aoc``\mgthj_`micjnkdo\gnojkp]gd^c`\goc\i_kjkpg\*
odjibmjrocdnpi_`mam`lp`io_`]\o`+S`m`cjnkdo\gkctnd^d\in)rdococ`dmndh*
kg`m`h`_d`n)\i_)dijpmqd`r)m\oc`mj]n^pm`oc`m\k`pod^m`bdh`i)np^^`nnapg
jmijo<S`m`k\od`ionc`\g`_)jmndhkgtkpooj`o`mi\gm`no]t\kctnd^d\irdoc
h`_d^\gfijrg`_b`mjjo`_dih`_d`q\gocdifdib<@d_)jioc`oc`joc`mc\i_)
njh` j a oc` c`m]\g m`h`_d`n) joc`m oc\i ^di^cji\ ]\mf) m`\ggt c\q` \
ijod^`\]g``aa`^oji_dn`\n`<=i_rc\o\]jpooc`npmb`jin<S`m`oc`tndhkgt
]po^c`mn) rcjnojj_rdoc]gjj_pkojoc`dm\ifg`n\i_\hkpo\o`_g`bn amjh
ojmh`io`_k\od`ion< Kmr`m`oc`t) _`nkdo`oc`g\^fj a\i`noc`od^n\i_kmjk`m
fijrg`_b`j a\iodn`kod^n)nfdgg`_npmb`jinrcjdihjno^\n`n_d_oc`dmk\od`io
bjj_<
Pc`m` n``h oj ]` orj _daa`m`io jkdidjin \hjib cdnojmd\in+ Ki` dn
m`km`n`io`_]tPcjh\nI^G`jri)rcjdicdn]jjfn\i_\mod^g`nkd^opm`noc`
`dbco``ioc* \i_ idi`o``ioc*^`iopmt cjnkdo\gn \n ]`dib ijocdib hjm` oc\i
b\o`r\tn oj _`\oc+ Aio`mdib\cjnkdo\g h`\io) \^^jm_diboj I^G`jri) oc\o
oc`^c\i^`j am`^jq`mtajm\k\pk`mnd^fr\nm`_p^`_ojkm\^od^\ggtijocdib+
=gm`\_tr`\f`i`_]t_dn`\n`) c`pi_`mr`ion`q`m`]g``_dib) m`^`dq`_nomjib
kpmb\odq`n \i_ r\n ajm^`_ oj nc\m` cdn ]`_ rdoc \ ^jpkg` j a joc`m piajm*
opi\o`n+ Eioc`adgoct\i_jq`m^mjr_`_r\m_ndia`^odjpn_dn`\n`nnkm`\_gdf`\
022
km\dmd`*adm`+ Pc`^c\i^`j anpmqdqdib\i\hkpo\odjij aji`j aoc`gdh]nr\n
g`nnoc\i2-k`m^`io+ Djnkdo\gkctnd^d\inc\_km\^od^\ggtijfijrg`_b`j a`a*
a`^odq`m`h`_d`n+Pc`t\gnjn`g`^o`_oc`dmk\od`ion^\m`apggt)\i_m`apn`_oj\_*
hdo \itji` rcj oc`t hdbco a\dg oj ^pm`+ Pcjh\n I^G`jriën ^ji^gpndji dn
oc`m`ajm`oc\ocjnkdo\gn diij r\t^jiomd]po`_ojkp]gd^c`\goc\i_kjkpg\*
odjibmjroc+ Pc`thjm`gdf`gt^jiomd]po`_ojoc`nkm`\_dibj a_dn`\n`/5+
Pc`m` \m`) cjr`q`m) lpdo` jkkjndo` qd`rn ji oc` mjg` j a `\mgt hj_`mi
cjnkdo\gn+AIOdbnrjmoc) Oo`q`i?c`mmt) \i_FjciSjj_r\m_)km`n`io\a\m
g`nn mdbd_ kd^opm`+ Sjj_r\m_ ^\m`apggt `s\hdi`n oc` no\o`h`ion h\_` ]t
I^G`jri) \i_ \mbp`noc\oc`\^op\ggtc\n ij `qd_`i^`\o \ggoj npkkjmo cdn
no\i_kjdio+ Sjj_r\m_ ^g\dhnoc\o I^G`jri c\n hdndio`mkm`o`_ oc` rcjg`
kd^opm`) ndhkgt ]t n`g`^odib diajmh\odji pi^mdod^\ggt /6+ >t pndib k\od`ionë
m`^jm_n)Odbnrjmoc)?c`mmt)\i_Sjj_r\m_kd^opm`oc`cjnkdo\gn\nlpdo`np^*
^`nnapgdi^pmdiboc`nd^f+ Pc`kmj]g`hn j ajq`m^mjr_dib\i_adgoc_d_`sdno)
\^^jm_dibojOo`q`i?c`mmt+Pc`tr`m`)cjr`q`m)ijo\^jino\iokmj]g`h+Ki*
gt_pmdiboc`n`^ji_c\gaj aoc`idi`o``ioc^`iopmt)rc`ikjkpg\odjikm`nnpm`
jioc`cjnkdo\gn]`^\h`\kmj]g`h) _d_hjmo\gdotmdn` 0-+ ?c`mmt\gnj^g\dhn
oc\o kctnd^d\in \_hdoo`_ k\od`ion rdoc _dn`\n`n oc\o rdocjpo cjnkdo\g om`\o*
h`io am`lp`iogtrjpg_c\q`g`_oj_`\oc0.+
Aibgdnccjnkdo\gm`^jm_n _j) cjr`q`m) km`n`io n`q`m\g njpm^`^mdod^\gkmj]*
g`hn)`nk`^d\ggtdioc`pn`j aoc`o`mhé ^pm`_è+Pc`Rjgpio\mtcjnkdo\gnr`m`
oj \ cdbc `so`io _`k`i_`io pkji _ji\odjin ajm oc`dm `sdno`i^` \i_ do r\n
oc`m`ajm`j abm`\oq\gp`oj]`\]g`ojkm`n`io\na\qjpm\]g`no\odnod^n\nkjnnd*
]g`+ >`^\pn` j aocdn) oc`m` dn \ mdnf oc\o h\it k\od`ion r`m` _dnhdnn`_ epno
]`ajm`_`\oc+Aibgdnccjnkdo\gn\gnjc\_\ntno`hj aé jpo*k\od`ionè)d+`+ nd^f
om`\o`_ di oc`dm jri cjh`n ]t qdndodib cjnkdo\g kctnd^d\in+ Pc`n` k\od`ion
`qd_`iogt`io`m`_oc`m`^jm_n\n é di*k\od`ionèdiodh`nrc`idor\ni`^`nn\mt
oj ncjrbjj_no\odnod^n ajmoc`ojo\giph]`mj ak\od`ionom`\o`_+
Eioc`ajggjrdibr`rdgg`s\hdi`cjrnp^^`nnapgoc`cjnkdo\gkctnd^d\indi
D~miÇn\i_r`m`+S`rdgg)cjr`q`m)ijogdhdojpmdiq`nodb\odjiojoc`k\od`ionë
m`^jm_n+ Eijm_`moj]`\]g`oj\inr`moc`lp`nodjij arc`oc`mk\od`ionr`m`
_dnhdnn`_oj^jq`mpkajmpia\qjm\]g`no\odnod^n) jmndhkgt]`^\pn`oc`kctnd*
^d\in dh\bdi`_ oc\o oc`t c\_ ^pm`_ oc`dm k\od`ion) r` rdgg ajggjr \ nh\gg
^jcjmoj ak\od`iondioc`^cpm^cm`^jm_npiodgoc`dmodh`j a_`\oc+ Eordggoc`i
]` kjnnd]g`oj ^\g^pg\o`oc` odh`]`or``i _dnhdnn\g \i_ _`\oc+ S` rdgg \gnj
^jhk\m`oc`_dn`\n`noc\ooc`tnpaa`m`_amjh_pmdiboc`dmno\t\ooc`cjnkdo\g
rdococ`dm^\pn`n j a_`\oc+
N`npgonjaom`\oh`io
Ec\q`ijdio`iodjioj\i\gtu``\mgtidi`o``ioc*^`iopmtoc`m\k`pod^m`bdh`idi
ocdn\mod^g`+ Pj]`\]g`ojapggtpi_`mno\i_cjr\i_rctoc`kctnd^d\in\^o`_
\noc`t_d_r`rjpg_c\q`ojo\f`jpmkjdioj a_`k\mopm`amjhC\g`id^h`_d^\g
oc`jmt_\odib]\^fojoc`t`\m/--=+@+H`opnepnon\toc\ooc`Or`_dnckctnd*
023
^d\in)ocmjpbcam`lp`ioom\q`gn\]mj\_)\idio`mi\odji\ggtm`^jbidu`_pidq`m*
ndotdiQkkn\g\)\i_\r`gg*api^odjidibntno`hj ah`_d^\gejpmi\gn)r`m`r`gg
\r\m`j aoc`h`_d^\gadi_dibn\i_oc`jmd`ndiApmjk`+=ooc`cjnkdo\gn\a\dmgt
i`r \i_ pk_\o`_ kc\mh\^jkj`d\ r\n di pn`) oc` Or`_dnc Lc\mh\^jkj`\
nq`^d^\%.442&+ Eor\n\gnjom\ing\o`_diojC`mh\i\i_pn`_dioc`dmcjnkdo\gn+
Ei m`opmi Or`_dnc cjnkdo\gn am`lp`iogt ^jinpgo`_ oc` é Lc\mh\^jkj`\
k\pk`mphè kmdio`_ di D\h]pmb) \i_ ?pgg`iën é Lc\mh\^jkj`d\
L\pk`mphè 0/+S`c\q`)oc`m`ajm`)ijm`\njioj]`gd`q`oc\oOr`_dnccjnkdo\g
kctnd^d\inr`m`g`nnr`gg*om\di`_)jmg\^f`_^jio`hkjm\mth`_d^\gfijrg`_b`
di^jhk\mdnjirdococ`dmApmjk`\i^jgg`\bp`n+
Pc` kctnd^d\in pn`_ h\digt ajpm ^g\nndad^\odjin rc`i k\od`ion r`m`
_dnhdnn`_amjhoc`cjnkdo\g+L\od`ionr`m``doc`m^jind_`m`_é ^pm`_è)jmoc`dm
kctnd^\gno\o`c\_é dhkmjq`_è+Ojh`r`m`_dnhdnn`_\né di^pm\]g`è)\i_oc`
m`no g`aooc` cjnkdo\gdi^jaadin+ Ei njh`m\m` ^\n`n k\od`ion ]`^\h`odm`_ j a
n``hdibgt`q`mg\nodiboc`m\kt) \i_ndhkgt é `n^\k`_è amjhoc`cjnkdo\g+
41+0k`m^`ioj a\ggk\od`ion\_hdoo`_ojoc`?jpiotDjnkdo\gj aD~miÇn\i_
r`m`_dnhdnn`_\n^pm`_+ ..+2k`m^`ioc\_m`^jq`m`_`ijpbcoj]`_dnhdnn`_
\ndhkmjq`_)0k`m^`ior`m`di^pm\]g`)\i_5k`m^`io_d`_+Pc`k`m^`io\b`j a
^pm`_k\od`ion r\n \kkmjsdh\o`gtoc` n\h` \ooc` Njt\g Eiadmh\mtj aA_di*
]pmbc7 4-+4+ .-+1k`m^`ior`m`_dnhdnn`_\nm`gd`q`_)-+. \ndi^pm\]g`) \i_1+.
_d`_+ Pc` g\mb`m kmjkjmodji j ak\od`ion g`\qdib oc` ?jpiot Djnkdo\g \n di*
^pm\]g`^jpg_k`mc\kn]``skg\di`_]toc`bm`\oiph]`mj ai`pmjgjbd^\g\i_
h`io\gk\od`ion+ Or`_dnccjnkdo\gkctnd^d\inr`m`\gnjhjm`b`i`mjpndi\_*
hdoodibk\od`ionrdoc_dn`\n`n_daad^pgooj^pm`)ndi^`oc`tr`m`adi\i^`_joc`m*
rdn`+Pc`kctnd^d\in\ooc`Njt\gEiadmh\mtj aA_di]pmbc^jind_`m`_\nh\it
\n0+5k`m^`ioj a\ggk\od`ion\né dhkmjk`mè+Pcdn^jpg_\gnj`skg\dioc`cdbc
hjmo\gdotm\o`dioc`?jpiotDjnkdo\gj aD~miÇn\i_çord^`\ncdbc\ndioc`
A_di]pmbccjnkdo\g+
=^^jm_dibojNdnn`)oc`hjmo\gdotm\o`dioc`Njt\gEiadmh\mtj aA_di]pmbc
ncjpg_c\q`]``injh`rc\ocdbc`m+Pc`^pnojhj a_dn^c\mbdibhjmd]pi_k\*
od`ionr\nijojigt\n^c`h`ojdhkmjq`cjnkdo\gno\odnod^n]po\m`nkjin`oj
oc`_`h\i_nj am`g\odq`n\i_k\od`ionoc`hn`gq`noj_d`dioc`dmjricjh`n+
Ijmo\gdot r\n \gnj di^m`\ndib \o \ no`\_t m\o` di oc` Eiadmh\mt) \i_ r\n
m`kjmo`_oj]`3+1" di .5.-00+
Pc` ojo\g iph]`m j a k\od`ion ^pm`_ jm _`\_ dn ji` ocdib+ Pc` m`\g _da*
a`m`i^`n \kk`\m rc`ir`gjjf \o ndibg`_dn`\n`^\o`bjmd`n+ BmjhP\]g`1r`
^\i n``oc\ooc` kctnd^d\in r`m` np^^`nnapg di^pmdiboc`k\od`ion rcjhoc`
cjnkdo\gc\_jmdbdi\ggt]``i_`ndbi`_ajm+L\od`ionnpaa`mdibamjh_dn`\n`n\a*
a`^odiboc`n`sp\gjmb\in)oc`h\ejmdotj a\gg\_hdnndjin)r`m`^pm`_dijq`m6-
k`m^`ioj a\gg^\n`n+L\od`ion_tdibjm^jind_`m`_di^pm\]g`r`m`m\oc`ma`rdi
iph]`m+ I jnoj aoc`k\od`ion npaa`mdibamjhntkcdgdn`io`m`_oc`cjnkdo\g\o
\i `\mgt no\b`+ Pc`dm _dn`\n` r\n ^jind_`m`_ oj ]` di don é kmdhdodq` no\b`è+
Pc`m`r`m`)cjr`q`m)\gnjk\od`ionrdocntkcdgdndidonocdm_\i_g\nono\b`+Sdoc
oc`dm]m\din\oo\^f`_) h\_i`nn ajggjr`_\i_adi\ggtdi`qdo\]g`_`\oc+
024
MVWaZ/) Pc`m`npgojaom`\oh`io\ooc`^jpiotcjnkdo\gjaD~miÇn\i_ .5.1ç.531+
@dn`\n` ?pm`_Ehkmjq`_Ei^pm\]g` @`\_ Koc`m
O`sp\gjmb\in 6-+3 1+/ -+5 /+4 .+4
Opmbd^\gdia`^odjin 44+5 ./+1 .+1 2+- 0+1
Eia`^odjpn_dn`\n`n 56+. .+/ -+. 6+- -+3
N`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n 24+/ /-+. .+4 .3+3 1+1
Pm\ph\od^^ji_dodjin 5/+3 4+4 -+4 2+1 0+3
Pphjmn\i_^\i^`mn 26+1 ..+0 5+3 ./+3 5+.
@db`nodq`_dn`\n`n 4-+1 .2+- -+4 ..+1 /+2
?dm^pg\ojmt_dnjm_`m 1/+. /.+1 /+2 0.+. /+6
J`pmjgjbd^\g 16+3 /6+1 3+6 6+2 1+3
I`io\g 0/+4 /2+3 /6+. 3+0 3+0
Ipn^pgjnf`g`o\g 31+4 //+1 1+3 2+- 0+0
Koc`mn) \i_pink`^ 61+- /+5 â /+5 -+1
@dn`\n`njaoc`nfdi 4.+4 .4+5 1+1 0+6 /+/
Qmdi\mtom\^o_dn`\n` 12+4 /3+4 0+5 .3+/ 4+3
At`kmj]g`hn 35+- //+- 3+- 0+- .+-
Opmbd^\g^ji_dodjin 40+0 6+0 1+4 .-+2 /+/
Qink`^+ diag\hh\odjin 24+. .1+0 0+3 .4+6 4+.
=gg_dn`\n`n 41+0 ..+2 0+- 5+- 0+/
Pc` cdbc m\o` j a^pm`_ k\od`ion rdoc q`i`m`\g _dn`\n`n dn) cjr`q`m) ijo oc\o
`\ntojdio`mkm`o+Otkcdgdndn^c\m\^o`mdu`_]tnkjio\i`jpn\i_gjibk`mdj_nj a
m`no+ Pcdn kmj]\]gth\_`oc`kctnd^d\in]`gd`q`oc\ooc`dmk\od`ion c\_]``i
^pm`_+ Pc`k\od`io^jpg_oc`i\kk`\m\ooc`cjnkdo\gji^`\b\di)ijodia`^o`_
\n`^ji_odh`)]ponpaa`mdibamjhoc`n\h`ntkcdgdn+Pc`oc`m\ktrdoch`m^pmt
_d_c\q`njh``aa`^oocjpbc) \i_h\itk\od`ion`qd_`iogtr`m`c`\g`_01+ S`
nc\gg) cjr`q`m) m`opmiojocdnkmj]g`h+
Hjr k`m^`io\b`n j a ^pm`_ r`m` ajpi_ \hjib k\od`ion npaa`mdib amjh
_dn`\n`nj aoc`m`nkdm\ojmtjmb\in)^dm^pg\ojmt_dnjm_`mn\i_i`pmjgjbd^\g\i_
h`io\g_dn`\n`n+Eodnlpdo`i\opm\goc\o\idi`o``ioc*^`iopmtkctnd^d\i^jpg_
ijo ^pm`) ajm dino\i^`) `kdg`knt+ L\od`ion rdoc h`io\g _dn`\n`n r`m` jao`i
om\ina`mm`_ oj \ntgphn daoc`t _d_ ijo m`nkji_ kjndodq`gt oj kpmb\odq`n \i_
]g``_dib) \i_ ^g`\mgt) oc`n` _dn`\n`n \m`ijo ^pm`_ `q`ioj_\t+ L\od`ion rdoc
^dm^pg\ojmt _dnjm_`mn \i_ _dn`\n`n j a oc` m`nkdm\ojmt jmb\in \gnj c\_ oc`
cdbc`nohjmo\gdotm\o`n+ Pc`^c\i^`j anpmqdq\grc`inpaa`mdib amjh_mjknt)
\i`pmtnh)jmct_mjknr\njigtorjjpoj aocm``+Aq`mtadaock\od`ionpaa`mdib
amjhm`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n) h\digtop]`m^pgjndn) npmqdq`_+ I\itj aoc`n` k\*
od`ion é dhkmjq`_è _pmdiboc`dmno\tdioc`cjnkdo\g) kmj]\]gt_p`ojoc`a\^o
oc\ooc`tm`^`dq`_m`no) r\mhoc) \i_m`bpg\mh`\gn+
S` ^\i _m\r oc` n\h` ^ji^gpndji amjh oc` k\od`ion npaa`mdib amjh
hpn^pgj*nf`g`o\g_dnjm_`mn+ L\od`ionrdocmc`ph\odnha`gohp^c]`oo`mrc`i
oc`t m`^`dq`_ nc`go`m dind_` oc` cjnkdo\g \i_ r`m` om`\o`_ rdoc cjo ]\ocn)
h\nn\b` \i_ h`_d^di` ^jio\didib \g^jcjg+ Pc`t r`m` ijo ^pm`_) h\it j a
025
oc`hr`m`^cmjid^\ggtdgg)]pooc`ta`gohp^c]`oo`m+Pc`_dqd_dibgdi`]`or``i
c`\goc\i_nd^fi`nndnijo\]njgpo`+ Pj_\tr`jao`io`i_ojgjjfpkjic`\goc
\n \no\o`j a^jhkg`o`kctnd^\g\i_knt^cjgjbd^\gr`gg*]`dib) ajmb`oodiboc\o
jpmidi`o``ioc*^`iopmt\i^`nojmn kmj]\]gtc\_ \hp^c_daa`m`ioqd`r02+ Pj
]`^pm`_^jpg_ndhkgtepnoh`\ioc\ooc`k\od`ior\nado`ijpbcoj^jiomd]po`
ojcdn a\hdgtënkmjqdndji+
Ojh`ajmh`mk\od`ion^\h`]\^fojoc`cjnkdo\gg\o`mdigda`+ Pcdnbmjpkj a
m`\_hdoo`_k\od`iondnj aoc`pohjnodio`m`no) ndi^`dohdbconc`_gdbcojioc`
h`\idibj aoc`o`mh^pm`_+Eak\od`ionr`m`am`lp`iogtm`\_hdoo`_\i_npaa`m*
dibamjhoc`n\h`^jhkg\dio\noc`tc\_]``iom`\o`_ajm`\mgd`m)dohdbcodi*
_d^\o`oc\ooc`tc\_i`q`mm`\ggt]``i^pm`_dioc`admnokg\^`+
3504\_hdnndjinr`m`m`^jm_`_\ooc`cjnkdo\g]`or``ioc`t`\mn .5.1\i_
.531+ >tpndiboc`k\od`ionëi\h`)\b`)j^^pk\odji)\i_m`nd_`i^`doc\n]``i
kjnnd]g`)rdoc\a\dmgtcdbc_`bm``j a\^^pm\^t)ojh\ip\ggtgdifoc`hojb`oc`m
rdocdi oc` njpm^`n+ Pcpn r` ^\i ^\g^pg\o` oc\o 266 k\od`ion m`opmi`_ojoc`
cjnkdo\g\og`\noji^`+65j aoc`h^\h`]\^ford^`)/.m`opmi`_ocm``odh`n\i_
1k\od`ionr`m`m`\_hdoo`_ajpmodh`n+Ki`h\i)\ntkcdgdod^a\mh`m^\gg`_Fji
KgnnjiamjhJjm]tdioc`k\mdncj aJepmpi_\)r\nm`\_hdoo`_ojoc`cjnkdo\g
adq`odh`n]`or``i.5/.\i_.5/3+@pmdibcdnadmnoajpmqdndonc`r\n_dnhdnn`_
\n^pm`_) ]po\ao`moc`adaocc`jigtg`aooc`cjnkdo\g\n é m`gd`q`_è+ Pc`m`\_*
hdnndjinnphpkoj\ojo\gj a.0//^\n`ndioc`k\od`ionëm`^jm_n)rcd^ch`\in
oc\o22.2) jm 5-+4k`m^`io) r`m`\_hdoo`_ ajmom`\oh`iojigtji^`+
Eon``hnoj]`otkd^\goc\odor\noc`k\od`ion npaa`mdib amjhntkcdgdnrcj
r`m`oc`ji`nojm`opmihjnoam`lp`iogtojoc`cjnkdo\g+ Odi^`oc`kctnd^d\in
g\^f`_ hj_`mi g\]jm\ojmt `lpdkh`io do r\n dhkjnnd]g` ajm oc`hoj o`gg ajm
^`mo\dirc`oc`m \k\od`io _`adido`gtr\n ^pm`_ jm ijo+ Sc`i ntkcdgdn c\n don
admno k`mdj_n j a é m`noè \gg nthkojhn \i_ ndbin) np^c \n m\nc`n \i_ pg^`mn)
_dn\kk`\m+ Eor\njigt\ao`moc`_dn`\n`c\_no\mo`_oj_dnadbpm`oc`]j_toc\o
oc`_j^ojmn^jpg_o`ggajmnpm`oc\ontkcdgdnr\nnodggkm`n`io+EiP\]g`2oc`ojo\g
iph]`mj am`\_hdnndjindnkm`n`io`_ ajm`\^c_dn`\n`^\o`bjmt) ]pojigtajm
ocjn`k\od`ionrcj`\^codh`g`aooc`cjnkdo\g\n ^pm`_+
Pc` _jhdi\io mjg` kg\t`_ ]t ntkcdgdn ajm oc` m`\_hdnndji j a ajmh`mgt
é ^pm`_è k\od`ion dn j]qdjpn+ 66 k\od`ion) i`\mgt 3 k`m ^`io) m`opmi`_ oj oc`
cjnkdo\g) \gocjpbcoc`tc\_]``i^jind_`m`_\n^pm`_]toc`kctnd^d\i+ 55j a
oc`h g`ao \n ^pm`_) ]po .- j ar`m` m`\_hdoo`_ \ n`^ji_ odh`+ Adbco g`ao oc`
cjnkdo\g \n é^pm`_è ajmoc`ocdm_ odh`) ]po nodggji` j aoc`kjjm njpgn ^\h`
]\^fajmcdnajpmocno\t\ooc`?jpiotDjnkdo\g+ D`r\nadi\ggt_dnhdnn`_\n
é ^pm`_è Pc`jigtorjbmjpknj ak\od`ion`lpdq\g`ioojocjn`npaa`mdibamjh
ntkcdgdn) \n m`b\m_n k`m^`io\b` j am`\_hdnndjin) r`m`ocjn` rdoc^dm^pg\ojmt
_dnjm_`mn7 4 jpo j a ..5 k\od`ion ^\h` ]\^f) \i_ ocjn` rdoc ophjmn \i_
^\i^`mn) .. jpo j a//. r`m`m`\_hdoo`_+ Bjmoc` joc`m _dn`\n`^\o`bjmd`noc`
k`m^`io\b`j am`\_hdoo`_k\od`ionq\md`_]`or``iji`\i_ajpmk`m^`io) oc`
gjr`noajmocjn`npaa`mdibamjhom\ph\od^^ji_dodjin)dia`^odjpn_dn`\n`n\i_
_dn`\n`n j aoc` nfdi+ L\od`ion ^pm`_ amjh h`io\g _dn`\n`n r`m` i`q`m m`\_*
hdoo`_+
026
MVWaZ0) N`\_hdnndjinojoc`?jpiotcjnkdo\gjaD~miÇn\i_ .5.1ç.531
@dn`\n` ?pm`_
Jph]`mjam`\_hdnndjin
. / 0
O`sp\gjmb\in .404 66 .- .
Eia`^odjpn_dn`\n`n 3-4 .- â â
Opmbd^\gdia`^odjin 214 .0 . â
N`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n 040 ./ â â
Pm\ph\od^^ji_dodjin 032 0 â â
Pphjmn\i_^\i^`mn //. .. . â
@db`nodq`_dn`\n`n /.3 3 â â
Ipn^pgjnf`g`o\g .23 0 . â
J`pmjgjbd^\g_dn`\n`n .0- 2 . â
@dn`\n`njaoc`nfdi ./6 . â â
?dm^pg\ojmt_dnjm_`mn ..5 4 â â
At`kmj]g`hn 35 . ç ç
Eodn kjnnd]g`) j a^jpmn`) oc\oh\itj aoc`hm`\ggt_d_g`\q`oc`cjnkdo\gdi\
c`\goctno\o`) \i_oc\ooc`toc`i^jiom\^o`_\ndhdg\m_dn`\n`+ I\itm`\_hdn*
ndjin^jpg_kmj]\]gt]``skg\di`_diocdnr\t) \i_oc`jigtr\toj^c`^fajm
ocdn rjpg_ ]`oj nop_t`\^cdi_dqd_p\g ^\n` cdnojmt+ Pdh` c\n) cjr`q`m) ijo
k`mhdoo`_np^c\idilpdmtdiocdn\mod^g`+Kioc`joc`mc\i_)rc`ir`\m`_`\g*
dibrdoc_dn`\n`noc\or`fijrr`m`c\m_oj_d\bijn`\i_^pm`)dodnhjm`gdf`gt
oc\ooc`_j^ojmnr`m`njh`odh`n]jpi_oj_m\rc\not^ji^gpndjin+Pcdnhpno
^`mo\digt c\q` ]``i omp` di oc` ^\n`n j a k\od`ion npaa`mdib amjh ntkcdgdn)
]`^\pn`j aoc``som\jm_di\mt^c\m\^o`mdnod^n j aocdn _dn`\n`+
Pc`_dn`\n`admnoncjrndoni\opm`\ao`m\idi^p]\odjik`mdj_j a]`or``i .-
_\tnoj .-r``fn)pnp\ggtdioc`ajmhj anh\gg)c\m_\i_k\dig`nnnr`ggdibnji
oc` n`sp\g jmb\in+ Pc` _dn`\n` dn oc`m`ajm` c\m_oj _`o`^o diocdn admno no\b`)
`nk`^d\ggtdirjh`i+Pc`nr`ggdibnrdgg_dn\kk`\m)`q`irdocjpoom`\oh`io)di
\]jpo `dbco r``fn+ Pc` dia`^odib jmb\idnh) oc` nkdmj^c`o` Pm`kji`h\
k\ggd_dph) ^jiodip`nojhjq`ocmjpbcoc`]j_tdiojoc`gthkcij_`n+ =ao`m
\ k`mdj_ j a /*1 hjiocn nfdi g`ndjin di oc` ajmh j a \i `mpkodq` m\nc jm
pg^`m\odibnjm`n]`bdioj\kk`\m+ Pcdn h\mfnrc\odn^\gg`_oc`n`^ji_no\b`
j aoc`_dn`\n`+Pc`m\ncjmoc`njm`nh\tc`\gdi/*3r``fn)]pooc`thdbcor`gg
]`qdnd]g`ajm\^jpkg`j ahjiocn+Pc`n`^ji_no\b`h\tg\noajm/*1t`\mn)_pm*
dibrcd^coc`pg^`m\odibnjm`n^\im`\kk`\mn`q`m\godh`n+=ao`mocdnno\b`oc`
piom`\o`_ _dn`\n` hjq`n dioj \ g\o`io k`mdj_) rc`m`) di a\^o \^^jm_dib oj
no\odnod^n) /2 k`m^`io j a ocjn` rcj c\q` ^jiom\^o`_ oc` _dn`\n` \m` c`\g`_
nkjio\i`jpngt+ Pc` g\o`io k`mdj_ h\t g\no ajm .2*/2 t`\mn rc`i adi\ggt oc`
i`mqjpnntno`hdn_\h\b`_+ Eiocdnocdm_\i_g\no no\b`) rdococ`dm]m\din\o*
o\^f`_)oc`nd^f\m`adi\ggta\^`_rdoc^`mo\di_`\oc+Eoc\n]``i^\g^pg\o`_oc\o
ocdm_no\b`ntkcdgdn\^^jpio`_ajm\nh\it\n .-k`m^`ioj a\_hdnndjinojdi*
n\i`\ntgph n03+
03-
