From Studies of Stylistic Links in the Baltic Basin during the Early Migration Period

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Between Scania and Samland : from studies of stylistic links in the Baltic Basin during the Early Migration Period

Bitner-Wroblewska, Anna Fornvännen 1991:4, 225-241

http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/1991_225 Ingår i: samla.raa.se

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Between Scania and Samland.

From Studies of Stylistic Links in the Baltic Basin during the Early Migration Period

By Anna Bitner-Wröblewska

Bitner-Wröblewska, A. 1991. Between Scania and Samland. From Studies of Stylistic I.inks in the Baltic Basin d u r i n g the Early Migration Period. Fornvännen 86, Stockholm.

The question of the contacts between Seandinavia and lhe south-eastern Baltic zone in lhe Early Migration Period has so far received scant attention in lhe literature. The present paper seeks to demonstrate the striking proximity of stylistic affmities between these areas. A case in point is the impact of the Sösdala style on the formation of the West Balt står ornamentation. In turn, the Baltic står and spade-footed fibulae decorated in this style furnished inspiration for the shaping of lhe foot in certain cruciform fibulae. This traffic in stylistic ideas, often immediatdy modified to suit local tastes and traditions is particularly evident in the case of crossbow brooches with a long, narrow foot. O t h e r interesting observations are prompt ed by the sludy of drinking horn mountings in the case of which the existing chronological gap between the source area in Gotland and lhe secondary centre in the Baltic lands did not interfere with ihe survival of stylistic traditions.

Anna Bitner-Wröblewska, Panstwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne (State Archaeological Museum), Dluga 52-Arsenal, 00-950 Warszawa, Poland.

Foreword. Remarks on chronology

Before embarking on the analysis p r o p e r , the term "Early Migration P e r i o d " used in the title needs to be explained; even more neces- sary is an attempt to synchronize different systems of chronology (Fig. 1). The period of transition between 375—the convcntional starting point of the Migration Period—and 450, roughly coincident with the appearance of the horizon of ranked burial cemeteries in western E u r o p é functions in the literature as stadium I of this civilisation or "phase D " of the Migration Period, otherwise called the Early Migration Period (Schlette 1975, pp.

181-183). The term phase D was introduced by O. Tischler (Tischler & Kemke 1902, pp.

10-13) to describe p h e n o m e n a occurring in certain areas of central Europé—induding the

Balt lands—in the period between the second half of 4th to a r o u n d mid-5th c. (Godlowski 1970, idem 1974, idem 1980). Unlike in other areas, the relatively consistent horizon of artefacts from the Balt lands p r e d u d e s the introduction of further subdivisions of phase D. At most, it is possible to set apart forms having a slightly låter chronological position, yet still predating materials typical of the Late Migra- tion Period—phase E (Bitner-Wröblewska 19916).

Tischler's phase D was used by J. Reichstein in his analysis of n o r t h and north-western, European cruciform brooches (Reichstein 1975). Separation of his material into older, younger and låter forms p r o m p t e d him to introduce a further subdivision of phase D.

U. Lund Hansen in her discussion of trade

16-91H644 Fornvännen 86 (1991)

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226 A. Bitner-Wröblewska

centres in Denmark during the Roman and Migration Periods also uses the term "older Migration Period", coincident with phase D (Lund Hansen 1988, p p . 1 6 1 - 1 6 2 , Fig. 3). In general, particularly with regard to eastern regions, Scandinavian archaeology utilizes B.

Nerman's period VI (1935) thought to have lasted until c. mid-6th c. according to the latest chronological definitions (Nerman

1969, idem 1975), and thus can be synchronized with Central European phase D and with the beginning of phase E. Currently, there are suggestions to redefine the chronology of the Migration Period on the basis of new evidence from Gotland (Näsman 1984 a, p. 71). In Seandinavia, the system of division of the Migration Period is seriously affected by the question of periodisation of specific ornamental styles. O n e tendency is to take the evolutionary approach (Bakka 1973, idem 1977), another, to note a partial overlap of individual motifs, often coincident in a single specimen (Näsman 1984 a, p p . 6 0 - 6 2 , 7 0 - 7 1 , Fig. 1).

Introduction

Starting from the younger phase of the Late Roman Period and primarily throughout the Migration Period Barbarian territory wit- nessed the d e p a r t u r e of populations headed south for the limes. Tribes long settled along the limes as well as those from the distant n o r t h (the Nordic countries and what is now Poland) were drawn towards the disintegrat- ing Empire by the promise of easy plunder.

The appearance of H u n s on the Black Sea, their progress into central E u r o p é and the establishment of a poly-ethnic state with a centre in the Carpathian Basin added to the intensity of migrations in this part of the Bar- baricum. O n e example of these displacements may be the Rujrii, thought to have previously been settled on the southern coast of the Bal- tic, who in Attila's time put in an appearance along the middle Danube as a satelite people of the H u n s (Schmidt 1934, p . 119). Popula- tion shifts in the opposite direction are also recorded, such as the r e t u r n of the Heruli to

The turbulent d e v d o p m e n t s taking place between the Baltic and Black seas seem to have had little impact on the Western Balt territories which are widdy recognized by scholars as the most stable settlement area, unique in Central E u r o p é in its continued development from the Roman Period well into the Early Middle Ages (Godlowski 1989, p. 38). The process of formation of the West Balt culture circle in the territory extending from the Samland Peninsula and the Mazur- ian Lakeland to western and central Lithuania was complete in the late 1st c. AD (phase B2a) (Okulicz 1989, p p . 69, 8 5 - 8 6 ; Nowakowski 1989a, p. 145). Significant in this process was the role played by the strong economic and cultural centre in the Samland Peninsula which maintained far-flung commercial and cultural links, and functioned as intermediary in the dissemination of interregional civilisa- tional and stylistic novelties in the eastern Bal- tic zone. Samland's special position was bol- stered by its rich amber deposits which had even led to the establishment of close, possibly direct, contacts with the Roman Empire. The existence of such contacts is confirmed by a mentioned in Pliny (Naturalis Historia XXXVII, 3 / 1 1 / , 45) of a state Roman expedition for amber late in Nero's reign, which reached the Baltic sea, and probably Samland as well (Ko- lendo 1981).

Following a period of decline during the younger phase of the Late Roman Period the Samland centre once again begins to flourish during the Migration Period. Certainly, the correct view on the considcrable settlement stability in the Balt lands quoted in this paper should neverthdess not overshadow the evidence of cultural changes at work in the region during the period in question. A certain westward expansion of the Samland popula- tion (identified by some with the Aestii, known to J o r d a n e s (Getica, 36) and Cassiodorus (Va- riae, V,2)) to the lower course of the Vistula, areas settled earlier by the W i d b a r k Culture people and their successors, associated with J o r d a n e s ' s Vidivarii (Jordanes, Getica 96) pre-

cipitated a demographic crisis in the Peninsu-

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Between Scania a n d S a m t a n d 2 2 7

600-

5 5 0 - -

500-

450-

400-

3 5 0 - -

Pericxl VU

Pericxl VI:2

Pericxl VI: 1

Style II

Stadium IV Younger Style I Stadium ni Older Style I

_ N y d i Stadium 1 Sösdala style

I

ABC Style

"•' Late Style 1

Early Style 1^X£_.

v Nydam

N>Style

\

Sösdala^x Style

Nordic Stamp's Style

Phase D

Phase C3

Phase D3/E1

Phase D3

D2

Phase O / D l

Phase E

Phase D

Phase E

Phase D Late stadium

Phase D 600

550

500

450

400

350

Nerman 1935

Bakka 1973, 1977

Näsman 1984a

Lund Hansen 1988

Reichstein 1975

Godfowski 1970, 1974 1980

author's suggestion Fig. 1. Chronological scheme.

g r o u n d s . A s i m i l a r p h e n o m e n o n is r e c o r d e d o n t h e w e s t e r n L i t h u a n i a n c o a s t w h e r e t h e d e c l i n e in t h e n u m b e r o f sites d a t e d t o p h a s e D c a n p o s s i b l y b e l i n k e d t o a p a r t i a l i n l a n d m i g r a t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e a r e a by far t h e m o s t a f f e c t e d , w a s t h e M a z u r - ian L a k e l a n d , s e t t l e d in t h e R o m a n P e r i o d by t h e B o g a c z e w o C u l t u r e ( N o w a k o w s k i 1 9 9 1 ) , a c o m p o n e n t o f t h e W e s t Balt C u l t u r e C i r c l e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e G a l i n d a i m e n t i o n e d by P t o l e m y ( P t o l . G e o g r . I I I , 5,8). T h e B o - g a c z e w o C u l t u r e b e c a m e e x t i n c t at t h e t u r n o f t h e L a t e R o m a n a n d Early M i g r a t i o n P e r i o d s . I n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e S t h o r e a r l y 6 t h c. it w a s s u c c e e d e d by a n e w c u l t u r e u n i t , full- fledged f r o m its i n c e p t i o n — t h e O l s z t y n G r o u p ( " m a s u r g e r m a n i s c h e " K u l t u r ) ( O k u - licz 1 9 7 3 , p p . 4 7 6 ^ 1 9 1 ) . T h e i n v e n t o r y o f t h e O l s z t y n G r o u p , w h i c h is u n i q u e f o r t h i s p a r t o f E u r o p é , f e a t u r e s a w e a l t h o f a r t e f a c t s w i t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o m m o n t o t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l G e r m a n i c c u l t u r e , G e p i d a n d O s t r o g o t h in p a r t i c u l a r . W h i l e a t e m p t i n g h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h e O l s z t y n G r o u p w a s f o r m e d by a s p l i n t e r o f

t h e G a l i n d a i w h o r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r h o m e l a n d a f t e r m i g r a t i n g s o u t h w i t h t h e G o t h s c o u l d b e a n i d e a l e x p l a n a t i o n f o r this p h e n o m e n o n , it still a w a i t s f u l l e r d o c u m e n t a t i o n ( N o w a k o w s k i 1 9 8 9 * , p p . 1 2 0 - 1 2 3 , e a r l i e r l i t e r a t u r e i b i d . ) .

N o n e o f t h e c h a n g e s in t h e W e s t Balt l a n d s w e r e o v e r l y r a p i d in a p p r e c i a b l y a l t e r i n g t h e c u l t u r a l s e t - u p in t h e a r e a . I n c o n t r a s t , t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g t e r r i t o r i e s o f t h e W i e l b a r k a n d P r z e w o r s k C u l t u r e s e x p e r i e n c e d at t h e t u r n o f t h e 4 t h a n d S t h c. a s p e e d y d e c l i n e in t h e i n t e n s i t y o f s e t t l e m e n t a n d a b r e a k d o w n o f c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t ( G o l o w s k i 1 9 8 5 , p p . 1 1 2 - 1 2 5 ; i d e m 1 9 8 9 , p p . 2 6 - 3 2 ) . O n l y i n P o m e r a n i a w a s this p r o c e s s less v i o l e n t ; t h e r e , t h e relic s e t t l e m e n t o f p o p u l a t i o n s l i n k e d t o t h e t r a d i t i o n s o f t h e R o m a n P e r i o d l a n - g u i s h e d u n t i l t h e 5 2 0 ' s , still m a i n t a i n i n g s t a b l e c o n t a c t s w i t h i n t e r r e g i o n a l G e r m a n i c c u l t u r e d u r i n g t h e M i g r a t i o n P e r i o d .

T h e e x i s t e n c e o f s u c h lively r e l a t i o n s is evi- d e n t in h o a r d s o f g o l d c o i n s a n d o r n a m e n t s f o u n d in P o m e r a n i a , h a v i n g a w i d e d i s t r i b u - t i o n e l s e w h e r e in t h e s o u t h - w e s t e r n p a r t o f

Fornvännen 86 (1991)

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Fig. 2. Gold coin finds from 395-518 (acc. to Knapke 1941, Godlowski 1980).

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Between Scania and Samland 229 the Baltic basin (Knapke 1941; Werner 1949;

Fagerlie 1967; Godlowski 1980; Herschend 1980 a, idem 19806; Kyhlberg 1980). This p h e n o m e n o n of circulation and thesauriz- ation of gold in the Sth and the first half of 6th c. probably reflects processes of integration of social and political systems as well as of beliefs and customs occurring in this part of Europé. The impressive n u m b e r of finds of gold coins in Pomerania, Gotland, Öland and Bornholm, and, to a lesser degree, Jutland, the Danish islands, the Scandinavian Peninsu- la and north-eastern Germany stånds in obvious contrast to their absence in the north- eastern zone of the Baltic (Fig. 2). The dividing line is particularly marked in the second half of the Sth and early 6th c , running through the regions east of lower Vistula (Fig.

3), i.e. the zone directly adjoining the Balt Aestii and the presufnably Germanic Vidivarii.

Material remains of their occupation fit into widdy different categories of archaeological evidence: of the Vidivarii—hoards of solidi re- main—and of the Aestii—cremation burial grounds survive in an area with a record of coin finds dated to as late as the first half of the Sth c. The dividing line, undoubtedly ethnic in nature, probably also reflects differences in customs and religious beliefs (God- lowski 1989, p p . 34-35). Admittedly processes of integration affecting the Baltic region in the Migration Period seem to have bypassed the Balt territories and the entire eastern zone of the Baltic sea. It would be far from correct, however, to asume that the Balt lands were in those days on the periphery. O n the contrary, they functioned in d o s e associ- atiem with other regions of the Baltic coast and only the plane of these relations was wide- ly different.

Sösdala style and its Balt variation

Balto-Scandinavian contacts can primarily be seen in the sphere of shared stylistic motifs, with a simultaneous fréquent and immediate, remodelling of mutually intercepted "novelties" to suit local predilections. A good exemplification of this p h e n o m e n o n is the impact of the Sösdala style on the emergence of the West Balt står ornament. The former

Fig. 3. Archaeological sites dated to the second half of lhe Sth and early 6th c. in the region around the Vistula estuary (acc. to Godlowski 1989). West Bal- tic Circle: a - burial grounds, b - treasure hoard.

Widbark Culture: c - finds of solidi, d - ornament hoards, e - settlement.

(Åberg 1918, N o r b e r g 1931, Salin 1904, Fors- sander 1937, Lund Hansen 1969) is a local variation of the stamp ornamentation which was widespread in Eureipe in the Early Migra- tion Period; it evolved from a younger Roman (Period V) Scandinavian tradition supple- mented by stylistic influences from provincial Roman belt sets. Artefacts in Sösdala style appear in the last few decades of the 4th and become extinct before the mid Sth c. (Geiss- linger 1961, p p . 1 7 5 - 1 8 0 ; Bakka 1973, pp.

60, 85; Näsman 1984 a, p. 70, Fig. 1); they occur widdy in Seandinavia, where they are concentrated in Scania, as well as sporadically in Schleswig-Holstein (axe-shaped harness pendant from Dahmker, Geisslinger 1961, p . 175, Fig. 1:1, l a ) and Pomerania. Several fibulae o r n a m e n t e d in this style are known from the area—Trzebiatowo, Swielino and Kielpin hoards, a n d from the sunken hut n o . 22 at Debczyno, site 3 (Godlowski 1980, p p . 6 8 - 7 0 , earlier literature ibid.).

Stamp ornamentation influenced by the Sösdala style is seen to flourish in the West Balt Circle (Fig. 4) in the form of "western Balt står o r n a m e n t " (Åberg 1919, pp. 4 6 - 5 0 ; Godlowski 1970, pp. 9 7 - 9 8 ; idem 1974, p.

90; Madyda 1977, p. 387), which obviously shows a n u m b e r of local traits somewhat di-

Fomvännen 86 (1991)

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Fig. 4. Sites with artefacts decorated in West Baltic står ornament (a). Selected sites with artefacts ornamented in the Sösdala style (b).

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Between Scania and Samland 231 verging from the Scandinavian standard. O n e

of them is the choise of items decorated by stamping: in Seandinavia this category in- cludes elements of ccremonial horse trap- pings, strap mounts and, less frequently, sheet silver brooches with a rectangular head and rhomboid foot. (Cf. contents of Sösdala hoard, N. Mellby parish in the collection of Lunds Universitets Historiska Museum, inv.

n o . L U H M 25570; Salin 1904, Figs. 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 ; L u n d Hansen 1969, Figs. 1-2.) Balt inven- tories feature exclusivdy elements of h u m a n attire such as brooches and belt sets. Further- more, stamping is the sole decorative tech- nique in evidence (the belt mounting from former Greibau, grave 272 is an exception, having additional transverse notches Åberg 1919, p . 46) in a Balt environment while in Seandinavia, it co-exists with other, less com- mon techniques, such as niello, notching, and silver inlay. Stylized animal imagery frequently employed in the latter environment is not in evidence in Balt lands of the time.

The above differences tend to be local variations of two styles which are closely related in terms of stamp ornamentation motifs (Salin 1904, Figs. 3 5 8 - 3 6 1 ; Åberg 1919, Figs.

4 3 - 4 4 ) . West Balt står-, spade- or trapeze footed crossbow fibulae, tongue-shaped strap ends and ferrules of oval buckles with a thickened bow display representations of stars, multiconcentric circles and semicirdes as well as triangles filled with a combination of various decorative elements, typical of the Sösdala horizon (Tischler 8c Kemke 1902, Tabs. IV, XI). Stamp ornamentation frequently appears on silver sheet plaques used to inlay entire items or portions thereof, as in tongue-shaped belt fittings, fibulae feet, metopes on the uppermost part of the fibula bow or on its head.

The horizon of objects o r n a m e n t e d with a stamped står motif is primarily in evidence in the Samland Peninsula where several score such finds (Fig. 4) were registered; from this area the tradition of stamping certain types of fibulae and belt sets spread to other Balt lands. Numerous specimens are known from the region to the south of Samland, as well as the western Lithuanian coast and the lower

Neman. Isolated finds are known from the Mazurian Lakeland and central Lithuania and from the zone of mixed Balto-Livonian settlement at the m o u t h of the Daugava river, as well as from southern Finland. The West Balt horizon of står ornamented artefacts is an indicator of phase D (Godlowski 1970, pp.

9 7 - 9 8 ) and synchronic with the Sösdala style.

Står- and spade-like footed brooches (Slem-, Schaufelfussfibeln) and variants of related cruciform brooches

The står- and spade-footed brooches belong in the category of stamp o r n a m e n t e d artefacts. With a crossbow construction, type Almgren VI. 2, their foot features a semicir- cular plate with a serrated rim or row of per- forations or points along the edge. A recent dassification identifies seven types of this brooch depending on the shape of the foot (Bitner-Wröblewska 1991 a). Basically, it is a chronological indicator of phase D, its particular variants appearing in its different stages, the latest being dated to early phase E.

The står- or spade-footed brooch originated in Samland and surrounding areas whence it spread to other Balt territories as well as to Finnish lands (Fig. 5). In the course of its progress along the eastern coast of the Baltic the motif underwent local modifications, giv- ing rise to local variations such as type III, almost exclusivdy characteristic of the western Lithuanian coast and the region along the lower Neman, or types VI and VII produced in areas of Finnish settlement, notably in Esto- nia and south-western Finland.

This g r o u p of brooches is also known from Öland and Gotland (Hackman 1905, p. 161, footnote 2; Åberg 1919, p . 42; Statens . . . 1908, p p . 2 3 0 - 2 3 1 , Fig. 75). Four specimens represent type II (classical—Algutsrum parish;

Lundegård, Köpingsvik parish; Lenstad, Torslunda parish; Gårdby parish); one type VII (with a spade-like foot—Övre Ålebäck, Gårdby parish); and one is a local variant of type IIIA (with a markedly extended fan-like foot—a stray find from Gotland). Stylistic analysis of these brooches coupled with the study of the territorial distribution of types (Fig. 5) offers insight into the sources of ori-

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Between Scania and Samland 233 gin and routes of transmission of the pattern

(Bitner-Wröblewska 1991a, 19916). Thus, type II specimens from Öland appear to be direct imports from the source in the Samland Peninsula or perhaps the centre in western Lithuania. Similarly, a damaged specimen presumably belonging to type VII may have been impeirted from an area of Finnish settlement. A type III specimen from Gotland is an interesting example of external influences from the lower Neman area or the western Lithuanian coast incorporated into local traditions.

While the fashion for crossbow fibulae with a står- or spade-like foot did not spread in the Scandinavian environment, this brooch inspired the shaping of the foot of certain cruciform specimens (Fig. 6), namely, the spade- footed types S0ndre Gammelsrod, Ådland, Sagland and Feering, as well as the so-called isolated forms (Einzelformen)—several fibulae defying dassification (Reichstein 1975, p p . 3 7 - 3 9 , 44, Tabs. 2 1 : 1, 3 - 4 ; 22: 5; 32: 3; 4 1 : 7, 9; 107: 3 , 7). The study of various m o r p h o - logical features demonstrates that the spade- like foot appears emly in late forms of cruciform brooches. Reichstein dates all the quoted types of cruciform fibulae to his phase D3, the youngest specimens even as late as D3/ E | (cf. Fig. 1). In absolute chronology this corresponds to the second half of the Sth and the early 6th c c , and the youngest Anglei- Saxon variants may be as late as the mid 6th c.

(Reichstein 1975, pp. 70, 107-109). Stylistic similarities between står- eir spade-footed brooches and Scandinavian cruciform specimens were observed in the past (inter alios Åberg 1919, p p . 3 1 - 4 4 ) occasionally prompt- ing erroneeius conclusions on the formation of Balt fibulae u n d e r the impact of Scandi- navian forms (Hackman 1905, pp. 159-162).

The clearly older chronological position of Balt and Finnish brooches obviously contra- elic ts such an assumption.

Finds of spade-footed cruciform brooches are concentrated mainly in southern and south-western Norway, a region relatively dis-

tant from the source of stylistic inspiration (Fig. 6). The direction of its transmission remains an open question. It may well be that a land route existed, linking southern Finland with Norrland and the western Norwegian coast. Spade-footed cruciform brooches from Norway showing d o s e affmities to F"innish type VII seen to confirm this line of argument (Moora 1938, Tab. IX, 11; Hackman 1905, Fig. 123, Tabs. 3: 6; 4: 1). Alternatively, the Baltic islands with participation of Scania could have been instrumental as a sui generis contact zone, which is evidenced by the presence of forms typical of beith the western and the eastern Baltic basin, in the archaeological material from Gotland, Öland and Beirnbolm.

Crossbow brooches with a long, narrow foot (Armbrustfibeln mit Nadelscheide oder mit kurzem Nadelhalter)

Such a category of artefacts linking the eastern Baltic zone with Gotland, Öland and Bornholm are crossbow broeiches with a full catch-plate, type A. VI, 2 and a long, narrow foot (Näsman 19846, map 12 a). They fall into two groups: specimens with the foot visibly extended beyond the length of a short catch- plate (of type: Nerman 1935, Fig. 367;

Tischler & Kemke 1902, Tab. V, 6), and those featuring a foot flush with the catch-plate (of type: Nerman 1935, Fig. 368; Tischler &

Kemke 1902, Tab. V, 21). A slightly different local g r o u p is represented by fibulae from Bornholm, featuring a knob on the head pro- jecting beyond the spring (type Klindt-Jensen

1957, Fig. 87:11). A n u m b e r of specimens also show varying degrees of similarity te> Rau- penfibeln (brooches with a Caterpillar bow) (Tuszyriska 1988, p p . 177-187).

A recent study of crossbow fibulae viewed from within the two varieties quoted above (the short and the long catch-plate) reveals a n u m b e r of interesting regularities in terms of both spatial and chronological distribution (Bitner-Wröblewska 19916, references ibi- dem). The first variant occurs in cemcentra- tions primarily in Samland and Vistula Leman

Fig. 5. Distribution of siar-and spade-footed fibulae: a - t y p e II, A-type III, c-type VII, d - types I, I V-VI.

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2 3 4 A. Bitner-Wröblewska

Fig. 6. Distribution of crossbow fibulae with a står- or spade-like foot (a) and of cruciform specimens with a spade-like foot (b - acc. to Reichstein 1975).

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Between Scania and Samland 235

Fig. 7. Distribution of crossbow fibulae with a long, narrow foot: 1 a -with a short catch-plate (variant 1), b - with a long catch-plate (variant 2), 2 - Bomholm type.

and the Mazurian Lakeland (Fig. 7). A distinct concentration is manifest in western Lithua- nia and Gotland, the latter being much small- er. Finally, a n u m b e r of single, dispersed specimens are known from outside the area mentioned. In contrast, the spatial distribution of variant 2 shows other areas of concentration (Fig. 7), i.e. western and central Lith- uania, Öland and Gotland; the Mazurian Lakeland and the area a r o u n d the Vistula Le- man contain fewer finds. N o r t h e r n Estonia and south-west Finland report finds of variant

2. There, variant 1 is, with one exception, lacking.

Chronological relations obtaining between the variants 1 and 2 of crossbow fibulae when mapped provide a slightly different spatial distribution of the respective finds. Samland and Mazurian specimens of both variants are the oldest and most chronologically compact.

They occur in assemblages with artefacts from phase D and can thus be synchronized with the Sösdala stamp ornamentation horizon.

This would confine their chronology to the

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mid Sth c. Both variants of crossbow brooches from other Balt and Finnish lands occur within a much wider chronological framework.

The youngest of them are found in assemblages dated to phase E (and in absolute chronology cover the second half of the Sth c ) . It is noteworthy that while the chronological po- sitions of the two variants partially overlap, variant 2 clearly persists in use longer. As far as brooches from Öland, Gotland and Born- holm are c o n c e m e d , it is more difficult to draw the line between the chronologies of the variants. They appear to be contemporaneous and all fit within Period VI: 2, which started, according to the latest evidence a r o u n d the mid Sth c.

The demonstrably earlier chronological position of brooches from Balt territories sug- gests that the stylistic initiative had sprung from this area, namely Samland, very rapidly spreading ovcr the eastern Baltic zone, also reaching the Islands of Gotland, Öland and Bornholm, often, as has already been said, modified to suit local tastes and tradition.

(Isolated specimens also reached Scania from the Baltic islands—e.g. finds in XIX c. collection of antiquities at Lunds Universitets His- toriska Museum, inv. no. LUHM 3614, L U H M 12771.) The variant from Bornholm could be a case in point. Morphological analysis of variant 1 reveals striking stylistic similarities between Scandinavian and Balt specimens: the proportions are identical or very similar, although local features are also in evidence, such as stamp ornamentation on the bow and foot of Scandinavian brooches (Tischler & Kemke 1902, Tab. V, 6, 8 - 1 0 ; Nerman, 1935, Figs. 367, 373). Specimens belonging to variant 2 from Balt environ- ments show greater diversity, e.g.: Samland and Mazurian brooches are markedly more slender and lighter than their Lithuanian counterparts (Åberg 1919, Figs. 52, 5 7 - 5 9 ) . In addition, certain of the latter feature large trapeze-shaped metopes at their top, occasionally in combination with a transverse pro- jection at the base of the bow, at the peiint where it becomes the foot (Åberg 1919, Figs.

by the construction of r u n g brooches (Arm- brustsprossenfibeln) dated to phase E (Åberg

1919, Figs. 181-182). Specimens from Got- land and Öland tend to have p r o n o u n c e d elongation and occasionally, tapering of the foot (Nerman 1935, Figs. 3 7 1 , 375). Another local feature there is the presence of a double cord and of stamp o r n a m e n t , also present on the variant 1 of crossbow fibulae (Nerman 1935, Figs. 3 7 4 - 3 7 5 ) . Some of these charac- teristics, such as stamp o r n a m e n t or pro- nounced elongation of the foot, occur sporadically in Balt and Finnish material—clear evidence of Scandinavian references and possibly of regular contacts between production centres.

Drinking horn mountings

This category of artefacts testifies to m o r e than just the e n d u r i n g nature of contacts between production centres. A case in point may be drinking horn terminals of type D.S and rim fittings of type k.6, in the dassification by J. Andrzejowski (1991, ibid. bibliography).

The former have two plates and an interven- ing bi-conical thickened junction; the latter are made of wide richly embossed band fittings. Both occur in two concentrations—one in Gotland, the other in the Balt lands (Fig. 8).

While type D.S has a clearly earlier dating, all of the mountings dated from the Late Roman Period (period V), most of them to its earlier phase (inter alia Skällhoms, gr. 3; Havor, gr.

95, 223 a, 2236). With few exceptions (Lub- lino, gr. 26; Gibaiciai), Balt specimens cannot be dated prior to phase D and E (Period VI and part of VII). The appearance of drinking horns (with mountings) in the eastern Baltic zone should doubtless be linked to influences from Gotland which in the local environment were transformed and enriched. This is best seen in the case of u p p e r rim mountings.

Specimens found in Geitland are exclusivdy made from bronze and rather modestly decorated (Almgren & Nerman 1923, p p . 9 6 - 9 9 , nos. 297, 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 , 324). Balt mountings on the other hand, particularly specimens from Lithuania, were partly or wheilly made of sil-

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Between S c a n i a a n d S a m l a n d 2 3 7

Fig. 8. Distribution of drinking horn mountings (acc. to Andrzejowski 1991): a D.S; b - u p p e r rim type k.6.

terminal mounting lype

sels reached the Balt lands from Gotland. The chronological gap between the source area in Gotland and the secondary centre of finds of drinking horn mountings in the Balt lands did not affect the survival of stylistic traditions.

This gap is visible in particular in the case of band u p p e r rim mountings, and filled by items conforming to the style but entirely din- stinct in term of function, the so-called this from Babieta and Mojtyny (Hollack & Peiser 1904, Tab. VII, 416; Peiser 1921, Fig. 1), manufaclured from embossed decorated sheet metal with ornamentation meitifs similar to those present on u p p e r rim mountings of

drinking horns. Both these finds are dated to the earlier phase of the Late Roman Period.

This sheds new light on the nature of interchange as well as on the capacity for storage of foreign models and their latter assimilation in the local environment.

Conclusions

Studies of links between the West Balt territories with other lands of the Baltic sea cannot give too much attention to the question of Balto-Scandinavian contacts. To be sure, B.

Nerman explored the subject in the past (1929), but, being primarily interested in ma-

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terials from phase E and, even to a greater extent, the Early Middle Ages, he largely ig- nored the interchanges between Scandinavian and south-eastern lands which occurred in the Early Migration Period. That the problem is indeed significant becomes evident when one begins to assemble and analyse facts hereto- fore overlooked or scattered in the literature.

It is then obvious that the question is essential to the understanding of recent relations between areas b o r d e r i n g on the Baltic. Of course, phase D cannot be u n d e r s t o o d as a chronological watershed in Balto-Scandina- vian contacts. Many issues addressed by the present paper have a much larger chronological range (being rooted in phase D they persist in the subsequent phase). The emphasis on the Early Migration Period is intended to draw the attention of scholars to the earlier origin of certain p h e n o m e n a as well as to their scale in the period u n d e r discussion.

It becomes apparent that there is a striking stylistic similarity between, on the one hand, the south-east regions of the Baltic basin and, on the other, Gotland, Öland, Bornholm and Scania, well illustrated by the impact of the Sösdala style on the emergence of the West Balt står ornament. In turn, står or spade- footed brooches decorated with this ornament inspired the shaping of the foot of some cruciform fibulae. This exchange of stylistic novdties, often speedily modified to suit local taste and habit, is particularly well exempli- fied by crossbow brooches with a long, narrow foot. In this case the stylistic initiative can probably be traced to the Samland Peninsula, the rapidly spreading motif finding its way to eastern reaches of the Baltic basin as well as to Gotland, Öland and Bornholm. F u r t h e r m o r e , it is also worth noting that individual production centres seem to have been in regular touch (as confirmed by morphological study of the specimens). Finally, a study of drinking horn mountings offers an interesting insight into the travel of motifs. The chronological gap between the source area in Gotland and the secondary centre of finds of drinking horn mountings in the Balt lands did not affect the

connections discussed in the present paper obviously do not exhaust the subject. The question of the influence of trapeze-footed brooches (Tischler & Kemke 1902, Tab. IV, 1 2 - 1 6 , 1 8 - 2 0 , 22-24) on similar specimens from Gotland (Nerman 1935, Figs. 4 7 - 4 8 , Textfig. 6) and Öland (Åberg 1923, Fig. 215) still remains to be examined. The same is true of isolated finds of other Balt imports in Sean- dinavia—such as certain types of brooches, elements of belt sets, bracelets, etc. E.g. the unique finds of fragments of rhomboid-footed fibulae from Gotland (Nerman 1935, Text- fig. 7) and Scania (Strömberg 1961, Tab.

53: 3) which have no counterparts among the local fibulae types, yet are closely akin to the Baltic materials (Tischler & Kemke 1902, Tab.

IV, 11). Similar sources need to be found for belt set components from Gotland (Nerman 1935, Figs. 4 8 4 - 4 8 5 , Textfig. 186) and Scania (Strömberg 1961, Tab. 52:8). Oval buckles with a thickened frame and a rectangular fer- rule as well as tonjrue-shaped strap-ends represent a cultural and ethnic indicator of Sambian costume in phase D, while the bow- curved strap end from Scania also has close analogies with Samland material (Bitner- Wröblewska 1989, pp. 1 6 5 - 1 7 5 , eadem 19916). Analogies for bracelets with widen- ing, thickened extremities discovered in Got- land (Nerman 1935, Figs. 4 1 9 - 4 2 0 ) are to be found on the western Lithuanian coast (Åberg 1919, Figs. 184-193). However, the a u t h o r feels that a complete study of all elements of exchange would have unnecessarily swelled the volume of the p a p e r without contributing significantly to the conclusions.

Similarity of stylistic ideas testifies to the existence of a direct, lively interchange between West Balt workshops and their counterparts in Gotland, Öland and Scania. Such contacts between Seandinavia and often quite re- mote areas to the south during the Migration Period are evidenced by inter alia the männer of expansion of Animal Style I (Haseloff 1981, Fig. 512) or of the bird head frieze motif on fibulae and buckles (Näsman 1984 a, pp. 71-73). The spread of stylistic ideas and

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Between Scania and Samland 239 discemible in archaeological material from

the Sth and låter c , must have participated in the transmission of n o v d patterns, ornaments and decorative motifs (Werner 1962, idem 1970). Intermarriage could have been another factor (Näsman 19846, p . 122). Last but not least was the exchange between economic and cultural centres. O n e of the partners of Samland could have been the centre in Scania, recently remarked by Ch. Fabech (1990), functioning alongside Öland, Gotland and Bornholm, in the lively contacts develop- ing between the lands bordering on the Baltic

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Between Scania and Samland 241

Sammanfattning

Uppsatsen behandlar u n d e r rubriken " F r å n Skåne till Samland" stilhistoriska förbindelser över Östersjön u n d e r tidig folkvandringstid.

Redan då och långt tidigare hade det nätverk av handelsförbindelser börjat byggas u p p , som u n d e r vikingatiden så påfallande band samman stammar och stater i södra Östersjö- området. Dessa förbindelser bröts inte ens u n d e r den oroliga folkvandringstiden då kri- giska h o r d e r var i rörelse för att inte missa chansen till lättfånget byte i det sammanfal- lande romarriket. Tvärtom kan man konsta- tera de då t.ex. påfallande stilistiska över- ensstämmelser inom keinstbantverket mellan å ena sidan områdena i sydöst och å andra sidan Gotland, Öland, Bornholm och Skåne. De et- niska skillnaderna till trots synes kontakterna mellan dåtidens skandinaver och balter haft en fastare förankring än vad fallet varit u n d e r senare delen av 1900-talet.

Från sent 300-tal och genom 400-talet före- kom inom södra Östersjöområdet ett livligt

utbyte av både varor och idéer. Sådana kem- takter går lätt att spåra på det stilistiska områ- det då det gäller o r n e r a d e föremål som t. ex.

dräktspännen och bältesbeslag, även om de nya intrycken snabbt anpassats till vad lokal smak och tradition krävde. Som ett påtagligt exempel på d e n n a typ av interaktion kan man se den skandinaviska Sösdalastilens inflytande på den västbaltiska stjärnornamentiken, som gav ett återflöde genom den inspiration som baltiska fibulor, o r n e r a d e i denna stil, gav på formgivningen av vissa typer av skandinaviska korsformiga spännen. Uppmärksamhet har också ägnats den skandinaviska sedvänjan att dricka u r metallbeslagna h o r n . Detta bruk förmedlades till Baltikum från Gotland. På östbaltiskt område kom den stilistiska tradi- tionen att fortleva trots att ett visst kronolo- giskt glapp synes föreligga. Studien visar b u r intresserad man i alla tider varit grannar emel- lan att från motparten tillägna sig nya idéer och följa modet.

17-91Hf>44 Fornvännen 86 (1991)

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