Usability Design: A framework for designing usable interactive systems in practice
Full text
(2)
(3) 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH ,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH. BY BENGT GÖRANSSON June 2001. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPPSALA UNIVERSITY UPPSALA SWEDEN. Dissertation for the degree of Licentiate of Philosophy in Human-Computer Interaction at Uppsala University 2001.
(4) . Usability Design: A Framework for Designing Usable Interactive Systems in Practice %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ Bengt.Goransson@hci.uu.se. 'HSDUWPHQWRI+XPDQ&RPSXWHU,QWHUDFWLRQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\ 8SSVDOD8QLYHUVLW\ %R[ 6(8SSVDOD 6ZHGHQ http://www.it.uu.se/. Bengt Göransson 2001 ISSN 1404-3203 Printed by the Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
(5) $EVWUDFWL. $EVWUDFW p="©:h"m©4phz"maF^"¦F"F=p*F4phF"§"FpO^F"=¦"m"VF pO¤F_4FmF==FaVm p§F¦F:aaF¨FhFd©"F^"4phz"maF"=pz "O¤dd©amFV"F=¤F_4FmF==FaVm"zzp"4^ampmF"FVa4^aO "^F:4phz"maFFm=p"=pzz"4a4F"m=hF^p=am"VFp"=pz "z"a4¤d"hF^p=pz"4a4Fpmd©§^Fm"4phzdF¨FpOO"4p"daVm p4F"FF"=amF^FFa"*aVh"cFOp4phz"maF¦Fm=amV¤"*ada© hF^p=:*¤zpp¤"*ada©pO©Fh"m=zp=¤4aadd¦F©4ph_ hpmI^F¦Fm=ppOFm*d"hamVapmO"4pp¤a=F^FaahhF=a"Fam_ Od¤Fm4F^a:"hpmVp^F^amV:a"4"ddOp¤p§pcOp"¤F_ 4FmF==FaVm"a¤=F""h"bp"FV©Op^F©Fh=F¦FdpzhFm zp4F ^F4pmFmpO^a^Faa=F=a4"F=p^F¤FapmpO^p§p=F_ ¦Fdpz¤"*dFamF"4a¦F©Fhamz"4a4F"amOp4¤apm^p§§F4"m "aF^F"§"FmFpO¤"*ada©"a4¤d"F^FmFF=Op¤F_4FmF==FaVm §a^am^Fam=¤©"m==F¦FdpzhFmpV"ma"apm"m=z"4a4F¤F_ 4FmF==FaVmO"hF§pcOp¤"*ada©=FaVm""m¤mzFFmap¤§"© pO"zzd©amV¤F_4FmF==FaVma=F4a*F="m==a4¤F=. . 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH%HQJW*|UDQVVRQ.
(6) LL$EVWUDFW. %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(7) . . pddamp"m="d:§a^dp¦F. .
(8) . .
(9) $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWVY. $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV "m©^"mcph©OaFm="m=¤zF¦ap:FmV"m=*d"="m= "m ¤d_ dacFm:Op^FdzamVhFp¤§a^^a^Fa"m=V¤a=amVhFamh©FF"4^
(10) §p¤d=dacFp"4cmp§dF=VF"m=^pmp¤"ddh©4p_§aF9acpÆd¦: m=F ac: "m ¤ddacFm:"Vm¤aO:¦"dpm:FmV"m=*d"=: pFm"m=*Æ4c"m=Fddp^ph"pm^"mc©p¤Op"dd©p¤^Fdzam h"camV^a^Fazpa*dF:OpF§"=amV=a4¤apm"m=dppOO¤m p"ddh©4pddF"V¤F"m=OaFm="^FFz"hFmpO ¤h"m_ phz¤F
(11) mF"4apm"zz"d"ma¦Fa©:
(12) VF"d©"zzF4a"F©p¤ ¤zzp"m=*"4c_¤z
(13) p§FmF"F=am":h©OaFm="m=4pddF"V¤F^FF: "=FFz"m=^pmF^"mc©p¤Op¤zzp:Fm4p¤"VFhFm:"§Fdd"amF_ FamV"m=O¤aO¤d=a4¤apm©OaFm="^FF=a4"d"m=apdpVa4"d
(14) mOph"a4a¦aapm"^F Fh"m"m4FFF"4^FmF| ! }am Fa=Fd*FV: Fh"m©9^"mc©p¤Op^F
(15) ¤OO"m="dd^F¤mOp_ VF"*dFF¦FmamVam Fa=Fd*FV
(16) "dp§a^pF¨zFh©"zzF4a"apmph©Oa¤p"am=§^p amp=¤4F=hFp^F¤*bF4pO ¤h"m_phz¤F
(17) mF"4apm ^"mcp"ddzFpm§a^§^ph
(18) ^"¦F*FFm§pcamV"^F§F=a^ "apm"d"¨p"=| }:amz"a4¤d"9bFddÄcF Fmacpm:*b¶m "m«Ám"m="damFFpm
(19) "dp§a^phFmapm"OF§p^F
(20) ^"¦F ^"=^Fpzzp¤ma©p§pc§a^9^F=F¦FdpzhFmF"h"^"h" pam:FzF4a"dd©mpadbF="^d^FhFh*FpO^F"dpmzpbF4"h_ F^"h^"h"4a"apF4^"m=mmac" "=Fma¤"mF"¤amFpO_ §"F
(21) §p¤d=dacFpF¨zFh©^¤h*dF"=ha"apmp"ddz"a4az"mam^F FF"4^"m==F¦FdpzhFmzpbF4
(22) ^"¦F*FFmam¦pd¦F=am=¤amVh©zp_ OFapm"d4"FF:"m="*p¦F"dd:p"dd¤Fp¤^FFM ^F§F=a^p¤m4adOppcaOFFF"4^| }^"z"d©Oa_ m"m4F=h©FF"4^:^"mc©p¤ am"dd©:h©dp¦FVpFph©O"had©ddamp"m="dI©p¤h"=Fazpa_. *dF. 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH%HQJW*|UDQVVRQ.
(23) YL$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV. %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(24) 3UHIDFHYLL. 3UHIDFH ^a^Fa^"§pFVhFm9^FOa§a^"*"4cVp¤m="m=¤hh"©pO h©§pcOpddp§F=*©pmF§a^z"zFFzFFmamV^F4aFmaOa4F¤dpO h©§pc^Fz"zF"F"Opddp§9. L $8VHU&HQWHUHG$SSURDFKWR2EMHFW2ULHQWHG8VHU,QWHUIDFH'H VLJQ "m ¤ddacFm:FmV ¶"mpm"m="Vm¤aO|¢¬¬s}. ppc4^"zFam9*bF4p=FdamV"m=F
(25) mFO"4FFaVm:F=_ aF=*©"c¦"m "hFdFm:==apm_FdF©:
(26) ¬_¢¬s_QGn_ n. LL 5HHQJLQHHULQJWKH6\VWHPV'HYHORSPHQW3URFHVVIRU8VHU&HQWUHG 'HVLJQ "m ¤ddacFm"m=FmV ¶"mpm|¢¬¬s}"zF"4_. 4FzF=p*FzFFmF="^FaV^^
(27)
(28) s4pmOFFm4Fpm ¤_ h"m_phz¤F
(29) mF"4apm9
(30) ¬s:pc©p: "z"m: ¤d©n_ s:¢¬¬s. LLL 8VDELOLW\GHVLJQHUVLPSURYHWKHXVHUFHQWUHGGHVLJQSURFHVV FmV ¶"mpm"m=pFm"m=*Æ4c|snnn}
(31) m^Fzp4FF=amV pO^F
(32)
(33) s
(34) mFm"apm"dpmOFFm4Fpm ¤h"m_phz¤F
(35) mF"4apm9
(36) nn:¦pd
(37)
(38) :zzs_s:=am*¤V^: : ¤V¤¬JFzFh*F:snnn. LY 7KH'HVLJQRID6PDUW&DUG%DVHG+RPH+HOS6\VWHPm=F ac:FmV ¶"mpm:pFm"m=*Æ4c"m=Fddp^ph"pm |¢¬¬s}"zF"44FzF=p*FzFFmF="^FaV^^
(39)
(40) s 4pmOFFm4Fpm ¤h"m_phz¤F
(41) mF"4apm9
(42) ¬s:p_ c©p: "z"m: ¤d©n_s:¢¬¬s. Y $7HOHUDGLRORJ\6\VWHP'HVLJQ&DVHacpÆd¦"m=FmV. ¶"mpm|snn}
(43) m9 Fa¦"m=FFF:¤am Fm=Fpm: ¤"mpdF9FaVmamV
(44) mF"4a¦F©Fh9p4FF:"4a4F: F^p="m=F4^ma¤F
(45) n4pmOFFm4Fzp4FF=amVpO^F zF4a"d
(46) mFF p¤zamphz¤F_ ¤h"m
(47) mF"4apm|
(48) _. 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH%HQJW*|UDQVVRQ.
(49) YLLL3UHIDFH.
(50) }am4p_pzF"apm§a^^F
(51) mFm"apm"d F=F"apmOp
(52) mOp_. h"apmp4FamV|
(53)
(54) s¢}:zz¢_¬:hF="h:¤V¤ sG_¢¬:snn. YL 8VDELOLW\DQGHIILFLHQF\7KH+HOLRVDSSURDFKWRGHYHORSPHQWRI XVHULQWHUIDFHVacpÆd¦:FmV ¶"mpm:¦"dpm"m=. FmV"m=*d"=|snnT}
(55) m9mVFdh"mm: F"m"m=F_ Vp¤dF|=}:^F
(56) pO§"FmVamFFamVm¦apmhFm: ¤zzdFhFmpphz¤FF^p="m=pV"hamaphF=a4amF: TQ:zz_ Fzam§FFh"=F§a^zFhaapmOphz¤*da^F§^FF"zzda4"*dF $XWKRU·VJXLGHWRWKHUHDGHU
(57) =pmpF¨zF4^FF"=FpF"=^a^FaOph^FOaz"VFp^Fd": ¤mdF©p¤"Fz"a4¤d"d©amFFF=am^F¤*bF4^F¤hh"©aFdOa §p^§^adFF"=amVOp^pFamFFF=am¤"*ada©"m=¤F_4FmF==F_ aVmamVFmF"d^FOaOp¤4^"zF"FhpFpO"*"4cVp¤m=:§^adFam 4^"zFQ"m=
(58) Oph¤d"FphFmF§a=F""m=="§4pm4d¤apmOph h©FF"4^F¤d^"zFa"^p=F4azapmpO^Fz"zFam_ 4d¤=F=:"m=am4^"zFG
(59) Va¦F"OF§^am"*p¤h©O¤¤FFF"4^=aF4_ apm FV"=amV^Fz"zFam^FF4pm=z"pO^F^Fa9^FFa"mamOp_ h"dVp¤zamVpO^Fz"zFamp^FFVp¤z
(60) O©p¤h"am4pm4Fma^F =F¦FdpzhFmzp4F:F"=9a:aa"m=aaa
(61) O©p¤"FhpFamFFF=am=F_ "adF==FaVma¤F"m=zpp©zamV:F"=z"zF9a¦"m=¦
(62) O©p¤§"mp cmp§hpF"*p¤^F¤*bF4pO ¤h"m_phz¤F
(63) mF"4apm"m==FaVm zam4azdFF"=z"zFm¤h*F¦a $ERXWP\FRZULWHUV (ULN%RUlOYp_V"=¤"F¤=Fm"^FFz"hFmpO ¤h"m_. phz¤F
(64) mF"4apm:
(65) mOph"apmF4^mpdpV©:zz"d"ma¦Fa© $QGHUV)ULVNF¦FdpzF"m=4pm¤d"m"^"h"pO . %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(66) 3UHIDFHL[. -DQ*XOOLNVHQp4a"FzpOFp"^FFz"hFmpO ¤h"m_. phz¤F
(67) mF"4apm:
(68) mOph"apmF4^mpdpV©:zz"d"ma¦Fa© 0DJQXV/LI^aFO ¤h"m_phz¤F
(69) mF"4apmOOa4F"
(70) 4pmF=a"d"*. pm=pm"daF"^FFz"hFmpO ¤h"m_phz¤F
(71) mF"4apm:
(72) m_ Oph"apmF4^mpdpV©:zz"d"ma¦Fa© (YD2OVVRQp_V"=¤"F¤=Fm"^FFz"hFmpO ¤h"m_. phz¤F
(73) mF"4apm:
(74) mOph"apmF4^mpdpV©:zz"d"ma¦Fa© %HQJW6DQGEODGp4a"FzpOFp"m= F"=pO^FFz"hFmpO ¤_. h"m_phz¤F
(75) mF"4apm:
(76) mOph"apmF4^mpdpV©:zz"d"ma¦Fa© 7RUVWHQ6DQGElFNF¦FdpzF"m=4pm¤d"m"mF"F=am" 9HOOR7KRPDVVRQF¦FdpzF"m=4pm¤d"m" "©*a . %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(77) [3UHIDFH. %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(78) 7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV[L. 7$%/(2)&217(176 6800$5<. . . ,QWURGXFWLRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. . 5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. . . 5HVHDUFKVFRSHDQGP\DLPV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. . 5HVHDUFKPHWKRGVDQGZRUNSUDFWLFH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. +XPDQ&RPSXWHU,QWHUDFWLRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . . . 'LVFXVVLRQDERXW+&, BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . 8VDELOLW\ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . 'HILQLQJXVDELOLW\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . 8VDELOLW\JRDOV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . 'LVFXVVLRQDERXWXVDELOLW\ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . 8VHU&HQWUHG'HVLJQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . ,QWURGXFWLRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . %DFNJURXQGDQGKLVWRU\ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . 8VHUFHQWUHGGHVLJQWKHSULQFLSOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . 'HYHORSPHQWSURFHVVHVLQWKHLQGXVWU\ BBBBBBBBBBB . . +HXULVWLFVIRU8&' BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . 'LVFXVVLRQDERXW8&' BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . :KDWLVXVDELOLW\GHVLJQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH%HQJW*|UDQVVRQ.
(79) [LL7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV. . $SURFHVVIRUXVDELOLW\GHVLJQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . 7KH8VDELOLW\'HVLJQHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . 'LVFXVVLRQDERXWXVDELOLW\GHVLJQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . 3DSHUVLQWKLVWKHVLV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . &RQFOXVLRQV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . )XWXUHZRUN BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . 5HIHUHQFHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB . . 3$3(56L²YL. %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(80) 6XPPDU\,QWURGXFWLRQ. 6800$5< J^F^aV^_F4^am=¤©aam=Fma"dpO"ahzdFO"4^"F¦F© zFpm§a^"4Fddz^pmFp"§p=zp4Fp4"m4dF"d©FF9 ¤4phz¤Fa«F=ppd"Fpp^"=p¤F^FpO§"FFmVa_ mFF§^p4F"F^Fh^"¦FaF="^"="^F©4"mph"cF ^FhF"©p¤F"m=^F©^"¦Fh"=FphFhampzpVF ^F©*FdaF¦F^"^Fazp=¤4"F"F"©p¤F"aaF4^_ ma4"dd©zpa*dFph"cF^FhFmVamFF:^Fa*FdaFOaam F4^mpdpV©:"m=^F©^"¦FO"a^^"pmd©phFmF§F4^mpdpV©: dacF¦pa4FF4pVmaapmp"aOa4a"damFddaVFm4F:§addahzp¦F^F ¤FF¨zFaFm4F $ODQ&RRSHULQ´7KHLQPDWHVDUHUXQQLQJWKHDV\OXP:K\KLJK WHFKSURGXFWVGULYHXVFUD]\DQGKRZWRUHVWRUHWKHVDQLW\µ S. ,QWURGXFWLRQ ^F"F"pO ¤h"m_phz¤F
(81) mF"4apm|
(82) }:F_FmF=FaVm | }"m=¤"*ada©^"¦F*FFmF4pVmaF="m="cFmhpFFap¤d©*©^F am=¤©=¤amV^Fd"4p¤zdFpO©F"^FF"FF¦F"dF"pmOp^a: *¤pmFahzp"m"m="mVa*dFF"pmaI^FaF"m=ahz"4pO^F
(83) mFmF"m=^Fpd=a=FF*|§F*}F§4phz"maFOp4¤amVpm^F
(84) mFmF|FV^F=p_4ph4phz"maF}^"¦F:"hpmVp^F^amV:"m_ p^Fha¨pOcaddam^Fa=F¦FdpzhFmpV"ma"apm¨zpamVF¦a4F pm^F
(85) mFmF:¤4^"^F§F*:p^FVFmF"dz¤*da4^"4"ddF=Op"mF§ "§"FmFpO¤"*ada©"m=^"z¤Op4¤pm^FamF"4apm*F§FFm¤F "m=^FF¦a4Fzp¦a=F=¦a""=F¦a4F¤4^""4phz¤Fphz"maF"m= pV"ma"apm^""Fmp§"amVpam4pzp"F
(86) cmp§dF=VF:¤F_ 4FmF==FaVm"4a¦aaF"m=¤"*ada©4phzFFm4Famp^Fa©Fh=F¦Fd_ pzhFmzp4FF=pmp=p^aOp4^"a©F"pm:^F©FF"4phhF_ 4a"damFFam=F¦FdpzamV©Fh^""F¤"*dF9hpF¤FIhpF. 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH%HQJW*|UDQVVRQ.
(87) 6XPPDU\,QWURGXFWLRQ. hpmF©hpF"aOaF=¤FIhpFhpmF©hpFzp=¤4a¦F¤FIhpF hpmF©F4 ^FFaF"dd©"mamFFOph^Fam=¤©p"p¤FhF^p="m= zp4FF^"^"¦F^FzpFma"dpzp=¤4FhpF¤"*dFamF"4a¦F©_ Fh^a^"*FFm=F4a*F=amF¦F"dam=FzFm=FmFzpp¦FF4Fm ©F"mFF¨"hzdFa^FFzp*©"«FOO%¦Æ=|snnQ}^Faam¦F_ aV"apmpd=¤^"^F§F=a^am=¤©amVFmF"d§"mp¦F©h"¤F §^Fma4"hFp^F¤"*ada©"zF4pO"©Fh p§F¦F:^F4phz"maF ¤=aF=§FF¦F©amFFF=am"amVpdF"mhpF"*p¤^a"F"^F =F¦FdpzhFmpOhF^p="m=zp4FFpVF^F§a^^FamFV"apmpO ¤"*ada©_Fd"F="4a¦aaFamp^Fa=F¦FdpzhFmzp4F§"^aV^d© "mcF= ^p¤V^h©FF"4^"m="zzdaF=§pc
(88) ^"¦Fp*F¦F=^"4phz"_ maF"m=pV"ma"apm"zzp"4^^F4^"ddFmVFpO=F¦FdpzamV¤"*dFamF_ "4a¦F©Fham=aOOFFm§"©9 h"bpa©=pmpFF^FmFF=p=F=a4"F^FhFd¦Fp¤"*ad_ a©^F©FF^F¤"*ada©pO"©Fh"phF^amV^"4"m*F "cFm4"FpO§a^hamp^"m=_pm"4a¦aaF¤4^""==amV phFV"z^a4p^F¤FamFO"4F ^F"pam4pzp"F¤F_4FmF="4a¦aaFamp^Fa4¤_ Fm=F¦FdpzhFmzp4Fpm"hpFFV¤d"*"a^F©§addadd ¤F§^"F¦F=F¦FdpzhFmzp4F^F©"F¤amV:*¤"==phF "4a¦aaF F©OF§4phz"maF"m=pV"ma"apm"F§addamVpVp^F §^pdF§"©"m="=pz"¤d© zp4F^FF4phz"maF"m= pV"ma"apmF"daF^"*FamV4phhaF=p¤"*ada©hF"m ^"^FFh¤*F"^aOam^F§"©^"^F©=F¦FdpzamF"4_ a¦F©Fh^F©"cF""m4F"m=4phha^FhFd¦Fp" ¤F_4FmF=z^adppz^© "©"m=aFVFd|snnG:zs}=a4¤^aam"mamFFamV"a4dF9 H4phz"maFFm=p"=pz z"4a4F"m=hF^p=am"VFp "=pz"z"a4¤d"hF^p=pz"4a4Fpmd©§^Fm"4phzdF¨FpOO"4p. %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(89) 6XPPDU\,QWURGXFWLRQ. "daVmp4F"FF"=amF^Fm4phz"maF"m=pV"ma"apmmp§F¨_ zdpF^F"F"pO
(90) "m=¤"*ada©:h"m©pO^Fh§add¤m=p¤*F=d©O"dd amp"z"dF"=©¦aaF=*©F"daF"=pzFpO^FF"F"¤4^""za ^F¦F©F"amV"Fhzpb¤Op4¤pm^F¤FamFO"4FpO^F©Fh amF"=pO"camV^F§^pdFzF4¤hpO¤"*ada©amp"44p¤mmp^F 4phhpm"zzp"4^ap4pmam¤FpOp4¤pm:FVF4^mpdpV©"m=mp F"daF^FmFF=Op "*ada©§add"d§"©*F¤OOFamVaO^F=F¦Fdpz_ hFmaF4^mpdpV©_4FmF=d"mppzF=F4a*F^a§a^"dppOam_ aV^"m=^¤hp¤am^a*ppc9^Famh"F"F¤mmamV^F"©d¤h|pp_ zF:snnn}^F=F¦FdpzhFmh¤*FOp4¤F=pm§^"ahp"44¤"F "m=¤"*dFOp^F¤F"m=mpb¤§^"aF4^ma4"dd©zpa*dFp=F_ ¦Fdpz9pV"hhF"=Fahzda4a©Op4pmpd^F©F¨4^"mVF¤44F Op¤m=F"m=amV^F©Op4¤pm§^"azpa*dFp^FF¨4d¤apmpO §^"azp*"*dF|ppzF:snnn:zn} ^FF"F"dppOp^F"zpO"ddamp:h"m©pO^FhFd"F=p^F O"4^"
(91) : "m=phFahFF¦Fm¤"*ada©"F"F"^"add"F Fd"a¦Fd©¤mcmp§mp^Fam=¤©:"m=mpO¤dd©¤m=Fpp=mFF"pm Op^aa^"
(92) "=aapm"dd©a""^F"4"=Fha4OaFd=:"=pzF=hpd© *©"^Fd"VFam_^p¤FpV"ma"apm:"m=Op4¤F=pmFF"4^¤:" ¤"*dF©Fhmp§"Fam4F"amVd©"44FzF=""4phzFaa¦F"=¦"m"VF: ^Fam=¤©§addF¨zdpF
(93) : "m=¤"*ada©"m=h"cF^F4phh¤ma© pO
(94) "4am"hpFz"Vh"a4"m=^¤h*dF§"©©^F
(95) 4phh¤ma©
(96) hF"m"ddpO¤§^p"FFF"4^FpzpOFapm"d
(97) z"4aapmF ^FFaadd"dpmV§"©pVp*FOpF
(98) cmp§dF=VF^F4pm4FzpO "m=^F"4a¦aaFFm¤amV¤"*ada©"FO¤dd©amFV"F=am^Fam=¤_. ©=F¦FdpzhFmzp4FF
(99) m^FhF"mahF
(100) "m=h©OFddp§FF"4^F "m==F¦FdpzF©"^"="§F4"mph"cF^a^"zzFm ©§pc:"=F4a*F=am^a^Fa:a=F=a4"F=p^F"cpOzp¦a=_ amVcmp§dF=VF"m=F¨zFaFm4Fpm^p§p=F¦Fdpz¤"*dFamF"4a¦F©_ Fhamz"4a4F
(101) ah©F¨zFaFm4F"m=*FdaFO^"p"4^aF¦F¤"*dFam_ F"4a¦F©Fh:©p¤^"¦Fp"zzd©
(102) cmp§dF=VF"m=¤F"¤F_ 4FmF==FaVmzp4Fp*F4dF""*p¤§^"
(103) hF"m*©"mamF"4a¦F ©Fh:
(104) ¤F^F=FOamaapmpO^aFh"=FOamF=am^FamFm"apm"d. 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH%HQJW*|UDQVVRQ.
(105) 6XPPDU\5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV. "m="=
(106) 1sT¬ ¤h"m_4FmF==FaVmzp4FFOpamF"4a¦F©_ Fh|snnn}mamF"4a¦F©Fha"94ph*am"apmpO^"=§"F"m= pO§"F4phzpmFm^"F4Fa¦Famz¤Oph"m=4phh¤ma4"Fp¤z¤p "^¤h"m¤Famp=Fp¤zzp^ap^FzFOph"m4FpO""c ^FFh©FhapOFm¤F="^F^"mamF"4a¦F©Fh
(107) §add¤F ^FFhampdpV©©Fh"m=amF"4a¦F©FhamF4^"mVF"*d©^p¤V^p¤ ^F¤hh"©pO^a^Fa
(108) "zzd©h©FF"4^"m=§pcam^F*p"=4pmF¨pO©Fh=F¦Fdpz_ hFm:"m=¤F_4FmF==FaVm4"m*FFFm""m"zzp"4^pamF"4a¦F ©Fh=F¦FdpzhFm^"Op4¤FzF4aOa4"dd©pmh"camV©Fh¤"*dF d^p¤V^h¤4^pOh©§pc4"m*F"zzdaF=pzp=¤4¤4^"4pm¤hF FdF4pma4p"zzda"m4F:h©Op4¤apmamF"4a¦F©Fh¤F=^p¤V^ "4phz¤F*©zpOFapm"d""ppdam^Fa="ad©§pc
(109) m^a¤hh"©
(110) §add=F4a*F"m==a4¤^F"F"pO9
(111) :¤"*ada© "m= ¤^Fpm:
(112) §addamp=¤4F"O"hF§pcOpz¤amV¤"*ada© "m= amz"4a4F^"
(113) 4"dd"*ada©FaVm^aO"hF§pc*¤ad= pmF¤d"m=F¨zFaFm4FOphh©FF"4^"m=z"4a4F. 5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV J4apmFF"4^4ph*amF^Fp©"m=z"4a4F|"m=FF"4^_ F"m=z"4aapmF}^p¤V^4^"mVF"m=FOdF4apmam"mah_ hF=a"Fzp*dFh"a4a¤"apm§a^am"h¤¤"dd©"44Fz"*dF O"hF§pc4apmFF"4^a"maF"a¦Fzp4Fam¦pd¦amVF_ F"4^F"m=z"4aapmF"4amVpVF^Fpm"z"a4¤d"4©4dF pO"4a¦aaF:am4d¤=amVzp*dFh=a"Vmpa:"4apmamF¦Fmapm: "m=FOdF4a¦FdF"mamV $YLVRQ/DX0\HUVDQG1LHOVHQ´$FWLRQ5HVHDUFKµLQ&RPPXQL FDWLRQVRIWKH$&0 -DQXDU\9RO1RS. dppO¤F=pamVzpOFapm"d§pc"m=¤amVamF"4a¦F©Fh" ppdp"a=^"¦FOphahFpahF=aOOa4¤daFam¤amV^FFppd:ampmF 1. ,62 LVWKHODEHOXVHGIRUVWDQGDUGVFRPLQJIURPWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU 6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ. %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(114) 6XPPDU\5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV. §"©p"mp^F^a4"m*FFd"F=p"m¤h*FpOF"pm:h"m©pO^Fh p*¦ap¤d©damcF=pzpp¤"*ada©pO^F©Fh^a^"*FFmFzpF= amm¤hFp¤Fzp:*ppcF4p¦F^Fd"=F4"=F|F¨Fma¦Fd©FzpF= *©:FV9 "cp*aFdFmpm^a§F*aF^z9§§§¤Fa4ph"m=am^a *ppc:FV"*ada©mVamFFamV|snn"}"m=d"Fd©FaVmamVF* "*ada©|¢¬¬¬}d"mppzFam^Famh"F"F¤mmamV^F"©d¤h |snnn}:F4}¦FmaO^FFampp"dOaV¤F"¦"ad"*dF"amV^Fp¦F"dd ¤"*ada©pO"dd©Fh^p¤V^p¤^F§pd=:§F4"mF"="*p¤aam
(115) daF"¤F:amz"zF:daFmpa"4pmOFFm4F:^F"am=az¤"*dFV¤¤ "dc4pmFhz¤p¤d©"*p¤a:^F"¤F"dc"*p¤a§a^O"aV¤F:F¨zFa_ Fm4Fap¤Fd¦F:F4:"m=p="©F¦FmFFapm^F mF§¦FmO¤^F: h"©*F^F§p^amVa"dd^pF©Fh^"§F=pmp^F""*p¤:¤F= §a^am4phz"maF"m=pV"ma"apm§^FF^F¤F=pmp^"¦F"4^pa4F
(116) mh"m©a¤"apmzFpzdF"FOp4F=p¤F4F"am©Fh""z"pO ^Fa="ad©§pc:mph"F^p§zpp^F¤"*ada©a FFab¤pmF h"ddF¨"hzdFpO¤"*ada©_Fd"F=zp*dFhOphF"ddaOF
(117) m"F4Fm "a4dFam"§F=a^hF=a4"dbp¤m"d:z^©a4a"m4phzd"amF="*p¤^F 4phz¤FaF=hF=a4"dF4p=mFz^©a4a"m4d"ahF=^""=a"=¦"m"VF §a^^F4phz¤FaF=hF=a4"dF4p=a^"a=pFmpVa¦F"¤OOa4aFm p¦F¦aF§pOamOph"apm F§"Op4F=pVpp=aOOFFmz"pO^F©_ FhpVFFmp¤V^amOph"apmph"cF"=F4aapm¦Fm§pFa^FO"4 ^"^Fzppp¦F¦aF§h"=F^ahdF4pmOa=Fmam^F=F4aapm_h"camV FFah"F=^"^F¤FpO^F4phz¤FaF=hF=a4"dF4p=zpdpmVF= ^a§pcamV="©*©pmF^p¤|"VFmF=a4am:¬T¬s}^acam=pO¤_ "*ada©zp*dFh"F*©mphF"mmF§¤=Fz"hFm"zz"d"ma_ ¦Fa©^"Op=F4"=F|F¨"hzdFa9dd"=:am=:"m=*d"="m=4^mFa=F: snGT}=pmFFF"4^pm^Fpza4pOh"camV^F4phz¤FaF=hF=a4"dF_ 4p="¤"*dF"zpa*dF:*¤add©Fh"^FpmFhFmapmF="F=F_ ¦FdpzF=
(118) ^"¦F"cF=h©FdO^F¤FapmI^p§4"m
(119) ""FF"4^F"m=z"4a_ apmFahzp¦F^aa¤"apm"m=¤zzd©^F¤F§a^©Fh^""F ¤"*dF ©hp=F"m§Fp^a¤Fapma^"
(120) ^"¦Fp*FzFFmam ^Fa¤"apm§^FF©Fh"F=FaVmF="m=*¤adm=§^Fm
(121) "ham. 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH%HQJW*|UDQVVRQ.
(122) 6XPPDU\5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV. ^"zpaapm:amOd¤Fm4F"m=V¤a=F^F=F¦FdpzhFmpV"ma"apm"m=^F am=a¦a=¤"dzpbF4p*FhpF¤F_4FmF=
(123) 4"m=p^a*©amp=¤4amV hF^p=:zp4FF"m=z"4a4F:"m=^"¦F"=a"dpV¤F"*p¤¤"*ada©:p ^""ddz"a4az"m"F"§"FpO^Fahzp"m4FpO"camV¤"*ada©Fa_ p¤d© ¤^Fpm:""FF"4^F
(124) 4"mFOdF4amz"4a4F"m=4phh¤ma_ 4"Fh©F¤dpp^FOpO¤^F¤ada"apm:"m=^pzFO¤dd©h"cFphF 4^"mVFam^Fam=¤©^"a*FmFOa4a"dOp^F¤F
(125) mh©FF"4^^Fz"4a4"d"zzda4"*ada©a¦F©ahzp"m:
(126) §p¤d= ^FFOpFdacFp4d"aO©h©¦aF§pm^F=FOamaapmpOz"4a4F9"4a4F F4^ma4"dph"m"VFhFm"4a¦a©^"4pma*¤Fp^F4F"apmpO^F p¤z¤|§pczp=¤4}pO"zp4FpFm^"m4F^F4"z"*ada©pO"zp4_ F|
(127) sGQ¢n9¢¬¬¬|}}"4a4Fap*¦ap¤d©4pmmF4F=pphFp pO"4a¦a©4"aF=p¤:zFOF"*d©*©"caddF=z"4aapmF2^aFd"apma ahzp"mam4Faah©*FdaFO^"^FpdFpO^Fz"4aapmFapO¦a"d ahzp"m4FOp*p^^Fp¤4phF"m=^FzFOph"m4FpO"zp4F. 5HVHDUFKVFRSHDQGP\DLPV h©h"am"ah"m=FF"4^zp*dFha§a=F_"mVamV"m=cam=pOzFFm_ ap¤I^p§p=F¦Fdpz¤"*dF©Fhamz"4a4F:
(128) F"daF^"
(129) ^"¦F O"4F="Opha="*dF"c^aa:pO4p¤F:hpFpO"¦aapm"m=4"m zp*"*d©"4"h©h"amFF"4^p*bF4a¦F:*¤^"p*FhpF=F"adF=p *FF"dd©¤FO¤dp:§^"
(130) =papOp4¤pm^Fzp*dFh"m="F"^"
(131) ^"¦FOp¤m=hp¤VFm:*"F=pmh©"m=p^FF¨zFaFm4FOphF¦_ F"dpV"ma"apm:4phz"maF"m=zpbF4 4Fm"d:hpmpda^a4zp*dFh|"O""¤"*dF©Fh"F4pm4FmF=} apFOOa4aFmd©amFV"F¤"*ada©"zF4"m="¤F_4FmF=zFzF4a¦F amp©Fh=F¦FdpzhFmzp4FF. 2. 3UDFWLWLRQHULV´2QHSHUVRQZKRSUDFWLFHVDQDUWRUSURIHVVLRQµ:HEVWHU·VVWXGHQW GLFWLRQDU\. %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(132) 6XPPDU\5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV. ^azp*dFh4"m*F*pcFm=p§mamp"FpOamFFamVFF"4^ pza4"m="F"^"
(133) ¤F"V¤a="m4Famh©FF"4^9 "cF4phz"maF"m=pV"ma"apm"§"FpO^Fahzp"m4FpO =F¦FdpzamV¤"*dF©Fh ¤¤"*ada©pm^Fam=¤aF"VFm=""*ada©aadd^F¤m_ =F=pVam=F¦FdpzhFmzpbF4"m=am*¤amF"FVaF am=p¤|=F¦Fdpz}F"©p¤FF4^ma¤F9hF^p=:"4a¦aaF: zp4FF:zpbF4pdF:F4"m©pV"ma"apm^"¦Fzp*dFh am"zzd©amVF¨aamVhF^p="m=zp4FFd^p¤V^zFpzdFam pV"ma"apm^"¦F^F"="*p¤¤"*ada©:^F©=pmpcmp§^p§ p"4^aF¦Fa
(134) m^FdpmV¤mh"cF^Fam=¤©F"daF^FzpFma"dam"=pz_ amV"¤F_4FmF==FaVm"zzp"4^"amV§a^¤"*ada©am F¦F©zpbF4 FF^p§^FF4"m*FhpF¤"*ada©caddF==F¦FdpzF"m=z"4_ aapmFam^F©Fh=F¦FdpzhFmam=¤©^FF"FppOF§ p="©
(135) ^amc^aa"dpVa4"d4pm4d¤apmp^FO"4^"ph"m© ©Fh^"¦F"¤Fapm"*dF¤"*ada© ^Fm"¤FpO^FFpza4a^"^F©"F"^F*aVa¤F:cam=pOah_ zF4aF"m=h"©*Fmp=F"adF=Fmp¤V^ p§F¦F:^F©am=a4"F^F *F"=^pOh©FF"4^
(136) "h=Fda*F"Fd©Op4¤F=pm^F*F"=^am4F
(137) *FdaF¦F^"^aa^FcF©p^F¤Fapm9^p§p=F¦Fdpz¤"*dF©Fh amz"4a4F
(138) ^"¦Fph"cF"Fh"c"*p¤h©"m=zpampmh"camV¤"*dF©_ Fh"F"da©
(139) 4pmOpm^Fzp*dFhOph"©Fh=F¦FdpzhFmzFzF4_ a¦F^aa:pO4p¤F:mp^Fpmd©§"©p=F"d§a^^Fzp*dFh¤aa h©m"¤"dzpaapm""4phz¤F4aFm4FV"=¤"F"m="dppmFpO^F h"amzFzF4a¦F§a^am
(140) ^FFF"4^FO"4F^Fzp*dFhOph ^FazpampO¦aF§mFF¨"hzdFapF=¤4"FpamOph^Fz¤4^"Fp *FhpF"§"FpO^p§pp=Fpz¤4^"F¤"*dF©Fh^aa"mam_ FFamVzFzF4a¦F:*¤mpamh©zah"©FF"4^Op4¤©cF©"VF. 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH%HQJW*|UDQVVRQ.
(141) 6XPPDU\5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV. Vp¤za^F=F¦FdpzhFmpV"ma"apm p§F¦F:
(142) *FdaF¦F^"h¤4^pO h©§pc4"m*FpO*FmFOapp^F"cF^pd=F:¤4^"zFpzdF§pcamV §a^F¤aFhFm 5(6($5&+&217(;7
(143) §pcz"ahF""=F¦FdpzF4pm¤d"m". mF"F=am""m=z"ahF""FF"4^F"zz"d"ma¦Fa©^a 4pm=aapmapO¦a"dahzp"m4FOp^F¤m=F"m=amVpOh©§pc"m=h© FF"4^"zzp"4^
(144) ^"¦F4^pFmpVp*p^^FF§"©am^Fp"d4pmOa_ =Fm4F^"^F©*FmFOaOphF"4^p^F:"m=^":*©^"¦amV^a"z_ zp"4^:
(145) 4"mh"cF^Fhpahz"4
(146) ^"¦F*FFmam¦pd¦F=amzpbF4§^FF
(147) ^"¦F^"=^Fzpa*ada©p 4"©p¤h©FF"4^"m=z"4a4F":FV: ^FOpddp§amVpV"ma"apm"m=4phz"maF p¦F^Fd"4p¤zdFpO©F"9^F§F=a^ "apm"d"¨p"=| }:^F§F=a^"_ apm"dp4a"d
(148) m¤"m4Fp"=| }:§F=a^ F=a4"dp=¤4VFm4©|ÆcFhF=Fd¦FcF}:^"h"pam:OOÆ"": "VFm©^FF:hF^"h^"h"4a"apF4^:Fda""m= Fh"m"m_ 4FFF"4^FmF| ! }^F©"ddFzFFmpV"ma"apm§a^¤aF =aOOFFm4^""4Faa4^F©=F¦Fdpz©Fham=aOOFFm4pmF¨phF ^"¦Fam_^p¤FpV"ma"apmOp©Fh=F¦FdpzhFm:p^F"Fzp=¤4 4phz"maF"m=phF*¤©=F¦FdpzhFmFp¤4Fpm"4pm"4*"a^F© ^"¦F"dd"==F=¦"d¤Fph©FF"4^"m=4pma*¤F=p^F*F"=^. 5HVHDUFKPHWKRGVDQGZRUNSUDFWLFH 4apmFF"4^""FF"4^hF^p=h"cFazpa*dFOp^FFF"4^F p"zzd©^a^F^FpaFamz"4a4F:am"F"daa4§pca¤"apm:"cF"4_ apm"m=h"cF"4^"mVFam^"a¤"apm4apmFF"4^ampdacF4pm_ pddF=F¨zFahFm"dFF"4^§a^Oa¨F=z""hFFam"d"*p"p©F_. %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(149) 6XPPDU\5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV. amV
(150) mF"=:"4apmFF"4^zpbF4"F4pm=¤4F=amF"ddaOFzpbF4" ^Fz"4aapmF§pczd"4F3 ©FF"4^"zzp"4^O"ddamp^F4"FVp©pO"4apmFF"4^4apm FF"4^a"hF^p=pdpV©^"^"^F=¤"d"ahpO"4apm"m=FF"4^ |a4c:snn}9 4apmp*amV"*p¤4^"mVFamphF4phh¤ma©ppV"ma"_ apmpzpV"h FF"4^pam4F"F¤m=F"m=amVpm^Fz"pO^FFF"4^F p^F4daFm:p*p^|"m=pOFmphF§a=F4phh¤ma©} ^Fha¨pO"4apm"m=FF"4^4"m*F¤mF=p^FdF¦Fd^"a"44¤_ "FOp^FFF"4^F"ahmFahzp"m"zF4a^"^FFF"4^F "cFz"am^F¤=aF=a¤"apm:Opam"m4F"zpbF4:mpb¤""m p*F¦F*¤"dp""O¤dd©z"a4az"amVzpbF4hFh*F
(151) m^F"a4dF^F ap©pO4apmFF"4^: "mF"F|snnQ}=F_ 4a*F^FO¤m="hFm"dpO^aFF"4^4^ppd^F¤hh"aF^F^a_ p©"m=*"4cVp¤m=pO"4apmFF"4^ampOp¤*"a4^FhF9Fhzp§_ FhFmpOz"a4az"m4pdd"*p"apm^p¤V^z"a4az"apm"4¤aaapmpO cmp§dF=VF"m=p4a"d4^"mVF
(152) ©p"zzd©^FFFm4FpO^FF^FhFam h©FF"4^^FFhzp§FamVpO^F=F¦FdpzF"m=^F¤Fam=F¦Fdpz_ hFmzpbF4aF¨FhFd©ahzp"m:"§Fdd"O¤ddz"a4az"apmpmF¤"d FhpO"ddam¦pd¦F=amp¤zpbF4F"h^aamp"mF"©"cam4F Fp¤4F:ahF:F4¤¤"dd©"F¦F©dahaF=pO¤dd©¤m=F"m="m="cF pm"¤F_4FmF==FaVm¦aF§a¤¤"dd©:"hpmVp^F^amV:"h"bp"a_ ¤=am"d"m=p4a"d4^"mVFOp"=F¦FdpzhFmpV"ma"apm^aamp" 4^"mVFpF¦pd¤apm^"^"zzFmO"pF"ad©:pm^F4pm"©aa"m F¦pd¤apm"©zp4F^""cF©F"^F"4¤aaapmpOcmp§dF=VFa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|UDQVVRQ.
(153) 6XPPDU\5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV. z"pO^FdF"mamVzp4F^""cFzd"4F§a^amF¦F©pV"ma"apm|p "dF"amhppO^Fh} pF¦F©zpbF4:cmp§dF=VFa"==F=p^Fp_ V"ma"apmcmp§dF=VF*"F
(154) a^FFF"4^FFzpma*ada©pFOdF4 ¤zpm:"m"d©F"m=VFmF"daF^FF¤dOph"zpbF4"m=pz¤aOp_ §"="V"amF=cmp§dF=VF"m=4phh¤ma4"Fapp^FOpO¤^F¤ada_ "apm ^Fzp4F^"^FFF"4^FVpF^p¤V^p"4^aF¦F^FF^FhFa "za"dpO"4apmFF"4^4©4dF4pmaamVpOOp¤h"bpz^"F9zd"m_ mamV:"4amV:p*F¦amV"m=FOdF4amV|"F:snnQ}^FOaV¤F*Fdp§ aFpz¤^a4©4dFamp"zpbF44pmF¨^FFF"4^FVpF ^p¤V^"ddFzam^F4©4dF:=F¦FdpzF¤¤"dd©4phFam§^Fm^FzpbF4 ":"m=hp¦Fpm§^Fm^FzpbF4aOama^F=^FFF"4^F"^F FF"4^am"=¦"m4F*©zd"mmamV:^Fmz"a4az"Fam^FzpbF4"m=4pm_ am¤F"OF^FzpbF4pFOdF4"m="m"d©F|FF aV¤Fs}^a:"hpmV p^F^amV:=aamV¤a^F^FFF"4^Ophz¤F4pm¤d"mp=F¦Fdpz_ hFm§pc:§^FF"^F=F¦FdpzFpmd©z"a4az"Fam^FF¨F4¤apmpO ^FzpbF4 3ODQQLQJSKDVH. $FWLQJDQGREVHUYLQJSKDVH. 5HIOHFWLRQSKDVH. ,QWURGXFHPHWKRGV SURFHVVHV SUDFWLFHVHWF. ([HFXWLQJWKHSURMHFW. $QDO\VHDQG UHIOHFW. 3ODQQLQJ. ([HFXWLQJWKHSURMHFW. (YDOXDWLQJ. )HHGEDFN 7DNHWKHUHVXOWDQGXVHDVLQSXW WRWKHQH[WSURMHFW. )LJXUH$F\FOLFSURFHVVRISODQQLQJDFWLQJREVHUYLQJDQGUHIOHFWLQJ. FOdF4apma"¦F©ahzp"mamVF=aFmam"4apmFF"4^
(155) aFOdF4_ apm""=a"dpV¤F*F§FFm"m¤h*FpOFF"4^F_z"a4az"mp*F_ §FFm§pFF"4^F_z"a4az"mpF¦FmamahpF¨FhFOph^F FOdF4apmpO"amVdFFF"4^F_z"a4az"m4apmFF"4^aFa^FF_ F"4^*©z"4aapmF:p"dF"FF"4^F4pdd"*p"amV§a^z"4a_ apmF:FmV"VF=am"©Fh"a4"Fhzp¤m=F"m="m=4^"mVFz"4_. %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH. .
(156) 6XPPDU\5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV. a4F*©^Fap§m"4apm"m=FOdF4apm¤zpm^pF"4apmIFOdF4a¦F z"4a4F|F**:snnQ} ^Fm"¤FpO"4apmFF"4^a¤"da"a¦FhF"¤FhFm^aamzF_ zF4a¦Fp^FhpF4phhpm¤"ma"a¦FhF"¤FhFm_*"F=hF^p=am
(157) FF"4^I^"=OaV¤F:dacFOph"dF¨zFahFm"dFF"4^amz©4^pd_. pV©a^amp¤zpbF4§F¤F¦"ap¤hF^p=p4pddF4=""¤4^" ¤Fapmm"aF:OaFd=¤=aF:p*F¦"apm:amF¦aF§:¦a=Fp¤=aF:F4 ^F4phh¤ma4"a¦Fp¤4phFpOh©FF"4^a¤¤"dd©"z"zF=F4a*amV "4"F:FOdF4apm:Oam=amV:F4^F©"F¤¤"dd©=F4aza¦F"m="ahF=p =F4a*F§^©§F=a=phF^amV§^"§F=a=^p§§F=a=a"m=^FdF_ pmdF"m pF¤FO¤damOph"apmpm"4apmFF"4^4"m*FOp¤m=am^Fpm_damF bp¤m"d4apmFF"4^
(158) mFm"apm"d: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/ari/arihome.html. 3UDFWLWLRQHUFHQWUHGUHVHDUFK "Fd©
(159) ^"¦F*FFmam4F"amVd©4pm4FmF=§a^^F¤Fapm9 p§4"m§F "aF^Fahz"4pOFF"4^amzpOFapm"dz"4a4F "pO^a4"m*F "cFm4"FpO*©4pm=¤4amV"4apmFF"4^"=a4¤F="*p¦F:*¤
(160) §"m pVpO¤^F 4^ppd4"ddF="4aapmF_FmF=FF"4^| }:Fd"F=p"4apm FF"4^^"d"Fd©amzaF=*p^h©FF"4^"m=h©FdO
(161) ^"a*"4c_ Vp¤m=am^FamaV^pO^FdahaF=4pma*¤apmpOFF"4^pzpOF_ apm"dz"4a4F|p¤mF% "":snnn} 4phFOph"F"¤4^" ^aV^FF=¤4"apm:z"4a4FpOd"§"m=hF=a4"dz"4a4F
(162) 4"mFF^"^FF "Fahad"aaFam^F§"©^"
(163) z"4a4F
(164) ampV"ma"apm"m=am^F §"©:FV"dF4¤FF"4^F"4d"F"F*p^4pm4FmF="*p¤4phh¤_ ma4"amVcmp§dF=VFam¤4^"§"©^"^F"zzFma4F4"mz¤aampz"4_ a4F ^FamFFamV^amV"*p¤ a^Fha¨¤FpOzpOFapm"dz"4a4F "m=FF"4^p¤mF"m= ""=a4¤^apza4amFhpO dp_ 4"F=§a^am^F=ph"ampO^FFF"4^amVzpOFapm"d"^F^"m^F zpOFapm"dFF"4^FIaapmF^amVp^"FmF§cmp§dF=VF:*¤"m_. 8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH%HQJW*|UDQVVRQ.
(165) 6XPPDU\5HVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV. p^F^amVFmaFd©p^"FmF§z"4a4F^FppOmF§cmp§dF=VF^" z"4aapmFmFF=aO^F©"Fp"=pz"mF§z"4a4Fa*p^p*bF4a¦F:"m "m§Fp^F¤Fapm4"ma§pc "m=¤*bF4a¦F:"m"m§Fp^F ¤Fapm4"ma§pcOphF
(166) §pc*p^""z"4aapmF"m=FF"4^F"m=^"¦F^Fpzzp¤ma© p¤FF¨aamVhF^p=:"m=z"d©=F¦FdpzamVmF§©Fh=F¦FdpzhFm hF^p="m=zp4FF:z¤amV^Fhampz"4a4F"m=¤amV^Fh""4_ a¦aaFam^F=F¦FdpzhFmzp4F
(167) m^a§"©
(168) VF^F4^"m4Fp¤=©: "m"d©F"m=FOdF4¤zpm^F¤F¦"d¤FpO^FzpzpF=4p¤FpO"4apm pzp4F=¤F"F¤dpO^FF¤=aF
(169) 4"mO¤^Fahzp¦F^FhF^_ p="m=z"4a4FpOph¤d"FmF§^FpaF"m=ppm^aa"maF"a¦F zp4F^"^"^FzpFma"dpFmV"VF"ddz"aFam¦pd¦F=am"©Fh =F¦FdpzhFmzpbF4^FF¤dpO¤4^"zpbF4amppmd©^F=F¦FdpzF= ©Fh:*¤"dpcmp§dF=VF"m=F¨zFaFm4F"*p¤^Fzp4FaFdO"m= ^Fz"4a4FpOa 5HOLDELOLW\DQGYDOLGLW\RIP\UHVHDUFK Fda"*ada©"m=¦"da=a©"Fahzp"m"zF4pOFF"4^amp=FOp^F F"=Fp"F^FF¤d"m§FFzF"^F"hFF¨zFahFm"m=VF ^F"hFF¤d "m§F*F¤F^"§F"FhF"¤amV^FaV^^amV: §a^p¤©Fh"a4Fp ©"m§Fa^"§F4"mmpzpa*d©¤m§p phpFzpbF4amz""ddFd:pamF¤Fm4F§a^F¨"4d©^F"hFFm¦a_ pmhFm:4pmF¨pzF¤hzapm^aab¤mpOF"a*dF"§F4pm=¤4 p¤FF"4^am4daFmF"dzpbF4F^"¦Fpzd"m:"cF"4apm:p*F¦F "m=FOdF4ampmFzpbF4:"camVamp"44p¤m^"zpbF4zF4aOa44pm_ F¨^a§add*¤ad=¤z"cmp§dF=VF*"F^"4"m*F¤adaF=am^FmF¨ zpbF4:F4
(170) m^aFmF:§Fda¦F"§FdF"m9ahzp¦FhFm*©aF"apm |FF^F4^"zFF_FmF=FaVm}
(171) a^"=OphFpVFmF"daF^F F¤dOphpmFzpbF4"m="©^"aa¤FOp"ddp^FzpbF4
(172) aam ^Fm"¤FpO"4apmFF"4^^"^FF"=FpO^FF¤dh¤*F"am ham=^FzF¤hzapmOp"4apmFF"4^:^FzF4aOa4zpbF4"m=h"cF ^Fp^ab¤=VFhFm*"F=pm^"I4"ma§pc"m=4"ma§pcOphF . %HQJW*|UDQVVRQ8VDELOLW\'HVLJQ$)UDPHZRUNIRU'HVLJQLQJ8VDEOH,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVLQ3UDFWLFH.
(173) 6XPPDU\+XPDQ&RPSXWHU,QWHUDFWLRQ. +XPDQ&RPSXWHU,QWHUDFWLRQ J ¤h"m_4phz¤FamF"4apma"=a4azdamF4pm4FmF=§a^ ^F=FaVm:F¦"d¤"apm"m=ahzdFhFm"apmpOamF"4a¦F4ph_ z¤amV©FhOp^¤h"m¤F"m=§a^^F¤=©pOh"bpz^F_ mphFm"¤p¤m=amV^Fh $&06SHFLDO,QWHUHVW*URXSRQ&RPSXWHU+XPDQ,QWHUDFWLRQ 6,* &+,
(174) &XUULFXOXP'HYHORSPHQW*URXSVHFWLRQ. pVa¦F"*"4cVp¤m=p^F"F"p¤*bF4pO
(175)
(176) §p¤d=dacFp"cF ^F=FOamaapm"*p¦F"""m4F^a=FOamaapma:Opam"m4F:¤F="m= =a4¤F=am^F§pzF=pham"m4p¤F*ppcam
(177) 4d"Fam§F=Fm9 a¨F"d ¤h"m_phz¤F
(178) mF"4apm|a¨: amd"©:*p§=%F"dF: snnG}"m=FF4FF"d ¤h"m_phz¤F
(179) mF"4apm|FF4F:pVF: ^"z:Fm©pm: pdd"m=%"F©:snnT}^FF¨zFapm^¤h"m_ 4phz¤FamF"4apm§""=pzF==¤amV^Fha=_snG¬:F4pVmaamV
(180) ""FF"4^"m=¤*bF4h"FpOap§m
(181) ^"=*©^FmF¦pd¦F=Oph ^FhpFdahaF="F"pO¤FamFO"4F"m=h"m_h"4^amFamFO"4F:4ph_ hpmd©¤F==¤amV^Fsn¬©amp=¤4amV^FF¨zFapm
(182) :^F"F" §""44FzF="*FamV*p"=F^"mb¤^F=FaVmpO^FamFO"4F"m= §"F4pVmaF=p*F4pm4FmF=§a^"dd^pF"zF4^"Fd"Fp^Fam_ F"4apm*F§FFm¤F"m=4phz¤F
(183) O§F§"mp=aV=FFzFam^F paVampO
(184) "m=a"m4Fp:§FOam=^"^F"F"pOFVpmpha4"m= ^¤h"m_O"4p4"m*F4pma=FF=p*F^Fhp^FpO
Related documents
Keywords: Muffler Optimization, Four-pole Method, Transfer Matrix Method (TMM), Global Search, MultiStart, Genetic Algorithm, Pattern Search, Simulated
organization? How could knowledge be better managed in the organization than it is today? How could this be
The more recent Gaia Data Release 2 (GDR2) contains radial velocities for 7 million stars (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018), this enables a more di- rect method where positions
The research presented here is targeted towards finding ways – methods and practices – to design and develop computer systems especially in the medical domain that will give users
- Investigate if the same outline as the SE4SS-framework but with different activities could be applied in the later stages of a project as well (such as design and production). What
1) All K instruments are exogenous (valid). This tests size. The K:th instrument is either weak like the K-1 instruments or it is strong. 2) K-1 instruments are exogenous
According to the study [13], the search function should give the user some suggestions so he finds quickly the right word; for instance, when the users misspell, there should be a
Vid genomgång av de rättigheter som finns i Konventionen, märktes det tydligt att denna uppsats måste fokusera på en enda artikel för att ha det utrymme som