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Nuclear Security, Safety and

Non-Proliferation: Sweden’s

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Foreword

In this report, the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) summarises the results of the work carried out in 2017, together with partners in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus and Moldova. These efforts relate to Sweden’s international commitments as established in various international fora, such as the G-7 Global Partnership, the goals set in the framework of the Nuclear Security Summits, the EU Action Plan on Weapons of Mass Destruction, UN Security Council Resolution 1540, the MNEPR Agreement, as well as other undertakings in Nordic settings.

Important issues on the agendas of these institutions address the cooperation in the fields of nuclear security, safety and non-proliferation, and the links between these areas. We continue to devote our attention to the objectives of the Nuclear Security Summits and to shared ambitions to ensure continued international cooperation and strengthened nuclear security.

In the years to come, we will implement activities to ensure that our work continues in the spirit of the Summits’ legacy.

My colleagues and I strive to have a holistic approach to nuclear security, safety and non-proliferation, which is reflected in the results presented in this annual report. This is a fruitful approach to simultaneously promoting peaceful developments, security and a safe environment.

As feedback is an important tool for the continuous improvement of our work, we welcome comments on the report from readers and SSM’s cooperation partners.

Fredrik Hassel

Deputy Director General

Swedish Radiation Safety Authority

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Frameworks and

partnerships

Since the early 1990s, Sweden has been

engaged in international cooperation to

ensure that radioactive and nuclear materials

and facilities are kept safe and secure.

For more than 25 years, Sweden has been active in the nuclear and radiological areas of international cooperation. Several hundred projects have been implemented in states that once were republics of the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union between 1991 and 1992 initiated this international cooperation.

When 15 new states replaced the USSR, it became a strenuous task to ensure that nuclear weapons and former Soviet military and civilian activities in the nuclear field were channelled into new structures of ownership and responsibility in the successor states. Today, much work still needs to be completed in order to ensure a transition from the old to the new.

Swedish commitments

Sweden’s project work has been carried out and implemented with reference to the political objectives stated in the Nuclear Security Summits held from 2010 to 2016, in addition to the objectives of the G-7 and its Declarations from Kananaskis in 2002 and Deauville in 2011.

Moreover, the legal framework established through UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (UNSCR 1540) sets a legal basis for requirements on all states as concerns measures to secure materials and facilities that could be used for the

manufacture of weapons of mass destruction, as well as for defining international interaction and assistance among UN Member States.

The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority’s (SSM) projects are run in accordance with an increasingly recognized standard for responsible international behaviour: 30 states are members of the G-7 Global Partners, 56 states and international organisations participated in the Nuclear Security Summit process, and all Member States of the UN are required to comply with the obligations set out in UNSCR 1540.

Sweden also works on the basis of goals and procedures established in the Multilateral Nuclear Environmental Programme in the Russian Federation (MNEPR Agreement), a framework for enabling external partners to implement projects in Russia in the nuclear and environmental fields. Last but not least, many activities are defined and specified by Sweden and its cooperation partners, primarily those of Norway, Finland, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy.

New challenges

As far as concerns the G-7, a major change occurred in 2014. Following the Russian occupation of Crimea as of February that year,

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the Russian Federation was ousted from the G-8, which then continued as the G-7. This has also affected the groups working under the G-7, of which the Global Partnership has the largest membership and broadest global representation. With this development, the Global Partnership no longer has a G-7 or G-8 member as the prime object of attention and investment in security improvement. Instead, the focus for the “new Global Partnership” has been shifted to Ukraine, a country that is not in the G-7.

At the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit, Sweden and Norway pledged to cooperate with Ukraine in the fields of nuclear security and safety. This framework acts as an intersection between commitments to the Summit process and the

G-7 Global Partnership. The framework has been important for SSM over the past years, and will remain so over the years to come.

Today’s partners

The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority implements international cooperation efforts on the behalf of Sweden in the nuclear and radiological fields. Sweden’s cooperation partners today are the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus and Moldova. Earlier, projects were also implemented together with Kazakhstan, Armenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The Authority implements projects and activities based on the Swedish Government’s instructions and budget allocation.

North-west Russia: industrial area in ph o to : l ar s v an d as se n

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Key result 1: Training and education in the fields

of non-proliferation and physical protection

As of 2004, Sweden contributes to and promotes the establishment of a broad knowledge base in the fields of nuclear non-proliferation and physical protection at universities and research institutes located in the Russian Federation. This collaboration is directed at universities in Tomsk, Yekaterinburg, Novouralsk and St. Petersburg. Including financial assistance to PhD students, these projects are broad in nature and involve arranging course programmes and conducting research projects. In recent years, SSM has provided assistance to realise a venture in “European research techniques and methods” for the purpose of standardising a higher level of quality in the research conducted through the partnerships. Prominent researchers from France, the United Kingdom, Sweden and the United States have met with colleagues from the Russian Federation to produce and develop various areas of research and publications.

One of the outcomes of this work in 2017 was publication of a book entitled “Nuclear World: Challenges to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime”. This collection of articles, the first of its kind, was authored by researchers at regional universities and institutes in Russia. In the autumn, several of the researchers with whom SSM collaborates received a grant from an official Russian research institute, earmarked for a book project entitled “Russia and Nuclear Disarmament”. In other words, this project marks the success of an initiative that began almost 15 years ago. In particular, this is a manifestation of an independent network established by means of SSM’s efforts, constituting a respected scientific community in the field of non-proliferation.

In Ukraine, SSM continued to provide assistance to the Odessa Center for Non-Proliferation. This centre is part of the Odessa National University, with its own premises and budget. Here, different programmes of learning are now conducted, such as when the centre independently arranged an online conference involving researchers in the United States. The theme was nuclear weapons in the Black Sea region.

With SSM as a source of funding, an ongoing study scheduled to end in 2018 is entitled “Ukrainian Nuclear History”. The purpose of this study is to document and

analyse how research in the fields of nuclear physics and nuclear technology has evolved up to present-day Ukraine. Encompassing the period as of 1910–20 up until today, the study also looks into the eras when Ukraine was a part of Poland, Russia and the Soviet Union. The first draft of this historical account has been evaluated by prominent researchers in the United States and received acclaim. In Moldova, SSM provides assistance to a training centre in Chisinau at the Technical University of Moldova for areas relating to nuclear security, and in Georgia, SSM partnered with Stockholm University and King’s College London to arrange two conferences during the year.

The results and outcomes of the projects are summarized under individual headings depending on the overall effort and the objectives set for each project. Many projects are continuations of earlier efforts. In many cases, the projects contribute to objectives in several areas. However, the projects are only described under the heading showing their main significance.

The following pages present results in various areas of cooperation. For additional information, see the Appendix.

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Key result 2: Emergency preparedness

partnership with the Russian Federation

In 2016, SSM concluded an agreement with its Russian, Norwegian and Finnish counterparts to reinforce the partners’ capacity to share information and collaborate in the event of an emergency situation. Over the past year, several activities and meetings have taken place for the purpose of establishing and strengthening shared approaches to the respective national emergency preparedness systems, and considering their potential actions and interaction. A subsequent project, run by Norway, focused on support systems for decision making, measurement technology and action strategies.

SSM attended as an observer at emergency preparedness exercises held at the nuclear power plants of Novovoronezh, Rostov and Beloyarsk, in the Ural region. Planning has been launched for arrangement of a joint Nordic-Russian exercise in Sweden in 2019.

SSM and the Government Offices of Sweden have prepared an update of the agreement concluded between Sweden and Russia on early notification of nuclear accidents and incidents. The

agreement is the foundation of this emergency preparedness partnership. ph o to: k je ll n yh o lm

Academic writing seminar held at Stockholm University for scholars and teachers from Russian universities.

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Key result 3: Partnerships with the Leningrad

and Kola nuclear power plants

SSM has partnerships with the two Russian nuclear power plants located closest to the borders of Sweden. One of these is the Leningrad nuclear power plant, west of St. Petersburg. Here, four RBMK reactors built in the 1970s and 1980s are still in operation, while two new VVER reactors are under construction. The other partnership focuses on the Kola nuclear power plant, south of Murmansk, where four VVER reactors of an older design remain in operation.

The activities of SSM are coordinated with the work of two sister authorities in the Nordic countries: the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) and the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK). Twice per year, the Russian, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian partners have a status meeting and conduct dialogue on comprehensive areas. Since this collaborative work also focuses increasingly on decommissioning, one of the coordination meetings convened in Novovoronezh, where

Rosenergoatom, the Russian nuclear power plant operator, has a research and development centre for different decommissioning technologies. Ten projects were completed in 2017, which in various ways combined Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish competencies and priorities. Having the purpose of improving the level of knowledge and reinforcing activities regarding decommissioning of facilities, these projects focused especially on the four RBMK reactors of the Leningrad plant. Projects were also completed for the purpose of strengthening the diagnostic capacity of the nuclear power plants in terms of safe operation, with a link to the emergency preparedness organisation. For deliveries of equipment, the focus was on equipment from suppliers in Europe. Russian counterparts carry out careful evaluations of subsequent improvements brought about through the partnerships with the Nordic countries.

Nordic-Russian planning meeting at the Novovoronezh NPP, May 2017.

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Key result 4: Management of spent fuel and

radioactive waste in north-west Russia

The international cooperation on cleanup of nuclear and radioactive waste from the Soviet era is still in progress, although fewer stakeholders from abroad now provide assistance in this area to the Russian Federation. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) has retained its involvement in large-scale projects, as do Norway, Sweden and Italy in the form of their assistance.

In 2017, SSM provided assistance to establish the infrastructure needed at Andreeva Bay (between Murmansk and the Norwegian border) to carry out transports of waste from the facility for safe handling and management. At the Nerpa Shipyard, work is continuing on dismantling the Lepse, a ship that as of the 1960s was used for storage of spent fuel. The ship was in very poor

condition and risked releasing large quantities of radioactivity into the environment. The dismantling work is funded by the EBRD, whereas SSM previously established a large proportion of the systems for physical protection and security. SSM contributed to setting up an improved system in 2017 for environmental surveillance, monitoring and measurement of radiation levels at the shipyard, with a special focus on the dismantling site. In order to manage the radioactive waste challenges on the Kola Peninsula, Russian authorities are working to establish several regional sites for final disposal of radioactive waste. With this programme in mind, SSM has established a partnership with Russian authorities for exchange of Swedish and Russian experiences.

Key result 5: EU project on establishment of a

repository for radioactive waste in Georgia

SSM partnered with Georgian authorities for elaboration of a national strategy for radioactive waste management in accordance with

international standards. This plan was adopted by the government of Georgia in January 2017. In a late phase of this process, when the parameters for this plan were ready, the European Commission (DG DEVCO) requested whether SSM might be interested in implementing a larger project in terms of preparatory steps for establishment of a national interim storage facility and a repository for radioactive waste. Discussions on this topic took place in 2017, as did the process of gaining political support in Georgia.

The Swedish counterpart in relation to the European Commission is the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), which has undergone the pillar certification, or administrative audit, which is required to be given the responsibility for implementation of a project funded by the EU. This two-year project covers the establishment of a design for a waste storage site, in addition to tasks such as assessing environmental impacts. Through its appropriation from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, SSM contributes one-sixth of the total funding.

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Key result 6: Nuclear safety and security at

Ukrainian nuclear power plants

At the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit, Sweden and Norway announced their shared commitment to direct a large proportion of their assistance to Ukraine for the purpose of strengthening nuclear safety and security at nuclear power plants in the country. At the 2016 Nuclear Security Summit, these efforts were reported on by the Norwegian Prime Minister, Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Ukrainian President. The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) and Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) continue their involvement in these targeted projects.

This collaboration also includes Sweden and Norway’s present implementation of coordination work taking place through the Information Sharing Initiative (ISI) under the G-7 states’ Global Partnership. The first meeting convened in Oslo in 2016. The next meeting was held in Kiev in 2017, and in 2018, the meeting will be held in Stockholm. The ISI now encompasses other countries which, similar to Sweden and Norway, wish to contribute specifically to maintaining nuclear safety and security work in Ukraine. During the year, Sweden completed the first phase of a physical protection upgrade carried out at the Khmelnitsky nuclear power plant, and also launched the second phase of this work. Another achievement is that SSM established a forum for Ukrainian organisations’ participation in an international project relating to nuclear fuel safety and security, arranged by Studsvik Nuclear AB. In 2017, a partnership was initiated between the United States and Sweden for conducting a needs analysis and siting of a new infrastructure for education and training programmes in the field of physical protection. This is to serve as a

replacement for a training centre in Sevastopol that is now inaccessible for physical protection courses following the Russian annexation. SSM and the NRPA made preparations in 2017 for delivery of safety analysis software to nuclear power plants in Ukraine. The software will be delivered in 2018.

Sweden and Norway sponsored implementation of the 14th Ukrainian Conference on Nuclear and Radiological Security. The original focus of the conference in Ukraine was on safeguards and nuclear materials accounting, but in recent years the objectives have expanded to cover various aspects of non-proliferation and nuclear security, and involving stakeholders from the entire public sector, the private sector, and NGOs.

Moldovan experts conducting measurements of radioactive contamination at the national waste site in Moldova. See also page 12.

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Key result 8: Partnership with Belarus in the

areas of government control and nuclear

emergency preparedness

Since 2015, SSM has conducted dialogue with its Belarusian counterpart, Gosatomnadzor, as concerns the establishment of shared projects. Bit by bit, the discussions have led to certain progress. SSM has helped Gosatomnadzor to join various international fora that work on defining requirements for nuclear safety and security. In 2017, this was followed by the conclusion of a bilateral cooperation agreement between SSM and the Belarusian regulator. During the year, discussions were also initiated concerning tangible projects. Planning activities are carried

out in cooperation with Finnish and Norwegian counterparts, with the aim of addressing various areas for implementation as of 2018. This work relates to licensing of nuclear reactors and to emergency preparedness.

Key result 7: Assistance to government

authorities of Ukraine and Moldova

The government authorities of Moldova and Ukraine are small in relation to the magnitude of their work. Ukraine’s situation is difficult due to the conflict in east Ukraine, which has created a need for new regional offices to achieve stronger government control. SSM and the U.S. Department of State conduct ongoing dialogue with the State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine (SNRIU) regarding approaches to the establishment and staffing of these regional offices.

SSM also provides assistance for maintenance and upgrades of SNRIU’s nuclear material database. This enables Ukraine to report to the IAEA on its inventories of nuclear material under the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The State Service for Export Control of Ukraine is running a large project to

render its operations more effective. One of the aims is to facilitate exports to the EU. SSM is also contributing to the establishment of a system for e-licensing.

For nearly 10 years, SSM has worked together with NARNRA, Moldova’s National Agency for Regulation of Nuclear and Radiological Activities. Over the years, the focus has been on establishing the in-house professional skills and infrastructure of the Agency. This work will continue. SSM has contributed to upgrading the premises of NARNRA and to setting up a technical support organisation with forensic capacity.

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Key result 9: Management of radioactive

sources in Ukraine and Moldova

Over the past few years, SSM has worked together with Ukrainian authorities on management of radioactive sources. After having assisted the State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine (SNRIU) with updating national legislation, SSM contributed to the launch of a new website containing information directed at the general public, and on a national amnesty programme for recovery of radioactive sources.

In 2017, these efforts focused especially on updates of software and hardware for the Ukrainian national registry of radioactive sources. SSM also took part in an investigation into recovery of radioactive sources which, during the Soviet era, were placed in drilled wells. Together with the U.S. Department of State, SSM supplied containers for removal of radioactive material to a newly built storage site for this material, near Chernobyl.

Over the past three years in Moldova, SSM has provided funding for recovery of radioactive material and strong radiation sources from various sites, often abandoned industrial facilities. In 2017, a dozen sites were cleaned up from sources of radioactivity by means of assistance provided by SSM. Collection of these materials puts added pressure on the existing storage site set up for this purpose. For this reason, the partnership also has the task of identifying new solutions for waste handling and management.

SSM contributes to Moldova’s planning work for improvement of storage capacity and the associated physical protection. Using the same approach, assistance will be provided in 2018 to help develop the Moldovan regulator’s framework of rules governing sources of radioactivity and their storage and disposal.

Industrial site in Moldova, from which radioactive materials have been removed for safe storage.

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Russian Federation

Emergency preparedness cooperation with Russian authorities, SSM2015-1099; payments in 2017: 240 kSEK

A number of activities were carried out in 2017 under the umbrella of the five-year action plan agreed in 2015 for cooperation on emergency preparedness and response (EP&R) between Russian, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish authorities.

The first activity was a workshop, held by SSM in May 2017, on the subject of national management systems for accidents with cross-border implications. SSM participated in a workshop in September, organised by the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA), on decision support systems, measurement tools and countermeasure strategies.

In the autumn, SSM participated as an observer in an emergency preparedness and response exercise at the Beloyarsk, Rostov and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants in Russia. In December, SSM attended the annual Russian-Nordic EP&R working group meeting organised by the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, STUK, where the EP&R activities performed during 2016 were reported on and further activities planned for 2017 were agreed upon.

Supply of ultrasonic probes for reactor pressure vessel inspection at the Kola NPP, SSM2017-1886; payments in 2017: 202 kSEK

The project covered the delivery of specially tailored ultrasonic probes to be attached to the remotely operated manipulator for inspection of the four reactor pressure vessels at Kola. The project was co-financed by STUK and SSM.

Planning and strategy meetings with

Rosenergoatom, SSM2017-476; payments in 2017: 233 kSEK

Planning meetings are generally arranged twice per year between SSM and its Russian, Finnish and Norwegian partners. The meetings are held in order to get a general overview of safety work within the Russian nuclear power

sector and to present the frameworks and priorities of the Nordic and Russian partners. The meetings involve reviews of all ongoing projects at the Kola NPP and Leningrad NPP, and discussions on future projects. In May 2017, Rosenergoatom (REA) held the first meeting in Novovoronezh, and in December, STUK hosted the second meeting, held in Finland.

Upgrading of system for steam generator tube inspection at the Kola NPP, SSM2015-5809; payments in 2017: 890 kSEK

The project started in 2016 when a contract was

established between the Kola NPP and a Croatian supplier, comprising delivery of hardware, software and training for upgrading the inspection system for steam generator tubes. Conditions in the steam generator tubes are crucial for preventing radioactive contamination outside the primary system of the reactors, as the tubes form the barrier between radioactive and “clean” media. Final testing, training, commissioning and first use at the Kola NPP was carried out in 2017. The project was co-financed by STUK, SSM and KNPP.

Equipment for environmental radiation monitoring at the Kola NPP, SSM2017-1887; payments in 2017: 418 kSEK

In addition to previously delivered gamma detector stations for environmental monitoring, delivery of three more units was contracted in 2017. This means that after their installation, the stationary monitoring system will have been completely upgraded. The project is part of the modernisation programme of the environmental monitoring system used at KNPP.

Training and knowledge exchange in the areas of Probabilistic Safety Assessment, operation and maintenance of the Kola NPP, SSM2016-762; payments in 2017: 52 kSEK

The project focused on facilitating knowledge sharing in the area of probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) for the Kola NPP, as well as giving specialists the opportunity to undergo training on computer-based PSA tools. One course focused on fault tree analysis, and the second

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training opportunity comprised identification of equences of events that can lead to core damage, and estimations of core damage frequency.

Decommissioning and waste treatment in

cooperation with the Leningrad NPP, SSM2017-2225; payments in 2017: 205 kSEK

Cooperation continued in 2017 between Rosenergoatom, the Leningrad NPP, STUK and SSM on waste management and decommissioning issues, based on an action plan agreed between the parties. Within the cooperation, a two-day seminar was held in April 2017 at the Oskarshamn NPP in Sweden. Its focus was on decommissioning

and waste handling issues. Of special interest was the Swedish landfill repository concept to be used for very low level waste. In October, a study tour was arranged to the Finnish research reactor TRIGA M2, which is in the decommissioning phase. Discussions and contacts were established with parties such as OECD-NEA, the IAEA, Studsvik and the Ignalina NPP relating to handling and disposal of irradiated graphite from RBMK reactors.

Online gas monitoring system at Leningrad NPP unit 3, SSM2009-2668; payments in 2017: 2 kSEK

The purpose of the online gas monitoring system is to obtain data on the chemical/physical composition in the inert gas circuit of the reactor. The data provided is a means for assessing the processes and condition of the graphite stack. The system also detects leakages and measures the efficiency of the gas purification system. Commissioning of the system has been delayed due to the procurement process for installation at the Leningrad NPP. The software was upgraded by the supplier in August 2016, with implementation planned in 2018.

Spare parts for the online vibration monitoring system at the Leningrad NPP, SSM2017-2221; payments in 2017: 1 kSEK

The project comprises upgrading of components and software for the vibration monitoring system for rotating machines at the Leningrad NPP. The system, covering all four units of the plant, alerts operators in the event of imbalances and vibrations that might have a negative impact on reactor safety. As parts of the system are not yet

fully in operation, SSM will provide funding for spare parts to increase system reliability.

Training and knowledge exchange in the areas of PSA, operation and maintenance of the Leningrad NPP, SSM2017-1085; payments in 2017: 76 kSEK

The project covers activities relating to enhancement of nuclear safety performance. LNPP experts were trained through courses in Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) and they participated in an exchange meeting. Together with representatives from Swedish nuclear power plants, seminars were arranged at LNPP on topics such as electric cable diagnostics and dealing with methodology for prevention of foreign material unintentionally ending up in process systems.

Upgrading and modernisation of training simulator at the Kola NPP, SSM2017-3247; payments in 2017: 984 kSEK

The aim of the project is to improve the general performance of the operator’s training simulator for units 1 and 2, and to adapt the simulator function to the process changes made to the KNPP reactors after the Fukushima accident. The project is headed by the Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) in Norway. The upgrade will be performed by a Russian company. The project is co-financed by KNPP, IFE and SSM.

Equipment for cable diagnostics, SSM2017-5333; payments in 2017: 1,000 kSEK

The project comprises procurement testing and delivery of equipment for cable diagnostics relating to ageing, safety and functionality, combined with training of LNPP staff. The project is co-financed by STUK.

Portable instrument for gas monitoring at the Kola NPP, SSM2017-4528; payments in 2017: 106 kSEK

The project comprises the delivery of a portable gas detection instrument to be used for surveillance monitoring inside and outside the plant. The instrument will be used for noble gas detection and for measurement of total gamma radiation. It is an important aid for the emergency organisation at KNPP. The project was co-financed by STUK and SSM.

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Non-proliferation education programmes at Russian universities, SSM 2017-492; payments in 2017: 966 kSEK

This project promotes non-proliferation and nuclear security education programmes in Russian academia. The main efforts focus on strengthening capacity building for academic writing in the Urals, Tomsk and St. Petersburg. In 2017, the conference “Academic Writing Capacity Building in the Field of Nuclear Non-proliferation” was held in Stockholm.

Ural Federal University presented the book “Nuclear World”. This book includes papers from Russian universities as a result of a previous cooperation project with SSM. Together with other universities, Tomsk State University produced and published a university textbook on teaching in the area of non-proliferation. St. Petersburg University hosted a workshop for 12 students on academic writing skills.

Cooperation with the State Atomic Energy

Cooperation ROSATOM and NO RAO, SSM2017-5639; payments in 2017: 62 kSEK

In 2017, SSM continued discussions with ROSATOM on issues dealing with elimination of the Cold War nuclear legacy, with the aim to protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionising radiation. As a result, the joint SSM-ROSATOM interdepartmental working group was established for project programming, coordination and review. The working group was founded to broaden cooperation between Sweden and Russia in the areas of nuclear safety, security and non-proliferation, and to share information on best practices.

Legacy waste at the Nerpa Shipyard, SSM2017-2658; payments in 2017: 2,275 kSEK

International cooperation efforts have been ongoing for several years on decommissioning and dismantling of the Lepse floating maintenance base. This work takes place within the framework of the NDEP Support Fund, which is administered by EBRD. The complex technical operation to remove a serious environmental hazard requires a functional radiation monitoring system to ensure effective measures to protect people and the environment against the consequences of elevated levels of ionising radiation.

In November 2017, SSM, the Nerpa Shipyard and IBRAE signed a cooperation agreement on reconstruction of the automated radiation monitoring system at the Lepse decommissioning site.

Nuclear legacy in north-west Russia: Support to SevRAO, SSM2017-4612; payments in 2017: 1,421 kSEK

International efforts are continuing in order to remediate the former military nuclear submarine base at the Andreeva Bay site, and to remove its enormous quantities of nuclear and radioactive materials. Existing radioactive legacy waste and spent nuclear fuel at Andreeva Bay will be transported to the newly built long-term storage site for radioactive waste at Saida Bay, and to the Mayak spent nuclear fuel reprocessing facility in the Ural region.

SSM has supported the radwaste organisation SevRAO since the 1990s in coordination with other international programmes, such as NDEP, implemented by EBRD.

In 2017, SSM concluded a new contract with SevRAO for procurement of new infrastructure equipment for SevRAO to strengthen its technical capabilities for management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. The equipment under procurement includes additional containers for transports of radioactive waste, electrical cables for the newly installed energy supply system at the Andreeva Bay site, as well as new servers for the site’s IT support system.

Ukraine

Outreach campaign on recovering orphan radioactive sources under institutional supervision, SSM2015-883; payments in 2017: 307 kSEK

SSM and SNRIU have cooperated for several years now to set up a public Ukrainian website for promotion of nuclear and radiological safety, as well as nuclear security and non-proliferation.

Amnesty legislation is now in effect with the purpose of encouraging enterprises, organisations and the general public to turn in orphan radioactive sources to Ukrainian authorities. The website supports promotion of the amnesty legislation as well as the pilot project on orphan sources in the Dnepropetrovsk region, led by US cooperation partners as part of the outreach campaign.

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14th Ukrainian Conference on Nuclear and

Radiological Security, SSM2017-2013; payments in 2017: 249 kSEK

The conference, held 18–22 September 2017 at the South Ukrainian NPP, is the most significant event in Ukraine for the national nuclear and radiological security community. The conference gathers all stakeholders that deal with radioactive sources to exchange experiences and to discuss new challenges in nuclear and radiological security. This area includes not only traditional fields of nuclear materials accountancy and control, international safeguards and physical protection of nuclear facilities, but now also radiological security of radioactive sources that have become the subject of increasing international concern. The project was co-financed by the NRPA.

Coordination with SNRIU and Energoatom, SSM2017-5741; payments in 2017: 158 kSEK

SSM participated in one steering committee meeting with SNRIU and one with Energoatom in Kiev. SSM was the organiser of the Global Partnership meeting in October 2017, co-hosted in Kiev with the NRPA in the framework of the Swedish-Norwegian-Ukrainian cooperation initiated at the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit.

Transport and storage containers for GP DSRS Management Programme in Ukraine implemented by G7/GP, SSM2016-3948; payments in 2017: 454 kSEK

In cooperation with US partners and other international and Ukrainian stakeholders participating in the G7/GP DSRS Management Programme in Ukraine, SSM concluded a contract on purchasing two transport and storage containers as a Swedish contribution to the complete set of transport and storage containers needed for the overall GP DSRS Management Programme.

Improvement of the physical protection system at the Khmelnitsky NPP, SSM2017-3910; payments in 2017: 2,055 kSEK

In 2015, SSM launched a trilateral cooperation project on nuclear safety and security between Ukraine, Norway and Sweden to support the Khmelnitsky NPP regarding modernisation and improvement of its physical protection system (PPS) in order to meet international standards.

the site, including equipment for access control, CCTV surveillance, the central control room and perimeter, was implemented, and a new contract for implementation of Phase 2 was concluded.

Support to Odessa National Polytechnic University (ONPU), SSM2016-3188; payments in 2017: 888 kSEK In June 2016, SSM established a cooperation programme with ONPU to strengthen and improve the course programme, where safety-related issues were of top priority. In 2017, SSM funded ONPU participation in the OECD/NEA research project, SCIP (Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project). The project focuses on management of damaged fuel and improvement of reactor safety.

Pilot project for removal of disused radioactive sources from well-type storages, SSM2016-3948; payments in 2017: 472 kSEK

There are around half a million disused radioactive sources in Ukraine. Under the long-term programme of the G7 Global Partnership donors, all these sources are to be moved to the newly built central repository, VEKTOR, located in the Chernobyl exclusion zone.

After completion of the feasibility study, which determined recommendations for optimal solutions for the well-type storages, SSM signed a new contract with SC Radon for a pilot project concerning detailed design for removal of disused radioactive sources from a representative well-type storage located at the Kiev Radon site.

In 2017, two progress reports were delivered, and additional radiological investigations into the pilot well storage were performed for risk evaluations relating to the design of adequate radiation protection. Technical specifications were determined for a container for transport of the sources from the pilot well storage.

Support to SNRIU office in east Ukraine, SSM2015-883; payments in 2017: 113 kSEK

The conflict in east Ukraine has had a negative impact on the authorities’ regulatory control over radioactive material located in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions. For example, the regional SNRIU office in Donetsk was forced to move to the Zaporozhe NPP. In 2017, SSM finalized

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radiological monitoring equipment in cooperation with US partners.

SSM assisted the U.S. Department of State in implementation of a GUAM workshop in Ukraine on nuclear forensics, by providing expertise in best practices for use of nuclear forensics in prosecutions. This includes coordination between nuclear forensics experts and law enforcement authorities.

Upgrade of the Ukrainian state registry of ionising radiation sources, SSM2017-2093; payments in 2017: 150 kSEK

SSM has supported SNRIU over the past few years to improve the technical infrastructure of the national registry of radioactive sources by modernising hardware and software, and thereby ensuring the registry’s functionality. Further improvements were achieved by transferring and adapting the registry’s database to new hardware in compliance with new regulations. In May 2017, a workshop was held with regional offices of the registry for improvements as well as to establish plans for further development.

Ukrainian study visit to Swedish radwaste

management facilities, SSM2016-3948; payments in 2017: 161 kSEK

In October 2017, a one-week study visit to SSM and Swedish radioactive waste management (RWM) facilities was carried out for a Ukrainian delegation consisting of representatives from Ukrainian operators.

The visit included the SKB facilities SFR in Forsmark and Clab in Oskarshamn, as well as Studsvik. A workshop at SSM focused on the Swedish national system for management of radioactive waste and the project for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel.

Support for the Odessa Center for Nonproliferation, SSM 2017-876; payments in 2017: 535 kSEK

In 2015, through the support of SSM, a research centre was established at Odessa National University. The main role of the Odessa Center for Nonproliferation (OdCNP) is to strengthen Ukraine’s work to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The support focuses on analysis of political, technological, legal and societal processes and

factors affecting non-proliferation work in the Black Sea region.

In 2017, OdCNP continued implementation of a research project to survey the history of the Ukrainian nuclear sector. SSM provided support for an international summer seminar at OdCNP to increase awareness among the young non-proliferation community in Ukraine and the region.

Technical support for SNRIU’s database for IAEA safeguards inspections, SSM 2017-379; payments in 2017: 95 kSEK

SSM assists SNRIU by providing technical support for a special-purpose database for recordkeeping of IAEA safeguards inspections in Ukraine. The objectives include ensuring that the safeguards agreement between Ukraine and the IAEA is properly applied, and correct functioning of SNRIU’s nuclear material accountancy reporting to the IAEA. In 2017, database update support was provided as agreed between SSM and SNRIU.

Support to the Ukrainian state body for export control, SSM 2017-1088; payments in 2017: 500 kSEK

The project focuses on facilitating Ukraine’s adjustment process to the EU’s export control principles and procedures. The main partner is the State Service of Export Control of Ukraine (SSECU). SSM supported an update of the SSECU website with specialized modules for exporters, including online instructions on preliminary identification of goods, and search tools for control lists regulated by multilateral export control regimes.

Belarus

Cooperation on emergency preparedness, SSM2016-4328; payments in 2017: 29 kSEK

SSM and its Norwegian and Finnish counterparts signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2016 with their Belarusian counterpart, Gosatomnadzor, as concerns information exchange and cooperation. In 2017, an activity plan was established. Two meetings between the Nordic and Belarusian partners were carried out on management of legacy waste issues and best practices for licensing processes for newly built nuclear power plants.

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Moldova

Technical support and infrastructure development at NARNRA, 5220, 993, SSM2017-5328; payments in 2017: 547 kSEK

SSM supports the National Agency for Regulation of Nuclear and Radiological Activities (NARNRA) to develop physical infrastructure for effective performance of NARNRA’s regulatory functions. SSM arranged seminars in 2017 to strengthen technical support organisations in the field of nuclear forensics.

SSM also supported NARNRA’s national Technical Support Organisation (TSO), the INOTEH laboratory, to upgrade software for gamma measurement equipment and for procurement of a calibration source.

Securing radioactive sources outside regulatory control, SSM2017-632; payments in 2017: 200 kSEK

For several years, SSM has assisted the Republic of Moldova to strengthen regulatory control over orphan radiological sources. During 2017, a total of eleven sites were inspected, and a significant number of radioactive sources were collected, characterized and transported to the National Radioactive Waste Management Company for classification and storage.

Cooperation on radioactive waste management in Moldova, SSM2017-631; payments in 2017: 305 kSEK

SSM supports capacity building at NARNRA and the Radioactive Waste Management Company (RWMC) regarding infrastructure development in radioactive waste management, handling and treatment. Moldova has a site model for a surface disposal facility, developed by RWMC, that will serve as a basis for developing a radiological safety assessment. The model will comprise compilation and interpretation of existing data, waste properties, and inventory of the disposal facility, as well as data from new measurements.

By providing expert advice to NARNRA, SSM also supported development of the legal and regulatory framework relating to radioactive waste management.

Support for nuclear security education and training, SSM 2017-2589; payments in 2017: 98 kSEK

In 2017, SSM continued providing support to capacity building of the Nuclear Security Support Centre (NSSC) of the Technical University of Moldova. The main support was directed at enhancement of NSSC’s curriculum and further technical improvement of the NSSC training laboratory. A new educational component on nuclear safety/safeguards/non-proliferation interference was tested for relevant staff of medical institutions in Moldova.

Georgia

Remediation efforts at the Anaseuli site, SSM-4529; payments in 2017: 374 kSEK

As part of an EU project on designing a repository for radioactive waste in Georgia, SSM renders a bilateral contribution to overall project goals. While SSM, Sida, the European Commission and the ANRS of Georgia discussed and planned this EU project, SSM and its Georgian counterparts decided to make an early start on taking stock of the materials that must be put in storage. At the Anaseuli site, it is necessary to trace the dissemination of radioactive materials from past experimental agricultural activities in order to assess the needs for remediation and possible storage of soil and other materials at later stages.

Preparation for EU project on establishment of a repository for radioactive waste, SSM2016-5426; payments in 2017: 0 kSEK

Throughout 2017, SSM, Sida, the European Commission and the ANRS of Georgia discussed and planned the agreements and contracts needed for a major EU project. In the framework of the project, the task is to develop a preliminary design for a repository in Georgia for radioactive and nuclear materials. The project will be carried out during the period 2018-2020 and include environmental risk assessments and preparation of government approval for the design. The European Commission will provide a total of 1 million euros for the project, and SSM will add 200,000 euros.

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Georgia’s waste strategy, SSM2015-2073; payments in 2017: 88 kSEK

The collaboration and experience gained together with Swedish experts since 2015 facilitated elaboration of a national waste management strategy and action plan that was adopted by the Georgian government in December 2016. To provide sustainability in Swedish-Georgian bilateral cooperation, SSM and the ANRS signed a Memorandum of Understanding in March 2017 for a long-term joint project on nuclear and radiation safety issues.

Support to the organisation of the 2018 Tbilisi International Forum for Regional Stability, SSM2017-2274; payments in 2017: 224 kSEK

The Tbilisi Forum for Regional Stability is a platform for debate and discussion on current international developments concerning nuclear security and nuclear non-proliferation. The Forum is intended for a wider audience, including international organisations, civil society and academia.

In 2017, various preparatory meetings were held to review the outcomes of previous fora and to explore the interests of state agencies in identifying the main areas to address during the next Forum.

Improvement of non-proliferation education, SSM 2017-491; payments in 2017: 431 kSEK

Since 2015, SSM has supported improvement of non-proliferation education programmes at Georgian universities. In 2017, the main activities focused on development of a concept for a cross-regional research project relating to the nuclear security regime and to challenges in Georgia and the Black Sea region. Two international workshops in Tbilisi were devoted to promoting this joint research project, initiated by researchers from Georgia, the UK and Sweden.

Work on a university textbook in the Georgian language continued, planned for completion in 2018.

The second Non-proliferation Summer University was held in Batumi. This event contributed to the broadening of discussions in academia regarding Georgia’s policy and actions directed at implementation of its international obligations to combat terrorism and improve the national export control system.

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ANRS Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety (Georgia)

CCTV Closed-circuit television

Clab Central interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel (Sweden)

DECC Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK)

DG DEVCO The Commission’s Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development

EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Energoatom Ukrainian state company that owns all nuclear power plants in Ukraine G-7 The Group of Seven (Canada, France,

Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and United States)

G-8 The Group of Eight (same as G-7, including Russia)

GP Global Partnership

GP DSRS Design Safety Review Services of the GP GUAM Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

IBRAE Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

IFE Institute for Energy Technology (Norway) KNPP Kola nuclear power plant (Russia) LNPP Leningrad nuclear power plant (Russia) MNEPR Multilateral Nuclear Environmental

Programme in the Russian Federation NARNRA National Agency for Regulation of Nuclear

and Radiological Activities (Moldova) NDEP Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NO RAO National Operator for Radioactive Waste

NPP Nuclear power plant NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty

NRPA Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority NSSC Nuclear Security Support Centre (Moldova) OdCNP Odessa Center for Nonproliferation OECD/NEA Nuclear Energy Agency within the OECD ONPU Odessa National Polytechnic University PSA Probabilistic Safety Assessment Radon Ukrainian state-owned company for

management of radioactive waste RBMK Russian reactor type, graphite moderated REA Rosenergoatom (Russia)

ROSATOM State Atomic Energy Corporation (Russia) RWM Radioactive waste management

RWMC Radioactive Waste Management Company (Moldova)

SCIP Studsvik Cladding Integrity Project (Sweden) SevRAO Federal Enterprise for Radioactive Waste

Management (Russia)

SFR Final repository for short-lived radioactive waste (Sweden)

Sida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

SKB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. SNRIU State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine

SSECU State Service of Export Control of Ukraine SSM Swedish Radiation Safety Authority STUK Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority

VVER Russian reactor type, water cooled

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Staff of the Office for International Relations involved in international project implementation.

From left to right: Tor Stenberg, Viviana Sandberg, Sarmite Andersson, Lars van Dassen, Leif Pettil, Håkan Klasén, Stig Erixon.

Not shown in photo: Zlatan Delalic

For more information on the projects described in this report, email Lars van Dassen, Director of the Office for International Relations, at lars.van.dassen@ssm.se, or call +46 8 799 40 00. ph o to : h an s e ri k h an ss o n

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S tr å ls ä ke rh e ts m yn d ig h e te n 2 0 18 . P ri n te d b y A le t ry c ke ri A B .

Swedish Radiation Safety Authority Solna strandväg 96 SE-171 16 Stockholm Sweden +46 8 799 40 00 registrator@ssm.se www.ssm.se

Send an email to registrator@ssm.se if you would like to have the report in a

References

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