An empirical study about food choice and food handling in relation to health

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An empirical study

about food choice and

food handling in relation

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Abstract!

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION ... 1!

2 BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE ... 2!

2.1DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS ... 2!

2.2FOOD AND FOOD RELATED HEALTH ... 2!

2.3FOOD SAFETY AND FOOD RELATED HYGIENE ... 3!

2.4INFORMATION GATHERING CONCERNING FOOD ... 5!

3 AN IMPROVED QUESTIONNAIRE ... 5!

4 STATISTICAL METHODS ... 8!

4.1THE MULTIPLICITY PROBLEM ... 8!

4.2CORRELATIONS ... 8!

4.3CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS ... 11!

5 DATA AND EXPECTED RESULTS ... 15!

5.1DATA ... 15!

5.2EXPECTED RESULTS ... 17!

6 RESULTS ... 19!

6.1SPEARMANʼS RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS ... 19!

6.2 !!-TEST BETWEEN QUESTIONS 2 AND 3 ... 21!

6.4 !!-TESTS BETWEEN QUESTION 3, GENDER AND HOUSEHOLD ... 21!

6.7CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS ... 23!

7 DISCUSSION ... 25!

8 CONCLUSION ... 28!

REFERENCES ... 29!

APPENDIX A – ORIGINAL QUESTIONNAIRE ... 32!

APPENDIX B – IMPROVED QUESTIONNAIRE ... 34!

APPENDIX C – CODING ... 38!

APPENDIX D – PATH DIAGRAM ... 42!

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1 Introduction

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2 Background and literature

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2.2 Food and food related health

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2.3 Food safety and food related hygiene

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2.4 Information gathering concerning food

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3 An improved questionnaire

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(10)

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

(11)

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4 Statistical methods

:&.! )'$(! *1+*,2.! ,;! %&$2! %&.2$2! $2! %,! $(-.2%$4'%.! %&.! +.7'%$,(2&$*2! 8.%6..(! /$;;.+.(%! 01.2%$,(2!$(!%&.!01.2%$,(('$+.9!:&$2!$2!/,(.!85!7,,<$(4!'%!=*.'+)'(>2!+'(<!?,++.7'%$,(! ?,.;;$?$.(%2! '(/! 85! *.+;,+)$(4!!!_{@%.2%2! 8.%6..(! /$;;.+.(%! -'+$'87.29! :&.! 2$4($;$?'(?.!} 7.-.7!12./!$2!A!B9!=,).!,;!%&.!!!_{@%.2%2!'+.!(,%!-'7$/!8.?'12.!),+.!%&'(!CD!B!,;!%&.!?.772!} &'-.! .E*.?%./! ;+.01.(?$.2! 7.22! %&'(! A! FG.68,7/! .%! '793! CDDHI9! J! K,(;$+)'%,+5! L'?%,+! J('752$2!$2!'72,!*.+;,+)./!12$(4!M,75?&,+$?!?,++.7'%$,(29!N(!%&.!;,77,6$(4!2.?%$,(2!8,%&! %5*.2! ,;! ?,++.7'%$,(2! '(/! K,(;$+)'%,+5! L'?%,+! J('752$2! '+.! /.2?+$8./9! =$(?.! 6.! '+.! *.+;,+)$(4!2.-.+'7!2$4($;$?'(?.!%.2%2!%&.!*+,87.)!,;!)17%$*7$?$%5!$2!/$2?122./9!

4.1 The multiplicity problem

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orrelations

(12)

#$%! &'%()*! )#! #+%,('-! ./'+(&+#01! (+#2! *$(('3+%)$#! )1! ,1'4! 5$(! $(4)#+36! 7)#+(86! +#4! #$&)#+3! 4+%+! +#4! %9'! :$38*9$()*! *$(('3+%)$#! 5$(! $(4)#+3! +#4! 7)#+(8! 4+%+! ;<9$)! '%! +3=6! >?@?-!A311$#6!@"B"-!C'D7$34!'%!+3=6!>??BE=!

4.2.1 Spearmanʼs rank correlation coefficient

(13)

$%&'(! )*(! +,-%,./(0! ,-(! 1-2%&,/! )*(3! ,-(! &1)! &1-4,//3! 2%0)-%.5)(2! ,&2! 6(,-01&70! '1--(/,)%1&!'1(88%'%(&)0!1-!)*(!9,:%454!;%<(/%*112!4()*12!18!(0)%4,)%1&!=9;>!',&&1)! .(! 50(2?! (+(&! 01! )*(3! ,-(! ,')5,//3! ,@@/%(2! .3! -(0(,-'*(-0! %&! @-,')%'(A! B! .())(-! C,3! )1! *,&2/(! )*(! 1-2%&,/! +,-%,./(0! %0! )1! 50(! )*(! 61/3'*1-%'! '1--(/,)%1&! ,&2! )*(&! '*110(! ,! @-1@(-!(0)%4,)%1&!4()*12A!=D,&EFG,//(&)%&!()!,/A?!H#"#>!

I1!',/'5/,)(!)*(!61/3'*1-%'!'1--(/,)%1&!%)!%0!,0054(2!)*,)!(,'*!1.0(-+(2!1-2%&,/!+,-%,./(! !_!!*,0!,&!5&2(-/3%&E!'1&)%&5150!+,-%,./(!!_!!_{!)*,)!-,&E(0!8-14!!!!)1!!!!,&2!%0!&1-4,//3!} 2%0)-%.5)(2A!I*(!-(/,)%1&0*%@!.()C((&!!_!!,&2!!_!!_{!',&!.(!0((&!%&!J%E5-(!"!.(/1C!C*(-(!)*(!} '1&&(')%1&!.()C((&!)*(4!%0!4,2(!)*-15E*!)*(!)*-(0*1/20!!_!A!=K*1%!()!,/A?!H#"#>! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_! ! !!!!!!!!_! ! !!!!!!!!!_! ! !!!!!!!!_! ! !!!!!!!!_! ! !! ! "#$%&'!()!*+'!%,-'&./#,$!,0&12../!-#34&#5%4'-!62&#25.'!!_!!_{7!4+'!4+&'3+0.-3!!} !!2,-!4+'! 053'&6'-!62&#25.'!!_!8!

L)! %0! 1&/3! )*(! 1-2%&,/! +,-%,./(0!!!!)*,)! ',&! .(! 1.0(-+(2?!!!!!,-(! 5&1.0(-+,./(A! I*(! '1&&(')%1&!.()C((&!)*(4!%0!!

!_! ! !! ! ! !_!!!! ! !_!! _{! !}

!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !!! =H>!

C*(-(! 1#!,-(! )*(! ',)(E1-%(0! 81-! )*(! 1-2%&,/! +,-%,./(!!!A! I*(! )*-(0*1/20?!!!! ?! ,-(! @,-,4()(-0!C*(-(!

(14)

#$! %&'%('&)*! )+*! ,$'-%+$./%! %$..*'&)/$0! )+*! 1&.2/0&'! 3/4)./5()/$04! &.*! 0**3*36! &0! *7&18'*!9/)+!)+*!)9$!$.3/0&'4!:&./&5'*4!!!!&03!!!!9/)+!!!!&03!!!!%&)*2$./*4!.*48*%)/:*'-! %&0!5*!.*8.*4*0)*3!5-!&!%$0)/02*0%-!)&5'*!&4!5*'$9! !_!!!!"! !_!"!!"! !_!"!!"! !_!!!!"! ! !_!! ! !!"! !_!!!!"!_! ! ! ! !_!!!"!_!_! !_!!!"!_!_! ! !_!!!"!_!_!_! !!

!_!"!!"!!.*8.*4*0)! )+*! 0(15*.! $;! %&4*4! /0! %&)*2$.-! !! &03! "! $0! :&./&5'*! !_!!&03! !_!6! .*48*%)/:*'-<!=-!1&7/1/>/02!)+*!'$2?'/@*'/+$$3!;(0%)/$0!$;!)+*!1(')/0$1/&'!3/4)./5()/$0! )+*!,$'-%+$./%!%$..*'&)/$0!/4!*4)/1&)*3<! !" ! ! !_!"!!"!!"#!!_!"!!"! !! !!! !! !!! ! ABC! 9+*.*!)+*!8.$5&5/'/)-!!_!"!" !/4! !_!"!" ! !" !_! ! !! !_! ! ! ! ! !! !_! !! ! !"!!" !!! !_!!!!!! !_!!!! !_!!!!!! ! ADC!

&03!!_! !! ! !/4! )+*! 4)&03&.3! 5/:&./&)*! 0$.1&'! 3*04/)-! 9/)+! %$..*'&)/$0!!_!"<! E&7/1/>/02! FG(&)/$0!B!9/''!2/:*!!_!"6!)+*!4&18'*!,$'-%+$./%!%$..*'&)/$0<!AH&02?I&''*0)/0!*)!&'<6!JK"KC!

4.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis

(15)

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

(16)

(17)

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;%&1! &6,30,*(15! *%&! .7)&'6&2! 6,'(,73&)! .1&! 74! .1&! *%&! 8.''&3,*(.1)! 7&*$&&1! /,8*.')! ,12! .7)&'6&2! 6,'(,73&)! ,12! *%&!!!_{>6,30&)! ,'&! ./! (1*&'&)*:! O%&! +,*'(-! ./! 8.''&3,*(.1)!} 7&*$&&1!.7)&'6&2!6,'(,73&)!,12!/,8*.')?!!?!()!5(6&1!74!

! ! !_!!! <""B!

(18)

$%&!!!_{'()*+&!,-!.%&!)/0+1.!02!.%&!()3,)14&!02!)1!05-&3(&6!()3,)5*&!.%).!,-!,1!40//01!} 7,.%! ,.-! 4033&-8016,19! 2)4.03:! ;03! )1! 05-&3(&6! ()3,)5*&! .0! 5&! 401-,6&3&6! )! 9006! ,16,4).03!203!.%&!2)4.03<!.%&!!!_{'()*+&!-%0+*6!5&!).!*&)-.!=:#:!>?%)3/)<!"@@AB!!}

5 Data and expected results

5.1 Data

$%&!C+&-.,01-!,1!.%&!C+&-.,011),3&<!&D4&8.!.%&!6&/093)8%,4!C+&-.,01-<!)3&!6,(,6&6!,1.0! .%3&&! )3&)-! 4)**&6! !"#$%!&'!()*"+"&! )16! *+,-./#%*-+0! >;03! .%&! C+&-.,011),3&! +-&6! ,1! .%&! -+3(&E!-&&!F88&16,D!F!G!H3,9,1)*!C+&-.,011),3&B!

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I+&-.,01-! @)! .0! @%! )3&! )50+.! .3+-.! 203! 6,22&3&1.! -0+34&-! 02! ,1203/).,01! *,J&! $R<! 1&7-8)8&3-! )16! 604.03-:! I+&-.,01! "=! )-J-! .0! 7%).! &D.&1.! .%&! 3&-8016&1.-! +-&! .%&! N1.&31&.! .0! 9).%&3! ,1203/).,01! )50+.! 2006! )16! %&)*.%! )16! C+&-.,01! ""! )-J-! .0! 7%).! &D.&1.! .%&! 3&-8016&1.-! 4%)19&! .%&,3! 5&%)(,03! )2.&3! )*)3/-! ,1! .%&! /&6,):! ?,14&! .%&-&! C+&-.,01-! )3&! )**! 3&*).&6! .0! ,1203/).,01! 9).%&3,19! ,1! 6,22&3&1.! 7)E-! 7&! 4)**! .%,-! )3&)! *+,-./#%*-+:!

(19)

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Table 1: Counts and percent by sex, age, and household $%&'%()*! +*,-./,*! 0.1/2! 3*&4*/2! 5*6! 7.8*/! 9*/! :.!%/,;*&! <=<! #>! "?! #=@<!! <<@"! A@#!! BC*! D.1/C*&!E!#>F! G)H*&!EI#>F! :.!%/,;*&! "A?! "JK! =! A?@#!! ?=@=!! >@K!! L.1,*M.)H! N'O'/C!%)./*! N'O'/C!2.C*2M*&! N'O'/C!%-%&2! :.!%/,;*&! "=<! "#<! ">! =! A"@J!! ?A@=!! =@<!! >@K!! 9*&C*H!M.1,*M.)H! N'O'/C!%)./*!.&!%-%&2! N'O'/C!2.C*2M*&! :.!%/,;*&! "A<! "#<! =! AA@P!! ?A@=!! >@K!! ! 5.2 Expected results QM*!-1&-.,*!.R!2M',!,21HS!',!2.!*6%8'/*!'R!2M*&*!',!%/S!%,,.4'%2'./!%8./C!.&!(*2;**/!2M*! O%&'%()*,! (*)./C'/C! 2.! 2M*! 2M&**! %&*%,! "#$%&"T! "'()#*#+! %/H! )*,-./$&)-*@! QM*! 2;.! %&*%,! "#$%&"!%/H!"'()#*#!%&*!(S!&*U1*,2!R&.8!9%&V)'/H*&!%/H!:SH%M)!2M*!2;.!8%'/!2.-'4,!2.!(*! *6%8'/*H!'/!2M',!,21HS!%/H!%&*!2M*&*R.&*!%/%)SW*H!'/!8.&*!H*2%')@!QM*,*!2;.!%&*%,!%&*! *6%8'/*H! (S! )..V'/C! %2! 4.&&*)%2'./,! %/H! -*&R.&8'/C!!!_{X2*,2,! %/H! %))! 2M&**! %&*%,! %&*!} '/4)1H*H! '/! %! 0./R'&8%2.&S! Y%42.&! B/%)S,',@! QM*! 4.&&*)%2'./,! %/H!!!_{X2*,2,! R.&! %))!} ,1(C&.1-,! %&*! -&*H'42*H! 2.! (*! 2M*! ,%8*! %,! R.&! 2M*! 2.2%)! H%2%! ,*2@! QM*! U1*,2'./,! %&*! -&*,*/2*H!'/!Q%()*!<!%/H!B--*/H'6!B!Z!G&'C'/%)!U1*,2'.//%'&*@!

Q.!'/O*,2'C%2*!2M*!&*)%2'./,!;*!,2%&2!(S!)..V'/C!%2!,.8*!4.&&*)%2'./,!(*2;**/!U1*,2'./,! "! 2.! A! &*)%2*H! 2.! "#$%&"! %/H! U1*,2'./,! ?! 2.! P! &*)%2*H! 2.! "'()#*#@! B))! 4.&&*)%2'./,T! '/H*-*/H*/2! .R! 2M*! H*,'C/! .R! 2M*! U1*,2'./,T! %&*! -&*H'42*H! 2.! (*! -.,'2'O*! H1*! 2.! 2M*! 4.H'/C! .R! 2M*! H%2%! ER.&! 4.H'/C! ,**! B--*/H'6! 0! Z! 0.H'/CF@! 7*! M%O*! 4M.,*/! 2.! ,2%2*! 2M*! 4.&&*42!%/,;*&!R.&!U1*,2'./!=T!2M*!4./,18-2'./!.R!R&1'2!%/H!O*C*2%()*,T!%,!(*2;**/!A@?! 2.!?@?!-.&2'./,!-*&!H%S!%/H!/.2!8.&*!,'/4*!2M%2!',!/.2!'/!)'/*!;'2M!2M*!&*4.88*/H%2'./! R&.8!2M*!:%2'./%)!Y..H!BC*/4S!E:%2'./%)!Y..H!BC*/4ST!<>"AF@!

[S! -*&R.&8'/C!!!_{X2*,2,! (*2;**/! U1*,2'./,! <! %/H! =! %/H! U1*,2'./,! <! %/H! A! &*)%2*H! 2.!}

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$%&! '($'! '()*)! $*)! +,*)! *)-.,%&)%'-! '($%! )/.)0')&! $%-1)*2%3! 0,**)0'45! ,%! 6,'(! 78)-'2,%-!2%048&)&!2%!'()!&299)*)%'!')-'-:!!

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

Table 2: The questions used in the survey

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$%%&'()*!+!,!-./0!().12.34!50&!67.()'18!.2&!&*%&9/&(!/7!:&!%78)/);&!.'(!./!6&.8/!873&! 7<!/0&!;.2).:6&8!.2&!&*%&9/&(!/7!:&!177(!)'()9./728!<72!/0&)2!9722&8%7'()'1!<.9/7284!

6 Results

50&!=%&.23.'>8!2.'?!9722&6./)7'8!.'(!!!_{@/&8/8!:&/A&&'!873&!7<!/0&!BC&8/)7'8!"!/7!D!.2&!} %2&8&'/&(!)'!=&9/)7'!E4"!/7!E4E4!50&!2&8C6/8!<273!/0&!F7'<)23./72G!H.9/72!$'.6G8)8!.2&! %2&8&'/&(!)'!=&9/)7'!E4I4!HC66!2&8C6/8!.2&!%2&8&'/&(!)'!5.:6&!J4"!/7!J4KE!)'!$%%&'()*!J!,! L&8C6/84!

6.1 Spearmanʼs Rank Correlation Coefficients

$! <)28/! 8/&%! /7! &;.6C./&! 2&6./)7'80)%8! :&/A&&'! /0&! BC&8/)7'8! )'! /0&! BC&8/)7''.)2&! )8! /7! 677?! ./! /0&! 9722&6./)7'84! 50&! 9722&6./)7'8! .2&! &*.3)'&(! <72! /0&! /7/.6! 8.3%6&! .'(! )'! 8C:127C%8!();)(&(!:G!8&*M!.1&!.'(!/G%&!7<!07C8&076(4!$8!3&'/)7'&(!/0&!3.)'!.)3!7<!/0)8! 8/C(G! )8! /7! &*.3)'&! /0&! 2&6./)7'80)%8! :&/A&&'! /0&! BC&8/)7'8! )'! /0&! .2&.8! !"#$%!! .'(! !&'(")"4!

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

F722&6./)7'8!:&/A&&'!BC&8/)7'8!"!.'(!U!.2&!'7/!8)1')<)9.'/!<72!.'G!127C%!O8&&!5.:6&!J4K! )'!$%%&'()*!J!,!L&8C6/8P!.'(!/0&!9678&8/!7'&!/7!:&!8)1')<)9.'/!)8!<72!%&7%6&!6);)'1!.67'&!72! .%.2/! :C/! )/! )8! '7/! 8/27'1M! Q4"EU4! 50)8! )8! )'()9./)'1! /0./! C'(&28/.'()'1! /0&! 6.:&6)'1! 7'! <77(!%.9?.1)'1!(7&8!'7/!0.;&!.'!&<<&9/!7'!/0&!?'7A6&(1&!/0./!7)6!.'(!6)BC)(!3.21.2)'&!)8! /7!:&!%2&<&22&(!/7!0.2(!<./M!72!/0&!7/0&2!A.G!.27C'(4!

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6.2 !!-test between questions 2 and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

A.%! !! _{D)%5)5! 5.*&! ).')! ).%0%! -5! 5-@(-9-/'()! '55*/-')-*(! 2%)&%%(! <(*&-(@! ).%!} 0%/*,,%(1%1! ',*4()! *9! 904-)! '(1! ?%@%)'2;%5! )*! 2%! %')%(! :%0! 1'>! '(1! ).%! ',*4()! '/)4';;>!%')%(!E! ! !!!!!F7!2*).!9*0!).%!)*)';!5',:;%!'(1!).%!542@0*4:5!':'0)!9*0!,%(! '(1!*;1%0!0%5:*(1%()5!E5%%!A'2;%5!G8H!)*!G8#"!-(!I::%(1-+!G!J!K%54;)5F8!A.%!)%5)5!'0%!(*)! ?';-1! 9*0! ,%(! *0! *;1%0! 0%5:*(1%()5! 5-(/%! ,*0%! ).'(! "L! M! *9! ).%! /%;;5! .'?%! %+:%/)%1! 90%34%(/-%5!;%55!).'(!B8!

6.3 !!-test between questions 2 and 4

N*).!34%5)-*(5!"!'(1!C!'0%!'2*4)!1-%)'0>!0%/*,,%(1')-*(5!90*,!).%!O&%1-5.!P')-*(';! Q**1!I@%(/>8!A.%!:%09*0,%1!!!_{D)%5)!-5!(*)!5-@(-9-/'()!9*0!).%!)*)';!1')'!5%)!E! ! !!!"#F!}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

6.4 !!-tests between question 3, gender and household

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#$%!$%&%$'%()!*+%!,-./%$!01!20.%,!23*+!402!50,'-.6*30,!3'!1%2%$!*+#,!%76%5*%(!#,(! *+%!,-./%$!01!.%,!23*+!402!50,'-.6*30,!3'!4#$8%$!*+#,!%76%5*%(9! :+%,!50.6#$3,8!*+%!$%'60,(%,*'!43&3,8!#40,%!0$!#6#$*!23*+!*+0'%!43&3,8!*08%*+%$!23*+! '0.%0,%!*+%!$%'-4*!3'!,0*!'38,3135#,*!;'%%!<#/4%!=9">!3,!?66%,(37!=!@!A%'-4*'B9!:%!5#,,0*! '#C!*+#*!6%064%!43&3,8!*08%*+%$!%#*!.0$%!1$-3*!#,(!&%8%*#/4%'!*+#,!6%064%!43&3,8!#40,%!0$! #6#$*9!

D-%'*30,!E!3'!#/0-*!31!3*!3'!+#$.1-4!0$!,0*!*0!*#'*%!$#2!.3,5%(!.%#*!#,(!F-%'*30,!G!31!*+%! $%'60,(%,*! (0! *#'*%! 3*! 0$! ,0*9! <+%!!!_{H*%'*! '+02'! '38,3135#,*! #''053#*30,! /%*2%%,! *+%!}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6.7 Confirmatory Factor Analysis

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

7)'04! -64! OP7! +4-6&5! )2! A245! E64'! 42-)+,-)'>! -64! +&541! E4! 5&! '&-! 6,Q4! 2-,'5,*5! 4**&*2I!!RQ,1A42!&*!,!!!_{R-42-9!?,@14!#!@41&E!3*424'-!-64!>&&5'422R&(R()-!)'5)0,-&*2!7DS7D!} ,'5!T/U!(&*!-64!(A11!+&541!,'5!-64!2-,'5,*5)V45!42-)+,-45!1&,5)'>2!,'5!!!_{RQ,1A42!(&*!-64!} )'5)Q)5A,1!)'5)0,-&*29!

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

(27)

Table 3: The standardized loadings, error terms, !!-values, SRMSR, and GFI

$%&'%()*! +*%),-! +./'*0*! 1023&4%,'30! 5&&3&6! !!_! _78978! _:;1!

93<*)! ! ! ! ! ! =>??=! =>@@A!

!_!! =>?#@! ! ! =>BC@! =>=""! ! !

!_!! =>@BC! ! ! =>?BD! =>@=D! ! !

!!! =>DEB! ! ! =>ECC! =>A"A! ! !

!_!! =>"@E! ! ! =>B?@! =>=@"! ! !

!_!! ! =>ACD! ! =>@DB! =>?#?! ! !

!_!! ! =>DA@! ! =>C?=! =>"B=! ! !

!_!! ! F=>=@B! ! =>BB"! =>==@! ! !

!_!! ! =>?CA! ! =>BC=! =>=A=! ! !

!!!! ! ! =>E??! =>E"E! =>AC#! ! !

!_!!! ! ! =>EB#! =>D?B! =>#@?! ! !

!_!!! ! ! =>EEB! =>DD"! =>##@! ! !

!_!!! ! ! =>DCA! =>EC"! =>A"@! ! !

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{FL%)H*6!%&*!-'/-*&!,-%0!=>D>!M-*!'0<'I%,3&!,-%,!-%6!} ,-*! 436,! '4K%I,! 30! ,-*! (<=*$0$! 2%I,3&! '6! OH*6,'30! E! R',-! "B>=! S! 32! ',6! L%&'%0I*! '0! I34430! R',-! ,-*! 2%I,3&>! T*! I%0! 6%.! ,-%,! '2! ,-*! &*6K30<*0,6! <3! 03,! ,%6,*! &%R! 4'0I*<! 4*%,!R-*0!I33U'0/!,-*.!R'))!/*,!%!-'/-*&!&%,'0/!30!,-*!(<=*$0$!2%I,3&>!

M-*!)%6,!2%I,3&N!*02".+,#*"0N!-%6!K36','L*!%0<!&*)%,'L*).!6,&30/!)3%<'0/6!23&!%))!3(6*&L*<! L%&'%()*6! %0<! 6*L*&%)!!!_{FL%)H*6! )%&/*&! ,-%0! =>A>! M-*! OH*6,'306! %(3H,! ,&H6,! '0! <'22*&*0,!} '023&4%,'30!63H&I*6N!OH*6,'306!B%!,3!B-N!%&*!,-*!30*6!R',-!,-*!-'/-*6,!!!_{FL%)H*6N!&%0/'0/!} (*,R**0! =>"#"! %0<! =>DC@N! %0<! R*! I%0! 6%.! ,-%,! ,&H6,'0/! 43&*! '0! <'22*&*0,! '023&4%,'30! 63H&I*6!/'L*!-'/-*&!6I3&*6!30!,-*!*02".+,#*"0!2%I,3&>!

(28)

!"#$%&'(!$"$!%&&'!()&*+,'%,!-)'!-./0&)1!2,+-/,'!/&!34%0,),!*0++!5,!&51,26,'!/&%,/3,2! *0/3! 30%3,2! 1.&2,1! &)! /3,! 78,1/0&)1! 2,+-/,'! /&! /3,! !"#$%&'(!$"! 9-./&2:! ;3,! 1-<,! 0)/,2=2,/-/0&)!.-)!5,!<-',!9&2!/3,!)*'+()!-)'!),-!*"*!9-./&21!58/!*0/3!-!1<-++,2!0<=-./:! ;3,!.&22,+-/0&)!5,/*,,)!)*'+()!-)'!!"#$%&'(!$"!01!+&*>!/3,!1.&2,!&)!/3,!)*'+()!9-./&2!3-1! +0//+,!0)!.&<<&)!*0/3!/3,!1.&2,!&)!/3,!!"#$%&'(!$"!9-./&2:!

Table 4: Correlations among the factors

! ?,-+/3! ?4%0,),! @)9&2<-/0&)!

?,-+/3! A:BBB! ! !

?4%0,),! B:C"C! A:BBB! !

@)9&2<-/0&)! B:BCD! B:#AE! A:BBB!

;&!18<!8=!*,!3-6,!-!<&',+!/3-/!<&',2-/,+4!90/1!/3,!'-/-!-)'!/3-/!<-)4!0)'0.-/&21!3-6,! -/!+,-1/!1&<,!0<=-./!&)!/3,!9-./&21:!F&<,!,G.,=/0&)1!-2,!78,1/0&)1!A$!H$!E!-)'!I!/3-/!&)+4! 3-6,!":"$!I:"$!B:I!-)'!C:B!J!&9!/3,02!6-20-).,1!0)!.&<<&)!*0/3!/3,02!2,1=,./06,!9-./&21! K1,,!;-5+,!CL:!

7 Discussion

M8.3! &9! /3,! 2,18+/1! -2,! -1! =2,'0./,'$! /3,! .&22,+-/0&)! 5,/*,,)! 78,1/0&)! "! -)'! C$! /3,! 2,.&<<,)'-/0&)!2,1=,./06,+4!/3,!.&)18<=/0&)!&9!9280/!-)'!6,%,/-5+,1$!-)'!/3,!!!_N/,1/! 5,/*,,)!78,1/0&)!C!-)'!%,)',2!-2,!=&10/06,+4!10%)090.-)/$!58/!1&<,!2,18+/1!-2,!)&/!-1!*,! -118<,'!/3,4!*&8+'!5,:!;3,2,!-2,!185%2&8=1!*0/3!0)10%)090.-)/!.&22,+-/0&)1!*3,2,!/3,4! *,2,!=2,'0./,'!/&!5,!=&10/06,!-)'!1&<,!!!_{N/,1/1!-2,!)&/!10%)090.-)/!*3,2,!*,!,G=,./,'!} /3,<!/&!5,:!;301!<0%3/!O81/!5,!'8,!/&!-!1<-++!1-<=+,!10P,!0)!1&<,!&9!/3,!185%2&8=1!/,1/,'! &2! 5,.-81,! &9! /3,! ,G/,)/! &9! /3,! 0)/,2)-+! +&11! -/! 1&<,! 78,1/0&)1$! 9&2! ,G-<=+,! D:#! J! 0)! 78,1/0&)!I!-)'!"":A!J!0)!78,1/0&)!H!K1,,!;-5+,!Q:A!0)!R==,)'0G!Q!S!T,18+/1L:!U,!-+1&! 3-6,!/&!(,,=!0)!<0)'!/3-/!/3,!1-<=+,!01!)&)N2-)'&<:!

(29)

(30)

$%&!'()*!+,'-.!/01%!2!30+(04052(1!,&3-)1!4',!1%&!!!_{61&31!7&1/&&(!8-&310'(3!"!2(9!:;!1%&!}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

$'!3&&!04!1%&!32<&!,&3-)1!23!/23!4'-(9!0(!C05@)&11!2(9!D29&))!E"FGHI!52(!7&!4'-(9!0(!1%03! 31-9*;! 1%21! /'<&(! &21! <',&! 4,-01! 2(9! =&+&127)&3! 1%2(! <&(! 2(9! 1%21! .&'.)&! )0=0(+! 1'+&1%&,!&21!<',&!1%2(!.&'.)&!)0=0(+!2)'(&;!/&!)''@!21!1%&!!!_{61&31!7&1/&&(!8-&310'(!H!}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

$%&!!!_{61&31!4',!8-&310'(3!O!2(9!P;!27'-1!,2/!<0(5&9!<&21;!3%'/!1%21!<',&!,&3.'(9&(13!} 1%2(!&R.&51&9!2(3/&,&9!5',,&51!'(!7'1%!8-&310'(3!7-1!2)3'!1%21!<',&!,&3.'(9&(13!1%2(! &R.&51&9! 2(3/&,&9! 0(5',,&51! '(! 7'1%! 8-&310'(>! $%21! .&'.)&! 2,&! ('1! 2/2,&! '4! 1%&! ,03@! /01%! 12310(+! ,2/! <0(5&9! <&21! 03! 0(! )0(&! /01%! 1%21! 01! /23! ('1! .'3307)&! 1'! 9&1&51! 1%&! %2,<4-)!7251&,02!()*"+,#0(!U/&9&(!/%&(!1%&!,&3.'(9&(13!/&,&!*'-(+&,!2(9!<',&!'.&(! 1'!0(4',<210'(!5'(5&,(0(+!4''9!%2(9)0(+>!

(31)

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

8 Conclusion

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

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

Appendix B – Improved questionnaire

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(38)

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(39)

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(41)

Appendix C – Coding

$%&&'(')*! +,-%).! %/! 0/'-! &,(! *1'! -%&&'(')*! *23'/! ,&! 4)452/'/6! +,(('54*%,)/6!!!_{7*'/*/! 4)-!} 8,)&%(94*,(2! :4+*,(! ;)452/%/<! =1'! +,-%).! %/! -%&&'(')*! >'+40/'! *1'! 4)452/'/! 14?'! -%&&'(')*! 30(3,/'/! 4)-! 4//093*%,)/<! :,(! /,9'! @0'/*%,)/! 4)-! *'/*/! *1'! 30(3,/'! %/! *,! '?4504*'!*1'!!"##$!%!4)/A'(!4.4%)/*!*1'!&'!"##$!%!4)/A'(!4)-!/,9'*%9'/!455!4)/A'(/!4('! ,&! %)*'('/*<! =1'!!!_{7*'/*/! 4('! ),*! ?45%-! %&! *1'! 'B3'+*'-! &('@0')+%'/! 4('! 5,A'(! *14)! C! %)!}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

Coding

Question 1: Do you understand the labeling on food packaging?

8,(('54*%,)/! !!_7*'/*! _{8,)&%(94*,(2!:4+*,(!;)452/%/!} !"#$%&!!"#!$% ! !! !"#$% ! !! !"#$%&#$' ! !! !"#$%& ! !! !"#"$ ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !"#!!"#$%&'&! =1'!@0'/*%,)!%/!),*! %)+50-'-!%)!*1'!!!_7*'/*/! !"#$%&!!"#!$% ! !! !"#$% ! !! !"#$%&#$' ! !! !"#$%& ! !! !"#"$ ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !"#!!"#$%&'&!

Question 2: How many portions of fruit and vegetables are recommended to eat each day?

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Question 3: How many portions of fruit and vegetables do you eat daily? 8,(('54*%,)/! !!_7*'/*! _{8,)&%(94*,(2!:4+*,(!;)452/%/!}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

Question 4: Which one of the following products is included in one of the dietary advises from The National Food Agency?

8,(('54*%,)/! !!_7*'/*! _{8,)&%(94*,(2!:4+*,(!;)452/%/!} !"##$$ ! !! !"#$ ! !! !"#!!"#$"%!!"#$"#%&' ! !! !"#$%&' ! !! !"#$" ! !! !"##$$ ! !! !"#$ ! !! !"#!!"#$"%!!"#$"#%&' ! !! !"#$%&' ! !! !"#$" ! !! !"##$$ ! !! !"#$ ! !! !"#!!"#$"%!!"#$"#%&' ! !! !"#$%&' ! !! !"#$" ! !!

Question 5: Is it harmful for your health to taste raw minced meat?

8,(('54*%,)/! !!_7*'/*! _{8,)&%(94*,(2!:4+*,(!;)452/%/!} !"# ! !! !" ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !! !"# ! !! !" ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !! !"# ! !! !" ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !!

Question 6: Do you taste raw minced meat?

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Question 7: Do you know the temperature in your refrigerator? 8,(('54*%,)/! !!_7*'/*! _{8,)&%(94*,(2!:4+*,(!;)452/%/!} !"# ! !! !" ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !! !"# ! !! !" ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !! !"# ! !! !" ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !!

Question 8: It should be…

8,(('54*%,)/! !!_7*'/*! _{8,)&%(94*,(2!:4+*,(!;)452/%/!} =1'!*'93'(4*0('!('3,(*'-!%)! %/!0/'-!4/!%*!%/<!N&!4! ('/3,)-')*!14/!('3,(*'-!4! /34)!,&!*'93'(4*0('/6!&,(! 'B4935'!E7#!Q86!*1'!4?'(4.'! %/!+45+054*'-!4)-!0/'-!%)!*1'! 4)452/%/<!-"('"%(*'"+!%/!),*! %)+50-'-<! !!!"!!!!" ! !! !"#$%!!"#$"%&!'%" ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !! !!!"!!!!" ! !! !"#$%!!"#$"%&!'%" ! !! !"!!"#!!"#$ ! !!

Question 9a to 9h: How much do you trust the following sources of information concerning food and health? G=R6!H'A/343'(/6!N)*'()'*6!$,+*,(/6!$%'*%+%4)6!:,,-!

%)-0/*(26!;.')+%'/6!S(,+'(2!/*,('J! 8,(('54*%,)/! !!_7*'/*! _{8,)&%(94*,(2!:4+*,(!;)452/%/!} =1'! @0'/*%,)! %/! ),*! %)+50-'-! %)!*1'!+,(('54*%,)/! =1'!@0'/*%,)!%/!),*!%)+50-'-! %)!*1'!!!_7*'/*/! !!!"##!$!!!! ! !! !!! ! !! !!! ! !! !!! ! !! !"#$!!!! ! !!

(44)

Question 11: Do you change your behavior concerning food and handling of food, after alarms in media?

8,(('54*%,)/! !!_7*'/*! _{8,)&%(94*,(2!:4+*,(!;)452/%/!} =1'! @0'/*%,)! %/! ),*! %)+50-'-! %)!*1'!+,(('54*%,)/! =1'!@0'/*%,)!%/!),*!%)+50-'-! %)!*1'!!!_7*'/*/! !"#$%& ! !! !"#$% ! !! !"#$%&#$' ! !! !"#$%& ! !! !"#"$ ! !!

Question 12: My age is…

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! !_!! !! ! !_!! !! ! !!! !! ! !!! !! ! !_!! !! ! !_!! !! ! !!! !! ! !_!! !! ! !_!! !! ! !_!"! !! ! !_!!! !! ! !_!"! !! ! !_!"! !! ! !_!"! !! ! !_!"! !! ! !_!"! !! ! !_!"! !! ! !_!"! !! ! $#! $%! $"! $&! $'! $(! $)! $*! $+,! $+-! $+.! $+/! $+0! $+1! $+2! $+3! $&4! $&&! 50,673! !_!! 58290:0!! !_!! ! ;:1<=>,79<:! !_!! !_!!! _!

Appendix D – Path diagram

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!

Appendix E – Results

Table E.1: Intern loss

! $%&'(%)*!*+,,!

-.',&/+%! 0+.%&! 1'(2'%&!

3! 4! 567!8! 4! #! 569!8! #! 35! #64!8! "! :5! 4463!8! ;! 4! 567!8! 7! 5! 565!8! :! 35! #64!8! <! #5! 96;!8! 9)! 37! ;65!8! 9=! 3<! ;6:!8! 92! 74! 3967!8! 9>! 9! 46<!8! 9'! 3:! ;6"!8! 9?! 3"! "6"!8! 9@! 3;! "6:!8! 9A! 9! 46<!8! 35! <! 46;!8! 33! ;! 367!8! 34! #! 569!8! 3#! 3;! "6:!8! 3"! #! 569!8! !

Table E.2: Number and proportion of women and men eating 4.5 portions or more of fruit and vegetables per day

-.',&/+%! B(+.C! 0+.%&! 1'(2'%&!

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!

Spearmanʼs rank correlation coefficients

!

Table E.3: Correlations between questions 1 and 2, 1 and 4

! -.',&/+%!3!)%>!4! ! -.',&/+%!3!)%>!"!

B(+.C! ! 0+(('*)&/+%! 1GH)*.'! ! 0+(('*)&/+%! 1GH)*.'!

I+&)*! 56353! 56595! ! 5635#! 56339!

D+E'%! !"#$%& !"!#'& ! 56353! 563<7!

F'%! G564#4! 565<#! ! 56557! 5697:!

J*+%'!+(!)C)(&! !"(%)& !"!!*& ! 5637"! 5659;!

I+@'&A'(! G565##! 56795! ! 565;"! 56;"9!

K+.%@! 5639:! 56547! ! 565;9! 56;#3!

L*>! 56543! 56:9;! ! 563"<! 56334!

! !

! -.',&/+%!4!)%>!#! ! -.',&/+%!4!)%>!"!

B(+.C! 0+(('*)&/+%! 1GH)*.'! ! 0+(('*)&/+%! 1GH)*.'!

I+&)*! !"*$'& !"!!!& & !"#$+& !"!#(&

D+E'%! !"*,*& !"!!!& & 565<5! 564<7!

F'%! 5639<! 563#7! ! 56335! 56";9!

J*+%'!+(!)C)(&! !"*,$& !"!!!& & !"(%)& !"!!'&

I+@'&A'(! !"*$'& !"!!!& & 565:9! 56#:7!

K+.%@! !"*+%& !"!!!& & 5634"! 563<<!

L*>! !"*,*& !"!!!& & !"((*& !"!#+&

!

! -.',&/+%!;!)%>!7! ! -.',&/+%!:!)%>!<!

B(+.C! 0+(('*)&/+%! 1GH)*.'! ! 0+(('*)&/+%! 1GH)*.'!

I+&)*! !"#$(& !"!!+& & G56599! 5633:!

D+E'%! !"#%%& !"!#)& & -!"#)*& !"!!)&

F'%! 56473! 565#5! ! 564##! 565<"!

J*+%'!+(!)C)(&! 565"9! 56;7:! ! G563:"! 565:4!

I+@'&A'(! !"(%$& !"!!#& & G5654"! 56::;!

K+.%@! !"(#%& !"!!)& & G56534! 56<99!

L*>! 5633;! 563#9! ! -!"(!+& !"!#,&

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!

Cross tabulation and !!-tests for question 2 and 3

Table E.6: Total sample, question 2 and 3

! -.',&/+%!#!