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Large eddy simulation of particulate turbulent channel flows

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(20) ÄPò`ó á6âmô`àõöß]â. $*÷,øýù`&ûþ&. ó àá. ü. Œ JvI FD c _ \ I M b _ D N P R Y S n\ DQP I ­ M w f. ² J P [EI_ N I a I`J P(P [I a R a u P [I a Rnc _ \ I a‹PP w M p _[ DWa I P SEN.:S \ IKJ P­ M w§w [ R Y'[—Y D J : I a‘P S x p R IZx M J D@a M \ R x : DOa R a uBR f I f _ D N P R Y S \nDQP I P SN:S \ I`J P­ M w uBR a Y'[ M a IKJ b MWN P [I a S:¡ IKY PZfX [I _ D N P R Y S \nDQP I ­ M w R aD x R a _BI N a IZx ­ M w w [ R Y'[UY M J a R a‘P M b4D-­ SER x DWaP [I Y M J P R J SMWS a _[ DOa I D JEx a M \ R x _ D N P R Y \ I a+DWaP [Ikx R a _I N a IKxÃ_[ DWa I u DOaa [ M w J R J C R e f r f T f o P S x ; M b _ D N P R Y p S \ŠDGP I P SN:S \ I`J P›­ M w a Y D J DW\na M : I D e M<M x a‘P'D N P R Je _ MWR J Pmb MWNmS JEx$I N a‹PD JEx R Je M b€P [I c IKY'[ D J R a c a M b cMWN IeOI`JI N DW\ ctS \”P R _[ DOa I P SEN.:S \ IKJ P€­ M w a`f Õ R É@Y S \”P ;@R J S JEx$I N a‹PD JEx R Je M b _ D N P R Y S \ŠDGP I P SEN.:S \ IKJ P€­ M w a D N.R a I a x S I P M Y MWc _ \ R p Y DQP IKx cM P RnM J M bP [I@_ D N P R Y \ I a \ R JiOIKx P M P [I S JEx$I N \ ;qR Je RnN.N I`e S \ŠD NR P ; M b Y D NNR I N ­ M w P SN:S \ I`JY‡I =f n JEII F Y‡I`_ P RnM J R a P [I-Y DOa I w [I`J P [EI _ D N P R Y \ I a [ DŽ I R J ® J R P I \ ; \nD N eOI R JI N p P R D Y MWc _ D N IZx P M P [I ­ SR x D JEx¾x M J M P R J P I N D Y P w R P [ P [IkY D NN.R I N ­ SR x f›² J P [ DGP Y DOa I _ D N P R Y \ I a Y D J : I P N I DGP IZx a Rnc›R \ŠD N \ ; P M P [I P [I MON.; b MON e DWa cM \ IKY S \ I a u a IKI o S JEx D N D c  ¤ M \n\ R J a ¯ r ŸOŸqž ± f(² J cM a‹P Y DOa I a w [ R Y'[ D N I M b R J P I N I a‹P u [ M w I Ž I NKu _ D N P R Y \ I a x M J M P [ DŽ I R J ® J R P I \ ; \ŠD N eWI R JI N P R DvD JEx¾x MvR J P I N D Y P w R P [ P [I@Y D NN.R I N ­ SR x f@X [I N I b MWN I u a R”cR \nD N \ ; P M P [I D __ N.M D Y'[ b MWN a R Je \ I0_E[ DWa I P SN.:ES \ IKJ P­ M w u a‹PDGP R a‹P R Y DW\ c I P [ M x aD N I P Mm: I N I \ R IZx MJf X [I N I D N I c D R J \ ; P w M x R¼• I N I`J P w D ; a P M x$I DQ\ w R P [ P [I : IK[ DŽ R”MON^M b _ D N P R Y S \ŠDGP I P SEN p :S \ I`J P0­ M w a ˜ ~ S \ I N.R D J p ~ S \ I N.R D J D __ NM D Y'[ D JEx ~ S \ I NR D J p L D e N D Je R D J D __ NM D Y'[ f(X [I ~ S \ I NR D J p ~ S \ I NR D J D __ N.M D Y'[ R a M b P I`J N I b I NN IZx P M DWa&P w M p ­ SR x c›M x$I \$D __ NM D Y'[ : IZY D S a I P [I›_ D N P R Y \ I-_E[ DWa I R aDW\na M P N I DGP IZx DWaD Y M J P R J SESc f² J P [I ~ S \ I NR D J p L D e N D Je R D J D _ p _ NM D Y'[ u P N D ¡ IKY P MWNR I a M b R JEx R Ž R x S DQ\ _ D N P R Y \ I aD N ImY MWc _ S P IKx D YKY MWN x R Je P M P [EIm_ D N P R Y \ I IK³ S DQP RnM J M b cM P RnM J R J P [EImL D e N D Je R D J b N D c I u w [ R Y'[ w R \n\ : I R J P NM x S Y‡IZx R J ¤ [ D _ P I N ™ f§X [I ~ S \ I NR D J p L D e N D Je R D J D __ NM D Y'[ R a M b P IKJ a Rnc _ \ ;ÔN I b I N.N IKx P M DWa L D e N D JEe R D J _ D N P R Y \ I P N D Y'i R Je¯°L £X ± f<²–P R a M b Y MWSN a I_ M aa Rn: \ I P M Y M J a R x$I N L D e N D JEe R D J p L D e N D Je R D J D __ N.M D Y'[ f4j M w I Ž I NKu L D e N D Je R D J D _E_ N.M D Y'[ b MWN P [I ­ SR x ¯„I f e fhd M a [ ûR êKS i D I PDQ\“f u r ŸOŸ š u r ŸOŸ ºO± R a M J \ ;UM J I D N \ ; a‘P'D eOI M b x$I Ž I \ M _ c I`J PD Jx R a J M P N I DQ\ R a‘P R Y P M—: I S a IKx b MWN P [I Y MOc _ S PDQP RnM J M b/P SN:S \ I`J P€­ M w aKf X [I a Rnc _ \ I a‘P _ D N P R Y S \nDQP I P SN:S \ I`J P ­ M w R a D [ MOc›M eWIKJI MOS ahP SN.:ES \ IKJEY‡I R J Ž M \nŽ R JEe D_ N P R Y \ I aKf o [ R [  L Sc \ I ; ¯ r Ÿ º Á ± N IK_ MON P IKx M J a IZY M JEx p MWN x$I N Y \ M a SEN I cM x$I \ R Je M b _ D N P R Y \ IÃx R a _I N a R”M J R J D x$IZY D ;<R JEeÇ[ MWcM eOI`JI MWS akP SN:S \ I`JEY`I f X [EI a R”cmS \nDQP RnM J w DWa b MWS Jx P M: I R J›e M<M x D e N I`I c IKJ P w R P [ P [II F _BI NR”c I`J P'DQ\ x DGP'D :<%; ÿ I \n\n{a  o P M Y'i@¯ r Ÿ ºW™q± f.

(21) ÄPò`ó á6âmô`àõöß]â ó àá L D e N D Je R D J@_ D N P R Y \ I P N D Y'i R JeY MWS _ \ IZx w R P [vÕ o o ¯gL £X p Õ o o± M b cM P RnM J M b _ D N P R Y \ I a R J D x$IKY D ;<R Je[ MWcM eWI`JEI MWS a0P SN.:ES \ IKJEY‡I w DWa _BI N b MWNc IZx :<; ~ \ eO[ MW: DOa [ R  X NS I a x$I \”\ ¯ r ŸWŸ T ± D JEx P [I Rnc _ MWN PD J P ³ S D J P R P R I aa S Y'[ DOa L D e N D Je R D J Ž I \ M Y R P ; D S P M p Y MWNN I \ŠDGP RnM J a D JExvx R”• S a R Ž R P ;M b/P [I _ D N P R Y \ I a w I N I a‹P S x R IZx f o [I D N ­ M w aD JEx ¡ I P0­ M w aD N I P [ItJI F<Pa Rnc _ \ I a‹P Y DOa I a : IZY D S a I a M \ R x :MOS JEx D N.R I a JI`IZx¿J M PkP MÇ: I P'D iWIKJ R J P M D Y`Y MOS J PKf o RncM J R J§I P—DW\gf ¯ r ŸOŸ šW± x$I Ž I \ M _BIKx D

(22) a IKY M JEx p MWN x$I N Y \ M a SN I M bP [I P w M p ­ SER x cM x$I \Eb MWN _ D N P R Y S \ŠDGP I P SEN.:S \ IKJ P a [I D N ­ M w a`f7X [I P R”c I I Ž M \ S P RnM J M b/P [I ŽGD NR”MOS a Y MON.N I \ŠDGP R”M J a w DWab MOS JEx P M: I R Jve M<M x D e N IKI c I`J P w R P [ P [I RnN x DGP'D Y MWc _ S P IKx S a R JevL D e N D Je R D Jv_ D N P R Y \ I P N D Y'i R Je—Y MOS _ \ IKx w R P [#L ~ o ¯°L £X p L ~ o± f Œ P SN:S \ I`J P _ D N P R Y S \nDQP I ¡ I P7­ M wÔw DWa7a R”cmS \nDQP IZx :<; ¤ [I`J  ÿ¾M<M xU¯ r Ÿ ºqšW± S a R Je D0P w M p ­ SR 3 x ëì í cM x$I \gf ~ • IZY P M b/P [I _ D N P R Y \ I a IR ê I D Jx—_ D N P R Y \ I \ M D x R JEe M J P [I-x R a _BI N a R”M J w DOaa‹P S x R IZx :<; Y MOc _ D NR Je P [I a RnctS \nDQP RnM J—x DQPD w R P [ DŽGD R \nD : \ I0I F _BI NR”c I`J P'DQ\ x DGP'D :<; I f e |f v M e S a.\nD w a i R  £ M _ R I \ ¯ r ŸqžQŸ ± /u ÿ DQ\n\ I PDQ\“f ¯ r Ÿ º T ± D JEx ½ M xI NN I a.a I PDW\gf ¯ r Ÿ º s ± f C MON P [Ik_ N D Y P R Y DW\(D __ \ R Y DGP R”M J a u a S Y'[ DOa _ N IKx R Y P R”M J a M b : IK[ DŽ R”MON a M b _ D N P R Y S \ŠDGP I ­ M w a@D __I D NR JEe R J R JEx S a‘P N.R DQ\a ; a‘P I c a u€R P R a JEIKY‡I a.aD N; P MÔS JEx$I N a‹PD JEx P [EI cM P RnM J M b _ D N P R Y \ I a R JÇeWI MWc I P N.R I a w R P [ NR e R x w DQ\n\na u^R f I f w DQ\n\ p :MOS JEx$IZx ­ M w a`f@X [I a Rnc _ \ I a‘P I FD c _ \ I a w R P [ a S Y'[3eWI MOc I P NR I atD N I a‘P N D R eO[ P _ R _I a MON Y'[ D JJI \na :BMWS JExIKx w R P [ P w M _ D N DQ\n\ I \ w DW\”\ŠaKf ~ F _BI NR”c IKJ P'DQ\ w MWN i M J#_ D N P R Y S \ŠDGP I P SN.:ES \ IKJ P­ M w a R J a S Y'[¾_ R _I a MWN Y'[ D JEJI \Ša [ DWa : IKI`JÃY D NN.R IKx MOS P :<;vc D J ;vN I a I D N Y'[I N a`f L DWa I N Õ M __I N D JI cMOc I P N;R a P [I cM a‹P _ M _ S \ŠD N P IZY'[J R ³ S I P M#MO: a I N Ž I P [I c›M P RnM J M b _ D N P R Y \ I a›D JEx w DOa S a IZx :<; I f e f  R a.a I \ c D N ½ M \ I \ S a ¯ r ŸqžGŸ ± u ½ D IZx D I P+DW\gf ¯ r Ÿ º V ± u L&I`I  Õ SN a‹P ¯ r Ÿ ºErZ± u X€a SG¡‘R I P-DQ\“f ¯ r Ÿ º s ± u d S \ R Y'ivI P-DQ\“f ¯ r ŸWŸ s ± D JEx d DGb P MWNR I P DW\gf ¯ r ŸOŸ šO± f Œ [ R eW[ p a _IKIKx Ž R x$I M a ; a‹P I c w DWa S a IZx :q; I f e f>]0DOa [ R x R I PvDQ\“f ¯ r ŸOŸ V ± D JEx o0R J  M Â»+D N Y R D ¯ r ŸWŸ Á ± f*²–P w DOa MW: a I N Ž IKx R J P [I@I F _BI NRnc IKJ Pa+P [ DGPmP [I—Y D NN.R I N ­ SR x P SN:S \ I`JEY`I D N I a S __ N I aa IZx :<; a S a _BI`J a R”M J M b a c DQ\n\ _ D N P R Y \ I aD JEx I`J[ D JEY‡IZx :<; \nD N eOI-_ D N P R Y \ I a`f+j I Pa N.M J R ¯ r Ÿ º Ÿ ± D JEx » MWN I  ¤ NM w Iï r Ÿ º Ÿ ± a Scc D NIR ê IKx P [Ivx DGP'D"b NMWc P [I DŽGD R \nD : \ II F _BI NR”c I`J P'a u D JEx@_ N.M _ M a IZxkY NR P I NR D : I P w IKI`J P [IIKJ[ D JY‡I c IKJ PD JEx P [I a S _E_ N I a.a RnM J M bP SN:S \ I`JEY`I u w [ R Y'[ w I N I \ŠDGP I N ŽGDQ\ R x DGP IKx P [EI MWN I P R Y DQ\n\ ;3:<; ‘ S D J  ½ R Y'[ D I \ R xI a ¯ r ŸWŸ T ± f9²–P w DWa DQ\Ša M b MOS JEx

(23) ¯ C I aa‹\ I N I PDQ\“f u r ŸWŸ s ± P [ DQP€P [I-_ D N P R Y \ I a w R P [ ® J R P I u a c DW\”\ R JI N P R DmP IKJEx P M Y M JEY‡IKJ P N DQP I R J P [I N IKe RnM J a w R P [ \ M w a [I D NR J P [I a‘P N I D i ; P SN:S \ I`J Pta‹P NS Y P SN ImJI D N P [I w DQ\n\“f X [I MON I P R Y DW\a‘P S x R I a(D :MOS PhP [I a I w DW\”\ p :BMWS JEx$IKxm_ D N P R Y S \nDQP I ­ M w a S a R Je J Sc I NR Y DQ\ a RnctS \nDQP RnM J a [ DŽ I DQ\Ša M0: I`IKJ N I`_ MWN P IZx f/X [I c D R J N I a I D N Y'[ R J P I N I a‹P c D ;+: I rZ± P M Y \nD N.R b ; P [Im_[IKJ MWc I`J D M b x$IK_ M a R P RnM J D JExvI`J P N D R J c I`J P M b _ D N P R Y \ I a JI D N P [I w DW\”\/D JEx T ± P M _ NM Ž R x$I a‹PDGP R a‹P R Y DW\ cMWc I`J Pa M b _ D N P R Y \ I aKf L £X a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J R a M b P IKJ S a IZx b MWN P [EI_ N IZx R Y P RnM J M b x$IK_ M a R P RnM J M b/a c DQ\n\ _ D N P R Y \ I a R J D w DW\”\ p :BMWS JEx$IKx P SN:S \ I`J P+­ M w f n S J R a I P DW\gf ¯ r ŸOŸ r± N I`_ MWN P IKx M J P [Ikx R a _BI N a R”M J D JEx P [I›x$I`_ M a R P R”M J M b(Ž I N; a c DQ\n\ _ D N P R Y \ I a S a R JEe—L £X p Õ o o f X [I v NM w J R D J cM P RnM J x S I P MR J P I N D Y P R”M J : I P w IKI`Jt_ D N P R Y \ I a&D JEx ­ SER x c›M \ IZY S \ I a w DWa&DW\na M P'D iWIKJ R J P M D Y`Y MOS J PKf X [I-IKJ P N D R J c IKJ P _ N.M Y‡I a.a w DOa€a‘P S x R IKx :<; o M \¼P'D J R  Œ [ c D x R ¯ r ŸOŸ šW± S a R Je P [I a.D c I c I P [ M x M \ M e ; f ՁIK_ M a R P RnM J R J D _ R _BI ­ M w w DWaa RnctS \ŠDGP IKx :<;@ÿ R ¡ P.P I w DWDW\8rn\ R I c D J a.

(24)  ÄPò`ó á6âmô`àõöß]â ó àá ¯ r ŸWŸ Á ± f ÿ D Je  o ³ SRnN I a ¯ r ŸWŸ ÁWD ± S a IKxÃL £X p L ~ o P M a‘P S x ; _ D N P R Y \ Ix$I`_ M a R P RnM J R J D Y'[ D JEJI \“f L R  Œ [ c D x R ¯ r ŸWŸ ™O± a‘P S x R IKx P [Itx$IK_ M a R P RnM J N DGP I M b _ D N P R Y \ I a R J D Y'[ D JEJI \ S a R Je D ³ S DWa R p P SN:S \ I`J P›­ SR x Ž I \ M Y R P ;#® I \ xÈ_ NM _ M a IKx :q; d N D R Y'[J D J9¯ r Ÿqž V ± DOamP [I : D Y'i<e N.MOS JEx P SN:S \ I`JEY`I f(X [I aD c I c I P [ M x M \ M e ; w DWa€DW\na M D __ \ R IKx P M P [I _ N IKx R Y P R”M J M b x$I`_ M a R P R”M J N DGP I R J D Y MWc _ \ I F eWI MOc I P N; ¯°L Rgu I P—DW\gf u r ŸWŸ ™q± f¿C MWN P [I Y DOa I a w R P [ Ž I N.; a c DQ\n\ _ D N P R Y \ I a u P [EI a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J a c I`J P RnM JEIKx D :BM Ž IY MWS \ x#_ N IKx R Y P P [I a‘P'DGP R a‹P R Y a a S Y'[ DOa x$IK_ M a R P RnM J Ž I \ M Y R P ;3R J e MqM x D YKY SN D Y ; DWa Y MWc _ D N IZx P M P [IÃY MWNN I a _ M Jx R JEe I F _BI NR”c I`J P'DQ\ x DGP'D ¯„I f e f L RnS  Œ e D N w DQ\ u r Ÿ<ž s ± D JEx"I c _ R”NR Y DQ\ N I \ŠDGP RnM JÔ¯°I f e f ÿ#M<M x u r Ÿ ºrZ± f L £X>a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J ab MWNN I \nDQP R Ž I \ ; \nD N eOI-_ D N P R Y \ I a R J w DQ\n\ p :MOS JEx$IZx P SEN.:S \ IKJ P­ M w a [ DŽ I DW\na Mv: IKI`J N I`_ MWN P IKx f—£ IKx R J M P‹P R I PmDQ\“f ¯ r ŸWŸ T ± Y D N.NR IKx MOS PtD"a R”cmS \nDQP RnM J M b cM p P RnM J M b _ M \ ; a‘P ;<N I`JI_ D N P R Y \ I a w R P [vx R D c I P I N a M b r TQV p€rWr VOV µcR J D [ MWNIR ê`M J P'DQ\ w DGP I N Y'[ D JEJI \ S a R Je L £X p Õ o o fWX [EI a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J›x DQPD w DWa Y MOc _ D N IKx w R P [ P [I€I F _BI NR”c IKJ P'DQ\ x DGP'D :<; ]DWa [ R x R I P DQ\“f ¯ r ŸWŸ V ± f L D N eWI€x R a Y N IK_ D JEY R I a w I N I b MWS JEx f7j M w I Ž I NKu \ŠDGP I NZu £hD J  vD JI N°¡ IKI#¯ r ŸWŸ Á ± N I Ž R a R P IKx P [I a.D c I—_ NMW: \ I cÂ:<; P'D i R JEe R J P M D Y`Y MWS J P›P [I : D Y'i p w D N x R J ­ S I`JEY`I M b _ D N P R Y \ I a M J ­ SR x u<R f I f/P w M p–w D ; Y MOS _ \ R Je u D JEx a S Y`Y`I`IZx$IKx MO: PD R J R Je a‘P'DGP R a‹P R Y a R J D N I DWa M J D : \ I D e N I`I c IKJ P w R P [ P [II F _BI NR”c IKJ P'DQ\ x DQPD :<; ]0DWa [ R x R I P-DQ\“f ¯ r ŸWŸ V ± f C MON P [IUY DOa I a w [I N I@_ D N P R Y \ I a [ DŽ I N I \nDQP R Ž I \ ; [ R eO[ R JEI N P R D u a S Y'[ DWa Y DWa I a w R P [ a M \ R x_ D N P R Y \ I a M b MON x$I N(M b r VWVµc R J w DQ\n\ p :BMWS JExIKx D RnN ­ M w a u P [I N I D N I a‹P R \”\ _ NMW: \ I c a N I c D R J R JEe M J P [I w D ; b MON D YKY SN DGP I _ N IKx R Y P R”M J S a R Je—L £X+fB] MWS a M J  ~ DQP M JÔ¯ r ŸOŸ s ± D JEx ÿ D Je  o ³ SRnN I a ¯ r ŸWŸ Á : ± _I N b MON.c IKx L £X p Õ o o D Jx L £X p L ~ o uN I a _BIKY P R Ž I \ ;Wu P M a RnctS \ŠDGP I P [I#I F _BI NR”c I`J P'a :<; d S \ R Y'iÈI PUDQ\“f ¯ r ŸWŸ s ±›w [ M a‹P S x R IZx P [I a‘P'DGP R a‹P R Y a M b š V›µc e \ŠDWaaD JExÞ Vmµc _ D N P R Y \ I a R J DŽ I N P R Y DQ\ P SN.:ES \ IKJ P Y'[ D JEJI \­ M w f Œ \”P [ MOS eW[ e M<M x D e N I`I c IKJ P w DWa/b MWS Jx : I P w I`IKJ P [I a I€Y MWc _ S PDGP R”M J DQ\ N I a S \”Pa u \nD N eOI x R a Y N I`_ D JEY R I a w I N I b MOS JEx DWa Y MWc _ D N IZx P M P [I@I F _I N.Rnc I`J PDW\ x DGP'Df—C MWN I FD c _ \ I u P [I a RnctS \nDQP RnM J a _ N IKx R Y P IKx cmS Y'[ \ M w I N ­ S Y P S DGP R”M J \ I Ž I \ M b _ D N P R Y \ I Ž I \ M Y R P ;R J w DW\”\ p J MWNc DQ\ x R”N IKY P RnM J f o Rnc›R \ŠD N0N I a S \”Pa w I N I N I`_ MWN P IZx :<; a I Ž I N DQ\ N I a I D N Y'[I N a u I f e f7X4D J D i D I PDQ\“f ¯ r ŸWŸqž ± f o RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J a S a R Je M P [I N D __ N.M D Y'[I a&P [ D JkL £X [ DŽ I DQ\Ša M+: I`I`J N I`_ MWN P IZx f o$w D R \ I a 9] IKI`i a ¯ r ŸWŸ s ± S a IZx D i R JI P R Y P [I MON.; b MON _ D N P R Y S \ŠDGP I ­ M w a ¯ ] IKI`i a u r ŸOŸ rZ± P M a R”cmS \ŠDGP I x$I`_ M a R P RnM J M b _ D N P R Y \ I a R J D@P SN:S \ I`J P Y'[ D JJEI \4­ M w D JEx MO: PD R JEIKx N I DOa M J D : \ ItxI`_ M p a R P RnM J Ž I \ M Y R P ; f¾X w M p ­ SER x cM x$I \Ša w I N I S a IZx :<; ] ûR ê i  ~ \ eO[ MW: DOa [ R ¯ r Ÿ º Ÿ ± u v M \ R”M  o R JEY \nD R”N ¯ r ŸOŸ šW± D JEx ¤ D M  Œ [ c D x R ¯ r ŸOŸ šW± P M a‹P S x ;ÃM bP SN.:ES \ IKJ P Y'[ D JJEI \7­ M w a w R P [ N I \nDQP R Ž I \ ; [I DŽ ; D JEx \nD N eOI_ D N P R Y \ I a`{f v M \ R”M I P€DW\gf ¯ r ŸWŸ šW± DQ\Ša M D _E_ \ R IKx P [EI a.D c I cM xI \b MWN D Y MWc _ \ I F eOI MWc I P N; w R P [ NR a I N aKfh¤ MOc _ D NR a M J : I P w I`I`J P [I cM x$I \ :<; ] ûR ê i  ~ \ eO[ MW: DWa [ R D JExI F _BI NR”c I`J P'a :<; ½ D IZx D I PDW\gf ¯ r Ÿ º V ± D JEx X€a SG¡‘R I P€DW\gf ¯ r Ÿ º s ± u b MWN R J a‘P'D JEY`I u a [ M w a0P [ DGPP [EI cM x$I \ :<; ] IR ê i  ~ \ eO[ MW: DWa [ R [ DOa _ N IZx R Y P IZx P [EI : I`[ DŽ RnMWN M b _ D N P R Y \ I a(D Jx ­ SR x N I DWa M J D : \ ; w I \n\ R J P [I :S \ i N I`e R”M J M b P [IY'[ D JEJI \ u P [ MWS eW[ u x R a p Y N I`_ D JEY R I a Y D J : I b MWS JEx@JI D N P [EI w DQ\n\gf4² J P [EI M P [I N I FD c _ \ I aa RnctS \nDQP R Je-[I DŽ ; D JEx \nD N eOI—_ D N P R Y \ I a u P M<MEu a R”cR \nD N D e N I`I c I`J PmD JxÈx R a.D e N I`I c IKJ P w R P [ÈI F _I N.Rnc I`J PDW\ x DGPD.

(25) ÄPò`ó á6âmô`àõöß]â ó àá D N I N IK_ MON P IKx f(C MWN€cMWN I D YKY SN DGP I_ N IKx R Y P RnM J R JY \ S x R Je P [I D e N I`I c IKJ P JI D N P [I w DQ\n\ u b SN P [I N0R”c _ NM Ž I c I`J P M b/P [I I F R a‘P R JEe cM x$I \na R a€\ R iOI \ ; P M: I JI`IZx$IKx f X M a Scc D N.RIê I P [I N I a S \”Pa M b I D N \ R I N _ R IKY`I a M b w MON i u J Sc I NR Y DQ\7a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J a Y D J N_ IKx R Y PP [I a‘P'DGP R a‹P R Y a w R P [ D N I DWa M J D : \ I D Y`Y SN D Y ; w [I`J P [I ­ M w R a S J :MOS JEx$IZx u P [I R JEI N P R D M b _ D N P R Y \ I R a@a c DQ\n\ uMONk:M P [ f ÿ [I`J P [EI ­ M w R a :BMWS Jx$IKx D Jx¿Y M J PD R J R Je _ D N P R Y \ I a w R P [¾[ R eW[ R JI N P R D u P [I_ N IKx R Y P'D :R \ R P ;"M bP [I a R”cmS \nDQP RnM J a R aa‹P R \n\ _ M<MWN f-X [I _ M<MON _ N IKx R Y P'D :R \ R P ;›M b :BM P [—L £X¿a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J D JEx P w M p ­ SR x cM xI \ a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J M b w DQ\n\ p :MOS JEx$IZx P SEN.:S \ IKJ P e DWa p _ D N P R Y \ I ­ M w a0a I`I c a0P M@: Itx S I P MEu DGP\ I DWa‹P _ D N P.\ ;Wu P [I a.D c I N I DWa M J f X [ DQP R a+D—\ŠD Y'i M b R J b MWNc DQP RnM J M J w [ DQP I • IZY P'a cmS a‹P : I PD iOI`J R J P M D YKY MWS J P D JEx w [ DQP Y D J : I JI`e \ IZY P IKx u I a _BIKY R DW\”\ ; JI D N P [EI w DW\”\Ša`f X [I ® J DW\ e M DQ\ M bP [ R a w MWN i R a P M a‹P S x ; P [EI cM P RnM J M b _ D N P R Y \ I a JI D N P [I w DQ\n\ u P [II • IZY P M b _ N I a IKJEY‡I M b _ D N P R Y \ I a M J P [I P SN.:ES \ IKJ P a‹P NS Y P SN ImJEI D N P [EI w DQ\n\hD JEx P M c D iWI D¾a Rnc _ \ I u(cMWN I D Y`Y SN DQP I c›M x$I \ P M _ N IKx R Y Pka S Y'[ ­ M w aKfÔC MON P [I a IU_ SN _ M a I a u D Y MOc _ S PDQP RnM J DW\ Y M x$I P M Y DW\ Y S \ŠDGP I P [I cM P R”M J M b _ D N P R Y \ I a R J DvP SN.:ES \ IKJ P Y'[ D JEJI \ ­ M w¿w DOa x$I Ž I \ M _BIKx : DOa IZx M J P [I \nD N eOI IZxx ; a RnctS \nDQP RnM JkY M x$IxI Ž I \ M _IZx :q;  D [ N D R I P DQ\“f ¯ r ŸWŸ šW± f(X [I-Y M x$I w DWa _ N I`_ D N IKx P M D Y`Y MOS J Pb MWN P [EI cM x S \nDQP RnM J M b4P [EI P SN:S \ I`J P ­ SR x Ž I \ M Y R P ;m® I \ x—x S I P M P [I+_ N I a I`JY‡I M b _ D N P R Y \ I aKf œ D NR”MOS a I • IZY P'a a S Y'[ DWa _ D N P R Y \ I p _ D N P R Y \ IvY M \n\ R a R”M J a uhR JEY N I DWa I M b x N D e¾Y M I‡É@Y R I`J P JI D N P [I w DW\”\ u \ R b Pb MON Y`I u v NM w J R D J b MWN Y‡I u I P Y f u D N I R JEY \ S xIKx P M I FD c›R JI P [EI RnN R”c _ MWN PD JY‡I f o P'DGP R a‹P R Y a :BM P [ M bP [I ­ SR x D JEx M bP [Ik_ D N P R Y \ I atD N IY DQ\ Y S \ŠDGP IKx u w [ R Y'[ w R \”\ _ NM Ž R x$I P [I—JIKY`I aa.D N.; x DQPDb MWN P [I cM xI \ R Je f X [ R a P [I a R a R a MON e D J IR ê IZx R J P [I b M \n\ M w R Je w D ; f4² J ¤ [ D _ P I NT$u$c D R J R xI DWa : I`[ R JEx P [I \nD N eOI IZxx ; a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J D N I R J P NM x S Y‡IZx {f v DOa R YY M JEY‡IK_ Pa(D JEx P [I MWN I P R Y DQ\ cM x$I \Ša M J P [Ik_ D N P R Y \ I cM P R”M J b M \”\ M w R J ¤ [ D _ P I N ™ f½ M x$I \nab MON Y MWS _ \ R Je : I P w IKI`J¾_[ DOa I aD N I x$I a Y NRn: IZx R J ¤ [ D _ P I N^s f/² J ¤ [ D _ P I N š u J SEc I N.R Y DW\ _ NM Y‡IKx SN I aD N I MWS P\ R JIZx {f nŽ I N Ž R I w a M bhP [It_ D _I N aD N I-_ N I a I`J P IZx R J ¤ [ D _ P I N Áf0² xI DWa0b MWN P [I b S P SN I w MON i D N I-_ N I a I`J P IZx R J ¤ [ D _ P I N ž f0C R J DQ\n\ ;OuR J ¤ [ D _ P I N º u a MOc I-eWIKJI N DQ\ Y M JEY \ S a RnM J aD N I-x N D w J f o _BIKY R”® Y P M _ R Y aD N I0x R a Y S aa IKx R J@_ D _BI N a N I \ŠDGP IKx P M P [ R a w MON i f4X [I_ D _I N aD N I DGP.PD Y'[EIKx P M P [ R a R J P N.M x S Y P MON.; J M P I f ~ D Y'[Ã_ D _I N-R a R J D Y MWc _ \ I P I b MWNc D Jx¾Y D J : I N I D x DW\na M DWa D J R Jx$I`_BI`JExI`J PD N P R Y \ I f .

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(31) x R”N IKY P J Sc I NR Y DQ\a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M J ¯°Õ o o± f Œ a Y D J : I—J M P R Y‡IZx b NMWc P [I a Y DQ\ I N I \nDQP RnM J u ~ ³ f ¯ s ± u P [I—J Scm: I NmM b c I a [ F.

(32) 2H JI àõãKLGàôMK | 2ô Nã3ã.õõOBä ó I*ö%K | â ó àá _ MOR J P'a JI`IZx$IKx b MON Õ o o R JY N I DWa I a R J _ NM _ MWN P RnM J P M ¶+· üPE C R J§I D Y'[§x ”R N IKY P RnM J f9²–b D P ; _ R Y DQ\ x S Y Pk­ M w M b D RnNkR akPD iOI`J b MWN I FD c _ \ I D JEx = ¹ r V A Ä cUu " ¹ r cRQ akD JEx ¹ r V A  c ð Q a-D N I DWaa SEc IZx u P [I@J Scm: I N-M b c I a [¾_ MWR J Pa R J M JEI@x R”N IKY P RnM JÇY D J : I I a‹P Rnc DGP IZx DWa = ñ =1> ? ¶+· üDE C S r V ü f² J DUP [ N I`I@x Rnc I`J a RnM J DW\a _ D Y‡I u&M JI a [ MOS \ x S a I r V-T c I a [v_ MWR J P'a :<; D N.MOS eW[I a‹P Rnc DGP I f G. ð ò â 6ã. U0ÎWVBË ËYX8X<Z ÌZÏ:7;<9($ÑKÏgÒ=X [I N I D N I R J P I N I a‹P R JeÇY'[ D N D Y P I NR a‘P R Y a-b MON P [ I KI xx R I ama c DQ\n\ I N P [ D J D Y`I N PD R J a Y DQ\ I u w [ R Y'[ÔY MON.N I a _ M JEx a P M D w DŽ I`J Sct: I NZu ë-[ u7M J m p. P [I R JI N P R DW\^a S:EN D JeWI M b4P [I d M \ cM e MWNM Ž6ï a I`JI N e ; a _BIKY P NSc f o c DQ\n\^a Y DQ\ I+IKxx R I a€D N I N DQP [I N [ MOc›M eWIKJI MOS a€D JEx R a M P NM _ R Y N I`e D N x \ I a.a M b e \ MO: DQ\ Y M J a‹P N D R J Pa0a S Y'[ DWa eOI MOc I P p N.R Y DW\€b°D Y P MON a u w [ R \ I P [I#Y'[ D N D Y P I NR a‘P R Y a M b+P [I \ŠD N eWI N IKxx R I a—D N IU[ R eO[ \ ; x$IK_IKJEx$I`J P M J P [EI ­ M w Y M JEx R P RnM J f@X [I a RnctS \nDQP RnM J c I P [ M x M \ M e ; w [ R Y'[ S P R \ Rûê I a-a S Y'[ S J R Ž I N aDQ\ Y'[ D N D Y P I N.R a‘P R Y a M ba c DQ\n\4a Y DW\ ItIKxx R I a R a Y DQ\n\ IZx \nD N eOI-IKxEx ; a RnctS \ŠDGP R”M Jȯ°L ~ o± f² J¾L ~ o P [I c I a [ a IR ê I R a Y'[ M a IKJ a S Y'[ P [ DGP R P Y D J N I a M \”Ž I P [EI \ŠD N eWI NKu eOI MWc I P N; p D Jx ­ M wp x$I`_BI`Jx$I`J P IKxEx R I a`f3X [I a c DQ\n\ I NZu(R a M P N.M _ R Y@IKxEx R I akD N I cM x$I \ IKx :<; D#a S: e N.R x a Y DW\ I ¯ o » oE± c›M x$I \gƒf v ; x MOR Je P [ DGP u P [IJ Scm: I N M b Y MWc _ S P'DGP R”M J DQ\ Y‡I \”\Ša Y D J : I N IZx S Y‡IZx f o S Y'[›x$IKY MWc _ M a R P RnM J R J P M e N.R x a Y DQ\ I ® I \ x D JEx a S: e N.R x a Y DQ\ I ® I \ x w DWa ®EN a‘P _ N.M _ M a IZx :<; o c D e MWNR J a i ; ¯ r Ÿ Á ™q±w [ M a‘P S x R IKx D ³ S DOa R p P w M p x Rnc I`J a R”M J DQ\ DGP cM a _[I NR Y P SN:S \ I`JEY`I f o R JEY‡I P [EI _ R”M JI`I N.R Je w MON i :<; ÕI D N x MON‹• ¯ r Ÿqž V ±(w [ M D __ \ R IKxUL ~ o P M D Y'[ D JJEI \ ­ M w u L ~ o [ DWa : IKY MWc I D JkI aa IKJ P R DW\$P M<M \P M a‹P S x ; [ R eO[I N ] I ; J M \ x a J SEct: I N P SN:S \ I`J P(­ M w a P [ D J w [ DGP Õ o o Y D J[ D JEx \ I f X [I_ N.M Y‡I a.a(P M a I`_ D N DGP I P [I \nD N eOI NZu e NR x a Y DQ\ IIKxEx R I aD JEx a c DW\”\ I NZu o » o IKxEx R I a R a Y DW\”\ IKx ® \”P I N.R Je f4² JkeOI`JI N DW\ u P [I ® \¼P I NR JEe-_ NM Y`I aa M b^D ® I \ x u " # ]¯ $8\ ^_& ± u Y D J : II F _ N I aa IZx w R P [ D ® \¼P I NR JEe b S JEY P R”M J u ` ]¯ $ \ ì %\$ a ± uR f I f " # ]¯ $<\ ^b& ± d ¹ c " # ¯ \$ ae^b& ± ` ]¯ $ \ ì \$ a g± f \$ a u ¯Á ± w [I N I " # ¯]$8\ ^_& ± R a P [EI ® \¼P I N IKx uER f I f e N.R x a Y DW\ I uq® I \ x f Œ cM JEe c D J ; b MON.c a M b ® \¼P I NR Je b S JEY P RnM J3_ N.M _ M a IZx R J P [Iv_ DWa‹P u P [I »+D S aa R D J ® \”P I NZu P [I a [ D N _@Y S P p MW•—® \”P I N D JEx P [I :BM F ® \”P I N D N I P [ M a I cM a‘P\ ;›S a IKx f Œ a R a J D c IZx u P [I a [ D _BI M b `#M bBP [I »+D S aa R D J ® \”P I NR aD-»+D S a.a R D J b S JEY P RnM J fhX [I a [ D N _kY S P p MQ•—® \¼P I N [ DWa+a S Y'[ D@b MWNc P [ DQP+P [I›IKxx R I a w R P [¾[ R eW[I N w DŽ IKJ Sct: I N P [ D J ë [ D N I›Y MWc _ \ I P I \ ; ® \”P I N IKx MOS P R J P [I w DŽ IKJ Sct: I N a _ D Y`I f7X [I :BM F ® \”P I N w MON i ahDOa7P [I Ž M \ Sc I DŽ I N D e R Je R J P [I—Y MWc _ S P'DGP RnM J DQ\ Y`I \n\naKi f ha I M b x R”• I N IKJ P ® \¼P I N a-\ I D x a+P M JIKIKx M b x R¼• I N I`J P o » o cM xI \Ša`fk²–b P [I »+D S aa R D J ® \”P I NtR a S a IKx u P [EI o » o cM xI \ R JEY \ S x$I a a M p Y DQ\n\ IZx#L&I M J D N x D JExÃY NM aaa‹P N I aa I a R J D xx R P R”M J P M ] I ; J M \ x a p \ R iWI a‹P N I aaK f ha I M b(P [I :M F ® \”P I NN I a S \”Pa R J Da S: e NR x cM x$I \ Y \ M a I P M P [I-Y \nDOa.a R Y DQ\ IZxx ; Ž R a Y M a R P ; Y M JEY`I`_ PZf(X [I-x R”• I N IKJEY‡I a R J ® \”P I N IKx³ S D J P R P R I a x S I P M Y'[ MWR Y‡I M b ® \¼P I NR Je M _BI N DGP MWN w I N I a‹P S x R IZx :<; £ RnMWc I \n\ R I P DQ\“f ¯ r Ÿ ºWºq± f mIzRj8kJjml^ÏgÌKÍOÒÌZτPÑ Z Œ __ \ ;<R JEe P [I :M F ® \”P I N.R Je u b MONR J a‹PD JY‡I u P M P [I o DŽ R I N p o P M iWI a IK³ S DQP RnM J u ~ ³ f ¯ T ± uM JI-Y D J MW: PD R J D JvIZ³ S DGP RnM J b MON P [I ® \¼P I N IKx ® I \ x u w NR P.P I`J.

(33) ]N nI. K T. ð ò ä ä àõã. DWa. ! " # ¹ ! ( "  " '  !%& !%$' ì #. r. ! ( "  a " ' a 0 u , ' + 1 ' o 0 + . T # # !%$' ì #  )*. ì. ¯–ž ±. w [I N I P [I M Ž I N p \ R JI—I F _ N I a.a I amP [EIv³ S D J P R P ;Ç® \”P I N IKx :<; P [EI :M F ® \¼P I N D Jx P [I " # a x$I`J M P I aP [I o » o Ž I \ M Y R P ; f-X [I \ŠDWa‹PP I N.cR aP [I ] I ; J M \ x a p \ R iOI a‹P N I aa0P I Nc D JEx#Y D J : I cM x$I \ IZx a Rnc›R \ŠD N \ ; P M P [I £ N D JEx P.\£ï a c›R F R JEe \ I`JEe P [ cM x$I \ ¯ £ N D Jx P.\ u r Ÿ T šW± DWa ¶ # ' ¹ " # a " ' a ì ™pr * # ' " q a " q a ¹ ì T-sr . # ' f ¯ ºO± j I N I u r R aP [I o » o Ž R a Y M a R P ; w [ R Y'[ [ DWaP M: I cM x$I \ IKx S a R Je P [I ŽD N.R D : \ I a M J P [I ® \”P I N IKx a Y DW\ I f Rj8kJjt7ÔÒuX4Ë9. S. c M $x I \ u Y QD \n\ ZI x o c D e WM NR J a i ; Rjp7/VBÒEÎGÏ:4Ì]vZw7ÔÒuX4Ë9ž0X [I ‹a PD J x D N x o » o . S(m. cM xI \ u Y D J : Ix$I N.R Ž IZx DWahP [I b M \”\ M w R JEe f7X [I P N D J a _ MWN P IK³ S DQP RnM J b MON P [I o » o i R JI P R Y I`JI N e ;Wu x$I ® JZI x :<; · r ¹ Tr " q a " q a u ¯gŸ ± Y D J : I w NR P.P I`J DWa ! · r + " ' ! · r y ! r' r f r ¹ x ì ¯rV ± !%& !%$ ' !%$ 'uz ìîí X [I ®EN a‘PP I Nc M J P [EI N.R eW[ P p [ D JEx p a R x$I R a Y DQ\n\ IZx—_ N.M x S Y P RnM J P I N.cvu x r ¹ ì " # a " '  a . # ' f ¯ rWrZ± o R JEY‡I P [I-x$I b MWNc DQP RnM J P IKJ a MONK%u . # ' uR aP N D Y`I \ I aa : IZY D S a I M b/P [I R JEY MOc _ N I a.a R”:ER \ R P ;Ou ~ ³ f ¯ r± u P [I _ NM x S Y P R”M J P I Nc Y D J : I N I w NR P.P I`J S a R JEe ¶ # ' DOa x r ¹ ì ¶ #' . #' f ¯rT ± X [I a IKY M JEx P I Nc R J ~ ³ f ¯ r V ± R a P [I P N D J a _ MWN PP I Ncvu rz ' ¹ Tr " ' a " q a " q a +  r ) a{" ' a ì BT . a# ' " # a u ¯ rK™O± D JEx P [I \nDOa‘PP I Nc R a P [I Ž R a Y MWS a x R aa R _ DGP R”M J P I Ncvu a r ¹ BT . a# ' %! !%" $ # ' f. ¯rs ± Œ aa SEc›R Je P [It_ N.M x S Y P RnM J P I Nc D JEx x R aa R _ DGP R”M J P I N.c [ DŽ I ctS 'Y [ \ŠD N We I 0N c D eWJ R p P S xI P [ D J P [I P N D J a _ MWN PP I Nc a S Y'[ P [ DQPP [I ;—: DW\nD JEY‡I+I D Y'[ M P [I NKu$R f I f x r ¹ í rÇu ¯ rZšW± P [I i R JI P R Y+IKJI N e ; P N D J a _ MON P IK³ S DQP RnM J u ~ ³ f ¯ r V ± u$N IKx S Y‡I a P M a a ì " # " '  . # ' ¹ í r f ¯rÁ ± í.

(34) Ä | ð ò â2H6ãJI àõãKLGàôMK | ô2Nã3ã.õõOBä ó I*ö%K | â ó àá ha R JEe ~ ³ f ¯ ºO± D JEx ~ ³ f ¯ r Á ± u M JI MW: P'D R J aD J I F _ N I aa RnM J b MON P [I o » o Ž R a Y M a R P ; DOaD b S JEY P RnM J M b4P [I-x R aa R _ DQP RnM J N DQP I D JEx P [EI ® \¼P I N IKxvx$I b MWNc DQP RnM J N DQP I u w [ R Y'[ N I D x a r ¹ T} .í r ' } f ¯rž± # ð C NMWc D x Rnc I`J a R”M J DQ\D J DW\ ; a R a u í r Y D J : I—I a‘P R”c DQP IKx S a R Je } . # ' } D JEx P [I \ I`JEe P [ a Y DQ\ I M b o » o IKxx R I a u =]r u DWa ü í r ¯ rKºO± ? } . # ' } = ðr u P[ S a r ? = ð~ } . # ' } f ¯rŸ ± ² J P [I MWNR e R J DW\ o c D e MON.R J a i ;¾cM x$I \ u = r3R amP'D iWIKJ DOa-P [I a IR ê I M b0P [I"Y S:R Y :M F €u  f ÿ [I`J P [IvY MOc _ S PDQP RnM J DW\ Y`I \n\ R a J M PD Y S: I :S PkD _ D N DQ\n\ I \ M _ R _BIKx M J  u  R a S a S DW\”\ ; ¯ ½ Rn; D iWI u r ŸWŸ T ± PD iWI`J DWa  ¹ ¯  $ Ä  $ ð  $ ü ± Ä CPü u ¯ TQV ± w [I N I  $ # R aP [EI a IR ê I R i J ‚ p x RnN IZY P RnM J M b4P [I-Y`I \n\gfh² J P [ DGP Y DOa I 2u r Y D J : I cM x$I \ IKx DOa Br d ¹ ƒ T ¯ „ r ± ð } . # ' } f ¯ T rZ± X [I-Y M J a‹PD J P u „ r uR a Y DW\”\ IKx o c D e MWNR J a i ; Y M J a‘P'D J PKf L R \”\ ; ¯ r Ÿ Á ž ± b MWS JEx P [ DGP „ r R a IZ³ S DQ\P M¾V f V ºOš S JEx$I N P [I Y M JEx R P RnM J w [I N I P [I MY Oc _ S PDQP RnM J DW\ c I a [ R aa S É@Y R I`J P\ ;"® JI D JEx DQ\n\7P [I a S: e N.R x a Y DW\ I›IKxEx R I a D N I R J P [I S J R Ž I N aDQ\ N D JeOI f&² JJ Sc I NR Y DQ\$a R”cmS \ŠDGP RnM J a u „ r R a S a S DQ\n\ ; PD iWI`J : I P w I`I`J V f r D JEx V f T š x$I`_BI`Jx R JEe M J P [I-Y'[ D N D Y P I NR a‹P R Y a M b/P [I ­ M w ¯ ½ R”; D iWI u r ŸOŸ T ± f ² J D Y'[ D JJI \7­ M w u „ r

(35) R a S a S DQ\n\ ; PD iWI`J D NMWS JEx V f r T$u P [ MWS eO[ u&R P R a iqJ M w J P [ DGP P [I o c D e MWNR J a i ;vcM x$I \ M Ž I N I a‹P Rnc DQP I a0P [I a S: e NR x a Y DQ\ I Ž I \ M Y R P ;"R J P [I Ž R Y R J R P ;"M b w DW\”\“f(X [ R a€a [ MWN P Y MOcR Je R a S a S DQ\n\ ;@® F IKx :<;@S a I M b7D x D c _ R JEe b S JEY P R”M J a S Y'[ DWa sr ‡¯ †ˆ ± ¹ Br ( r ì¾I F _^ž¯ ì † T ˆ š ± 0 f ¯ TWT ± S S‰ Ê Zu!/7ÈÏ°; Í j8kJjŠ7ÔuÒ X4YË 9ª Œ aD J D __ NM D Y'[ P M DŽ MWR x D N P R”® Y R DQ\4D x ¡‘S a‘P c IKJ Pa M b o » o Ž R a Y M a R P ;Wu a S Y'[ DWa S a I M bED x D c _ R Je b S JEY P RnM J u » I N.c D J M I P7DQ\“f ¯ r ŸWŸ rZ± _ N.M _ M a IZx D x ; J D cR Y o » o cM x$I \“fX [I c D R J b I DQP SN I M b4P [Imx ; J D cR Y o » o cM xI \ R a S a I M b4P w M x R”• I N IKJ P ® \¼P I N a u^R f I f@D e NR x ® \”P I N D JEx DP I a‹P ® \”P I N w R P [ D\ŠD N eWI N a RIê I fkX [I ŽGDW\ S I M b „ r Y D J P [I`J : I@x ; J D cR Y DQ\n\ ; Y MOc _ S P IZx S a R Je P [I N I \ŠDGP R”M J : I P w I`I`J P [I a Ikx R¼• I N I`J P ® \”P I N aKf X [Ix ; J D cR Y o » o cM x$I \ : DOa IZx M J P [EI o c D e MON.R J a i ;vcM x$I \ Y D J : Ikx$I NR Ž IKx DWa P [I b M \n\ M w R Je fX [EI a ûR ê I M bP [I P I a‘P ® \¼P I N+R a Y'[ M a IKJ DWŒa ‹  D JEx P [I³ S D J P R P ;U® \”P I N IKx :<; P [ R a R a I F _ N I aa IKx DOa I f e €f " # f(X [I a S: e N.R x a‘P N I a.a u I F _ N I aa IZx DOa Ž # ' ¹ " # " '  ì " # " '  u ¯ T ™O±.

(36) ]N nI. K. ð ò ä ä àõã. ÄÄ. Y D J : I ® \”P I N IZx :<; P [I P I a‘P ® \”P I N P MN I D x Ž # ' d ¹ " # " ' ìd"  # " ' f ¯ TGs ± n J P [I M P [EI N [ D JEx u P [I@Y MWcm:R J DGP RnM J M b P [Ike NR x ® \¼P I N D JEx P [I P I a‹P ® \”P I N \ I D x a+P M D J M P [I N a SE: e NR x a‹P N I aa u w NR P.P IKJ DOa ‘ # ' ¹ " # " ' ìŠ"  # " ' f ¯ T šW± ’ X [I D S F R \ŠD N; ³ S D J P R P ;Wu ¯T Á ± # ' ¹ "  # "  '  ì "  # " '  u ’ Y D J P [I`J : I I F _ N I aa IZx DOa ¯T ž ± # ' ¹ ‘ # ' ì Ž # ' f X [ R a N I \ŠDGP RnM J R a Y DW\”\ IKx DWa» I Nc D J M R x$I`J P R P ; f7C R J DQ\n\ ;OuO:<; _BI N b ’ MWNcR JEe a Rnc›R \ŠD N P N D J a‘b MON p c DGP RnM J a7P M P [ M a I0x M JI b MWN P [I0x$I N.R ŽGDGP RnM J M b o c D e MON.R J a i ; cM x$I \ uqM JI ® JEx a(D N I \ŠDGP R”M J : I P w IKI`J P [EI o c D e MON.R J a i ; Y M J ’ a‹PD J P u „ ’ r/u D JEx P [EI-³ S D J P R P ;Wu # ' u DWa r ¯ T ºO± # ' ì ™ q“q ¹ T „ r%ð ” # ' f j I N I ” # ' R a x$I ® JIZx DOa ” # ' ¹ ¯ ‹  ± ð } . # ' } . # ' ì  ð } .  # ' } . # ' f ¯T Ÿ ± Œ a Y D J : I a I`I`J u P [ R aa I P M b IK³ S DGP R”M J a [ DŽ I P M<Mkc D J ;—R JEx$IK_IKJEx$IKJ PŽD N.R D : \ I ab MWN P [I›x$I P I NcR J DQP RnM J M b M JI ŽGD NR D : \ I u „ r f o S Y'[ c DQP [I c DGP R Y DW\ R \”\ p _ M a IZx$JI aa R a S a S DW\”\ ; ® F IKx :<;UctS \”P R _ \ ;<R Je . # ' ¯ » I N.c D J M I P+DQ\ u r ŸOŸ r± uMON ” # ' ¯°L R \n\ ;Ou r ŸWŸ T ± M J :BM P ["[ D JEx a R x$I a M b ~ ³ f ¯ T Ÿ ± f ² J P [I"_ N I a I`J P@a‘P S x ;Ou [ M w I Ž I NZu P [EIvx ; J D cR Y o » o cM x$I \ R a J M P—D x M _ P IZx ¡‘S a‘P : IZY D S a I P [EI P SN:S \ I`J PŽ I \ M Y R P ;® I \ x#Y D J : IkY MWc _ S P IKx w R P [ D e M<M x D Y`Y SEN D Y ;vS a R Je P [I cM x R”® IKx o c D e MWNR J a i ;cM x$I \ uR J P NM x S Y‡IZx R J P [I b M \n\ M w R Je u w R P [ MOS P S a I M bD J ; x D c _ R Je b S JY P RnM JvJI D N P [I w DW\”\“f S pRj8kJj•7Ôu Ò X4Ë 9— Ï ]Ñ –4Ë Ð4ÎGËqÌZË  Ñ9ÌK]Ñ 8XpZ² J P [IÇ_ N I a I`J P"a‘P S x ;Wu D [ R eW[ \ ; D J R a M P NM _ R Y›Y MOc _ S PDQP RnM J DW\ c I a [ a ; a‘P I c R a S a IKx b MWN P [IkI‡É@Y R I`JY ; D JEx D Y`Y SN D Y ;"M b P [I›Y MOc _ S PDQP RnM J M b(DP SN:S \ I`J P Y'[ D JJI \­ M w f0X [I N I b MWN I u D cM x R”® IKx Ž I N a R”M J M b7P [I o c D e MWNR J a i ;ÇcM xI \0D _E_ N.M _ NR DQP I b MWN a S Y'[ D c I a [ a ; a‹P I c ¯  D [ N D R I P—DW\gf u r ŸWŸ šO± R a S a IKx f C M \”\ M w R JEe›ÕI D N x MON‹• ¯ r Ÿqž V ± u P [I \ M Y DQ\ x R”•BS a R Ž R P ;R J —kx RnN IZY P R”M J 2u r ' uR a€DWaa Sc IZx P M x$IK_IKJEx M J P [I ® \¼P I N IKxUx R aa R _ DQP RnM J u í r D JEx P [I Y S P p MQ• \ I`Je P [ a Y DQ\ I R J —kx R”N IKY P RnM J u =]r ' uR f I f r ' ¹ í rÄ CPü = r CP' ü f ¯™ V ±.

(37) 2H JI àõãKLGàôMK | ô2Nã3ã.õõOBä ó I*ö%K | â ó àá X [I x R a.a R _ DGP RnM J N DQP I u í r u$R a I a‹P Rnc DGP IKx S a R Je P [IeWI MWc I P N.R Y c I D J M b^P [I a R x$I p \ I`Je P [ a M b4P [I-Y`I \n\ u% $ Ä u $ ð u $ ü u DOa ü CPü í r ¯ ™rZ± ? }. #' } ¯  $ Ä  $ ð  $ ü ± ð f X [I \ IKJe P [ a Y DQ\ I R J— p x RnN IZY P RnM J u = r ' u$R a J DGP SEN DW\”\ ; I a‹P Rnc DQP IZx :<; P [I a c DW\”\ I a‹P N I a M \nŽ IZx a Y DQ\ I R JR— p x R”N IKY P RnM J u2 $/' f o S: a‘P R P S P R Je P [I a I I a‹P Rnc DGP RnM J a R J P M ~ ³ f ¯ ™ V ± uBr ' Y D J : I. Äð. cM xI \ KI x DWa. ð ò â 6ã. r ' ¹ ƒ T „ r ð ¯  $ Ä  $ ð  $ ü ± ð C T ¯  $ ' ± CPü } . # ' } f X [I c M x$I \ Y M J a‹PD J P _ N.M _ M a IZx :<;  D [ N D R I P0DQ\“f ¯ r ŸWŸ šW± R a „ ¹ /V ˜ V º f. ¯™ T ±.

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(44) Ä. 2H JI àõãKLGàôMK | N ô | áN ó | á;¿ |. ü ò â 6ã. /K. ô/â ó ß Gã@âmô. | /ß À ó á N. P I N.c f o S Y'["Y DWa I M YKY SN a w [I`J P [EI _ D N P R Y \ I ] I ; J M \ x a J Scm: I NKu ¶· ¤ ¹ } " \  ìÁ" \ ¤ } f ^ ¯ ™OšW± w [I N I f R a0P [It_ D N P R Y \ Imx R D c I P I NKuBR a cmS Y'[ \ I aa€P [ D J S J R P ; fX [I›x N D e b MWN Y‡I u © # ¥Â«P­D®P¯ § u D Y P R Je M J D J M J p D Y`Y`I \ I N DGP R Je#_ D N P R Y \ I R J DÇa‹P I D x ; D JEx S J R b MWNc ­ M w Y D J P [IKJ : I MW: P'D R JIKx S a R Je P [I o P M iOI a€a‹P N I D c b S JEY P R”M J DWa © # ¥¬«P­D®¨¯ § ¹ r "  " ¤ ± f ¯™ Á ± Ÿ ä ¯ # ì # X [I-Y M I`ÉkY R IKJ P u à ¤ uR a Y DW\”\ IKx o P M iWI a N I \nDQF$DQP RnM J P Rnc I u x$I ® JIKx DOa f ¯™ ž ± à ¤ ¹ rZðź Ä u w [I N I Ä R a P [I-x$I`J a R P ;—N DGP R”M›M b _ D N P R Y \ I P M ­ SR x uR f I f  Ä ¹  ¤ f ¯ ™WºO± S SÆ  Ë 8$ÑKÏgÒ ='v DOa.a I P ¯ rKºOºWºq± u v MOS a.a R JI a ³¯ r Ÿ V ™O± D JEx na I`IKJ ¯ r Ÿ T ž ± I F p D cR JIKx P [I c›M P RnM J M bD@a _[I N I a I P‹P.\ R Jex M w J R J Dk­ SR x x S I P M e N DŽ R P'DGP R”M J DQ\b MON Y`I f X [Iv_ D N P R Y \ I—IZ³ S DGP R”M J M b c›M P RnM J¿x$I Ž I \ M _BIKx :<; P [I c R a Y DW\”\ IKx v DOa.a I P p v MOS a.a R JI a ³ p na IKI`J ¯ v*vn ± IZ³ S DGP R”M J f¿X Y'[EI`J*¯ r Ÿ s ž ± I F<P I`JEx$IZx P [I v*v n IK³ S DQP RnM J a S Y'[ P [ DQP R P Y MOS \ x"xI a Y NR”: I P [EI-_ D N P R Y \ I cM P R”M J R J D J S J a‹P I D x ; ­ M w f ~ F<P I`J a RnM J w DWa0DW\na M I FD c p R JEIKx b MON J M J p S J R b MON.c ­ M w a u P [ MWS eO[ u7R P [ D x a MWc I R JEY M J a R a‹P I`JY ; DOa _ MWR J P IKx MOS P :<; ¤ MWNN a R J  L SEc \ I ; ¯ r Ÿ š Á ± f L DQP I NKu v S I Ž R Y'[Ô¯ r Ÿ ÁOÁ ± D JEx ] R \ I ; ¯ r Ÿqž rZ± c D x$I D Y MWNN IKY p P RnM J P M X Y'[IKJ ï a I F _ N I aa RnM J f ½ DGF I ;  ] R \ I ; ¯ r Ÿ ºW™O± _ N I a I`J P IZx D _ D N P R Y \ IIZ³ S DGP RnM J M b cM P RnM J b MONmS J a‘P I D x ; J M J S J R b MON.c ­ M w u w [ R Y'[ N I D x a f " ¤# ¹ r "  " ¤ + r f "  # ì # TQs ðÅÈð #pÉ f& à ¤iÇ. + r " & # ÄËÊ Ê + T r f f & " # Ä Ç. " ¤# + Os r V f ð È ð " u# É ì. " # ¯ & a ± ì " ¤# ¯ & a ± + GT r s f ð È ð " # ¯ & a ± É ² g & a f + f Ÿ c f & a¾ÌÍÍÎ Ç ]Ï Ð ¯ & ì &ga ±PÑ Ä C ð Ä | ±ÒÔ ÓÓ + (r ì. r 0 Õ u Ä #. f. ¯™ Ÿ ±.

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