http://www.diva-portal.org
This is the published version of a chapter published in Nordic demography in history and present-day society.
Citation for the original published chapter:
Edvinsson, S. (2001)
Adult mortality and childhood conditions: Long-term effects of urban life in 19th century Sweden.
In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic demography in history and present-day society (pp. 247-268). Umeå: Umeå universitet, Demografiska databasen
Scandinavian population studies
N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.
Permanent link to this version:
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-36052
=_pgoIjmo\gdot\i_?cdg_cjj_?ji_dodjin
Hjib*P`mhAaa`^onjaQm]\iHda`di.6oc*?`iopmtOr`_`i
Dl^RZ7QbVZ__[Z
Eiomj_p^odji
P c` bm`\o h jmo\gdot _`^gdi` di oc` r `no`mi r jmg_ \ao`m .5-- c\n
\oom\^o`_\gjoja\oo`iodji_pmdiboc`g\no_`^\_`n+=^jino\ioagjr
jam`npgonc\n \__`_oj jpmfijrg`_b`\]jporc\oc\n]``i^\gg`_oc`
`kd_`hdjgjbd^ om\indodji +. S`fijr \ bm`\o _`\ghjm` \]jpooc` b`i`*
m\gk\oo`mijaoc`_`q`gjkh`io\i_jpmpi_`mno\i_dibjadoc\ndi^m`\n`_+
Pcdnc\n)cjr`q`m)ijog`_oj\itadi\g^ji^gpndjinjm\_`adido`ntioc`*
ndn\]jpocjroc`gjib`qdotjahj_`mikjkpg\odjinc\n]``i\^cd`q`_+
Eino`\_) do c\n g`_ oj oc` ajmhpg\odji ja h\it i`r ctkjoc`n`n+ O^cj*
g\mn di oc` ad`g_ _j cjr`q`m \bm`` oc\o oc` _`^gdi` r\n ^\pn`_ ]t \
^jhkg`skmj^`nn)rc`m`r` hpno^jind_`m]djgjbd^\g\nk`^on\nr`gg \n
nj^dj*`^jijhd^) h`_d^\g \i_ ^pgopm\g a\^ojmn +/
Lm`qdjpn m`n`\m^cc\n \i\gtn`_ _daa`m`io \nk`^on jaoc`cdnojmd^\g _*
`q`gjkh `io) ajm `s\hkg`) _`h jbm\kcd^ m`nkjin`n oj ^c\ib`n ja \i
`^jijhd^ \i _ ,j m nj^d\g ^c\m\^o`m+ Ljjm c\mq`non jm r\mn jao`i g`_ oj
_`h jbm\kcd^ ^mdn`n +0 Lmj]g`h\od^ nj^d\g ^ji_dodjin di) ajm `s\hkg`
cjpndibjm \ gjr `^jijhd^ no\i_\m_ \gnj c\_ _dn\_q\io\b`jpn `aa`^on
ji ^cdg_ npmqdq\g+ =o g`\no ajm njh` k`mdj_n h`_d^\g _`q`gjkh `ion
diagp`i^`_ oc` jkkjmopidod`n oj m`\^ccdbc \b`+ Bjm `\mgd`m k`mdj_n oc`
mjg`janh\ggkjs q\^^di\odjic\n]``i`hkc\ndn`_ +1 >`c\qdjpm\i_ \oo*
dop_`nojr\m_nc`\goc\i_ _`\ocr`m`\gnjjadhkjmo\i^`ajmoc`c`\goc
ndop\odji di \ nj^d`ot) \i_ ^c\ib`n di oc`n` \nk`^on h \_` kjnnd]g`
dhkmjq`_ npmqdq\g piodg oc` h j_`mi `m\+ =gg oc`n` `skg\i\odjin jao`i
aj^pn`_ ji hjm` jm g`nn dhh`_d\o` m`nkjin`n oj ^c\ib`n+ H`nn jq`m*
^mjr_dib)ajm`s\hkg`)g`_oja`r`mkjnnd]dgdod`najmdia`^odjinojnkm`\_)
rdococ``aa`^ooc\ohjmo\gdotamjhm`^pmm`io`kd_`hd^n_`^gdi`_+ Pcdn
r\n`nk`^d\ggtoc`^\n`m`b\m_dibdia\io\i_^cdg_hjmo\gdot+ Ip^cja
oc` m`n`\m^c c\n aj^pn`_ ji di a\i o \i_ ^cdg_ h j mo\gdot + Pcdn
^dm^phno\i^` dn lpdo` i\opm\g ndi^` hjmo\gdot _`^gdi`n di oc`n` \b`n
^jiomd]po`_hjnoojoc`di^m`\n`digda``sk`^o\i^t_pmdiboc`g\noorj
^`iopmd`n+ H`nnm`n`\m^cc\n)cjr`q`m)]``ik`majmh`_ji\_pgohjm*
o\gdot) rcd^c piajmopi\o`gt dn \ m`bm`oo\]g` gdhdo\odji di jpm pi_`m*
no\i_dib ja oc` `kd_`hdjgjbd^ om\indodji+ I\it _daa`m`io \nk`^on ja
\_pgo h jmo\gdot \i_ don _`q`gjkh `io i``_ oj ]` n^mpodidn`_ hjm`
ocjmjpbcgt+
Pc` `^jijhd^ \i_ nj^d\g ndop\odji r\n ja qdo\g dhkjmo\i^` * ijo
jigtajm^cdg_m`i]po\gnj ajm\_pgon+ I`ic\_q`mtcdbchjmo\gdot di
pm]\i `iqdmjih `ion) rcd^c c\n ]``i `skg\di`_ ]t oc`dm _daad^pgo
rjmfdib ^ji_dodjin ]po \gnj ]t oc`dm pi^`mo\di ndop\odji+ I\it c\_
ojgdq`\n]j\m_`mn\i_g\^f`_oc`kjnnd]dgdotojjmb\idn`oc`dmgdq`ndi
\ ]`oo`m r\t+ =ijoc`m dh kjmo\io \nk`^o %h\t]` \n \ m`npgo ja oc`
pi^`mo\dindop\odji&r\n\gnj\cdbc\g^jcjg^jinphkodji\hjibh `i +2 Ijnojaoc`n`nop_d`nc\q`]``inop_d`n jak`mdj_`aa`^on+ Pc`m`dn)
cjr`q`m)\idhkjmo\io^jcjmo`aa`^ooc\odnjadio`m`no)`nk`^d\ggtrc`i
do ^jh`n oj c`\goc c\u\m_n di \b` bmjpkn joc`m oc\i ^cdg_m`i+ =_pgo
hjmo\gdot jao`ic\n \ ^jhkji`iojagjib*o`mh `aa`^ondioc`r\toc\o
oc` _ `\oc _j`n ijo \kk`\m dh h `_d\o`gt+ = k`mnji ^jiom\^odib
op]`m^pgjndn^\igdq`ajmn`q`m\gt`\mn]`ajm`c `,nc `adi\ggtdnkpodioj
oc`bm\q`]toc`_dn`\n`+Ddbc\g^jcjg^jinphkodjidn\gnjnjh`ocdib
oc\odnc\u\m_jpnajmc`\gocjigtdi\gjib*o`mh k`mnk`^odq`\i_h\it
jaoc`cdbc^jinph`mnrdgg_d`amjhnjh`ocdib`gn`oc\irc\odn_dm`^ogt
m`g\o`_ oj oc`dm _mdifdib \]pn`+ Pc` h\di dio`m`no di ocdn k\k`m dn
cjr`q`m oc` gjib*o`mh `aa`^on m`g\o`_ oj ^jhhji `sk`md`i^`n ja \
^jcjmo+ ?ji_dodjin di ^cdg_cjj_ ^\i ]` ja dhkjmo\i^` ajm c`\goc di
\_pgo gda`+ =^^jm_dibgt) rc\o \m` oc` kjo`iod\g `aa`^on ja gdqdib di \i
pic`\goct `iqdmjih`io \n \ ^cdg_ ajm hjmo\gdot g\o`m di gda`< Ei ocdn
k\k`m oc` lp`nodji dn _dn^pnn`_ m`b\m_dib Or`_dnc .6oc ^`iopmt
^ji_dodjin+Pc`\dhjaoc`nop_tdnojdiq`nodb\o`dabmjrdibpkdioc`
pic`\gocd`no`iqdmjih`ionjaoc`odh`*oc`pm]\in`oodibn*r\n_`o*
mdh`io\g ajm c`\goc rc`i m`\^cdib \_pgocjj_+
?jcjmoq`mnpnk`mdj_hjmo\gdot
?jcjmo `aa`^on dioc` hjmo\gdot _`^gdi` c\q` di m`^`iot`\mn \oom\^o`_
hjm`\oo`iodjiamjhm`n`\m^c`mn+I\itnop_d`nnpbb`nooc\o^ji_dodjin
di`\mgtgda`c\q`\^jind_`m\]g``aa`^oji\_pgoc`\goc+Ki`^jiomd]podib
* /15 *
m`\njiajmoc`di^m`\ndibdio`m`noh\t]`oc\ooc`\q\dg\]dgdotjagjibd*
op_di\g _\o\c\n dhkmjq`_ oc` kjnnd]dgdod`n oj k`majmhoc`n`otk`n ja
nop_d`n +3
=gm`\_t di oc` .60-$n) G`mh\^f `o \g j]n`mq`_ \ ^`mo\di ^jcjmo
k\oo`mi di oc` Or`_dnc \i_ >mdodnc hjmo\gdot _`^gdi`n+ Ank`^d\ggt ajm
Aibg\i_) ]po \gnj ajm Or`_`i) oc`t ajpi_ nomjib`m ^jii`^odjin
]`or``i ^jcjmon oc\i \^mjnn k`mdj_n rc`i do ^jh`n oj \b`*nk`^dad^
hjmo\gdot m\o`n +4 Pc`dm ^ji^gpndjin \]jpo ^jcjmo hjmo\gdot c\q` ]``i
^jiadmh`_ ]t Bmd_gdudpn di \ nop_t ja oc` Or`_dnc hjmo\gdot _`^gdi`+
Bmd_gdudpn)cjr`q`m)\gnj`hkc\ndn`ndmm`bpg\mdod`ndioc`k\oo`mirc`m`
\ nk`^dad^ ^jcjmo_j`nijo^jiajmhojrc\orjpg_]` `sk`^o`_ jaoc`
^jcjmo`aa`^o+ Eino`\_oc`m`\m`^`mo\di_`ajmh\odjinjaoc`^jcjmo_p`
oj)ajm`s\hkg`)h\g`\g^jcjgdnhjmop]`m^pgjndn +5 Ei\nop_tjaBm`i^c
pm]\i h jmo\gdot _ p mdi b oc` .6oc ^`iopmt L m` noj i ,q \ i _` S \gg`
j]n`mq`_ \ ndhdg\m ^jcjmok\oo`mi+ Pc` admno\b` bmjpkn oj `sk`md`i^`
_`^gdidibhjmo\gdotr`m`ocjn`]`gjr.2t`\mn+Ehkmjq`h`iondi\_pgo
hjmo\gdot ajggjr`_ oc` ]dmoc ^jcjmon np^^`nndq`gt +6 >joc Lm`noji,q\i
_` S \gg` \i_ B md_gdudpn npbb`no oc` kjnnd]dgdot oc \o ^cdg_cjj_
^ji_dodjin \i_ ^cdg_cjj_ _dn`\n`n di k\mod^pg\m c\_ \ nomjib dhk\^o
jioc` _`^gdi` ja\_pgohjmo\gdot+
Einjh`nop_d`n)\^jmm`g\odji]`or``i]j_tc`dbco\i_\_pgohjm*
o\gdotc\n]``i_`h jinom\o`_ +.- JtnomÅhL`^fajpi_oc\o\_pgoc`\goc
dn m`g\o`_ ]joc oj \_pgo c`dbco \i_ nj^dj*`^jijhd^ ^ji_dodjin di
^cdg_cjj_ `q`i da oc` m`npgon r`m` ijo ^ji^gpndq` +.. Bjmn_\cg c\n
_`h jinom\o`_ oc\o ^\m_djq\n^pg\m _dn`\n`n r`m` ^jmm`g\o`_ oj oc`
`\mgd`m k\oo`min ja dia\io hjmo\gdot m\o`n di oc` n\h` ^jpiod`n+ Pcdn
npbb`non) \^^jm_dib oj Bjmn_\cg) oc\o kjq`mot di ^cdg_cjj_ ajggjr`_
]tkmjnk`mdotdn\mdnfa\^ojmajmoc`n`_dn`\n`n +./ Aq`i^ji_dodjin]`ajm`
]dmoc) _pmdib oc` hjoc`m$n km`bi\i^t) c\q` ]``i ajpi_ oj diagp`i^`
oc` mdnfn ajm ^\m_djq\n^pg\m _dn`\n`n di \_pgocjj_) \n npbb`no`_ ]t
>\mf`m`o+\g+Pc`t]`gd`q`oc\opi_`mipomdodji_pmdiboc`aj`o\gk`mdj_
dn \ mdnf a\^ojm ajm oc`n` _dn`\n`n _p` oj ^c\ib`n di oc` aj`o\g \i_
kg\^`io\gcjmhji`n+ Hjr`m]dmocr`dbco\i_m`nkdm\ojmtdia`^odjindi
^cdg_cjj_ c\q` \gnj ]``i \nnj^d\o`_ r doc dh k\dm`_ gpib api^odji
\hjib \_pgon \i_ ^jin`lp`iogt hjmo\gdot di \_pgo \b`.0+ ?c\ib`n di
ipomdodji _pmdib b`no\odji c\q` ]``i ajpi_ oj diagp`i^` oc` mdnf ajm
np__`i _`\oc \hjib \_pgon +.1
Pc` dhk\^o ja ^cdg_cjj_ ^ji_dodjin ajm c`\goc g\o`m di gda` dn r`gg
`no\]gdnc`_+Ki`dh kjmo\io\nk`^ojaocdndnoc``aa`^oja]\_ipomdodji\g
no\opn di ^cdg_cjj_ ajm apopm` _`q`gjkh`io+ @pmdib ^cdg_cjj_ \i_
\_jg`n^`i^` gjib`mk`mdj_n japi_`mipomdodji^\i^\pn` nopiodib \i_
kjnnd]gt pir\io`_ c`\goc `aa`^on \n \_pgon+ = k`mdj_ jah\gipomdodji
_j`n ijo i`^`nn\mdgt g`\_ oj ncjmo no\opm` \n \_pgo+ =ao`m np^c \ k`*
mdj_)^\o^cpkbmjroc^\i^jhk`in\o`ajmrc\oc\n]``igjno+ Eaoc`n`
k`mdj_n\m`gjibjmdaoc`^cdg_c\nm`k`\o`_di^d_`i^`njah\gipomdodji)
^\o^cpk bmjrocrdgg) cjr`q`m) ijo]` npaad^d`iorcd^crjpg_ m`npgo
dinopiodib+ ?cdg_m`i\m``nk`^d\ggt n`indodq` _pmdiboc`admnot`\mn ja
gda` rc`ioc` bmjrocq`gj^dot dn `nk`^d\ggt nomjib +.2
Pc` ^ji^`ko ja ipomdodji \i_ ipomdodji\g no\opn c\n njh`odh`n)
`skgd^dogtjmdhkgd^dogt)]``i\nnj^d\o`_rdocipomdodji\gdio\f`+Sc`i
I^G`jri\mbp`noc\odhkmjq`_ipomdodjidnoc`kmdh\mta\^ojm]`cdi_
oc`bm`\ohjmo\gdot_`^gdi`)c`m`a`mnojipomdodji\njigtoc`^jhkji`io
ja_d`o +.3 Jpomdodjihpnocjr`q`m]`^jind_`m`_\n\i`o\aa`^o]`or``i
ipomdodji\g dio\f` \i_ oc` _`h \i_n ja oc` ]j_t amjh ajm `s\hkg`
rjmfgj\_ jm _dn`\n`n +.4 Askg\i\odjin ]\n`_ ji oc` ^jiagd^o ]`or``i
ipomdodji \i_ _dn`\n`n \m` ojj ndhkgdnod^+ Ei \ m`qd`r ja m`n`\m^c ji
oc`m`g\odjincdk]`or``ih\gipomdodji)hjmo\gdot\i_hjm]d_dot)I\m*
ojm`gg\i_Djnphh\mdu`7 D`i^`)\m`\nji\]g` %`q`i^\podjpn& dio`m*
km`o\odjijaoc``qd_`i^`dnoc\odia`^odjin\m`\ndhkjmo\io\^\pn`ja
h \gipomdodji \n dn oc` gdh do`_ \q\dg\]dgdot ja ajj_ +.5 Pc` m`g\odji
]`or``iipomdodji\i__dn`\n`ndnnti`mb`od^+ =]\_ipomdodji\gno\opn
g`\_n hjm` `\ndgtoj _dn`\n` ocmjpbc_`ad^d`i^d`n dioc` dhhpi` ntn*
o`h) ]po _dn`\n` \gnj c\mhn oc` ipomdodji\g no\opn+ Ei ocdn r\t gjr
ipomdodji\gno\opn \i_ _dn`\n`^\ig`\_oj\qd^djpn^dm^g` jam`^pmm`io
dia`^odjin \i_ jao`i _`\oc+ Ei nop_d`n ja oc` ocdm_ rjmg_) do c\n ]``i
ajpi_oc\onp^cam`lp`io`kdnj_`njadia`^odjin*jao`ib\nomj*dio`nodi\g
_dn`\n`n*_pmdiboc`admnot`\mndigda`\m``som`h`gt_`q\no\odib+Pc`
ncjmo*o`mh `aa`^o dn oc\ooc`n` ^cdg_m`i`\ndgt b`o joc`m dia`^odjin +.6
Oop_tdib^jcjmo`aa`^ondi.6oc^`iopmtOr`_`i
Pc` _dn`\n`gj\_jadia`^odjpn _dn`\n`ndi\nj^d`otdnoj\g\mb``so`io
_`o`mhdi`_]toc`nphja^jio\^on]`or``icph \i]`dibnjm]`or``i
cph \i]`dibn \i_ _dn`\n`*nkm`\_dibq`^ojmn+ Pc` `aa`^on jacdbckj*
k p g\odj i ^ji^`iom\odjin r doc m`b \m_ oj pin\odna\^ojmt n\ido\mt
^ji_dodjin \m` \ijoc`m \nk`^o ja ocdn+ Pc` nph ja _dn`\n`*]`\mdib
^jio\^on]`or``ik`jkg`_`k`i_njikjkpg\odjindu`)kjkpg\odji_`in*
dot) ^jhhpid^\odji) cjpndib ^ji_dodjin \i_ k`jkg`$n ]`c\qdjm oj
_dhdidncoc`mdnfnajmdia`^odji%ctbd`i`)dnjg\odjijaoc`dia`^o`_)`o^&+
Pc` ^gjn`m ojb`oc`m k`jkg` gdq`_) oc` g\mb`m oc` mdnf ajm `skjnpm` \n
r`gg\ncdbc`mg`q`gnja`skjnpm`+ =ggocdn`skg\dinrctk`jkg`gdqdib
di pm]\i `iqdmjih`ion `sk`md`i^`_ hp^c rjmn` c`\goc oc\i mpm\g
* /2- *
k`jkg`+ Pc` kjkpg\odji r\n g\mb` `ijpbc oj h\f` do kjnnd]g` ajm
`kd_`hd^nojnkm`\_) oc`ctbd`id^^ji_dodjin]`^\h`\g\mb`kmj]g`h
\i_oc`pm]\im`nd_`ionc\_dio`in`^jio\^onrdocjoc`m^dod`n)oc`m`]t
om\ina`mmdib _dn`\n`n amjh oc`n` kg\^`n+ Qm]\i `iqdmjih`ion jao`i
]`^\h` oc`]m``_dibbmjpi_n ajmdia`^odji+
Pc` h jmo\gdot \i_ h jm]d_dot _daa`m`i^`n ]`or ``i ojr in \i_
^jpiomtnd_` di oc` km`*di_pnomd\g nj^d`ot r`m` q`mt g\mb`+ Jjo piodg
oc` /- oc^`iopmt) _d_pm]\i`iqdmjih`ion `sk`md`i^`oc` n\h`g`q`gn
\n oc` mpm\g %Bdbpm` .&+ Pc` a\^o oc\o Or`_dnc ojrin r`m` nh\gg _d_
ijoh`\ioc\ooc`t r`m` nk\m`_amjhoc` pm]\ik`i\got+ I\itOr`*
_dnc ojrin c\_ cdbc hjmo\gdot r doc _`\oc m\o`n \n cdbc \i_ `q`i
`s^``_diboc`g\mb`^dod`njioc`^jiodi`iojmoc`>mdodncEng`n+Pjh\i\b`
oc` _`in` c\]do\odjin ja oc` ojrin \i_ ^dod`n) \ nj^d\g \i_ kjgdod^\g
jmb\idu\odji r\n m`lpdm`_ oc\o c\_ ijo ]``i _`q`gjk`_ t`o+ Eo dn
oc`m`ajm` oj ]` `sk`^o`_ oc\o ^cdg_m`i m\dn`_ di oc` pin\ido\mt \i_
pic`\goct pm]\i `iqdmjih`ion c\_ bji` ocmjpbc m`k`\o`_ _dn`\n`
`kdnj_`n rcdg` bmjrdib pk+ Pc`n` ^cdg_m`i kmj]\]gt c\_ oj `i_pm`
m`^pmm`io dia`^odjin di oc` n\h` r\t \n h\it ocdm_ rjmg_ ^cdg_m`i
`sk`md`i^` oj_\t+
Bdbpm` .+ Ce]Xek dfikXc`kp iXk\' liYXe Xe[ iliXc Mn\[\e ,3,,(,41+)
0-- ] /2-
/--
9,; .--
(U
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
K K?I - - ï'am HK ?@ c k j j ?@
i
?@ ï'* - 1 - - HK ?@
Pé Pé
Pá Pá Pá
PéRá Tá Rá Pá rá
PéPá Pá
P á
?J - - J\' CF ?@ j *-- . i
Pé ?I - - CF--
j j--
j j-- -- -- --
Pé ?@ ?@K&
?@ ?@ ?@Pé Pé Pé Pé
U _ [ l
i --
Pé Pé'KcTS` 'HfcS^
MfliZ\ 7Ddnojmdnfno\odnodfaÅmOq`mdb`+@`g.>`ajgfidib+
=n r` \gm`\_t c\q` `no\]gdnc`_ oc\o pi_`mipomdodji di ^cdg_cjj_
^jpg_]` `skg\di`_ \og`\no \n hp^camjhc`\goc^ji_dodjin \n \^^`nn
ojajj_) nop_d`nja^cdg__dn`\n`k\oo`minhpno]`jabm`\odhkjmo\i^`
ajm pi_`mno\i_dib \_pgo c`\goc+ O\ido\mt ^ji_dodjin \i_ oc` _`bm``
ja `skjnpm` oj dia`^odjin r `m` ^mp^d\g+ S` ^`mo\digt fijr oc\o
dia`^odjin di ^cdg_cjj_ r`m` hjm` jm g`nn `q`mt*_\t `sk`md`i^`n di
k\no odh`n) `nk`^d\ggt di oc` pin\ido\mt pm]\i `iqdmjih`ion+ Ea oc`t
npmqdq`_ocdnc\u\m_ %rcd^cjigt\]jpoc\gajaoc`^cdg_m`i_d_&)oc`t
hdbco c\q` ]``i h\mf`_ ajm gda`+ =gg ocdn ^\i c\q` m`npgo`_ di rc\o
^\i ]` ^\gg`_ dinpgo \^^phpg\odji +/- ?cdg_m`i oc\o r`m` m\dn`_ di
g`nn dia`^odjpn `iqdmjih`ion r`m`) da oc` ctkjoc`ndn dn ^jmm`^o) di \
hjm` \_q\io\b`jpn ndop\odjirc`i do ^\h` oj oc`dm apopm` c`\goc+
I`ocj_
Pcdnk\k`m_dn^pnn`ncjrk`jkg`c\qdiboc`dmjmdbdidioc`ojriOpi_n*
q\gg^jhk\m`_rdock`jkg`^jhdibamjhjoc`mn`oodibn+Ei.6oc^`iopmt
Or`_`i) ^cdg_m`i m\dn`_ di ojrin c\_ hjm` ^jio\^on rdoc _dn`\n`n+
=^^jm_dibojrc\or\n _dn^pnn`_ `\mgd`mdiocdnk\k`m) oc`pic`\goct
^cdg_cjj_ `sk`md`i^`n ^jpg_ ]` `sk`^o`_ oj c\q` m`npgo`_ di cdbc`m
\_pgo hjmo\gdot \hjib oc` dic\]do\ion oc\o c\_ oc`dm ]\^fbmjpi_ di
oc` ojri+ Pc` orj bmjpkn \m` _`adi`_ \^^jm_dib oj oc`dm km`n`i^` di
oc` ojri \o oc` \b` ja .2+ Koc`mn \i_ njh`odh`n `q`i hjm` m`adi`_
_`adidodjin ^jpg_ ]` ^m`\o`_) ajm `s\hkg` ]t pndib oc`dm ]dmoc k\mdnc
jm oc` nph ja t`\mn nk`io di Opi_nq\gg \n \ ^cdg_+ = _dn\_q\io\b`)
cjr`q`m) dn oc\or` rjpg_ i``_ `q`i gjib`m odh` nk\in ja j]n`mq\*
odjioj]`\]g`ojb`i`m\o`np^cdiajmh\odji+S`rjpg_hdnndiajmh\*
odjijiojjh\itdioc`admnok`mdj_+Pc`^cjd^`jakd^fdib\b`.2hpno
]` ^jind_`m`_ n\odna\^ojmt+
=ijoc`m ^dm^phno\i^` dn oc\o oc` ]\^fbmjpi_ ja oc` hdbm\ion c\n
ijo ]``i ^jind_`m`_+ Ojh` h\t c\q` c\_ oc`dm jmdbdi di oc` mpm\g
k\mon jaOr`_`i) rcdg` joc`mn \gm`\_t c\_ nk`io oc`dm gdq`n dipm]\i
`iqdmjih`ion joc`m oc\i Opi_nq\gg+ Pc` gjr _`bm`` ja pm]\idu\odji
di .6oc^`iopmtOr`_`ih\f`n do kg\pnd]g`) cjr`q`m) oc\ooc` h\ejm*
dot ^\h`amjhmpm\g k\mdnc`n+
Pc` kjkpg\odji \i\gtn`_ ^jindnon ja \gg k`mnjin km`n`io diOpi_n*
q\gg di oc` \_pgo \b`n /2 oj 3- t`\mn .503*.56/+ Bjm `q`mt k`mnji \gg
km`n`i^`k`mdj_ndiOpi_nq\gg\m`di^gp_`_+Pc`km`n`i^`k`mdj_nno\mon
`doc`mrdococ`/2oc]dmoc_\t)\b`jahdbm\odjiojOpi_nq\ggjmno\moja
\i\gtn`_k`mdj_\i_oc`t`i_`doc`m]toc`3-oc]dmoc_\t)_`\oc)hdb*
m\odji jpo ja oc` ojri jm `i_ ja oc` k`mdj_ ajm \i\gtndn+ Bjm `q`mt
di_dqd_p\g)diajmh\odjijin`s)nj^d\gno\opn\i_hdbm\odjino\opn%]`dib
* /2/ *
km`n`io \o \b` .2 jm ijo& c\n ]``i b`i`m\o`_+ Pc` kjkpg\odji dn
^g\nndad`_ dioj ocm`` nj^d\g bmjpkn8 \i pkk`m bmjpk ^jio\didib g\mb`
`iom`km`i`pmn\i_jaad^d\gn) \hd__g` bmjpkrdocnh\gg`iom`km`i`pmn
\i_gjr`mjaad^d\gn\i_adi\ggt\rjmfdib^g\nnbmjpk)^jio\didib]joc
nfdgg`_\i_pinfdgg`_rjmf`mn+Sjh`i\m`^g\nndad`_\^^jm_dibojoc`dm
c p n]\i _ $n j^^pk\odji+ Eiajmh \odji ji ^\pn` ja _`\oc dn pnp\ggt
\q\dg\]g` ajm ocjn` _tdib di Opi_nq\gg \ao`m .53-+ Pc` \i\gtndn c\n
]``i k`majmh`_ ]t ?js m`bm`nndji \i\gtndn) \nnphdib kmjkjmodji\g
c \u\m_ n +/.
Pc` kjkpg\odji di oc` \i\gtndn dn oc` [\ali\ kjkpg\odji+ Ei ocdn
^jii`^odji do dn _`adi`_ \n oc` kjkpg\odji oc\o r\n m`bdno`m`_ di oc`
=Xk\Z_\k`ZXc i\^`jk\ij di Opi_nq\gg+ Pcdn ^jmm`nkji_n r doc rc\o r\n
pn`_ di oc` jaad^d\g i\odji\g no\odnod^n+ Ei oc`n` m`bdno`mn) oc` kjkpg\*
odji]`gjibdib ojoc` k\mdncr\n gdno`_rdocdiajmh\odji \]jpoodh`n
\i_ _`nodi\odjin ja oc`dm hdbm\odjin di \i_ jpo ja oc` k\mdnc+ Ei ocdn
r\t do dn kjnnd]g` oj _`adi` \ kjkpg\odji \o mdnf+ Pc`m` r\n cjr`q`m
h\it oc\o gdq`_ di \ kg\^` rdocjpo ]`dib m`bdno`m`_ oc`m`+ Pcdn r\n
`nk`^d\ggtoc`^\n`dim\kd_gtbmjrdib\m`\n\noc`Opi_nq\ggm`bdjidi
oc` g\o` .6oc ^`iopmt+ Eo c\n ]``i `nodh\o`_ oc\o oc` [\]XZkf kjkpg\*
odjidnpi_`m`nodh\o`_]t\kkmjsdh\o`gt\ocdm__pmdiboc`hjnoopm*
]pg`io k`mdj_ di oc` .54-$n+ Pc` hdnndib k`jkg` ^jpg_ ]` n`\nji\g
hdbm\ion]pooc`m`r`m`\gnjocjn`oc\ono\t`_ajmn`q`m\gt`\mn]`ajm`
oc`tr`m` `io`m`_dioj oc` =Xk\Z_\k`ZXc i\^`jk\ij ) kmj]\]gt]`^\pn`oc`
^g`mbtr`m`ijodiajmh`_ \]jpooc`dmkm`n`i^` +// S` ^\iijo`nodh\o`
oc``s\^ondu`jaocdnbmjpk+Eorjpg_ja^jpmn`c\q`]``ijadio`m`nooj
fijrhjm`\]jpoocdnbmjpk)ndi^`oc`th\tc\q`c\_^`mo\dink`^dad^
_`hjbm\kcd^ ^c\m\^o`mdnod^n+ Pc`t hpno cjr`q`m ]` g`ao jpo ja ocdn
\i\gtndn ]`^\pn` oc`t ^\iijo]` \i\gtn`_ ^jmm`^ogt+
Pcm``k`mdj_nc\q`]``i^m`\o`_ajmoc`\i\gtndn é .503*26).53-*
46\i_.55-*6/+ @pmdib\ggoc`n`k`mdj_ndodnkjnnd]g`oj^jiomjgdaoc`
h`h]`mndioc`^jcjmonr`m`km`n`iodiOpi_nq\gg\ooc`\b`ja.2+=gg
\_pgon /2*3- t`\mn \m` ajggjr`_ rdocdioc` _daa`m`io k`mdj_n m`nk`^o*
dq`gt %`s^`ko ajm oc` admno k`mdj_ rc`ioc`t jigt \m` ajggjr`_ oj \b`
2-&+ Pc` k`mdj_n ^jq`m _daa`m`io no\b`n dioc` _`q`gjkh`iodiOpi_n*
q\gg+ @pmdib oc` admno) Opi_nq\gg r\n nodgg \ km`*di_pnomd\g ojri+ Pc`
n\rhdggdi_pnomtdioc`_dnomd^ono\mo`_oj`sk\i_dioc`hd__g`jaoc`
^`iopmt)]pooc`m`\g]jjh)rc`ioc`odh]`mkmj_p^odji^\h`oj_jhd*
i\o`oc`m`bdji\g`^jijht)_d_ijo\kk`\mpiodgoc`ajggjrdibk`mdj_+
@ pmdib oc` n`^ji_ k`mdj_) oc` Opi_nq\gg m`bdji `sk`md`i^`_ oc`
di _ p nomd\g ] m` \f *oc mj p b c r doc \i \gh jno ^jiodipjpngt kjndodq`
`^jijhd^ _`q`gjkh `io+ Pc` _`h \i_ ajm g\]jpm r\n q`mt nomjib)
rcd^c g`\_ oj c`\qt hdbm\odji oj Opi_nq\gg \i_ oc` m`bdji+ @pmdib
oc`ocdm_k`mdj_`sk\indji^jiodip`_)]po\o\ngjr`mk\^`+ Pc`ocdm_
k`mdj_ \gnj n\r di^m`\n`_ `aajmon di ]pdg_dib pk \ hjm` h j_`mi
diam\nomp^opm` di oc` ojri+
Opi_nq\gg é\ojridiijmoc`miOr`_`i
Opi_nq\gg é ndop\o`_jioc`^j\nojaoc`Cpgaja>jocid\*r\n\nh\gg
ojr i r doc \ kjkpg\odji ja g`nn oc\i /)--- dic\]do\ion di oc` `\mgt
.6oc ^`iopmt+ Oh\gg c\i_d^m\aon) adncdib \i_ ^jhh`m^` _jh di\o`_
oc` gj^\g `^jijht+ Pcdn ^c\ib`_ cjr`q`m \mjpi_ oc` hd__g` ja oc`
^`iopmt+Pc`_dnomd^onpmmjpi_dibOpi_nq\ggm\kd_gt]`^\h`\g`\_dib
Apmjk`\in\rhdggm`bdji+AskjmoojAibg\i_ é a\^dgdo\o`_]toc`i`r
^pnojhnkjgd^t é\i_joc`m^jpiomd`nh\_`oc`gj^\g`^jijht]jjh +/0
=m\kd_di^m`\n`dioc`kjkpg\odjiadbpm`njaoc`m`bdjin`odi+ Opi_n*
q\gg r\n oc` ^`iom` di ocdn _dnomd^o+ Ei .56- oc` kjkpg\odji ndu` c\_
di^m`\n`_ oj hjm` oc\i .0)---+ =n \i`aa`^o ja ocdn kjkpg\odji`skgj*
ndji) Opi_nq\gg ]`^\h` \ ojri ja hdbm\ion+ Kigt \]jpo 02" ja don
dic\]do\ion c\_ Opi_nq\gg \n kg\^` ja]dmoc +/1
Pc` m\_d^\g om\inajmh\odji ja oc` ojri m`npgo`_ di g\mb` n\ido\mt
kmj]g`hn\nr`gg\n_daad^pgod`nrdoccjpndiboc`bmjrdibkjkpg\odji+
Pc`rjmfdib^g\nn)rcd^coj\g\mb``so`io^jindno`_jahdbm\ion)c\_
oc`dm _r`ggdibn ji oc` pim`bpg\o`_ jponfdmon ja oc` ^dot rc`m` oc`
kmj]g`hn r`m` g\mb`no+ Kq`m^mjr_dib r\n ^jhhji) oc` kjkpg\odji
r\n kjjm \i_ g\^f`_ \^^`nn oj ]\nd^ n\ido\mt a\^dgdod`n+ Pc` ]pdg_dib
\^odqdod`n ^jpg_ ijo f``k k\^` r doc oc` nom`\h ja i`r dic\]do\ion+
Pc`gj^\g\pocjmdod`n^`mo\digtm`^jbidu`_oc`kmj]g`h\od^ndop\odjidi
oc`ojri+Bmjhoc`g\o`.54-$n)oc`gj^\gdiam\nomp^opm`m`b\m_dibr\o`m
\i_ n`r\b` ntno`h) r\no` _dnkjn\g \i_ joc`m kp]gd^c`\gocdnnp`n \n
r`gg\nlp`nodjin^ji^`midibkjjmm`gd`a\i_ndhdg\mdnnp`n]`b\ioj]`
dhkg`h`io`_+@pmdiboc`n`_`^\_`n)Opi_nq\ggr\nom\inajmh`_amjh
\ m\oc`m ^c\jod^ \i_ _dnjmb\idu`_ n`oog`m `iqdmjih`io oj \ h j_`mi
\i_r`gg*kg\ii`_ojri)jaa`mdiboc`i`r`noa\^dgdod`nojdondic\]do\ion+
Pc` `aajmon r`m` cjr`q`m \ghjno `s^gpndq`gt ^ji^`iom\o`_ oj oc` di*
i`m k\mon jaoc` ojri+ Aq`i daoc` kmj]g`hn ji oc` pim`bpg\o`_ \m`\
r`m` r`gg fijri ]t oc` gj^\g \pocjmdod`n) q`mt gdoog` r\n _ji`+ Pc`
ojri^jpi^dgr\nm`gp^o\ioojo\f`no`knajmdhkmjqdiboc`^ji_dodjin
di oc` i`r k\mon ja oc` ojr i +/2 Pc` \pocjmdod`n ^g\dh`_ oc` ojr i$n
jri`mncdkjioc`i`rgt]pdgo*pk\m`\\i__d_oc`m`ajm`ijom`^jbidu`
\itm`nkjind]dgdotm`b\m_diboc`kp]gd^c`\gococ`m`+=n\^jin`lp`i^`)
am`lp`io m`lp`non amjh oc` dic\]do\ion \]jpo dhkmjq`h`ion di oc`
* /21 *
n\ido\mt^ji_dodjinr`m`m`e`^o`_+ Pc`m`nd_`iondioc`n`\m`\nc\_ oj
r \do \ gjib odh` piodg i`^`nn\mt h`\npm`n r`m` o\f`i+ S \o`m \i_
n`r`m\b` ntno`hr`m` ijo ^jinomp^o`_ piodg oc` `\mgt /- oc ^`iopmt +/3 Eia\io hjmo\gdot r\n q`mt cdbc diOpi_nq\gg dioc` .5oc \i_ `\mgt
.6oc^`iopmd`n %n``Bdbpm`/&+Eioc`n`^ji__`^\_`jaoc`.6oc^`iopmt
\np]no\iod\g_mjk\kk`\m`_dioc`m\o`n) \ghjno_jriojoc`i\odji\g
g`q`g+ Bmjhoc` .50-$n oc` g`q`gn diOpi_nq\gg ajggjr`_ m\oc`m ^gjn`gt
oc` i\odji\g _`q`gjkh`io+ Pc` m`\g _`^gdi` n`o di _pmdib oc` .55-$n+
Pc`h\di^\pn`nja_`\ocnr`m`b\nomjdio`nodi\g_dnjm_`mn\i__dn`\n`n
ja oc` m`nkdm\ojmt ntno`h +/4 Bdbpm`n ajm .5oc ^`iopmt ^cdg_ hjmo\gdot
\m` hdnndib) ]po oc` .6oc ^`iopmt no\mo`_ r doc cdbc m\o`n) rcd^c
cjr `q`m r \n ajggjr `_ ajm njh ` _`^\_`n r doc ^jh k\m\odq `gt
\_q\io\b`jpn ^ji_dodjin+ Ip^c ja oc` cdbc m\o` di oc` ]`bdiidib ja
oc` ^`iopmt dn `skg\di`_ ]t oc` ^mdndn ^\pn`_ ]t oc` r\m .5-5*.5-6+
@pmdiboc`]jjh^jii`^o`_ojoc`di_pnomd\g`sk\indji)^cdg_hjmo\g*
dot cjr`q`m di^m`\n`_ np]no\iod\ggt nomdfdib kmdh\mdgt rjmfdib ^g\nn
^cdg_m`i+Pcdndi^m`\n`r\noj\g\mb``so`iom`g\o`_oj`kd_`hd^_dn`\n`n
\n_dkcoc`md\\i_n^\mg`oa`q`moc\o]`^\h`hjm`am`lp`io_pmdibnjh`
_`^\_`n \ao`moc` hd__g` jaoc`^`iopmt+ Pc` di^m`\n`r\n \k\moja\
b`i`m\g Or `_dnc \i_ di o` mi \ odj i \ g _ `q `gj k h `i o ] p o r \n \gnj
nom`iboc`i`_ ]t oc` _daad^pgocjpndib ndop\odjidiOpi_nq\gg +/5 Bdbpm` /+ Ce]Xek Xe[ Z_`c[ dfikXc`kp ) Mle[jmXcc ,224(,4,+)
02 O/
C;
E Y ? @ K Pá ? J ? K c h % @ O ?K b * l Y ] i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iU _ [ l
Eh`[hnm áéá .*1 s_[lm
MfliZ\ 7@`hjbm\kcd^@\o\>\n`)Qh`~Qidq`mndot
Ijmo\gdot \hjib \_pgon _`^gdi`_ ocmjpbcjpo oc` ^`iopmt %Bdbpm`
0&+ Ei oc` n\h` r\t \n ajm ^cdg_m`i) oc` cdbc g`q`g di .5-3*.5.- r\n
^\pn`_]toc``aa`^onjaoc`r\m_pmdiboc\ok`mdj_+Pc`k`\fajm\_pgo
hjmo\gdot \kk`\m`_ di oc` .50-$n) ajggjr`_ ]t \i \ghjno ^jiodipjpn
_`^gdi`_pmdiboc`m`nojaoc`^`iopmt+Pc`hjnom`h\mf\]g`a`\opm`ja
\_pgo hjmo\gdot r\n oc` g\mb` n`s _daa`m`iod\gn+ I\g`n c\_ hp^c g`nn
^c\i^`n janpmqdq\gdi^jhk\mdnjirdoca`h\g`n+ Oj^d\g_daa`m`i^`nji
oc`joc`mc\i_r`m`g`nn^g`\mdioc`n`\b` bmjpkn+ Pc`m`dnm`\njioj
]`gd`q`oc\ogda`notg`a\^ojmn)\najm`s\hkg`_mdifdib]`c\qdjpmkg\t`_
\ hjm` ndbidad^\iomjg` ajm oc` h\g` hjmo\gdot k\oo`mi +/6 Bdbpm` 0+ ;[lck dfikXc`kp -0(04 p\Xij' Mle[jmXcc ,3+1(,34-)
),
E K /-
.5-2* .5/.* .51.* .53.*
4-
.55.*
U _ [ l /2*06 *1 - *2 6 e MfliZ\ 7@ ` h j b m\ k c d^ @ \ o\ >\n`)Q h ` ~ Q i dq `mndot +
N`npgon
Sc`iopmidibojoc`m`npgonjaoc`\i\gtndn)r`^\iadmno^ji^gp_`oc\o
hjmo\gdotdioc`\b`bmjpk/2*3-_`^gdi`_ _pmdiboc`.6oc^`iopmt+ Ei
oc`k`mdj_ .503*26 oc` _`\ocm\o`ajmoc`^jhkg`o`\b` bmjpkr\n.3
-,-- %m\o`n \m` ijo \b`*no\i_\m_du`_&+ Pc` ajggjrdib k`mdj_) do c\_
_`^gdi`_ oj .1+1-,--rc`m`\n oc`m\o` di oc` g\nok`mdj_r\n ./+5 - ,
--+ Pcdn ^\i]` ^jhk\m`_ rdoc oc` Or`_dncadbpm`n di oc` .51-$n ajm
oc` \b` bmjpkn 0-*01 \i_ 22*26) 5+5 -,-- \i_ /4+. -,--+Pc` _`\oc
m\o`najmoc`n`\b`bmjpkndioc`.55-$nr`m`3+4\i_.4+2m`nk`^odq`gt +0- Pc`npmqdq\g^c\i^`nr`m`)cjr`q`m)ijo`q`igt_dnomd]po`_]`or``i
oc` _daa`m`iobmjpkn) \n dndggpnom\o`_]toc`npmqdq\g^pmq`n %Bdbpm`1
\*^&+ Pcjn` r doc oc `dm j mdb di di O p i _ nq \gg r `m` h p^c h jm`
_dn\_q\io\b`_rc`ido^jh`n oj \_pgohjmo\gdot di^jhk\mdnjirdoc
oc` hdbm\io bmjpk+ @pmdib oc` orj `\mgd`no k`mdj_n di k\mod^pg\m oc`
k\oo`mir\nq`mtj]qdjpn+=ao`m.55-)oc`b\k]`or``ioc`orjbmjpkn
c\_ \ghjno _dn\kk`\m`_+ Sc`i r` ^jhk\m` oc` hjmo\gdot m\o`n ajm
oc`orjbmjpknrdococ`adbpm`n\oOr`_dnci\odji\gg`q`gajmoc`m`g`*
q\io\b`bmjpkn)r`adi_oc\ooc`hdbm\ionr`m`^gjn`mojoc`i\odji\g
adbpm`n+Pc`m\o`najmocjn`jaOpi_nq\ggjmdbdijioc`joc`mc\i_r`m`
hp^c cdbc`m oc\i oc` i\odji\g \q`m\b`) `nk`^d\ggt di oc` admno orj
k`mdj_n+ Pc`Opi_nq\ggm`npgon oc`m`ajm`di_d^\o`oc\odoncdbchjmo\g*
dotk\mogt^\i]``skg\di`_]toc`a\^ooc\ok\mojaoc`kjkpg\odjic\_
oc`dm]\^fbmjpi_dioc`ojri+ Pc` _`^gdidib_daa`m`i^`n]`or``ioc`
orjbmjpknojr\m_noc``i_ jaoc`^`iopmtdnkmdh\mdgt`skg\di`_]t
_`^gdidibhjmo\gdot\hjiboc`m`nd_`ion* \_`^gdi`amjh/0+2-,--di
oc`admnok`mdj_ oj.1+/-,--dioc` g\no+ Pc` bmjpk jahdbm\ion dia\^o
c\_ oc`dm]`no^c\i^` janpmqdq\gdioc` admnok`mdj_+ Pc`hdbm\iokj*
kpg\odji r\n cjr`q`m m\oc`m nh\gg \o oc\o odh`+
Pc` g\mb` _daa`m`i^`n ]`or``i oc` orj bmjpkn \m` apmoc`mh jm`
_`hjinom\o`_]toc`m`npgonamjh\ ?jsm`bm`nndji\i\gtndn %P\]g`.&+
Pcm``q\md\]g`n \m`di^gp_`_dioc`m`bm`nndji* n`s)nj^d\gbmjpk\i_
hdbm\io no\opn+ Kaoc`n`) n`s \i_ hdbm\odjino\opn \m`ajpi_ ojc\q`
c\_ oc` nomjib`no dh k\^o+ Pc` n`s _daa`m`i^`n r`m` q`mt g\mb`)
^jiadmhdib rc\o r` fijr \]jpo Or`_dnc .6oc ^`iopmt pm]\i hjm*
o\gdot+ Pc` _daa`m`i^`]`^\h`cjr`q`mg`nnkmjijpi^`_ \ooc` `i_ ja
oc` ^`iopmt diOpi_nq\gg+
Bdbpm` 1 \*^+ Mlim`mXc]fi X[lckj -0(1+' Mle[jmXcc ,3.1(,34-)
\+ .503*26+
K l c a c h
Ei O p i _ nq \gg \ o \b` .2
I db m\i on
]+ .53-*46+
Klc a c h
Ei O p i _ nq \ gg \ o \b ` .2
I db m\ i on
- + 2 - + 1 *
- + -
i ñ D K J K
--
i i
E@
K - *
* /25 *
^+ .55-*6/+
. + - - ) 6 -+ 5
- + 4
- + 3 *- + 2 - + 1 * - + 0 *
- + / *
