Vattnets möte med land: Hur kan man uppmärksamma hållbarhet i ett fysiskt rum.

.DQGLGDWDUEHWHLPHGLHWHNQLN,QVWLWXWLRQHQI|UWHNQLNRFKHVWHWLNYnUWHUPLQ



9DWWQHWVP|WHPHGODQG

+XUPDQNDQXSSPlUNVDPPDKnOOEDUKHWLHWWI\VLVNWUXP

(PHOLH%\PDQ_/HMOD&DWRYLF_:DID6DOHK

+DQGOHGDUH3LUMR(ORYDDUD /HR$QGUpD1RUGZDOO

([DPLQDWRU3HWHU*LJHU

$EVWUDNW

0HGGHWWDNDQGLGDWDUEHWHYLOOYLXSSPlUNVDPPDRFKI|UPHGODKnOOEDUKHWPHGIRNXVSn

NRQVXPWLRQRFKSODVWQHGVNUlSQLQJLKDYHQ.DQGLGDWDUEHWHWNRPPHUO|SDXWLHQJHVWDOWQLQJ

VRPNRPPHUEHILQQDVLJLHWWI\VLVNWUXP'HWI\VLVNDUXPPHWlUHWWILNDUXPRFKEHILQQHUVLJ

SnPDULQPXVpXPHWL.DUOVNURQDYLONHWlYHQlUYnUDQH[WHUQDVDPDUEHWVSDUW

9LDQVHUDWWGHWlUYLNWLJWDWWVNULYDRPNRQVXPWLRQRFKSODVWQHGVNUlSQLQJLKDYHIWHUVRPGHW

KDUHQI|U|GDQGHSnYHUNDQSnPlQVNOLJKHWHQRFKI|UYnUDQSODQHW*HVWDOWQLQJHQL

NDQGLGDWDUEHWHWNRPPHUWDVW|GXWDYSHUVSHNWLYHW;IRUFKDQJH0HWRGHURFKLGpJHQHUHULQJ

PHWRGHUVRPKMlOSWYnUWDUEHWHIUDPnWlUEUDLQVWRUPLQJPRRGERDUGPLQGPDSVRFK

SURWRW\SHU9LYDOGHGHVVDPHWRGHUHIWHUVRPYLDQVnJDWWGHWWDNXQGHJHVW|UVWDP|MOLJD

SRWHQWLDOI|UDUEHWHW

,VOXWlQGDQKDUYLHQJHVWDOWQLQJVRPO|SWXWJHQRPPnQJDROLNDEHVOXWRFKVHOHNWLRQHU9L

DQYlQGHUHQWHNQLNVRPNDOODVGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGVRPYLSODFHUDWSnHQDYYlJJDUQDL

UXPPHW'RXEOHH[SRVXUHGEHW\GHUDWWPDQPHGKMlOSDYHWWSDU³JDPOD´GJODV|JRQVRP

KDUHQEOnRFKHQU|GVLGDNDQILOWUHUDERUWROLNDIlUJNDQDOHUVRPGnUHVXOWHUDULWYnROLND

ELOGHUPHQVRPVDPWLGLJWlUHQKHO9LKDUJMRUWWYnLOOXVWUDWLRQDYSODVWQHGVNUlSQLQJGlUHQD

OlJJVSnGHQU|GDVLGDQRFKGHQDQGUDSnEOnDVLGDQ'HWWDI|UDWWUHSUHVHQWHUDQXWLGHQRFK

KXUIUDPWLGHQNRPPHUDWWVHXWRPYLIRUWVlWWHUPHGYnUDQRKnOOEDUDNRQVXPWLRQRFK

QHGVNUlSQLQJ,OOXVWUDWLRQHQlUILNWLRQHOORFKlUHQGDVHQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRPKXUYlUOGHQVNXOOH

NXQQDVHXWLIUDPWLGHQ9lJJHQNRPPHUlYHQDWWVW|GMDVDYLQIRUPDWLYDSRVWHUVPHGEODQG

DQQDWI|UVODJSnYDGHQLQGLYLGNDQELGUDWLOO

Nyckelord: +nOOEDUKHWSODVWQHGVNUlSQLQJ0DULQPXVpXP.DUOVNURQDYLVXHOOGHVLJQSRVWHU

XSSPlUNVDPPD

$EVWUDFW

:LWKWKLVEDFKHORUWKHVLVZHZDQWWRUDLVHDZDUHQHVVDQGWRFRQYH\VXVWDLQDELOLW\ZLWKD

IRFXVRQFRQVXPSWLRQDQGSODVWLFOLWWHULQJLQWKHVHD7KLVEDFKHORUWKHVLVZLOOUHVXOWLQD

GHVLJQWKDWZLOOEHLQD SK\VLFDOURRP7KHSK\VLFDOURRPLVDEUHDNURRPDQGLVORFDWHGLQWKH

1DYDOPXVHXPLQ.DUOVNURQDZKLFKLVDOVRRXUH[WHUQDOSDUWQHU

:HEHOLHYHWKDWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRZULWHDERXWFRQVXPSWLRQDQGSODVWLFOLWWHULQJLQWKHVHD

EHFDXVHLWKDVDGHYDVWDWLQJLPSDFWRQKXPDQLW\DQGRXUSODQHW7KHGHVLJQWKDWWKLVEDFKHORU

WKHVLVZLOOSURGXFH ZLOOEHVXSSRUWHGE\WKHGHVLJQSHUVSHFWLYH;IRU&KDQJH0HWKRGVDQG

LGHDJHQHUDWLQJPHWKRGVWKDWKHOSHGRXUZRUNPRYHIRUZDUGDUHEUDLQVWRUPLQJPRRGERDUG

PLQGPDSVDQGSURWRW\SHV:HFKRVHWKHVHPHWKRGVEHFDXVHZHFRQVLGHUWKDWLWFRXOGSURYLGH

WKHJUHDWHVWSRVVLEOHSRWHQWLDOIRUWKHZRUN



,QWKHHQGZHKDYHDGHVLJQFUHDWHGWKURXJKPDQ\GLIIHUHQWGHFLVLRQVDQGVHOHFWLRQ:HXVHD

WHFKQLTXHFDOOHGGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGZKLFKZHSODFHGRQRQHRIWKHZDOOVRIWKHURRP

'RXEOHH[SRVXUHGLVWKDWZLWKWKHKHOSRIDSDLURI³ROG´GJODVVHVZKLFKKDVDEOXHDQG

UHGVLGHFDQILOWHURXWGLIIHUHQWFRORUFKDQQHOVZKLFKWKHQUHVXOWVLQWZRGLIIHUHQWLPDJHV

ZKLFKDWWKHVDPHWLPHLVDZKROH:HPDGHWZRLOOXVWUDWLRQVRISODVWLFOLWWHULQJZKHUHRQHLV

SXWRQWKHUHGVLGHDQGWKHRWKHURQWKHEOXHVLGH7KLVLVWRUHSUHVHQWWRGD\DQGKRZWKH

IXWXUHZLOOORRNOLNHLIZHFRQWLQXHZLWKRXUXQVXVWDLQDEOHFRQVXPSWLRQDQGOLWWHULQJ7KH

LOOXVWUDWLRQLVILFWLRQDODQGLVRQO\DUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIKRZWKHZRUOGFRXOGORRNLQWKHIXWXUH

7KHZDOOZLOODOVREHVXSSRUWHGE\LQIRUPDWLYHSRVWHUVLQFOXGLQJVXJJHVWLRQVRQZKDWDQ

LQGLYLGXDOFDQFRQWULEXWHZLWK



















Keywords:6XVWDLQDELOLW\SODVWLFOLWWHULQJ1DYDO0XVHXP.DUOVNURQDYLVXDOGHVLJQSRVWHU

DZDUHQHV



,QQHKnOOVI|UWHFNQLQJ



$EVWUDNW 1

$EVWUDFW 2

6DPVNULYDQGH 4

1. Bakgrund 4

)UnJHVWlOOQLQJ 6

6\IWH 6

2. Tidigare och aktuell forskning 6

%HUlWWDQGHPHGELOGVSUnN 7

,QWHUDNWLRQPHOODQEDUQRFKOlUDQGHW 8

/D\RXW 9

)lUJYDO 10

3. Metoder 12

,GpJHQHUHULQJVPHWRGHU 14

'HVLJQPHWRGHU 15

3URGXNWLRQVPHWRGHU 16

4. Designprocess 17

)UnQLGpWLOOXWYHFNOLQJ 17

)UnQXWYHFNOLQJWLOOYHUNOLJKHW 19

.RQFHSW 21

*HQRPI|UDQGHDYJHVWDOWQLQJ 22

'HQIlUGLJDJHVWDOWQLQJHQ 26

5. Resultat 27

6. Diskussion 29

Referenslista 33

Bilagor 39

%LODJD 39







6DPVNULYDQGH

'HWWDNDQGLGDWDUEHWHlUVNULYHWDYVWXGHQWHU(PHOLH%\PDQ/HMOD&DWRYLF:DID6DOHK9L

KDUVNULYLWDUEHWHWPHVWDGHOVWLOOVDPPDQVRFKKDIWJRGNRPPXQLNDWLRQPHOODQRVV8QGHU

I|UVWDIDVHQVRPKDQGODURPEDNJUXQGIUnJHVWlOOQLQJRFKV\IWHVNUHYYLGHWWLOOVDPPDQV

,QI|UIRUVNQLQJVGHOHQGHODGHYLXSSV|NDQGHWDYIDNWDRFKVNULYDQGHWPHOODQRVV:DIDVNUHY

GHOHQ³EHUlWWDQGHPHGELOGVSUnN´RFK³LQWHUDNWLRQHQPHOODQEDUQRFKOlUDQGHW´/HMODVNHY

GHOHQ³OD\RXW´RFK(PHOLHVNUHYGHOHQ³IlUJYDO´bYHQIDVWYLGHODGHXSSROLNDRPUnGHQL

IRUVNQLQJVGHOHQKDUYLYDULWLQYROYHUDGHLYDUDQGUDVVNULYDQGHRFKKDUYDULWQRJDPHGDWW

GHODPHGVLJDYGHQNXQVNDSVRPI|UPHGODVLWH[WHQ0HWRGHUGHVLJQSURFHVVUHVXOWDWRFK

GLVNXVVLRQKDUYLVNULYLWWLOOVDPPDQV7H[WHQlUVNULYHQL*RRJOHGRFVGlUGHKDUIXQNWLRQHQ

DYDWWIOHUDSHUVRQHUNDQVDPDUEHWDSnVDPPDGRNXPHQW,OOXVWUDWLRQHQRFKHIIHNWlUVNDSDG

DY(PHOLHSRVWHUGHVLJQRFKOD\RXWlUVNDSDGHDY/HMODGPRGHOOHULQJDY:DIDRFK

SURWRW\SHQLNDUWRQJlUVNDSDGDY(PHOLHRFK:DID



%DNJUXQG

$WWVWLUUDXW|YHUHWW|SSHWYDWWHQVHVROHQVPMXNDVWUnODUUHIOHNWHUDPRWYDWWHQ\WDQVRPVHGDQ

P|WHUGLQD|JRQ9DWWQHWVP|WHPHGODQGVNDSDUKDUPRQLRFKVWLPXOHUDUGLQDVLQQHQ1lUYL

YDUOLWHQYDUGHWWDHQVDQQLQJI|URVV9DWWQHWYDUWU\JJWVlNHUWRFKHQSODWVI|UVLQQHVUR

'HWWDYDUWLOOVYDWWQHWVP|WHPHGODQGE|UMDGHVN\PWDDYROLNDRQDWXUOLJDIlUJHU%OnWWU|WW

RFKYLWWLROLNDQ\DQVHUVRPlUWLOOJMRUWJHQRPHQNHPLVNSURFHVVE|UMDGHSU\GDYnUDQ

VDQQLQJ9LlUVHGDQEDUQVEHQXSSYX[HQYLGYDWWHQGHWKDUYDULWHQVWRUGHODYYnUDQ

EDUQGRPbYHQLGDJYLG³YX[HQ´nOGHUVnERUYLRFKVWXGHUDUQlUDKDYHW'HWlUQlVWDQVn

KDYHWKDUHQRPHGYHWHQGUDJQLQJVNUDIWVRPYLDOODWUHEOLUGUDJQDWLOO



$WWKDYHQlUKRWDWRFKlULEHKRYDYKMlOSlUQnJRWYLVRPVNULYHUGHWWDNDQGLGDWDUEHWHDQVHU

lUYLNWLJWRFKUHOHYDQW+DYHQLVLJKDULQJHQU|VWDWWWDODPHG'HQNDQLQWHEHUlWWDI|URVV

KXUGHQPnURFKKXULOODGHQEOLUEHKDQGODG'lUI|UPnVWHGHQI|UOLWDVLJSnRVVPlQQLVNRUDWW

YLJ|UGHQUlWWYLVD+DYHQEOLURIWDVWERUWJO|PWRFKOlPQDGI|UVLJQlUYLPlQQLVNRUIRUWVlWWHU

PHGYnUDQRKnOOEDUDNRQVXPWLRQDYNRQVWJMRUGDlPQHQVRPWLOOVOXWKDPQDULVN|UDGHODU

'lUI|UDQVHUYLDWWGHWlUYLNWLJWDWWJHKDYHQHQU|VWHQFKDQVLVDPKlOOHWYLOHYHULLGDJ



9LlUVWXGHQWHUVRPVWXGHUDUSn%OHNLQJHWHNQLVNDK|JVNRODL.DUOVKDPQ9LYLOOPHGYnUD

NRPSHWHQVHULQRPIRWRLOOXVWUDWLRQRFKROLNDYLVXHOODPHWRGHUO\IWDIUDPRFKEHUlWWLJDKDYHQ

7HPDWSnGHWWD.DQGLGDWDUEHWHlUKnOOEDUKHWPHGIRNXVSnPLQVNDI|URUHQLQJDULKDYHQ9L

NRPPHUEODQGDQQDWI|OMD)1¶VXSSOlJJQLQJSnJOREDODPnORFKDQYlQGDSXQNW0LQVND

I|URUHQLQJDULKDYHQVRPKXYXGlPQH)1VXSSOlJJQLQJSnJOREDODPnOHQlUHQDYGHPnQJD

PnOVRPEHGULYVDY81'38QLWHGQDWLRQGHYHORSPHQWSURJUDPYLONHWlUHWW

XWYHFNOLQJVSURJUDPI|UDWWVWlUNDSROLF\RFKLQVDWVHUI|UKnOOEDUXWYHFNOLQJ81'3



+nOOEDUKHWRFKI|URUHQLQJDULKDYHQlUHWWDNWXHOOWlPQHDWWGLVNXWHUDYlUOGHQ|YHUHIWHUVRPYL

InUDOOYDUOLJDNRQVHNYHQVHUXWDYGHVVI|U|GHOVH,GDJVOlJHWlUDOODYlUOGHQVKDYSnYHUNDGHDY

PlQVNOLJDDNWLYLWHWHUVnVRPLQWHQVLYWMRUGEUXNWXQJLQGXVWUL|YHUJ|GQLQJPLOM|JLIWHU

QHGVNUlSQLQJRFK|YHUILVNH'HWWDlUEDUDQnJUDDYGHInDVSHNWHUKDYHWVHNRV\VWHPInUXWVWn



0lQQLVNRUWlQNHULQWHDOOWLGSnYDUWDOOSODVWVRPYLVOlQJHURFKWDSSDUWDUYlJHQPHQJHQRP

YLQGDURFKYDWWHQGUDJEOLUKDYHQPRWWDJDUHDYDOOWVNUlS9DUMHnUGXPSDV

WRQSODVWLKDYHQDYDOOWSODVWNRPPHUIUnQODQGGHPHVWDEHVWnUDYSODVWSnVDURFK

SODVWIODVNRU::)'HQQDW\SHQDYI|URUHQLQJOHGHUWLOODWWILVNDUPDULQDGlJJGMXU

InJODURFKUHSWLOHUI|UYl[ODUSODVWHQPHGPDWVRPUHVXOWHUDULDWWGHQVYlOWHULKMlO'HWWDSn

JUXQGDYDWWSODVWHQWDUXSSSODWVLPDJVlFNHQRFKJHUGHPHQIDOVNPlWWQDGVNlQVOD$QGUD

GMXUNDQlYHQWUDVVODLQVLJLSnVDURFKDQGUDW\SHUDYSODVWYLONHWLVLQWXUNYlYHUGRPWLOO

G|GV3ODVWHQLVLJLQQHKnOOHURFNVnIDUOLJDlPQHQVRP::)VNULYHURPSnGHUDVKHPVLGD

³SODVWVNUlSLKDYVPLOM|QLQQHKnOOHURUJDQLVNDI|URUHQLQJDUVRPEHNlPSQLQJVPHGHOIWDODWHU

3&%RFKELVIHQRO$3ODVWI|URUHQLQJDUQDNDQVW|UDYLNWLJDELRORJLVNDSURFHVVHURFKRUVDND

OHYHUVNDGRUHOOHUKRUPRQVW|UQLQJDU´::)



'HQKlUJnQJHQlUGHWLQJHQQDWXUNDWDVWURIVRPlURUVDNHQWLOOKDYHQVWUDJHGLGHWlUYLVMlOYD

'HWILQQVO|VQLQJDUWLOOGHWWDSUREOHP$WWVDWVDSnKDYVPLOM|lUHQQ|GYlQGLJLQYHVWHULQJI|U

PlQVNOLJKHWHQ9LYLOOPHGGHWWDNDQGLGDWDUEHWHXSSPlUNVDPPDDWWSODVWQHGVNUlSQLQJL

KDYHQlUDOOYDUOLJWRFKDWWGHVVDI|URUHQLQJDUWDUG|GSnKDYHQVRPLVLQWXUNRPPHUWDG|GSn

PlQVNOLJKHWHQ



8QGHUGHWWD.DQGLGDWDUEHWHNRPPHUYLDWWDUEHWDWLOOVDPPDQVPHG0DULQPXVpXPVRP

EHILQQHUVLJL.DUOVNURQD0DULQPXVpXPHWlUHWWVWDWOLJWPXVHXPVRPVSHFLDOLVHUDUVLJSn

6DPDUEHWHWPHOODQGHQH[WHUQDSDUWHQRFKRVVLQQHElUDWWGHSUHVHQWHUDUHWW³SUREOHP´VRPYL

GnKDUP|MOLJKHWWLOODWWO|VDHOOHUI|UElWWUD9LInUPHG|SSHQKHWXWDQULNWLJDEHJUlQVQLQJDU

I|UHVOnLGHpURFKROLNDLQQRYDWLRQHU6OXWOLJHQNRPPHUGHWWDUHVXOWHUDWLOOHQJHVWDOWQLQJVRP

NRPPHUSUHVHQWHUDVI\VLVNWRFKGLJLWDOWPHGHWWNRQFHSWSnGHQIlUGLJDSURGXNWHQ

.RQWLQXHUOLJNRQWDNWNRPPHUDWWXQGHUUlWWDVPHGGHQH[WHUQDSDUWHQRFKYLGLVNXWHUDU

YlVHQWOLJDGHODUWLOOVDPPDQV



'HWlUJHQRPGHVVDUHIOHNWLRQHURFKDYVLNWHUYnUWNDQGLGDWDUEHWHWDUDYVWDPSLIUnQ'HWlU

PHGQ\ILNHQKHWRFKVWRUI|UXQGUDQYLWLOOVDPPDQVNRPPHU³QDYLJHUD´RVVJHQRPGHWWDlPQH

9DGUHVXOWDWHWNRPPHUDWWOHGDWLOOEOLUHQLQWUHVVDQWXSSWlFNWRFKYDGGHWNDQPHGI|UDI|URVV

SHUVRQOLJHQ

)UnJHVWlOOQLQJ

+XUNDQPDQPHGKMlOSDYYLVXDOLVHULQJVWHNQLNHUXSSPlUNVDPPDKnOOEDUKHWLHWWI\VLVNWUXP"

6\IWH

'HWWDNDQGLGDWDUEHWHV\IWDUWLOODWWSU|YDROLNDPHGLHWHNQLVNDWHNQLNHUI|UDWWVSHJODKnOOEDUKHW

SnHWWWLOOJlQJOLJWVlWWLHWWI\VLVNWUXP'HWI\VLVNDUXPPHWlUHWWILNDUXPGlUPDQVRP

EHV|NDUHNDQWDPHGVLJHJHQPDWVlFNI|UDWWlWDUXPPHWNDQlYHQDQYlQGDVVRPNODVVUXP

I|UEHV|NDUHIUnQVNRORURFKEHILQQHUVLJSn0DULQPXVpXPHWL.DUOVNURQD,GDJVOlJHWDQVHU

0DULQPXVpXPHWDWWGHWI\VLVNDUXPPHWLQWHKnOOHUVDPPDVWDQGDUGVRPUHVWHQDYPXVpXPHW

GnGHWEHWUDNWDVVRPDWWYDUDUHODWLYWNDOWRFKPLQGUHDWWUDNWLYW9LRFK0DULQPXVpXPHWDQVHU

DWWPDQNDQXWYHFNODUXPPHWVIXQNWLRQRFKV\IWH'lUI|UDQVHUYLDWWKnOOEDUKHWVRPWHPDNDQ

JHPHUOLYLUXPPHWRFKNDQGnXSSPlUNVDPPDYnUWRKnOOEDUDOHYQDGVVlWW0HGYnUD

NRPSHWHQVHURFKHUIDUHQKHWHUYLOOYLJ|UDGHQI\VLVNDSODWVHQOlUDQGHXSSPlUNVDPPDQGHRFK

LQEMXGDQGHI|UDWWO\IWDPXVpXPHWVLQULNWQLQJWLOOGHJOREDODPnOHQ



7LGLJDUHRFKDNWXHOOIRUVNQLQJ

'HWWDNDSLWHONRPPHUDWWEHU|UDWLGLJDUHRFKDNWXHOOIRUVNQLQJJHQRPGHWYDOGDWHPDW'HQQD

IRUVNQLQJNRPPHUDWWOLJJDVRPJUXQGI|UJHVWDOWQLQJHQ)RUVNQLQJHQNRPPHUEODQGDQQDW

KDQGODRPELOGNRPSRVLWLRQLQWHUDNWLRQPHOODQEDUQRFKOlUDQGHIlUJYDORFKOD\RXW



%HUlWWDQGHPHGELOGVSUnN

,E|UMDQDYYnUDQXQGHUV|NQLQJVnEHVWlPGHVGHWWLGLJWDWWGHWVNXOOHKDQGODRPDWWYLVXDOLVHUD

HWWUXPPHQYLEHK|YHUWDUHGDSnPnQJDROLNDDVSHNWHUDYGHQYLVXDOLVHULQJHQ'HQI|UVWD

WDQNHQYLILFNYDU³YDGNDQPDQEHUlWWDPHGELOGKXUVNDSDUPDQHQELOGVRPNDQ

NRPPXQLFHUDVRPNDQYlFNDWDQNDU´'lUPHGVW|WWHYLSn3LQNVWH[WRPDWWELOGVSUnN

lUHQVWDUNIRUPDYNRPPXQLNDWLRQLEULVWSnGHWVNULIWOLJDRUGHW)RUVNDUH^KDUlYHQUHGRJMRUW

I|UKXUELOGNDQI|UPHGODV|YHUHQUDGVRFLDODVDPPDQKDQJVnVRPLYLVXHOOHWQRJUDILVN

IRUVNQLQJNODVVUXPPHWRFKLEDUQVYLVXHOODNRPSRVLWLRQHU'HWNDQDQYlQGDVI|UDWWVNDSDHQ

PHUHIIHNWLYNRPPXQLNDWLRQI|UDWWXQGHUOlWWDKnOOEDUDUHODWLRQHUPHOODQPlQQLVNRURFKGH

NRPSOH[DVRFLDODV\VWHPHQVRPGHERULRFKSnYHUNDU7KRPVHQ&'1\OLJHQKDUHWW

|NDWLQWUHVVHI|UGHQYLVXHOODNRPPXQLNDWLRQHQDYPLOM|IUnJRULIOHUDGLVFLSOLQHUXSSVWnWW+

0UHIHUHUDGL7KRPVHQ&''HWWDJHUHQJUXQGI|UDWWXWIRUVNDKXUYLVXHOOD

ELOGHUNDQKDVlUVNLOGUHOHYDQVI|UDWWNRPPXQLFHUDGHVYnULJKHWHURFKKMlOSDHQI|UHVWlOOD

DOWHUQDWLYDIUDPWLGHURFKNRQVHNYHQVHUDYEHVOXWDNWLYLWHWHURFKSURFHVVHU7KRPVHQ&'





2¶1HLOOUHIHUHUDGL7KRPVHQ'&DQVHUDWWPHGLHUQDV|YHUYlJDQGHDQYlQGQLQJ

DYYLVXHOODELOGHUlUDYOlJVHQLIUnQPlQQLVNRUVYlUOGVELOG'lUI|UXQGHUV|NWH7KRPVHQ&'

SRWHQWLDOHQI|UIRWRJUDIHULQJDYYlONlQGDODQGVNDSI|UDWWSURYRFHUDVYDURFK

VDPPDQNRSSODPlQQLVNRUPHGI|UlQGULQJDUSnPHQLQJVIXOODVlWW*UHHQ0 6RPHUYLOOH

0VVWXGLHlUHWWH[HPSHOSnSHGDJRJLNRPKnOOEDUKHWVRPXSSVWnUJHQRPEDUQV

ELQGHOVHPHGGHORNDODSODWVHUQDGHWWDKDUHQEHW\GDQGHLQYHUNDQSnLQOlUQLQJ³7KH\DUH

DZDUHWKHZHWODQGVEHORQJVWRWKHPWKHZD\WKHWRZQEHORQJVWRWKHP´7KRPVHQ&'

QlPQHU3HHSOHVJUDQVNQLQJDY(GZDUGV%XUW\QVN\VIRWRJUDILHUDYI|URUHQDGH

ODQGVNDSRFKDWWKHQQHVDQDO\VYLVDUSRWHQWLDOHQI|UIRWRJUDILVNDNRPSRVLWLRQVYDOI|UDWW

ORFNDWLWWDUHRFK³WRUHQGHULPDJHVIUDXJKWZLWKWHQVLRQVWKDWUHTXLUHWKRXJKWDQG

FRQWHPSODWLRQZKLFKSURYLGHWKHLPSHWXVQHFHVVDU\IRUDWWLWXGLQDOFKDQJH´3HHSOHV

UHIHUHUDGL7KRPVHQ&'



,QWHUDNWLRQPHOODQEDUQRFKOlUDQGHW

(QDQQDQDVSHNWVRPYLEHK|YHUI|UVWnlUKXUEDUQRFKYX[QDWDUWLOOVLJLQIRUPDWLRQEnGH

LPSOLFLWRFKH[SOLFLW3LDJHWUHIHUHUDGL*LUDOGL/%HQHOOL(9LWD53DWWL,

)LOLHUL )LOLSSL)VNUHYDWWRDYVHWWnOGHUKDUDOODEDUQHWWJHPHQVDPW³OHN´DWWLW\G

+DQEHWRQDUYlUGHWDYDWWOHND)DNWXPlUDWWJHQRPREVHUYDWLRQHUDYQlUEDUQOHNHUVnlUGHW

P|MOLJWDWWI|UVWnJUXQGHUQDI|UIRUPHUDYOlUDQGHRFKOHN'HWWDEHWRQDUGHUDVEHKRYDY

NRPPXQLNDWLRQXPJlQJHRFKVDPWLGLJWYLVDVLQLQUHNlQVORPlVVLJDYlUOG'HWlUYLNWLJWDWW

DQYlQGDVSUnNVRPEDUQNDQNlQQDLJHQDWWUHIHUHUDWLOOGHUDVNROOHNWLYDLPDJLQlUDInQJD

GHUDVLQWUHVVHQRFKVWLPXOHUDGHUDVI|UPnJRUQlUPDQ|YHUYlJHUEDUQ,HQVWXGLHYLVDGH

VWXGHQWHUKlQV\QWLOOKXUNlQVOLJDGHlULI|UKnOODQGHWLOOGHUDVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQHURFKLEODQG

YLVDGHHQVRILVWLNHUDGI|UVWnHOVHDYNlQVORPlVVLJDEHW\GHOVHULLQVWlOOQLQJWLOOHPRWLRQHOOD

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQHU0LOOV.$%HOORFFKL$3DWXOQ\5 'RROH\-'HNUHDWLYD

PHWRGHUVRPlUNRQVWEDVHUDGYLVDUVLJLIRWRJUDILHURFKGHXQGHUV|NQLQJVPHWRGHUVRP

GLVNXWHUDGHVLIRNXVJUXSSHUQD'HNUHDWLYDPHWRGHUQDDQYlQGVLVNROSHGDJRJLNI|UDWWVWUlFND

VLJXWDQI|UVNRODQWLOOORNDODSODWVHUVDPKlOOHQRFKWLOOGHWNUHDWLYDDUEHWHW8WYHFNOLQJDY

ULVNWDJDQGHLQQRYDWLRQRFKNUHDWLYLWHWYDUHQYLNWLJDVSHNWDYDOODKnOOEDUD

XWELOGQLQJVSUDNWLNHU*UHHQ0 6RPHUYLOOH0



%DUQVLQOlUQLQJNDQPDQPlWDPHG9LVXDO6WDWLVWLFDO/HDUQLQJ96/'HQKDQGODURPHQ

EODQGQLQJDYLPSOLFLWRFKH[SOLFLWNXQVNDS%HUWHOV-%RXUVDLQ('HVWUHEHFT]$ 

*DLOODUG9EHVNULYHULQOlUQLQJI|UVWVRPElVW³LPSOLFLW´HIWHUVRPPDQlQQXLQWHKDU

PHGYHWHQNRQWUROO|YHUVLQHJQDI|UPnJDI|ULQOlUQLQJ,GHWDQGUDVWHJHWE|UMDU

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQHUPDQNDQXWWU\FNDDWWIUDPVWn'HVVDNDQDQYlQGDVVRPJUXQGI|UDWWUHDJHUDL

OlUDQGHVLWXDWLRQHU6OXWOLJHQQlUNYDOLWpQIRUWVlWWHUDWW|NDJHQRP|YQLQJNDQHUIDUHQKHW

VDPWLGLJWPLQVNDV%HUWHOV-%RXUVDLQ('HVWUHEHFT]$ *DLOODUG9%HUWHOV

-%RXUVDLQ('HVWUHEHFT]$ *DLOODUG9WHVWDGHIMlUGHNODVVDUHIHPWHNODVVDUH

RFKXQJDYX[QDI|UDWWGLUHNWMlPI|UDUHVXOWDWHQIUnQEnGDnOGHUVJUXSSHUQD'HEOHY

LQWURGXFHUDGHWLOOROLNDELOGHUVRPSUHVHQWHUDGHVLHQWULR5HVXOWDWHQYLVDGHDWWEDUQVSHFLHOOW

OLWDUPHUSnLPSOLFLWRFKPLQGUHSnH[SOLFLWNXQVNDSGRFNVNLOMHUVLJLQWHGHUDVSUHVWDQGDIUnQ

YX[QD'lUI|UlUEDUQYLGnUVnOGHUQPHU|SSQDRFKPRJQDI|U96/I|UPnJRUQD



/D\RXW

(QSRVWHUlUHQEUDYLVXDOLVHULQJVWHNQLNI|UWH[WRFKLQIRUPDWLRQ9LDQVHUDWWHQSRVWHUV

OD\RXWLQQHKnOORFKXSSOlJJNDQI|UW\GOLJDRFKLQIRUPHUDYLNWLJDDVSHNWHUDYYLVXDOLVHULQJ

VRPYLNDQDQYlQGDGHODUXWDY)|UDWWYLVNDOONXQQDQnXWPHGYnUWEXGVNDSWLOOHQVnEUHG

nOGHUVJUXSSVRPP|MOLJWlUGHWYLNWLJWDWWKDYlVHQWOLJRFKOlWWOlVWLQIRUPDWLRQ



(QSHUVRQOlVHULVQLWWRUGLPLQXWHQRFKE|UGlUI|UKDHQNRUWWLWHOVRPEHWUDNWDUHQVND

KLQQDOlVDGHQLQQDQKHQJnUI|UELGHQE|UlYHQYDUDHIIHNWIXOOVDPWLGLJWVRPGHQVNDYDUD

SURIHVVLRQHOO3HUVN\$0(WWI|UVODJ3HUVN\$0QlPQHUlUDWWXWYHFNOD

WLWHOQWLOOHQIUnJDGHWWDNDQOHGDWLOOXSSInQJVWDYXSSPlUNVDPKHWRFKYLOMDQWLOODWWOlVD

YLGDUHVDPWLGLJWVRPWLWHOQVNDKDQGODRPGHWLQIRUPHUDQGHlPQHW7DJJDUW $UVODQLDQ

UHIHUHUDGL%HUJ-SnVWnUlYHQDWWHQWLWHOE|UYDUDOlWWI|UVWnHOLJL|JRQIDOODQGH

RFKXSSPXQWUDQGHWLOOOlVDUHQI|UDWWJUDQVNDLQIRUPDWLRQHQQlUPDUH



)|UDWWHQLQIRUPDWLYWH[WVNDNXQQDORFNDWLOOUlFNOLJWPHGXSSPlUNVDPKHWRFKEOLQRJJUDQW

JUDQVNDGEHK|YHUGHQLVLQKHOKHWYLVXHOOWHQJDJHUDVLJIUnQHWWDYVWnQG5RZH ,OLF

UHIHUHUDGL%HUJ-0HWRGHUVRPXQGHUOlWWDUGHWYLVXHOODORFNDQGHWDYGHVVDW\SHUDY

WH[WHUEHURUSnYDOHQDYGHVLJQDVSHNWHUVnVRPOD\RXWRUJDQLVDWLRQRFKDQYlQGQLQJDYIlUJ

ELOGVSUnNPHOODQSRVLWLYWRFKQHJDWLYWXWU\PPH(WWYHWWLJWQ\WWMDQGHDYGHVVDEHVWnQGVGHODU

NDQKMlOSDWLOOPHGDWWVNDSDHQHIIHNWLYWLOOWDODQGHRFKOlUDQGHWH[WLQIRUPDWLRQVRPYlFNHU

WDQNDUI|UEHWUDNWDUHQ5RZH ,OLFUHIHUHUDGL%HUJ-



´$IWHUDYLHZHU¶VH\HVWUDFNWRWKHWLWOHDQGWKHXSSHUOHIWWKH\ZLOOORRNIRUWKLQJVWKDWDUH

LPSRUWDQWVXFKDVSKRWRVILJXUHVRUJUDSKV,QSRVWHUVSHDNWKLVLVWKHUHVXOWVVHFWLRQ´

3HUVN\$0%LOGHURFKNRQWUDVWULNDIlUJHUORFNDU|JDWYLVXHOOW1lUHQPlQQLVNDJnU

I|UELHWWREMHNWVRPLGHWWDIDOOlUHQLQIRUPHUDQGHWH[WKDUGHPLQGUHlQVHNXQGHUSnVLJ

DWWDQWLQJHQPDWDLQOlUDQGHLQIRUPDWLRQHOOHUEHVWlPPDVLJRPGHYLOOVWDQQDRFKIRUWVlWWD

OlVDgJDWV|NHUVQDEEWHIWHUHQLQWUHVVDQWRFKYLNWLJYLVXHOOLQIRUPDWLRQRFKE|UMDUI|UVWPHG

DWWOHWDHIWHUWLWHOQ9LGDUHIRUWVlWWHU|JDWWLOOGHW|YUHYlQVWUDK|UQHWDYWH[WHQRFKV|NHUVLJ

VHGDQHIWHUELOGHUIlUJHOOHUNRQWUDVWI|UDWWVQDEEWIDWWDEHVOXWRPKXUXYLGDLQWUHVVDQW

LQIRUPDWLRQHQXSSOHYV6O\NKXLV'$:LHEH(1$QQHWWD/$UHIHUHUDGL3HUVN\$

0*HQRPDWWKDVRP´ERWWRPOLQHXSIURQW´VRP3HUVN\$0LVLQDUWLNHO

VNULYHUGHWYLOOVlJDVGHQYLNWLJDVWHLQIRUPDWLRQHQSnGHW|YUHYlQVWUDK|UQHWO\FNDVPDQSn

VQDEEDVWVlWWInQJDEHWUDNWDUHQVLQWUHVVH



)|UDWW|NDGHQYLVXHOODSnYHUNDQDYHQLQIRUPHUDQGHWH[WlUGHWYLNWLJWDWWKDPHGELOGHU

%HUJ5RZH ,OLFUHIHUHUDGL%HUJ-%LOGHULIRUPDYIRWRJUDILHU

GLDJUDPLOOXVWUDWLRQHURFKDQQDQELOGIUDPVWlOOQLQJNDQHUVlWWDWH[WRFKO\IWDIUDPLQQHKnOOHW

%LQGRQ 'DYHQSRUWUHIHUHUDGL%HUJ-



)lUJLVDPEDQGPHGNRQWUDVWlUHQYLNWLJEHVWnQGVGHOLHQLQIRUPHUDQGHWH[WGnGHWKDQGODU

RPVNLOOQDGHU0lQQLVNRKMlUQDQlUXWIRUPDGI|UDWWW\GOLJWPlUNDVNLOOQDG5H\QROGV

(FRII 6WLFKOHUUHIHUHUDGL&RQQHOO\/0RFKGlUI|UE|UYLNWLJLQIRUPDWLRQ

W\GOLJWIUDPJnKDHQW\GOLJNRQWUDVWPHOODQEDNJUXQGVIlUJRFKWH[WIlUJ86'HSDUWPHQWRI

(QHUJ\UHIHUHUDGL%HUJ-



)lUJYDO

)|UDWWNXQQDXWI|UDRFKVNDSDHWWI\VLVNWUXPVRPlUDQSDVVDWI|UDOODKDUYLYDOWDWW

XQGHUV|NDIlUJHQVSnYHUNDQSnPlQQLVNDQ'HWWDI|UDWWInHQEUHGDUHELOGDYYHUNOLJKHWHQ

RFKKXUYLPlQQLVNRUEOLUSnYHUNDGHDY\WWUHIDNWRUHUVnVRPIlUJ

     

³&RORULVDFULWLFDOFRPSRQHQWRIWKHYLVXDOGLPHQVLRQRIDVSDWLDOHQYLURQPHQW³DQVHU.RWOHU

)lUJLHQUXPVOLJPLOM|VSHODUUROORFKNDQSnYHUNDPlQQLVNRULROLNDRPIDWWQLQJDU

'HWNDQSnYHUNDEnGHHPRWLRQHOOWRFKGHWNDQSnYHUNDEHWHHQGHW6LDPLRQDYD.6OHYLWFK

/ 7RPDV560DQNDQXQGUDRPGHWWDlUQnJRWYLPlQQLVNRUKDUOlUWRVVHOOHU

RPGHWlUQnJRWVRPOLJJHULYnUDQQDWXU&RORULQFRQWH[WWHRULQDQVHUDWWGHWILQQVWYnYlJDU

GHVVDDVVRFLDWLRQHUXSSIDWWDVJHQRP'HWI|UVWDJHQRPNXOWXUHOOWLQOlUDQGHRFKGHWDQGUD

JHQRPGHWELRORJLVND´QDWXUOLJD´(OOLRW$-0DLHU0$$QJnHQGHGHQQDWHRULlU

LQWHPlQQLVNRUVUHVSRQVPRWIlUJPHGYHWHWRFKDWWPlQQLVNDQLQWHNDQNRQWUROOHUDVLQ

HPRWLRQHOODSV\NLVNDUHVSRQVWLOOIlUJ2OLNDPLOM|HURFKSODWVHUNDQGnVnOHGHVSnYHUNDGLWW

XQGHUPHGYHWQDRFKNDQNRQWUROOHUDGLQUHVSRQV



$WWIlUJHQSnYHUNDURVVRFKDWWGHWOLJJHULYnUDQQDWXUlUEHJULSOLJWGnlYHQGMXUDQSDVVDUVLJ

HIWHUIlUJRFKIXQJHUDUVRPROLNDNlQQHWHFNHQ)lUJRFKP|QVWHUNDQUlGGDGMXUIUnQIDURU

RFKNDQIXQJHUDVRPNDPRXIODJH2OLNDDUWHUKDUROLNDVWUXNWXUHUSnIlUJHUGHDQYlQGHURFK

XWJ|UVWRUGHOWLOOGHUDV|YHUOHYQDG2OVVRQ2PGHWWDlUHQVnSDVVVWRUGHODYGH

ELRORJLVNDLGMXUYlUOGHQVnNDQPDQlYHQI|UNQLSSDGHWPHGPlQQLVNRUGnYLRFNVnlUHQW\S

DYGMXUDUW'HWlUQDWXUOLJWDWWYLUHDJHUDURFKDVVRFLHUDUWLOOROLNDIlUJHU'HWWDNDQI|UNQLSSDV

PHGHOOHUDQW\GDVVRPQnJRQW\SDYPDQLSXODWLRQYLPlQQLVNRUGDJOLJHQXWVlWWVI|U'lUI|UlU

IlUJYDOYLNWLJWGnPDQLQWHYLOOIUDPNDOODQHJDWLYDNlQVORUHOOHUEHWHHQGHQVRPlUR|QVNDGH

YLGVSHFLILNDSODWVHU



0HQYLONDIlUJHUlUGHWVRPIUDPNDOODUHQYLVVNlQVODRFKYDGEHW\GHUGHW"'HWILQQVIOHUD

ROLNDW\SHUDYEHQlPQLQJDUSnIlUJPRGHOOHURFKGHQYDQOLJDVWHlU5*%5*%VWnUI|UU|G

JU|QEOnGnGHlUEHQlPQGWLOODWWYDUDJUXQGIlUJHUJHQRPGHVVDJUXQGIlUJHUVRPEODQGDV

ELOGDUGHWDQGUDIlUJVNDORU6LDPLRQDYD.6OHYLWFK/ 7RPDV56

'HQNODVVLVNDV\QYLQNHOSnIlUJPHQDVPHGDWW´YDUPD´IlUJHUVnVRPU|GRUDQJHJXOJHU

PHUDNWLYLWHWPHGDQ´N\OLJDUH´VnVRPEOnRFKOLODJHUHQPHUPRWVDWWHIIHNW2PPDQ

ERUWVHUIUnQGHNODVVLVNDVlWWHWRFKNROODULQLPHUPRGHUQDUHIRUVNQLQJNDQPDQQ\VWDXWPHU

RFKYLVVDSnVWnUlYHQKDHQPRWVDWWHIIHNW6LDPLRQDYD.6OHYLWFK/ 7RPDV56

'HIlUJHUVRPlUPHVWXQGHUV|NWDlUU|GRFKEOn'HVVDIlUJHUlUUHODWLYWGRPLQDQWD

RFKNDQDVVRFLHUDVSnHWWIOHUWDOVlWW5|GlUDVVRFLHUDWPHGDWWYDUDHQPHUXSSKHWVDQGHIlUJ

RFKEOnDVVRFLHUDVPHGDWWYDUDPHUOXJQDQGHRFKWLOOIUHGVVWlOODQGH'HQI|UHGUDVlYHQDY

YX[QDRFKDQYlQGVJlUQDEODQGNRQWRUVPLOM|1XUOHODZDWL$-5RG]\DK0<1RUPDKGLDK

666LDPLRQDYD.6OHYLWFK/ 7RPDV56



(IWHUVRPU|GVRPIlUJGUDUWLOOVLJPHUXSSPlUNVDPKHWIXQNDUGHQEUDVRPLQGLNDWRURFKVRP

YlJOHGQLQJVSHFLHOOWYLGVMXNKXVGlUGHWlUYLNWLJWPHGW\GOLJKHW0HQPDQYLOOLQWH

|YHUDQYlQGDIlUJHQKHOOHUYLGH[HPSHOYLVVMXNKXV´6KLPDJDPLDQG+LKDUDDQG

.XOOHUHWDOVKRZHGSDUWLFLSDQWV¶KHDUWUDWHVZHUHKLJKHULQUHGURRPVLQFRPSDULVRQ

WREOXHURRPV´EHVNULYHU6LDPLRQDYD.6OHYLWFK/ 7RPDV56'HQU|GD

IlUJHQVSV\NLVNDSnYHUNDQNDQDOOWVnUHVXOWHUDWLOOHQI\VLVNSnYHUNDQ$WWKMlUWIUHNYHQVHQ

|NDGHLU|GDUXPlQLEOnUXPNDQYDUDHQLQGLNDWRUWLOODWWPDQPnVWHWDKlQV\QWLOOIlUJHUV

SnYHUNDQ(WWDQQDWH[HPSHOlUDWWJU|QDVVRFLHUDVRIWDPHGDWWYDUDOXJQDQGHRFKPLQGUH

VWUHVVUHODWHUDWYLONHWlUPHUWLOOlPSDWI|UMXVWVMXNKXV0HQPDQInULQWHJO|PPDDWWGHWWD

RFNVnKDUEHW\GHOVHEHURHQGHSnGHQPLOM|PDQEHILQQHUVLJL$WWEOnKDUHQOXJQDQGHHIIHNW

EHW\GHULQWHDWWGHWVNDDQYlQGDV|YHUDOOWH[HPSHOYLVNDQVNHEOnIXQJHUDULHWWUXPPHQGHW

NDQVNHLQWHlUDFFHSWHUDWLIlUJDGPDWHIWHUVRPGHWLQWHlUHQQDWXUOLJIlUJKRVPDWSURGXNWHU

6LDPLRQDYD.6OHYLWFK/ 7RPDV56



'HWlUSULQFLSHQSnIlUJHQVSnYHUNDQYLPnVWHWDKlQV\QWLOORFKVHQDUHH[HPSHOYLVXWYHFNOD

$QQDQIDNWDDYIlUJYLNRPPHUXQGHUGHQQDXQGHUV|NQLQJNXQQDDQYlQGDRVVDYlUEODQG

DQQDWDWWJU|QJXOU|GRFKPDJHQWDOLODNDQ|NDNRQFHQWUDWLRQVQLYnQKRVVWXGHQWHU

6LDPLRQDYD.6OHYLWFK/ 7RPDV56*XOlUHQIlUJVRPUHODWHUDGHVWLOO

SRVLWLYDNlQVORU5RVDlUI|UNQLSSDWPHGURPDQVPHGDQOLODlUI|UNQLSSDGPHQHQQ\ILNHQ

NlQVOD6YDUWJUnRFKEUXQYDUDVVRFLHUDGPHGQHJDWLYDNlQVORU6YDUWNDQlYHQXWJHNlQVORU

VRPUlGVODRFKIUXNWDQ1XUOHODZDWL$-5RG]\DK0<1RUPDKGLDK66



6DPPDQIDWWQLQJ

*HQRPGHVVDDVVRFLDWLRQHURFKVSHNXODWLRQHUJHQRPIlUJYLOOYLJHGHWI\VLVNDUXPPHWVW|UVWD

P|MOLJKHWWLOODWWWLOOIUHGVVWlOODGHEHV|NDUHVRPNRPPHUDQYlQGDUXPPHW9LWlQNHUDWW

IlUJVFKHPDNDQJHRVVHQJRGP|MOLJKHWWLOOGHW9LNRPPHUDWWDQYlQGDIRUVNQLQJHQNULQJ

KXUPlQQLVNRUORFNDVWLOOYLVVLQIRUPDWLRQRFKEHKnOODEHWUDNWDUHQVLQWUHVVHEDVHUDWSnGHVV

XWIRUPQLQJ9LNRPPHUDWWDQYlQGDRFKWlQNDSnXWIRUPQLQJHQDYOlUDQGHWKRVEDUQRFKKXU

PDQNDQNRSSODGHWWLOOELOGVSUnN([HPSHOYLVKXUEDUQWDUWLOOVLJH[SOLFLWRFKLPSOLFLW

NXQVNDSPHOODQnOGUDUQDbYHQKXUELOGNDQWDODSnHWWVlWWVRPEDUQRFKYX[QDLDOODnOGUDU

I|UVWnU7LOOVDPPDQVPHGOD\RXWELOGVSUnNHWVEHUlWWDQGHRFKOlUDQGHWI|UEDUQDQVHUYLDWW

GHWWDNDQOLJJDVRPJUXQGWLOOKXUYLXWIRUPDUYnUJHVWDOWQLQJ





0HWRGHU

,GHWWDNDSLWHONRPPHUYLDWWSUHVHQWHUD;IRUFKDQJHGHVLJQPHWRGHURFKSURGXNWLRQVPHWRGHU

VRPlUUHOHYDQWDI|UYnUXQGHUV|NQLQJ9LNRPPHUDWWDQYlQGDKHODRFKYLVVDDVSHNWHUDYGH

PHWRGHUYLYDOW'HWWDI|UDWWJ|UDXQGHUV|NQLQJHQPHUDQSDVVDWI|UGHWYDOGD

XQGHUV|NQLQJVRPUnGH



;IRUFKDQJH

'HWGHVLJQSHUVSHNWLYYLNRPPHUDWWDQYlQGDRVVDYXQGHUGHWWDDUEHWHlU;IRUFKDQJHHOOHU

VRPGHQLJUXQGHQKHWHU*DPHVIRUFKDQJH*DPHVIRUFKDQJH'HQXUVSUXQJOLJD

SHUVSHNWLYHWlUYlOGLJWVSHFLILFHUDWI|UVSHOPHQYLNRPPHUDWWE\WDXWJDPHVWLOO[YLONHWGn

VWnUI|UYnUDQYDOGDULNWQLQJ(IWHUVRPYLNRPPHUDWWRPYDQGODGHODUXUGHQXUVSUXQJOLJD

SHUVSHNWLYHWVnEOLUGHWWDPHUOLNWHQWRONQLQJGHWWDI|UDWWJHElVWDP|MOLJKHWHQI|UYnUW

DUEHWH



*DPHVIRUFKDQJHLJUXQGHQKDQGODURPDWWROLNDNUHDW|UHUInUFKDQVHQWLOODWWVNDSD

H[HPSHOYLVHWWVSHOVRPVNDOlUDPlQQLVNDQDWWI|UElWWUDVDPKlOOHWRFKI|UDWWJ|UDYlUOGHQWLOO

HQElWWUHSODWV*DPHVIRUFKDQJH6SHOVRPSODWWIRUPlURWUROLJVWRURFKYl[DQGH

PnQJDPlQQLVNRUOlJJHUHQVWRUGHODYVLWWOLYSnVSHODQGH3nKHPVLGDQ0HGLXPILQQVHQ

DUWLNHORP*DPLQJIRUEHKDYLRUFKDQJHYLONHWOLNQDULVW|UVWDGHODUJDPHVIRUFKDQJHGlU

EHVNULYVGHW³$QHVWLPDWHGELOOLRQKRXUVDUHFXUUHQWO\VSHQWRQJDPLQJHYHU\ZHHN´

0HGLXPXn'HWlUHQVWRUWHQJDJHPDQJPnQJDPlQQLVNRUKDUI|UVSHORFKRPPDQNXQGH

DQYlQGDGHVVDWLPPDUVRPHQI|UOlQJQLQJWLOOVRFLDOI|UlQGULQJVnNDQGHWJ\QQD

³YHUNVDPKHWHQ´GHQIRNXVHUDUSn$OODGHVVDWLPPDUlUODJWSnVSHOPHQPDQNDQlYHQ

I|UHVWlOODVLJDWWOLNQDQGHNDQOlJJDVSnDQGUDWHNQLNHU,,6HOOHU,QWHUQHWVWLIWHOVHQL6YHULJH

'DYLGVVRQ3JMRUGHHQXQGHUV|NQLQJRPKXUPnQJDWLPPDUVRPVSHQGHUDVSn

VRFLDOPHGLD8QGHUV|NQLQJHQYLVDUSnDWWLVQLWWlJQDUPlQQLVNRUFLUNDHQWLPPHRPGDJHQ

YLONHWEOLUFLUNDWLPPDULYHFNDQ8QGHUV|NQLQJHQSnSHNDUlYHQDWWGHWWD|NDUNRPPHUDWW

|NDGUDVWLVNWYDUMHnU'DYLGVVRQ3'HWWDlUGnDSSOLFHUEDUWWLOOHWWIOHUWDOLQGXVWULHU

VRPI|UVWlUNVDY6DUDGH)UHLWDVLKHQQHVDUWLNHO*DPHIRUFKDQJH³8VLQJJDPLQJSULQFLSOHV

WRFKDQJHSHRSOH¶VEHKDYLRULVQRWOLPLWHGWRDQ\RQHVHFWRU&UHDWLQJQHZSURGXFWVDQG

VHUYLFHVWKDWHQDEOHSRVLWLYHEHKDYLRUDOFKDQJHDSSOLHVWRDOOLQGXVWULHV´'H)UHLWDV6





'HWWDDQVHUYLVWlPPDLQYlOGLJWEUDWLOOYnUWDUEHWH7DQNHQPHGYnUJHVWDOWQLQJlUDWWIn

EHWUDNWDUHQDWWWlQNDHIWHURFKWDOlUGRPXWLIUnQGHWGRPVHUYLONHWGnlUHQW\SDYVRFLDO

I|UlQGULQJ'HWWDI|UDWW|NDPHGYHWHQKHWHQRFKNXQVNDSHQNULQJGHWYDOGDRPUnGHW



2PYlUOGVDQDO\V

9LJ|UXQGHUGHWWDNDQGLGDWDUEHWHHQRPYlUOGVDQDO\V2PYlUOGVDQDO\VlUSUHFLVVRPGHOnWHU

HQDQDO\VI|UDWWInLQVLNWRPYDGVRPKlQGHULYlUOGHQ'HWWDlUGnQHGVNDODWRFKIRNXVHUDU

PHUSnYDGGHQNDQKDI|USnYHUNDQSnSURMHNWHOOHUOlPSDGH1RELFRQXn'HWWDNDQEHU|UD

DOOWIUnQPLOM|VDPKlOOHRFKWHNQRORJLVNDO|VQLQJDU0DQNDQJHQRPGHQQDDQDO\VSODQHUD

RPYlUOGHQ7HUHQFH6KDZXn'HWILQQVLQJHQEHVWlPGIRUPRPKXUHQRPYlUOGVDQDO\V

VNDYDUDHOOHUKXUGHQJnUWLOOHIWHUVRPGHWWDYDULHUDUEHURHQGHSnYLONHQIUnJHVWlOOQLQJHQ

XWJnULIUnQ1RELFRQXn(WQRJUDILlUHQGHODYRPYlUOGVDQDO\VRFKLQQHElUDWWHQI|UV|NHU

I|UVWnEHWHHQGHRFKOlUDNlQQDNXOWXUHUJHQRPDWWSUDWDPHGPlQQLVNRURFKREVHUYHUDPLOM|Q

$WWWUlGDLQLQnJRQDQQDQVYlUOGI|UHQWLG0DUNHWZDWFKXn,KXYXGVDNILQQVGHWWYnW\SHU

DYREVHUYDWLRQVEDVHUDGIRUVNQLQJGHOWDJDQGHREVHUYDWLRQSDUWLFLSDWRU\REVHUYDWLRQRFK

V\VWHPDWLVNREVHUYDWLRQV\VWHPDWLFREVHUYDWLRQ)RUVNQLQJVVWUDWHJLHUXn'HOWDJDQGH

REVHUYDWLRQDQYlQGVI|UDWWXQGHUV|NDOLYVVWLODURFKNXOWXUHU'lUIRUVNDUHQGHOWDUL

VLWXDWLRQHQGHQREVHUYHUDURFKlUDQWLQJHQ|SSHQRPVLQIRUVNDUUROOHOOHUKDUHQI|UNOlGG

KHPOLJUROO)RUVNDUHVGHOWDJDQGHNDQYDULHUDPHQPDQNDQLSULQFLSVlJDGHWILQQVWUHEUHGD

DOWHUQDWLYIXOOVWlQGLJWGHOWDJDQGHGHOWDJDQGHLQDWXUOLJPLOM|RFKGHOWDJDQGHVRPREVHUYDW|U

0HWRGHQDQYlQGVRIWDI|UDWWVDPODLQNYDOLWDWLYDGDWD'HQVFRPEHUHIHUHUDGL

IRUVNQLQJVVWUDWHJLHUXn6\VWHPDWLVNREVHUYDWLRQlUQlUPDQREVHUYHUDULQWHUDNWLRQHUSn

SODWVHUVRPH[HPSHOYLVNODVVUXP'DWDQVDPODVLQPHUV\VWHPDWLVNWI|UDWWUHVXOWDWHWVND

NXQQDEOLPHUNRQVHNYHQWRFKDQYlQGVRIWDI|UDWWVDPODLQNYDQWLWDWLYDGDWD'HQVFRPEH

UHIHUHUDGLIRUVNQLQJVVWUDWHJLHUXn



(WWDYGHPHVWYDQOLJDVWHVlWWPDQNDQVDPODLQLQIRUPDWLRQQlUGHJlOOHURPYlUOGVDQDO\VlU

JHQRPNYDQWLWDWLYLQIRUPDWLRQRFKNYDOLWDWLYLQIRUPDWLRQ'HWNYDQWLWDWLYDKDQGODURPDWW

VDPODVWDWLVWLNHNRQRPLVNLQIRUPDWLRQEHV|NVVLIIURURFKOLNQDQGHPHGDQVGHQNYDOLWDWLYD

KDQGODUPHURPPlQQLVNRUQDWH[LQWHUDNWLRQHUUHODWLRQHUPlQQLVNRURFKDUWHIDNWHU

0XUDWRYVNL*9LNRPPHUDWWDQYlQGDGHODUDYEnGHNYDOLWDWLYRFKNYDQWLWDWLYL

XQGHUV|NQLQJHQVRPIUnJHIRUPXOlURFKIlOWVWXGLHU

,GpJHQHUHULQJVPHWRGHU

%UDLQVWRUPLQJlUHQGHVLJQPHWRGVRPV\IWDUWLOODWWKMlOSDHQJUXSSPlQQLVNRUVQDEEW

IUDPVWlOODHWWVWRUWDQWDOLGpHUXWLIUnQHQJLYHQIUnJDHOOHUSUREOHPVWlOOQLQJ/|ZJUHQ

6WROWHUPDQ%UDLQVWRUPLQJKMlOSHUSURFHVVHQDWWJnIUDPnWRFKKMlOSHUWLOODWWJHQHUHUD

LGpHU'HWWDELGUDUWLOODWWPDQNDQPHUIULWWKLWWDO|VQLQJDULGpHUXWDQDWWEHJUlQVDRFK

NULWLVHUD+XUHQEUDLQVWRUPLQJJnUWLOOEHVNULYVXWDY/|ZJUHQ6WROWHUPDQL'HVLJQDY

LQIRUPDWLRQVWHNQLNVRP³gYHUVLNWOLJWEHVWnUGHQDYWUHVWHJDWWVDPODLKRSHQJUXSS

PlQQLVNRUDWWJHQHUHUDLGHpUXWDQNULWLNRFKDQDO\VRFKVOXWOLJHQDWWV\VWHPDWLVHUD

UHVXOWDWHWI|UDWWJ|UDGHWWLOOJlQJOLJWI|UIRUWVDWWDQYlQGQLQJ´/|ZJUHQ6WROWHUPDQ

'HWWDlUQnJRWYLDQYlQGHURVVDYXQGHUSURFHVVHQ$WWPHGIULKHWJHQHUHUDLGpHURFKKlPWD

LQVSLUDWLRQI|UDWWIUlPMDDUEHWHW



0LQGPDSlUHQNUHDWLYPHWRGI|UDWWNDUWOlJJDDQWHFNQLQJDURFKLGpHU$OODPLQGPDSVKDU

HQRUJDQLVHUDGVWUXNWXUGlUKXYXGlPQHWVNULYVXSSLPLWWHQRFKVWUHFNGUDVXWLIUnQGHQGlU

DQWHFNQLQJDURFKLGpHUVNULYVQHU0DQNDQVlJDDWWPLQGPDSSLQJRPYDQGODUHQIURPLJ

LQIRUPDWLRQWLOOHWWRUJDQLVHUDWGLDJUDPPLQGPDSSLQJXn/LNWEUDLQVWRUPLQJHQJHU

PLQGPDSSLQJRVVIULKHWHUDWWWDIUDPPDVVDLGpHUPHQSnHWWPHUVWUXNWXUHUDWVlWW



















 

'HVLJQPHWRGHU

0RRGERDUGlUHQHIIHNWLYPHWRGI|UDWWYLVXDOLVHUDSURMHNWRFKLGpHUVDPWW\GOLJJ|UDNRQFHSW

0RRGERDUGlUHWWNROODJHGlUGXVDPODUELOGHUW\SVQLWWIlUJHURFKPDWHULDOSURYHUI|UDWW

HQNODUHI|UPHGODUlWWVWlPQLQJRFKNlQVODVHELOG0DQNDQEnGHVNDSDDQDORJDRFK

GLJLWDODPRRGERDUGVJHQRPDWWH[HPSHOYLVDQYlQGDHQDQVODJVWDYODHOOHUDUEHWDL3KRWRVKRS

0DQYlOMHUHQKXYXGELOGRFKVHGDQYlOMHUXWGHEHVWnQGVGHODUQDXUVDPOLQJHQVRPElVWSDVVDU

LQSnPRRGERDUGHQ)|UDWWI|UVWlUNDNlQVODQLPRRGERDUGHQNDQlYHQHQVWDNDRUGNRPPDWLOO

DQYlQGQLQJ$MSURGXNWHUXn'HQQDPHWRGlUYlOGLJWKMlOSVDPVSHFLHOOWGnYLNDQHQNHOW

SUHVHQWHUDYnUDQPRRGERDUGI|UYnUH[WHUQDSDUW'HWWDI|UDWWJHGHPHQLQEOLFNSnYLONHQVWLO

YLYLOOXSSQn



(QPHWRGVRPYLDQYlQGHURVVDYLJHVWDOWQLQJVSURFHVVHQlUSURWRW\SHUORILRFKKLIL

3URWRW\SHUlUGHWVlWWI|UGHVLJQHUVDWWOlUVLJXSSWlFNDJHQHUHUDRFKI|UILQDQXYDUDQGH



%LOG0RRGERDUG 

.lOODFDQYD 

GHVLJQHU .KDWLEL6'HWlUYDQOLJWDWWDQYlQGDPRGHOOHUSURWRW\SHURFKDQGUD

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQHUI|UDWWXWIRUVNDHWWLQWHUDNWLYWV\VWHPLQQDQGHWIDNWLVNWE\JJV'HWWDNDQ

VWUlFNDVLJIUnQHQNODNDUWRQJDUEHWHQWLOOXWDUEHWDGHJUDILVNDVLPXOHULQJDU+ROPTXLVW(/

(QORZILGHOLW\ORILSURWRW\SlUHQVQDEERFKHQNHOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDYHWWNRQFHSWRFK

GHQNDUDNWlULVHUDVJHQHUHOOWDYHQOnJWHNQRORJLVNLPSOHPHQWHULQJVRPNDQDQYlQGDHQ

PlQJGROLNDPDWHULDO0REJHQ'lUHPRWlUKLJKILGHOLW\KLILSURWRW\SHQHQ

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDYSURGXNWHQLQlUPDVWHOLNKHWPHGGHQVOXWOLJDGHVLJQHQQlUGHWJlOOHUGHWDOMHU

RFKIXQNWLRQDOLWHW'HQKlQYLVDUWLOORPIDWWQLQJHQDYIXOOVWlQGLJKHWVRPJ|UDWWGXNDQ

XQGHUV|NDDQYlQGEDUKHWVIUnJRULGHWDOMRFKJ|UDVOXWVDWVHURPDQYlQGDUEHWHHQGH

,EUDJRYLPD(9DUI|UYLDQYlQGHURVVDYSURWRW\SHUlUI|UDWWDQYlQGDQGHWDYROLND

YHUNW\JSnROLNDVWDGLHUNRPPHUDWWNRPSOHWWHUDYDUDQGUDYLONHWP|MOLJJ|UHQPHUNRQNUHW

IHHGEDFNRFKP|MOLJKHWHQDWWI|UElWWUDRFKSHUIHNWDJHVWDOWQLQJHQ



3URGXNWLRQVPHWRGHU

9LDQYlQGHSURJUDPPHW3KRWRVKRS3KRWRVKRSVRPlUHWWELOGUHGLJHULQJVSURJUDPVRP

VNDSDURFKUHGLJHUDULKXYXGVDN$QOHGQLQJHQWLOODWWYLDQYlQGHSKRWRVKRSWURWVDWWGHWlUHWW

SRSXOlUWRFKSURIHVVLRQHOOWSURJUDPlUI|UDWWYLDOODlUEHNDQWDPHGRFKKDUHUIDUHQKHWDYGHW

,QGHVLJQ0RGHUVNHSSHWXnlUlYHQHWWDQQDWSURJUDPVRPYLlUEHNDQWDPHGRFKVRP

DQYlQGHVI|UDWWVNDSDHQKLILSURWRW\SVOXWOLJSURGXNWDYSRVWHUQD

3URFUHDWH1\EHUJ6lUHQDSSVRPOlJJHUPHUEHWRQLQJSnLOOXVWUDWLRQRFKJUDILVN

GHVLJQ'HQQDDSSlUSHUIHNWI|URVVDWWDQYlQGDI|UDWWVNLVVDVNDSDGRXEOHH[SRVXUHG

LOOXVWUDWLRQHQ(WWSOXVlURFNVnDWWGHQNDQDQYlQGVSnHQ,SDGPHGHQ$SSOHSHQFLOYLONHW

J|UGHQSRUWDEHORFKOlWWDQYlQG

6NHWFK8S6NHWFK8SlUHWWSURJUDPVRPDQYlQWVI|UDWWVNDSDGPRGHOOHURFKYLYDOGH

GHQHIWHUVRPGHWlUHWWOlWWKDQWHUEDUWSURJUDPI|UQ\E|UMDUHRFKJDYRVVP|MOLJKHWHQDWW

VNDSDHWWVNDOHQOLJWUXPLG



9LDQYlQGHUGHVVDSURJUDPI|UOLNQDQGHDQOHGQLQJDU)|UVWI|UDWWYLKDUWLOOJnQJWLOOGHVVD

SURJUDPRFKDQVHUDWWGHWlUElWWUHDWWDQYlQGDSURJUDPVRPYLKDUlQDWWN|SDQ\D2PYL

KDGHDQYlQWKHOWRNlQGDSURJUDPWLOONRPPHUHQLQOlUQLQJVSHULRGVRPNDQYDUDWLGVNUlYDQGH

VDPWDWWNYDOLWpQPHVWWUROLJWVNXOOHVMXQND'HVVDSURJUDPlUSURIHVVLRQHOODRFKlUVNDSDGH

I|UYnUWDQYlQGQLQJVRPUnGHVnYLDQVHUDWWGHPNDQJHRVVHWWSURIHVVLRQHOOWUHVXOWDW





6DPPDQIDWWQLQJ

;IRUFKDQJHlUSHUVSHNWLYHWYLI|UV|NHUI|UKnOODRVVWLOO;IRUFKDQJHV\IWDUWLOODWWDUEHWDPRW

I|UElWWULQJDYVDPKlOOHWRFKJ|UDYlUOGHQWLOOHQElWWUHSODWVJHQRPROLNDPHGLHU9LKDUYDOW

RPYlUOGVDQDO\VI|UDWWJHXQGHUV|NQLQJHQHQPHUGMXSJnHQGHV\QSnGHWYDOGDRPUnGHWPHQ

lYHQJHGHQP|MOLJKHWI|UHQEUDJUXQG%UDLQVWRUPLQJRFKPLQGPDSVKMlOSHURVVDWWJHQHUHUD

RFKRUJDQLVHUDLGpHUSnHWWVWUXNWXUHUDWVlWW0RRGERDUGRFKSURWRW\SHUKMlOSHURVVDWW

HIIHNWLYWYLVXDOLVHUDLGpHURFKW\GOLJJ|UDNRQFHSWVDPWNXQQDI|UPHGODWLOOYnUH[WHUQDSDUW

3KRWRVKRS,QGHVLJQ3URFUHDWHRFK6NHWFKXSDQYlQGHUYLI|UDWWVNDSDVMlOYDVWH

JHVWDOWQLQJHQ'HKMlOSHURVVDWWVNDSDLOOXVWUDWLRQHUGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGHIIHNWSRVWHUVRFK

GPRGHOOHULQJHQDYUXPPHW



'HVLJQSURFHVV

,GHWWDNDSLWHONRPPHUYLEHVNULYDYnUGHVLJQSURFHVVVDPWEHVNULYDGHYDORFKUHIOHNWLRQHUYL

EHP|WWXQGHUDUEHWHWVJnQJ9LNRPPHUDWWE|UMDPHGDWWSUHVHQWHUDYnUDQI|UVWDLGpRFKKXU

YLJLFNYLGDUHWLOOYnUVOXWJLOWLJDLGpVRPVHQDUHEOHYGHQIlUGLJDJHVWDOWQLQJ3URFHVVHQRFK

DUJXPHQWNULQJGHWYDOGDRPUnGHWNRPPHUSUHVHQWHUDVVDPWGHWVRPlUUHOHYDQWI|UYnU

XQGHUV|NQLQJ



)UnQLGpWLOOXWYHFNOLQJ

.DQGLGDWDUEHWHWLQOHGGHVPHGLQWURGXNWLRQRFKPDWFKPDNLQJPHGROLNDI|UHWDJVRPlJGH

UXPSn%OHNLQJHWHNQLVNDK|JVNROD(IWHUDWWKDO\VVQDWSnDOODSUHVHQWDWLRQHUYDUGHWHWW

VMlOYNODUWYDOI|UDOODLJUXSSHQDWWDUEHWDWLOOVDPPDQVPHG0DULQPXVpXPHW

KWWSVZZZPDULQPXVHXPVHHIWHUVRPYLW\FNWHGHWOlWYlOGLJWLQWUHVVDQWGnYLlU

LQWUHVVHUDGHDYKDYHW(IWHUDWWKDSUDWDWPHG0DOLQ-RJPDUNVRPlUYHUNVDPKHWVXWYHFNODUH

Sn0DULQPXVpXPHWILFNYLUHGDSnDWWGRPKDGHHWWILNDUXPVRPIUlPVWDQYlQGVDY

VNRONODVVHURFKEDUQIDPLOMHUVRPGHYLOOHXWYHFNODWLOOQnJRWPHUDWWUDNWLYWRFKQ\ILNHW9nUDQ

LGpHIWHUVDPWDOHWYDUDWWVNDSDHQWUHYOLJRFKYlONRPQDQGHPLOM|LHWWILNDUXPVRPVNXOOH

SDVVDDOODnOGUDU(IWHUVRPYLLQWHVHWWILNDUXPPHWLYHUNOLJKHWYDUGHWVYnUWDWWYLVXDOLVHUD

LGpHUVnYLEHVWlPGHHWWP|WHSnVMlOYDVWH0DULQPXVpXPHW'HWWDI|UDWWNXQQDJ|UD

REVHUYDWLRQHURFKXWI|UDYnUDQRPYlUOGVDQDO\V





8QGHUGHWI|UVWDP|WHWSn0DULQPXVpXPHWWLOOVDPPDQVPHG0DOLQ-RJPDUNILFNYLVH

UXPPHWVRPYLVNXOOHDUEHWDPHGVHELOG9LREVHUYHUDGHPLOM|QRFKIRWDGHUXPPHW

VRPOLJJHUWLOOJUXQGI|UYnUDQIlOWVWXGLH0|WHWJDYRVVHQLQVLNWRPYDG0DULQPXVpXPHW

KDQGODGHRPYLONHWlU6YHULJHVVM|I|UVYDURFKGHQ6YHQVNDPDULQHQVKLVWRULD

0DULQPXVpXPHWMREEDUlYHQPHGJOREDODPnOHWVN\GGDYlUOGHQVNXOWXURFKQDWXUDUY

'lUI|UYLOOHGHDWWUXPPHWVNXOOHVSHJODGHUDVSURILOVnGHWVNXOOHNlQQDVEnGHYLVXHOOWRFK

HPRWLRQHOOWVRPHQKHOKHW'lUHIWHUILFNYLIUDPLGHpUJHQRPEUDLQVWRUPLQJYLONHWEOHYDWW

DUEHWDPHGVM|NDUWRUVNHSSVYUDNRFKVM|PDQVNQRSDUVRPVNXOOHLQWHJUHUDVWLOOVDPPDQVPHG

UXPPHWVHELOG9LYLOOHDUEHWDPHGIRWRRFKLOOXVWUDWLRQHIWHUVRPYLKDUNRPSHWHQVLQRP

RPUnGHWRFKDQVnJDWWGHWNXQGHIUlPMD0DULQPXVpXPHWVNDUDNWlU9LDQYlQGHRVVDY

PRRGERDUGVHELOGI|UDWWYLVXHOOWI|UPHGODGHQGHVLJQRFKVWLOYLYLOOHXSSQnVRP

SUHVHQWHUDGHVXQGHUYnUWDQGUDP|WHPHG0DULQPXVpXPHW



%LOGUXPPHWSn0DULQPXVpXP

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGUXPPHWSn0DULQPXVpXP

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGUXPPHWSn0DULQPXVpXP

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGEUDLQVWRUPLQJ

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOG0RRGERDUG

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

0DOLQUHVSRQVSnYnUSUHVHQWDWLRQYDUDWWLGpQRFK

PRRGERDUGHQYDUYlOGLJWYDFNHURFKILQPHQGHYDULQWH

GHWGRPHIWHUVWUlYDGH0DULQPXVpXPHWYLOOHKDQnJRW

³XWDQI|UER[HQ´RFKQnJRWVRPUHSUHVHQWHUDGHGHUDVWUH

RUGGHMREEDUHIWHU|YHUUDVNDQGHlNWDRFKQ\ILNHQ9L

LQVnJDWWGHVVDWUHRUGYDUQnJRWYLYLOOHXQGHUV|NDRFK

JHQRPGHWNXQGHYLXWPDQDRVVVMlOYD(IWHU0DOLQV

IHHGEDFNILFNYLVlWWDRVVQHURFKEHVWlPPDRVVYLONHQ

EHW\GHOVHGHVVDWUHRUGHQKDGHI|URVVLQRPHWW

PHGLHWHNQLVNWSHUVSHNWLYVHELOG

)UnQXWYHFNOLQJWLOOYHUNOLJKHW

9nUWWHPDIUnQE|UMDQYDU´PDULQ´RFK´GHVLJQ´0DULQNRPIUnQ0DULQPXVpXPHWVQDPQRFK

GHVLJQNRPIUnQYnUDHJQDLQWUHVVHQ0DULQXSSIDWWDGHYLIUDPI|UDOOWVRPKDYHWRFKGHWWD

VWlPGHLQWH|YHUHQVPHG0DULQPXVpXPHWVV\QGlUPDULQlUNRSSODWWLOOVM|I|UVYDU7HPDW

GHVLJQlU\WOLJWRFKLQWHWLOOUlFNOLJWVSHFLILNWVnYLRPDUEHWDGHWHPDWJHQRPEUDLQVWRUPLQJ

'HWVRPNRPSnI|UVODJYDUGnKnOOEDUKHW8QGHUHQWLGLJDUHNXUVSnK|JVNRODQKDGHYLL

JUXSSHQDUEHWDWPHGKnOOEDUKHWRFKGnVSHFLILNWQHGVNUlSQLQJLKDY(IWHUVRP

0DULQPXVpXPHWUHGDQDUEHWDGHPRWKnOOEDUKHWRFKGHJOREDODPnOHQ81'3NlQGHV

GHWVRPHQP|MOLJKHWDWWIUDPI|UDGHWWDRFKKDGHWVRPWHPD9LDQVnJDWWGHUDVQXYDUDQGH

PnOLQWHYHUNDGHOLNDDWWUDNWLYWWLOOGHQQDXQGHUV|NQLQJHIWHUVRPYLYLOOHDUEHWDPRWVMlOYDVWH

KDYHWRFKLQWHPRWYlUOGHQVNXOWXURFKQDWXUDUY9LNROODGHGnSnGHWJOREDODPnOHWPnO

VRPKDQGODURPKDYRFKPDULQDUHVXUVHU0nOKDUPnQJDXQGHUUXEULNHUVRPEODQGDQQDW

PLQVNDI|URUHQLQJDUPLQVND|YHUILVNHEHYDUDKDYVRPUnGHQRFKVN\GGDHNRV\VWHPHW9L

YLOOHKDHWWPHUVSHFLILNWIRNXVRPUnGHRFKYDOGH0LQVNDSODVWI|URUHQLQJDUI|UDWWSn

ElVWDVlWWNXQQDI|UPHGODNXQVNDSRPSODVWI|URUHQLQJDU2PYLKDGHYDOWKHODNDWHJRUL

VNXOOHGHWEOLVYnUWDWWXSSPlUNVDPPDRFKI|UPHGODEXGVNDSHWSnHWWVlWWVRPNDQI|UVWnVDY

DOOD9LYLOOHlYHQDWWGHQQDXQGHUV|NQLQJVNXOOHEOLWURYlUGLJRFKLQWHDOOWI|UEUHGPHGWDQNH

SnGHQWLGYLKDGH(IWHUVRPYLWLGLJDUHKDUDUEHWDWPHGPnOHWKDGHYLXSSVLNWRPYDGGH

KDQGODGHRP)|UUDDUEHWHWPHGGnYDUDQGHSURMHNWHWKDQQYLLQWHXQGHUV|NDNDWHJRULQWLOOPD[

RFKVHGDQGHVVYDULWQ\ILNHQSnPHU$WWNXQQDQnXWWLOOPlQQLVNRUPHGHWWEXGVNDSlUHQ

XWPDQLQJPHQIUDPI|UDOOWlUGHWYlOGLJWYLNWLJWRFKlUKXYXGSXQNWHQXU;IRUFKDQJH

%LOG%UDLQVWRUPLQJ

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

9LKDUYDOWDWWWRONDGHQRFKKDGHQLEDNWDQNHJHQRPKHODSURMHNWHWVRPHWWVW|GYLNDQIDOOD

WLOOEDNDSn3HUVSHNWLYHWKDUSnYHUNDWJHQRPGHYDOYLJMRUWXQGHUKHODXQGHUV|NQLQJHQ

7LGLJWLDUEHWHWE|UMDGHYLGLVNXWHUDYLONHQ

JHVWDOWQLQJVWHNQLNYLVNXOOHDQYlQGDRVVDY

(IWHUVRPYLKDUNRPSHWHQVLQRPIRWRYLGHRRFK

LOOXVWUDWLRQYHUNDGHGHWOlPSOLJWDWWDQYlQGDQnJRQ

HOOHUQnJUDDYGHVVDWHNQLNHU-XOlQJUHLQLDUEHWHW

YLNRPVnPlUNWHVGHWDWWGHWWDLQWHYDUDOOWI|UVWRU

XWPDQLQJI|URVVXWDQGHWYDUQRJHQI|UHQNHOYlJ

WLOOXQGHUV|NQLQJHQ1lUYLV|NWHLQIRUPDWLRQRFK

I|UV|NWHKLWWDLGHpUIDVWQDGHYLYLGHQELOGVRPYDULQWUHVVDQWRFKL|JRQIDOODQGH%LOGHQYDUHQ

W\SDYJUDIILWLPnOQLQJVRPIUDPWUlGGHLU|WWRFKEOnWW,QVDQHXn0HGKMlOSDYHWWSDU

³JDPOD´GJODV|JRQVRPKDUHQEOnRFKHQU|GVLGDNDQPDQGnILOWUHUDERUWROLND

IlUJNDQDOHUVRPGnUHVXOWHUDULWYnROLNDELOGHUVRPVDPWLGLJWlUHQKHOVHELOG'HQU|GD

VLGDQILOWUHUDUERUWGHWEOnDVnHQGDVWGHWU|GDV\QVRFKWYlUWRP$UWLVWHQ^VRPJMRUWGHQQD

VNDSHOVHKDUHQLQVWDJUDPVLGDVRPKHWHU,QVDQH3nGHQQDVLGDILQQHUPDQHWWIOHUWDO

OLNQDQGHVNDSHOVHURFKJHVWDOWQLQJDU'HWlUVYnUWDWWVlWWDQDPQSnGHQQDJHVWDOWQLQJVWHNQLN

HIWHUVRPGHWLQWHILQQVVnP\FNHWLQIRUPDWLRQRPGHQ,QVDQHEHVNULYHUGHQQDWHNQLNVRP

GRXEOHH[SRVXUHGSnVLQLQVWDJUDPRFKYLKDUYDOWDWWDQYlQGDGHWQDPQHWlYHQLYnUDQ

XQGHUV|NQLQJ,QVDQHXn

$WWNRPELQHUDGHQQDWHNQLNPHGYnUWWHPDKnOOEDUKHWDQVHUYLDWWGHWNDQVNDSDHQLQWUHVVDQW

NRPELQDWLRQVRPlUXQLNI|UGHVVRPUnGH'HWWDlUQnJRWVRPNDQGUDWLOOVLJ|JRQHQRFK

VlWWDHQSUlJHOSnPlQQLVNRUVPLQQHQVRPNRPPHUYDUDH[SRQHUDGI|UJHVWDOWQLQJHQ

(IWHUDWWVMlOYDVWHLGpHQYDUSnSODWVEDVHUDWSnGHWUHRUGHQlNWDQ\ILNHQRFK|YHUUDVNDQGH

VRPSUHVHQWHUDGHVLHWWQ\WWP|WHWLOOVDPPDQVPHG0DOLQ-RJPDUNRFK9HURQLFD:HVWHUEORP

VRPlUSHGDJRJSn0DULQPXVpXPHW3UHVHQWDWLRQHQDYGHQQ\DLGpHQJLOODGHVVWDUNWDYEnGH

0DOLQRFK9HURQLFDRFKGHVnJIUDPHPRWDWWInVHGHWVOXWJLOWLJDUHVXOWDWHW

2Artisten har inget angivet namn utan väljer att kalla sig Insane51.

%LOGGRXEOHH[SRXVUHG

.lOOD,QVWDJUDP#,QVDQH

.RQFHSW

,GHQQDGHOHQLSURFHVVHQKDUYLGnIDVWVWlOOWHWWNRQFHSWVRPYLKDUDUEHWDWYLGDUHPHG

.RQFHSWHWI|UUXPPHWPHGKnOOEDUKHWVRPWHPDlUGnDWWJ|UDHWWVSlQQDQGHRFK

LQWUHVVHYlFNDQGHUXPVRPlYHQlUOlUDQGH'HWKXYXGVDNOLJDNRPPHUDWWYDUDGRXEOH

H[SRVXUHGYlJJHQVRPNRPPHUWDXSSHQVWRUGHODY\WDQRFKNRPPHUYDUDL|JRQIDOODQGH

9lJJHQNRPPHUDWWVW|GMDVDYVWVWRUDSRVWHUVVRPNRPPHULQQHKnOODUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQ

RPKnOOEDUKHWVDPWLOOXVWUDWLRQHUI|UVW|G'H|YULJDGHODUDYUXPPHWYLOOYLKnOODVnQHXWUDOW

VRPP|MOLJW,HQXQGHUV|NQLQJYLJMRUGHPHGKMlOSDYIUnJHIRUPXOlUVRPGHODWVRQOLQHGlU

YLVWlOOGHIUnJRUNULQJ³GHVLJQHQ´DYHWWILNDUXPGlUILFNYLLQIRUPDWLRQRFKLGHpURPKXUHWW

UXPVNXOOHVHXWVHELODJD1nJRWYLIDQQLQWUHVVDQWQlUYLIUnJDGHRPSUHIHUHQVNULQJIlUJ

YDUDWWI|UHGURJIlUJHQYLWLHWWUXPYLONHWYLWRONDGHVRPDWWYLWlUHQQHXWUDOIlUJRFK

VNXOOHSDVVDOlPSOLJWWLOODWWO\IWDEOLFNHQWLOOGHPHUFHQWUDODGHODUQD$OOWLQJEOHYGRFNLQWH

EDUDYLWWXWDQGHWlUIlUJVNDODQYLVNDI|UV|NDDQSDVVDRVVWLOO*HQRPGHWWDYLOOYLGnJ|UD

UXPPHWWLOOHWWJLYDQGHRFKLQWUHVVDQWI|UOlQJQLQJDYPXVpXPHW

)|UDWWJHUXPPHWGHQPHVW\WWHUVWDXWIRUPQLQJHQKDGHYLOHWDWXSSIDNWDRPKXUROLNDnOGUDU

XSSIDWWDULQIRUPDWLRQ(IWHUVRPUXPPHWDQYlQGVDYDOODnOGUDUPHQIUDPI|UDOOWVNRONODVVHU

YLOOHYLJ|UDQnJRWVRPYDUDQSDVVDWRFKI|UVWnHOLJWI|UDOOD,YnUIRUVNQLQJVnEHWRQDVDWWPDQ

DQYlQGHUVSUnNVRPEDUQNDQNlQQDLJHQDWWUHIHUHUDWLOOGHUDVNROOHNWLYDLPDJLQlUDRFKInQJD

GHUDVLQWUHVVHQ3LDJHWUHIHUHUDGL*LUDOGL/%HQHOOL(9LWD53DWWL,)LOLHUL  )LOLSSL)9LKLWWDGHLQIRUPDWLRQRPKXUEDUQRFKYX[QDWDUWLOOVLJLQIRUPDWLRQRFK

KXUGHVHUSnVDNHUROLND(QVDNVRPQlPQVLIRUVNQLQJHQlUDWWEDUQVI|UPnJDDYLQOlUQLQJ

EHURUSnGHUDVnOGHURFKVRPI|UVWlUGHUDVLQOlUQLQJElVWLPSOLFLWHIWHUVRPGHlQQXLQWHKDU

PHGYHWHQNRQWUROO|YHUVLQHJQDI|UPnJDI|ULQOlUQLQJ%HUWHOV-%RXUVDLQ('HVWUHEHFT]

$ *DLOODUG9'HWYDUHQXWPDQLQJI|URVVDWWVNDSDQnJRWVRPlUWLOOJlQJOLJWI|U

DOODPHQJHQRPYDUMHEHVOXWKDUYLI|UV|NWDWWLQWHJUHUDDOODnOGUDU

'HWlULQWUHVVDQWKXUVWRUVNLOOQDGHWWIlUJYDONDQJ|UDI|UKHOKHWHQRFKYLDQVnJDWWGHWWDYDU

UHOHYDQWDWWKDPHGLXQGHUV|NQLQJHQ)UDPI|UDOOWYLOOHYLI|UVWnKXUIlUJNDQSnYHUND

PlQQLVNDQRFKYDGGHNDQKDI|USRVLWLYQHJDWLYLQWU\FN5HODWHUDWWLOOGRXEOHH[SRVXUHG

GlUYLDQYlQGHUJDQVNDVWDUNDIlUJHUDYU|GRFKEOnYLOOHYLYHWDPHU(IWHUVRPYlJJHQKDU

WYnVLGRUGlUHQDlUIUDPWLGRFKDQGUDGnWLGYLOOHYLOlJJDIUDPWLGHQSnGHQU|GDVLGDQRFK

GnWLGHQSnGHQEOn'HWWDlUI|UDWWGHWlUNRQVWDWHUDWJHQRPIlUJWHRULDWWU|GVRPIlUJXWJ|U

HQXSSKHWVDGNlQVODPHGDQVEOnHQPHUOXJQRFKWLOOIUHGVVWlOODQGH6LDPLRQDYD.6OHYLWFK

/ 7RPDV56'HWWDI|UDWWGnI|UVWlUNDGHWEXGVNDSYLYLOOI|UPHGOD

'HQLQIRUPDWLRQYLIXQQLWRPOD\RXWDQYlQGHYLPHVWDGHOVVRPVW|GNULQJYnUDSRVWHUV)|U

DWWORFNDXSSPlUNVDPKHWRFKYlFNDLQWUHVVHI|UGHQLQIRUPDWLRQ9LYLOOHKDHQOlWWOlVW

LQIRUPDWLRQVnDWWEHWUDNWDUHQYHUNOLJHQOlVHUYDGVRPVWnULVWlOOHWI|UDWWVOXWDKDOYYlJV$WW

KLWWDHQEUDEDODQVRFKXWIRUPQLQJlUUHOHYDQWI|UDWWQnXWWLOOEHWUDNWDUHQ3RVWHUQDYLWlQNWlU

VNULYHQSnEnGHVYHQVNDRFKHQJHOVNDGHWWDI|UDWWPnQJDVRPEHV|NHUPXVpXPHWNRPPHU

IUnQXWODQGHW

*HQRPI|UDQGHDYJHVWDOWQLQJ

)|UDWWIUlPMDJHQRPI|UDQGHWI|UGHQQDJHVWDOWQLQJIRUWVDWWHYLDWWDQYlQGDRVVDY

RPYlUOGVDQDO\VEUDLQVWRUPLQJPLQGPDSPRRGERDUGRFKSURWRW\SHUDYROLNDVODJ

9LKDUDQYlQWRVVDYRPYlUOGVDQDO\VI|UDWWInHQElWWUHYlUOGVXSSIDWWQLQJRFKI|UDWWNXQQD

I|UElWWUDYnUDQSURFHVVVnP\FNHWVRPP|MOLJW'HQDEVROXWI|UVWDRPYlUOGVDQDO\VHQYL

JMRUGHYDUDWWEHV|NDPDULQPXVpXPHWRFKInHQXSSIDWWQLQJRPYLONDVRPDQYlQGHVLJDY

ILNDUXPPHW9LDQYlQGHGHQQDWLGI|UDWWXWIRUVNDRFKIUnJDDQYlQGDUHRPGHUDVV\QSXQNWHU

9LILFNlYHQLQIRUPDWLRQDYPDULQPXVpXPHWRPYDGGHKDUI|UVWDWLVWLNRFKYDGGHKDUI|U

V\QSXQNWHU

*DQVNDWLGLJWLSURFHVVHQJMRUGHYLlYHQIUnJHIRUPXOlURFKVNLFNDGHXWGHPRQOLQHVH

ELODJD'HWWDI|UDWWInHQElWWUHXSSIDWWQLQJDYRPYlUOGHQ'HVYDUYLILFNVDPPDQVWlOOGH

YLRFKDQYlQGHRVVDYLYnUDQXQGHUV|NQLQJVRPYLH[HPSHOYLVQlPQHULGHOHQYLVNULYHURP

NRQFHSW9LYLOOHJ|UDIRUPXOlURFKOlPQDSn0DULQPXVpXPHWRFNVnPHQYLILFNLQIRUPDWLRQ

DYPXVpXPHWDWWGHWVNXOOHYDUDInDQYlQGDUHVRPVNXOOHVYDUD'HWWDI|UDWWGHWLGLJDUHSURYDW

OLNQDQGHWHNQLNHUPHQInWWGnOLJWPHGVYDU6nYLYDOGHDWWEDUDVNLFNDIUnJHIRUPXOlUHWRQOLQH

%UDLQVWRUPLQJlULGpJHQHUHULQJVPHWRGHQYLDQYlQGHRVVDYLE|UMDQDYNXUVHQI|UDWWInLJnQJ

LGpVNDSDQGHWVDPWI|UDWWNRPPD|YHUHQVSnElVWDVlWWRPYDGYLYLOOHJHVWDOWDRFKIRUVND

NULQJ'HWWDOHGGHWLOODWWYLVNUHYQHUDOODLGpHURFKWDQNDUYLKDGHEODQNWSnHWWSDSSHUI|UDWW

VHGDQNROODQlUPDUHSnGHPRFKILOWUHUDERUWGHLGpHUVRPLQWHNlQGHVUHOHYDQWD9LDQYlQGH

RVVlYHQDYEUDLQVWRUPLQJJHQRPDWWVDPODXSSROLNDVFHQDULRQI|UGRXEOHH[SRVXUHG

ELOGHQ(IWHUVRPDWWGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGELOGHQlUKXYXGGHOHQLJHVWDOWQLQJHQYDUYLQRJDPHG

DWWYlOMDUlWWPRWLYI|UDWWSnElVWDVlWWNXQQDI|UPHGODYnUWEXGVNDS

.RQVWDQWKDUYLDQYlQWPLQGPDSSLQJXQGHUKHOD

GHVLJQSURFHVVHQ*HQRPPLQGPDSSLQJ

NXQGHYLHQNHOWRFKVPLGLJWRUJDQLVHUDYnUDLGpHUIn

HQW\GOLJDUHELOGSnYDGVRPEHK|YVJ|UDVVDPWYDGYL

E|UKDPHGI|UDWWInYnUWPnOVHELOG)|UDWWOlWW

NXQQDJHYnUH[WHUQDSDUWHQLQEOLFNSnKXUYLWlQNWDWW

JHVWDOWQLQJHQVNDVHXWDQYlQGHYLRVVXWDYHQ

PRRGERDUGI|UDWWNXQQDI|UPHGODUlWWNlQVODJHQRP

IOHUWDOELOGHU

9nUH[WHUQDSDUWI|UHVORJLGpQRPDWWKDHQZRUNVKRSPHGEDUQ,GpQYDUDWWJ|UDEDUQHQ

GHODNWLJDLGHVLJQSURFHVVHQJHVWDOWQLQJHQJHQRPHQZRUNVKRS'lUVNXOOHEDUQHQInJ|UDGMXU

DYSODVWPHQI|UVWEHVWlPGHYLDWWSU|YDSURFHGXUHQRVVVMlOYD9LWHVWDGHDWWJ|UDSODVWGMXU

RFKDQYlQGHVRVVDYSODVWSnVDUSHWIODVNRUVRPWRJVKHPLIUnQVHELOG9LPlUNWHDY

DWWSHWIODVNRUQDYDUYlOGLJWKnUGDDWWVNlUDLRFKPDQEHK|YGHHQVlNHUKHWVNQLYI|UDWWGHOD

SODVWHQYLONHWGnLQWHlURSWLPDOWHOOHUVlNHUWI|UHQZRUNVKRSPHGEDUQ6nGHWEHVWlPGHVDWW

GHQVNXOOHJHVVRPHWWI|UVODJWLOO0DULQPXVpXHPLVWlOOHW

9LJMRUGHWYnOLWHPHUDYDQFHUDGHVNLVVHUPHGULWQLQJVSURJUDPPHWSURFUHDWHSnGRXEOH

H[SRVXUHGI|UDWWInHQDQLQJRPKXUGHWKDGHNXQQDWVHXWVRPHQIlUGLJELOGRFKVHGDQ

YDOGHXWGHQPHUSDVVDQGHI|UMXVWYnUWSURMHNWVHELOG3URJUDPPHWDQYlQGHVI|UDWW

%LOGSODVWGMXU

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGSODVWGMXU

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGSODVWGMXU

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGPLQGPDS

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

ULWDGnRFKIUDPWLGVELOGHQVRPVHGDQ|YHUI|UGHVWLOOSKRWRVKRSI|UDWWVNDSDGRXEOHH[SRVXUH

GHIIHNWHQ'HWWDHIWHUVRPSURFUHDWHLQWHKDULQVWlOOQLQJDUQDI|UDWWlQGUDIlUJILOWHUVRP

SKRWRVKRS

9LILFNVlWWDRVVQHUI|UDWWEUDLQVWRUPDIUDPLGpHUSnYDGYLYLOOHKDSnYnUDSRVWHUV'HQ

XUVSUXQJOLJDLGpQYDUDWWKDHQLQIRUPDWLRQVYlJJVRPWLOOlJJI|UGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGYlJJHQ

PHQ0DULQPXVpXPHWYLOOLQWHDWWJ|UVWRUDlQGULQJDUSnUXPPHWYLONHWILFNRVVDWWWlQNDRP

VnLVWlOOHWI|UHQYlJJlUGHWHQSRVWHU0HQLQJHQPHGSRVWHUlUDWWGHQJHUHQElWWUHI|UVWnHOVH

I|UYDGYLYLOOI|UPHGODNRPELQDWLRQHQDYV\PEROLVPPHGIDNWDYDUI|UDWWOlJJDW\QJGSn

KXUYLNWLJWGHWWDlPQHlUSnHWWVlWWVRPEnGHYX[QDRFKEDUQI|UVWnU'HWWDEHW\GHUDWWYLKDU

PLQGUHXWU\PPHDWWDUEHWDPHGRFKOlJJHUVW|UUHYLNWSnGHVLJQHQI|UDWWElWWUHInQJDWLWWDUQDV

XSSPlUNVDPKHW9DOHWWLOOSRVWHUVRPGHQYLVXDOLVHULQJVWHNQLNI|UDWWUDSSRUWHUDIDNWDRPKXU

SODVWSnYHUNDURVVLGDJlUHQWHNQLNVRPYLDQYlQWSnIOHUD

WLGLJDUHNXUVHU

9LVNLVVDGHIUDPHWWDQWDOLGpHUVHELOGRFKYDOGHGHQ

GHVLJQHQVRPK|OOHQU|GWUnGWLOOVDPPDQVPHGGRXEOHH[SRVXUH

G3URJUDPPHWSKRWRVKRSDQYlQGHVI|UDWWVNDSDHQPHU

GHWDOMHUDGORILSURWRW\SDYSRVWHUQlQGHQVNLVVVRPYLKDUSn

SDSSHUI|UDWWElWWUHKMlOSDRVVDWWYLVXDOLVHUDGHVLJQHQDY

SRVWHUQ'HWYDUYnUPDOOLQQDQYLJMRUWGHQVOXWOLJDSURGXNWHQ

VnDWWPDQNDQVHYLONDlQGULQJDUVRPEHK|YHUJ|UDV(IWHUDWW

KDVNULYLWXWYnUWI|UVWDXWNDVWSnSRVWHUQDLQVnJYLVQDEEWDWW

SRVWHUQDYDUDOOGHOHVI|UNDODRFKVDNQDGHHWWGMXS

%LOGVNLVV

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGVNLVV

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGVNLVVHU

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

'lUI|UYDOGHYLDWWJ|UDRPEDNJUXQGHQSnSRVWHUQLSKRWRVKRSI|UDWWJHGHPHUVWUXNWXURFK

GMXS(IWHUDWWEDNJUXQGHQWLOOSRVWHUQYDUNODUODGHVGHQLQLSURJUDPPHW,QGHVLJQI|UDWWYL

SnHQNODVWVlWWNXQGHYlOMDOD\RXWRFKW\SVQLWW

1lUGHWJlOOHUGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGYlJJHQKlQGHQnJRWVRPYLLQWHUlNQDGHPHGIUnQE|UMDQ

.RPELQDWLRQHQXWJ|UHWWV\PEROLVNWYlUGH(IWHUVRPWDQNHQlUDWWKDGnWLGHQQlUGHWLQWH

ILQQVQnJRQW\SDYSODVWI|URUHQLQJLKDYHWSnGHQEOnDVLGDQRFKIUDPWLGHQVRPlUEHVXGODG

PHGI|URUHQLQJDUSnGHQU|GDVLGDQI|UDWWILOWUHUDXWYDUDQGUD'HWWDNDQV\PEROLVHUDSnKXU

YLVHUYHUNOLJKHWHQ9LPlQQLVNRUYHWDWWGHWWDlUHWWSUREOHPRFKNDQVHGHWPHQGHIOHVWD

YlOMHUDWWILOWUHUDERUWGHW'HWPHVWDKDQGODURPSHUVSHNWLYRFKKXUPDQYlOMHUDWWILOWUHUD

YHUNOLJKHWHQ9DUI|UYLYDOGHMXVWGHQWHNQLNHQI|UYnUJHVWDOWQLQJXW|YHUXQLNKHWHQlUDWWGHW

NDQI|UVWnVDYEnGHEDUQRFKYX[QD9nUIRUVNQLQJVW|GMHUWDQNHQDWWEDUQKDUHQVWRUI|UPnJD

DWWI|UVWnNXQVNDSLPSOLFLWVSHFLHOOWQlUGHlULGHQnOGHUQGlUGHNDQLQWHWRONDH[SOLFLW

NXQVNDS0HGDOODVDNHULnWDQNHlU GRXEOHH[SRVXUHGWHNQLNHQHQDYGHWElVWDDOWHUQDWLYHQ

I|UDWWVSULGDYnUWEXGVNDSWLOOEnGHEDUQRFKYX[QD

8WVWlOOQLQJHQWLOONDQGLGDWDUEHWHWlUHQGHODYNXUVHQRFKYLE|UMDGHWlQNDSnKXU

JHVWDOWQLQJHQVNXOOHYLVDVXSS9LNRP|YHUHQVRPDWWKDGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGELOGHQ

XWVNULYHQLVWRUIRUPDWHIWHUVRPYLWURGGHDWWGHQVNXOOHKDHQVW|UUHSnYHUNDQKRVEHWUDNWDUHQ

'HWXSSVWRGGRFNHWWSUREOHPQlUYLVNUHYXWELOGHQIlUJHUQDYLOOHLQWHKHOWILOWUHUDVERUW

'HVVXWRPNXQGHYLLQWHVNULYDXWELOGHQLGHWIRUPDWHWYL|QVNDWYnUO|VQLQJEOHYDWWDQYlQGD

RVVXWDYHQSURMHNWRUVRPSURMHNWHUDGHELOGHQSnHQVNlUP(QORILSURWRW\SE\JJGHVL

NDUWRQJLDYELOGQLQJDYGHWI\VLVNDILNDUXPPHWRFKVNDSDGHlYHQKnOODUHI|UYnUDWYn

IlUJILOWHU7LOOXWVWlOOQLQJHQYDOGHYLDWWE\JJDHQQ\NDUWRQJVRPKLILSURWRW\SVRPlUH[DNWL

VNDODRFKPHUYLVXHOOWWLOOWDODQGH

9LVNDSDGHHQGLJLWDOGPRGHOODYUXPPHWLVNHWFKXSI|UDWWJHWLWWDUQDHQI|UHHIWHUWLWWRFK

HQURWHUDQGHY\VRPXSSYLVDVSnHQELOGVNlUP3URJUDPPHWlUDYVHWWI|UQ\E|UMDUHPHQlU

lQGnUlWWNRPSOLFHUDGRFKPDQInUSU|YDVLJIUDPYLONHWJ|UGHWWLOOHQXWPDQLQJI|URVVDWWIn

UHVXOWDWHWDWWVHSURIHVVLRQHOOW



'HQIlUGLJDJHVWDOWQLQJHQ

'HQIlUGLJDJHVWDOWQLQJHQLQQHKnOOHUROLNDW\SHUDYWHNQLNHU'HQSULPlUDlUGRXEOHH[SRVXUH

GYlJJHQVRPVHVSnELOGHQRYDQVHELOG9lJJHQVRPKDUVLGRUlULOOXVWUHUDGRFKVND

V\PEROLVHUDHQSHUVRQVRPVLWWHULHQEnW3nHQDELOGHQVnVNDGHWI|UHVWlOODDWWSHUVRQHQ

VWUlFNHUVLJXWWLOOHQYDOSnHWWYlQVNDSOLJWVlWW3nDQGUDVLGDQVnVNDSHUVRQHQRFNVnVWUlFND

XWVLJPHQGnI|UDWWNDVWDVNUlS6NUlSK|JHQVRPELOGDVlUGnLVDPPDIRUPVRPVRPYDOHQ

RFKVNDUHSUHVHQWHUDPlQQLVNRUQDV³WYn´VLGRU'HIOHVWDDYRVVEU\UVLJRPGMXUPHQEOXQGDU

QlUYLVNDSDUHQPLOM|VRPLQWHlUKnOOEDUI|UGHP+DQGHQVRPVWUlFNVXWVNDGnV\PEROLVHUD

DWWVDPPDKDQGNDQKDVLGRU6RPNRPSOHPHQWWLOOELOGHQLOOXVWUHUDGHYLlYHQPDQHWHURFK

SODVW0DQHWHUOLNQDUYlOGLJWP\FNHWHQSODVWSnVHRFKYLW\FNWHGHWYDUVSlQQDQGHRFK

JLYDQGHDWWKDPHGHQVQDUOLNUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ

%LOGGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGELOG.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGSRVWHU

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGSRVWHU

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGSRVWHU

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGSRVWHU

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

'HVWSRVWHUQDVRPGnVNULYVXWL$IRUPDWKDUHQJHPHQVDPYnJOLNQDQGHU|UHOVHVRP

ELGUDUWLOODWWDOODlUVDPPDQKlQJDQGH'HQSULPlUDIlUJHQlUEOnI|UDWWGnUHSUHVHQWHUDKDYHW

3RVWHUQDlUGnI|UVHGGPHGLQIRUPDWLRQRPSODVWQHGVNUlSQLQJRFKWLSVSnYDGPDQNDQJ|UD

I|UDWWPLQVNDVLQHJQDDQYlQGQLQJVHELOG

(IWHUVRPGHWWDDUEHWHNRPPHUO|SDXWWLOOHQ

XWVWlOOQLQJYLOOHYLJ|UDQnJUDVDNHUVSHFLHOOWWLOOGHW

lQGDPnOHW'HWI|UVWDYLJMRUGHYDUHQSURWRW\SDYYLW

NDUWRQJVRPGnVNXOOHYDUDHQVNDOHQOLJI|UPLQVNQLQJ

DYUXPPHWVHELOG'HWWDI|UDWWInHQElWWUH

XSSIDWWQLQJDYUXPPHWVKHOKHW9LJMRUGHlYHQHQ

ULWQLQJDYUXPPHWLVNHWFKXSRFKGHWWDPHGVDPPD

V\IWHVRPNDUWRQJSURWRW\SHQI|UDWWI|UVWlUND

XSSIDWWQLQJHQDYUXPPHW,VNHWFKXSJMRUGHYLlYHQHQ

ULWQLQJDYGHWJDPODUXPPHW'HWWDI|UDWWNXQQDYLVD

KXUGHWYDUI|UHRFKKXUGHWEOHYHIWHU

 5HVXOWDW

,GHWWDNDSLWHONRPPHUYLSUHVHQWHUDRFKEHVNULYDKXUGHWJHQRPI|UGDXQGHUV|NQLQJHQ

I|UKnOOHUVLJWLOOIUnJHVWlOOQLQJHQ

)UnJHVWlOOQLQJO\GHU+XUNDQPDQPHGKMlOSDYYLVXDOLVHULQJVWHNQLNHUXSSPlUNVDPPD

KnOOEDUKHWLHWWI\VLVNWUXP"8QGHUV|NQLQJHQVV\IWHlUDWWXSSPlUNVDPPDKnOOEDUKHWRFK

XSSPDQDUWLOODWWPDQPLQVNDUHQVDQYlQGQLQJDYSODVWHOOHUDWWPDQnWPLQVWRQHnWHUYLQQHUGHW

SnHWWKnOOEDUWVlWW

9DUI|UYLYDOGHYLVXDOLVHULQJVWHNQLNHQLOOXVWUDWLRQlUI|UDWWVWlUNDYnUWEXGVNDSJHQRP

ELOGVSUnN%LOGVSUnNNDQElWWUHI|UPHGODYLNWHQDYEXGVNDSHWlQYDGIDNWDJ|UHIWHUVRPIDNWD

LQWHJHUGLJQnJRWYLVXHOOWDWWI|UVWn%LOGVSUnNHWVI|UPnJDlUDWWI|UPHGODXWDQRUGXW|YHU

%LOGSURWRW\S

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGSURWRW\S

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

%LOGSURWRW\S

.lOODXUHJHWDUNLY

nOGHUVVNLOOQDGHU6RPVW|GDYIRUVNQLQJHQVRPJMRUWVGlU3LQNVVNULYHURPDWW

ELOGVSUnNlUHQVWDUNIRUPDYNRPPXQLNDWLRQLEULVWSnGHWVNULIWOLJDRUGHW)RUVNDUH^KDUlYHQ

UHGRJMRUWI|UKXUELOGNDQI|UPHGODV|YHUHQUDGVRFLDODVDPPDQKDQJVnVRPLYLVXHOO

HWQRJUDILVNIRUVNQLQJNODVVUXPPHWRFKLEDUQVYLVXHOODNRPSRVLWLRQHU9nULGpRPDWW

DQYlQGDELOGVSUnNHWI|UDWWYLVXHOOWNRPPXQLFHUDRPSODVWI|URUHQLQJDULKDYHWlULQWHQnJRW

Q\WWXWDQ7KRPVHQ&'VNULYHURPDWWGHWQ\OLJHQKDU|NDWHWWLQWUHVVHI|UGHQ

YLVXHOODNRPPXQLNDWLRQHQDYPLOM|IUnJRULIOHUDGLVFLSOLQHU'HWWDVHUYLVRPDWWPHU

PlQQLVNRULQVHUKXUEHUlWWDQGHJHQRPELOGVSUnNHWNDQYDUDHQVWDUNIRUPDYNRPPXQLNDWLRQ

0HGDQVEDUQLQWHlUGHQHQGDIRNXVJUXSSHQVnlUGHHQVWRUGHODYGHWVnYLDQSDVVDGHRVVWLOO

JHVWDOWQLQJHQSnHWWVlWWVRPEDUQHQVNXOOHI|UVWnLPSOLFLWHOOHUH[SOLFLWEHURHQGHSnnOGHU

)RUVNQLQJHQVRPYLJHQRPI|UWYLVDUDWWEDUQNDQI|UVWnVHULHUSnROLNDVSUnNJHQRPEDUD

ELOGVSUnNHWJHQRPGHWYLVXHOODPHUlQGHWDXGLWLYDOLNWVWXPILOPHU'HWlURFNVnHQDY

DQOHGQLQJDUQDWLOOYDUI|UYLYDOGHLOOXVWUDWLRQPHGGHQH[WUDERQXVHQDWWGHQEOLUPHU

HQJDJHUDQGHPHGYDOHWDYGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGWHNQLNHQ

)|UDWWElVWYLVXHOOWXSSPlUNVDPPDYnUWEXGVNDSVnlUGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGELOGDYJ|UDQGH

9DOHWDYKXUGHWVNDJHVWDOWDVYDUYLNWLJWRFKGHVLJQHQVVWLOYLVNXOOHJnWLOOYlJDPHGI|UDWW

XSSQnV\IWHWPHGGHQQDXQGHUV|NQLQJRFKVYDUDSnYnUIUnJHVWlOOQLQJRPKXU

YLVXDOLVHULQJVWHNQLNHUNDQKMlOSDXSSPlUNVDPPDKnOOEDUKHW9LDQYlQGHRVVXWDYHQIRUPDY

V\PEROLVPGHWlUGlUI|USnGnWLGVELOGHQVHELOGIOLFNDQVWUlFNHUVLJXWI|UDWWU|UDYDOHQ

0HQLQJHQlUDWWYLVDKDUPRQLQPHOODQKDYHWRFKPlQQLVNRUVRPIDQQVGnSODVWLQWHYDUHWW

SUREOHP,IUDPWLGVELOGHQVHELOGlUGHWHQK|JSODVWGlUYDOHQYDUSODFHUDWI|UDWW

XSSPlUNVDPPDDWWVQDUWNRPPHUSODVWHUVlWWDDOOKDYVOLY)DVWDWWYnUGRXEOHH[SRVXUHG

ELOGlUULWDGSnHWWDEVWUDNWVlWWEHW\GHUGHWLQWHDWWGHVVDVFHQDULHUlUSnKLWWDGH9nUD

VFHQDULRQlUEDVHUDGHSnGHNRQVHNYHQVHUQDYLP|WHULGDJRFKGHNRQVHNYHQVHUQDYLYlQWDV

P|WDLIUDPWLGHQLIDOOYLLQWHE|UMDUWDWDJLYnUSODVWKDQWHULQJ

'HQIDNWDVRPYDOWVDWWVNULYDVSnSRVWHUQDlUEDVHUDGHSnGHVYDUHQYLILFNSnYnUW

IUnJHIRUPXOlU6RPYLWLGLJDUHQlPQWYDOGHYLDWWDQYlQGDRVVXWDYPlQQLVNRUVRNXQVNDSI|U

DWWMXVWXSSPlUNVDPPDGHVVDSUREOHP9nUDSRVWHUVEDFNDUlYHQXSSYnUGRXEOHH[SRVXUHG

ELOGPHGNRQNUHWWH[W6RPYLQlPQHULYnUIRUVNQLQJVGHOE|UHQSRVWHUEODQGDQQDWYDUD

L|JRQIDOODQGHRFKLVLQKHOKHWYDUDYLVXHOOWHQJDJHUDGIUnQDYVWnQGI|UDWWEHWUDNWDUHQVNDOlVD

3Pink nämner inte någon specifik forskare.

RFKWLWWDQlUPDUHSnGHQ7DJJDUW $UVODQLDQUHIHUHUDGL%HUJ-'HWWDWURUYL

KDUO\FNDWVPHGJHQRPDWWNRPELQHUDLOOXVWUDWLRQHUSnYlJJHQVRPVDPPDQNRSSODVWLOO

LOOXVWUDWLRQHUQDSnSRVWHUQD)|UDWWOlVDUHQVQDEEWVNDI|UVWnNRSSOLQJHQPHOODQYnU

JHVWDOWQLQJRFKYnUIUnJHVWlOOQLQJYlOMHUYLDWWVNULYDRPDNWXHOODSUREOHPVDPWVDNHUPDQNDQ

J|UDI|UDWWPLQVNDSODVWDQYlQGQLQJRFKE|UMDDQYlQGDGHPHUKnOOEDUW*HQRPSRVWHUVIlUJ

RFKOD\RXWWURUYLDWWYLO\FNDWVInQJDEHWUDNWDUHQVLQWUHVVHI|UDWWIRUWVlWWDOlVD7DOHVlWWHWDWW

HQELOGVlJHUPHUlQWXVHQRUGI|UV|NWHYLWDIUDPLHQDSRVWHUQVHELOG'HWWDI|UDWWYLVDDWW

GHVDPKlOOHWYLOHYHULMXVWQXLQWHlUKnOOEDUWRFKDWWYnUDILVNDUE|UMDUG|XWGHWWDSnYHUNDU

lYHQGHYLVXHOODXWVHHQGHWKRVEHWUDNWDUHQRFKI|UVWlUNHUEXGVNDSHW%LQGRQ 'DYHQSRUW

UHIHUHUDGL%HUJ-0lQQLVNRKMlUQDQlUXWIRUPDGI|UDWWW\GOLJWPlUNDVNLOOQDG

5H\QROGV(FRII 6WLFKOHUUHIHUHUDGL&RQQHOO\/0GlUI|UMREEDGHYL

QRJDPHGDWWW\GOLJDNRQWUDVWHUPHOODQEDNJUXQGHQRFKWH[WIlUJHQI|UDWWOlWWInQJD

EHWUDNWDUHQVXSSPlUNVDPKHWSnWH[WHQNULQJKnOOEDUKHWRFKKnOODWH[WHQOlWWOlVW

0HGGHWWDNDQGLGDWDUEHWHNDQYLW\YlUULQWHJHHWWNRQNUHWVYDUSnYDGUHVXOWDWHWJHUHIWHUVRP

XWVWlOOQLQJHQWDUSODWVHIWHUDWWGHWWDDUEHWHlUVNULYHW9LDQVHUDWWYLKDUJLYLWDUEHWHWHQVWRU

P|MOLJKHWDWWVYDUDSnIUnJHVWlOOQLQJHQRFKXSSQnGHVVV\IWH

 'LVNXVVLRQ

,GHQQDGHONRPPHUYLNULWLVNWRFKUHIOHNWHUDQGHGLVNXWHUDYnUDQXQGHUV|NQLQJ9LNRPPHU

GLVNXWHUDIUnQPHWRGGHVLJQSURFHVVUHVXOWDWWLOOYnUDHJQDWDQNDURFKLGHpU

'HPHWRGHUQDYLYDOGHI|UYnUJHVWDOWQLQJYDURPYlUOGVDQDO\VRFK;IRUFKDQJH

2PYlUOGVDQDO\VYDOGHYLI|UDWWVDPODLQLQIRUPDWLRQNULQJlPQHWI|UDWWVHGDQYHWDYDGYL

VNXOOHMREEDPRW9LYDOGHDWWVNLFNDXWIUnJHIRUPXOlUI|UDWWInUHGDSnKXUP\FNHWPlQQLVNRU

NDQRPSODVWI|URUHQLQJDULKDYHW)UnJHIRUPXOlUHQLQQHK|OOEODQGDGHIUnJRUNULQJSODVWVRP

EODQGDQQDW´7lQNHUGXRIWDSnGLQHJQDSODVWDQYlQGQLQJ"¶¶RFK´+XUOnQJWLGWURUGXGHWWDU

I|USODVWDWWEU\WDVQHU"´MXVWI|UDWWJHRVVLQEOLFNLKXUXWEODQGDGHPlQQLVNRUlUNULQJGHWWD

lPQH9LGDUHDQYlQGHYLGHOWDJDUQDVRNXQVNDSI|UO\IWDIUDPGHSUREOHPPDQLQWHKDUVnVWRU

NXQVNDSL'HVYDURFKLQIRUPDWLRQYLILFNXWIUnQIUnJHIRUPXOlUHWDQYlQGHVVHGDQLEnGH

GRXEOHH[SRVXUHGELOGHQRFKIUlPVWLWH[WHQSnSRVWUDUQD



'nYnUWV\IWHPHGJHVWDOWQLQJHQYDUDWWInEHWUDNWDUHQDWWWlQNDHIWHURFKWDOlUGRPXWLIUnQGHW

EHWUDNWDUHQVHU9LYDOGHDWWMREEDXWLIUnQJUXQGHQDYYDG;IRUFKDQJHVWnUI|U,QQDQYL

EHVO|WRVVI|UDWWMREEDPHGMXVW;IRUFKDQJHYDUYLLQQHRFKNROODGHSnHGXWDLQPHQW

(GXWDLQPHQWlUHQVDPPDQVlWWQLQJDYGHHQJHOVNDRUGHQDYHGXFDWLRQVRPEHW\GHU

´XWELOGQLQJ´RFKRUGHWHQWHUWDLQPHQWVRPEHW\GHUXQGHUKnOOQLQJ'HWWDSHUVSHNWLYDQYlQGV

RIWDLHWWXWELOGQLQJVV\IWHI|U\QJUHnOGUDUI|UDWWSnHWWXQGHUKnOODQGHVlWWNXQQDXWELOGD

(GX6\V;IRUFKDQJHKDQGODULJUXQGHQRPDWWH[HPSHOYLVVNDSDHWWVSHOVRPOlU

PlQQLVNDQDWWI|UElWWUDVDPKlOOHWI|UDWWJ|UDYlUOGHQWLOOHQElWWUHSODWV9DUI|UYLYHODGH

PHOODQGHVVDWYnSHUVSHNWLYYDUMXVWI|UDWWGRPlUYlOGLJWOLNQDQGHGnEnGDPHWRGHUQD

DQYlQGHUVLJDYNUHDWLYDVlWWI|UDWWOlUDXW%nGDYnUDWYnGHODUDYJHVWDOWQLQJHQlU

XQGHUKnOODQGHPHQVDPWLGLJWOlUDQGH,NRUWDGUDJNDQPDQVlJDDWWVNLOOQDGHQPHOODQ

HGXWDLQPHQWRFK;IRUFKDQJHlUDWWHGXWDLQPHQWlUXWELOGDQGHSnHWWXQGHUKnOODQGHVlWW

PHGDQ;IRUFKDQJHXSSPXQWUDURFKOlUPlQQLVNDQDWWI|UElWWUDVDPKlOOHW9LLQVnJDWWYnU

JHVWDOWQLQJLVLJLQWHULNWLJWXWELOGDUEHWUDNWDUHQLQnJRWGnYnUDSRVWHUlULQIRUPDWLYDRFK

ELOGHQDEVWUDNW0HQELOGHQRFKSRVWHUQWLOOVDPPDQVXSSPXQWUDUEHWUDNWDUHQWLOODWWI|UElWWUD

VDPKlOOHWI|UDWWJ|UDYlUOGHQWLOOHQElWWUHSODWV+DGHYLYDOWDWWMREEDPHGHGXWDLQPHQWKDGH

YLNDQVNHEHK|YWJ|UDQnJRWPHULIRUPDYHQILOPVRPOlUXWYDUI|UGHWH[HPSHOYLVlUIDUOLJW

PHGSODVWQHGVNUlSQLQJ'HWYDULQWHULNWLJWGHWYLYDUXWHHIWHUYLYLOODWWPlQQLVNRUVNDInVLJ

HQWDQNHVWlOODUHRFKWlQNDHIWHUYDUMHJnQJGHN|SHUDQYlQGHUHOOHUVNDNDVWDSODVWDUWLNODU

HIWHUDWWKDVHWWYnUJHVWDOWQLQJ



'HWVOXWJLOWLJDUHVXOWDWHWDYYnUJHVWDOWQLQJEOHYYLLQWHH[DNWVnVRPYLI|UHVWlOOWRVV

5HVXOWDWHWDYJHVWDOWQLQJHQGHODVLQLWYnXWVWlOOQLQJDUHQSnPXVpXPHWRFKHQSnYnUW

FDPSXV(IWHUVRPGHWI\VLVNDUXPPHWlJHUUXPSn0DULQPXVpXPHWL.DUOVNURQDYDUYL

WYXQJQDDWWE\JJDXSSHWWOLNQDQGHNRQFHSWI|UXWVWlOOQLQJHQSnFDPSXV+XYXGGHOHQDY

JHVWDOWQLQJYDOGHYLDWWYLVDXSSSnGHQPLWWHUVWDYlJJHQPHGKMlOSDYHQSURMHNWRUGnYLLQWH

NXQGHVNULYDXWGHQSnJUXQGDYXWVNULIWVSUREOHP9LWURUDWWSUREOHPHWOLJJHULVNULYDUHQGn

IlUJHUQDLQWHEOLUVDPPDYLGXWVNULIWVRPSnGHQRULJLQDOGLJLWDODELOGHQ9nUJHVWDOWQLQJV

KDQGOHGDUH/HR$QGUpD1RUGZDOOQlPQGHDWWSUREOHPHWNDQYDUDGHSURJUDPYLDQYlQGHI|U

DWWLOOXVWUHUDGRXEOHH[SRVXUHGELOGHQDQYlQGHUHQ5*%IlUJVNDODPHGDQVVNULYDUHQ

DQYlQGHU&0<.IlUJVNDODQ6NLOOQDGHQPHOODQGHPlUDWW5*%NDQUHSUHVHQWHUDHWWVW|UUH