Mons Dei in Sweden : two Cistercian manuscripts Schmid, Toni
Fornvännen 109-116
http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/1968_109
Ingår i: samla.raa.se
Smärre meddelanden 109
cellens tidsställning bättre fixeras (fig. 1). Den har långsträckt triangulär form med breda inåtböjda läppar. Längden är 7,5 cm, läppens bredd 3 cm. Bygelns bredd är i cm. Pincettens nedre del är från en punkt omedelbart ovanför mitt- partiet något utsvängd. Läppen har svagt böjd kontur. Båda sidorna bär en punsad ornering av tre, pä nägra ställen två, kantlöljande linjer omgivna av tvä punkt- rader, vilka nedtill viker av in mot bladet och avslutas i en uppåtböjd kurva.
Dekoren är liksom hela pincetten mycket valhänt utformad. Skevheterna i for- men iir iögonfallande, kantlinjerna är ojämna, punkterna placerade med ojämna avstånd och i en lätt vindlande rad.
Dekoren i sig medger ingen precisare datering. Enkel punkt- och linjeornering förekommer vanligast pä rakknivar och pincetter från bronsålderns IV:e och V:e perioder och kantlinjernas avslutande inböjning ger ingen närmare upplysning om vart pincetten skall hänföras.
En viss dateringsmöjlighet erbjuder dock formen. Pincetten bär en otvetydig provinsiell prägel men förebilder kan dock spåras i breda, nedtill något utsvängda pincetter frän per. V.
6Ehuru hällpunkterna sålunda är svaga synes en datering till denna period mest sannolik. Att den typiska, rikt böljande per. V-ornamen- tiken saknas pä Ingaröpincetten kan ha sin grund i tillverkarens i alla avseenden dokumenterade bristande hantverksskicklighet, som ej medgivit återgivandet av cn sä komplicerad dekor.
Stig Rydh
Summary
The author presents a grave find from Ingarö parish east of Stockholm. In the southern and south-eastern parts of a damaged stone setting various concentra- tions of burnt bones, pottery and bronze objects were found. These different concentratlons probably represent parts of a damaged cremation grave whieh through the tweezer in Fig. 1 can be dated to the fifth period of the Bronze Age.
The find is the first Bronze Age find to be made in the parish.
Mons Dei in Sweden
Two Cistercian manuscripts
There is a large quantity of medieval book-leaves extant in Sweden. Once these belonged to books kept in the libraries of Swedish monasteries, Swedish cathedrals, and Swedish parish churches. After the Reformation they were con- fiscated, sometimes being bought by the state and used as covers for accounts.
These covers usually consist of 1-8 leaves, depending 011 the size of the book in question. About 30,000-^40,000 of these covers, probably more, exist. Most of them are still used as covers, but a number have been rescued because of their extreme value, and stored separately.
" H. C. Broholm, Danmarks Bronzealder, 3, Köbenhavn 1946, s. 99, fig. 2 och 5.
&j&atl*fm*mam
mo (iicomf^m cg ilWm pe& nere m^r iH^.nS^lV
$i«ia tua mamfeftii xe fe i jfcy cn £ U o W ftpuof etam
T t l p b 6ocmf.7fi me«nu kfttC i ttttflftgcftam ( W t T
K<ipt Ct dtfo fuj batik,
& r a ' ^ in ccnadnt.&i*
A grm&fp tictp$
' tn itdcc^tlåcHit I ef tnmAnUtfaUotsT
^ a n f a l ö m f a t m a i ?
ci itittntci.iv 0 öuos
xancfm ^ larné^» CoCL g m m r l - p o n t i f i a f ^
£ ^ a u d i dé cmttwmcm tum di öcpaÄ, Shitcrr ttmrna tn tmmref. Q£
ombar ug^tfta cotpotf
^IfT^OCOttiMctCD
euicrcnr Ab ttitnttct£ /
i B öjfpolTeiiPocctlfe ttmma. ^Äuitanflf qaaatftfmtT/ft-dcft^
mrcdscöntofcorte teirffuofTT%atntf tnft5dp5au/AKiT.
Qfmun tnuocftntr ritt
<erSdtauff^0)ét4c
ttitiumtc rttuai örtuiic
Smärre meddelanden 111
D u r i n g m o r e t h a n thirty years these medieval book-Ieaves have been systematic- ally investigatcd a n d catalogued, a n d as far as possible the original books have been restored. W h i l e these could n o t b e r e c o n s t i t u t c d in t o t o , considcrable—
sometimes very considcrable—parts of t h e m could be restored: liturgical books, thcological a n d philosophical a u t h o r s , R o m a n law a n d c a n o n law, historical works a n d books c o n c e r n i n g m e d i c i n e . T o give o n e item only, a b o u t 800 missals have b e e n reconstructed in this way.
A m o n g this väst a m o u n t of books at least two seem to have b e e n in the posscssion of the Swedish Cistercian m o n a s t e r y M ö n s Dei, G u d s b e r g a , o t t e n also called " H u s b y kloster". It was the only m o n a s t e r y of any o r d e r in the province of D a l a r n a b e l o n g i n g to the diocese of Västerås (ecclesia Arosiensis or diocesii Arosiensis). T h e two books a r e : a breviarium (br. 434) a n d a s e q u e n l i o n a r i u t n (sequ. 37). T h e i r p r o v e n a n c e is tolerably assured.
1T h e breviarium (Fig. 1) is u n d o u b t e d l y a breviarium m o n a s t i c u m . T e n leaves (20 pages) could b e r e u n i t e d . T h e y c o n t a i n texts—110 melodies—for Mauncly Thursclay a n d tbc days u p to Vigilia pasche, as well as p a r t of the p r o p r i u m
t a n c t o r u m : Ironi Milarius to Agnes. I m p o r t a n t is the feast of S p e u s i p p u s , e t c , q u i t e u n k n o w n to t h e låter liturgy in Sweden. Of hymns, " J a m surgit h o r a tercia"
i\ m e n t i o n e d . Also it should be noticed that t h e feast of Saint A n t h o n y ( J a n . 17) is adclccl låter.
Of the seijiieiitinnariuiii ( l i g . 2) 20 leaves (40 pages) could be restored. T h e m a n u s c r i p t contains the melodies, which adds to its value. It c o n t a i n s the fol- lowing songs:
Kyrie G l o r i a
sequ. (in nativitate d o m i n i ) N a t o c a n u n t o m n i a
l . e t a b u n d u s e x u l t e t
Kyrie (tropus) S m n m e deus p a t e r q u e m sequ. (in n a t i v i t a t e d o m i n i )
1
There are various means of ascertaining lhe provenance ot a restored codex: (1) the contents of the manuscript itself together with its paleographical tealurcs and notation:
(2) the provenances. Only in rare cases can the original provenance ot a restored frag- inciiiaiy codex be asccrtained. A country, an order, even a diocese may be indicated but very seldom the exact place. T h e r e usually is a "second" and soincliiiics a "third"
provenance. T h e second one is provided by the district of the accounts. This may, e.g., be one of the so-called "king's maiiorhouscs" (kungsgärdar), it may be a town, a castle, or a part of the open country. When registration began (about 1530-45) the accounts seem lo have been bound in the centre, as leaves belonging lo the same book appear as covers of accounts for various parts ot the country. Låter on, about 1600. m a t t e n are aboul the same. But in the mcanlime accounts were apparently often boniul "on the spöt". Covers (parchment leaves) may then be expected to have been procured from the iimncdiate surroundings. T h e covers made from the leaves ot our sequentionarium are all covers ot accounls for Dalarna from 1575-83, and the covers forniing our breviarium come from accounts for "Näs gärd", precisely where Gudsberga was once situated.
Fig. 1. Breviarium 434. Feria V. in cena domini.
i
ut ma. J^cpommvgji imimnf & gb
l * s, * * * 1 " " % •» fV ,, i •
naftm ^metxrriitor injalilcam. Cstétei
* * «i
Ii manr uetäti q d ^ t i m l ^ ' m v V f ^ W « r « | * J B i5wCttl^ atuomtif wnrmnobifmEfo?
t<rmimcc»> a n t o i £ ^ c m i m i n f i l - ^ |
•* * %
cmö*m (fövjpaociirmn^mm^
Fig. 2. Sequemionariimi 37. "Ländes crucis (cruscis!) altollaiims."
114 Smärre meddelanden
Gråtes n u n c o m n e s Natus a n t e secula
secpi. (de S t e p h a n o pr.) H a n e concordi f a m u l a t u sequ. (de J o h a n i i e evg.) J o h a n n e s J. Chr. m u l t o dilecte sequ. (in E p i p h a n i a d o m i n i ) E p i p h a n i a m d o m i n o c a n a m u s sequ. (in conv. Pauli) Dixit d o m i n u s ex basan
secpi. (in festo pasche) Victime paschali
secpi. (de invent. crucis) L a u d e s crucis a t t o l l a m u s secpi. (iu ascens. d o m i n i ) R e x o m n i p o t e n s d i e b o d i e r n a lu.pa.: Q u e m qucritis
sequ. (in inv. crucis) Salve crux a r b o r vite preclara sequ. (in inv. crucis) L a u d e s crucis a t t o l l a m u s secpi. (de s p i r i t u sancto)
Sancti spiritus assit nobis Scptiformis consolator
lit.: A r d n a spes m u n d i
secpi. (de M a r i a M a g d a l e n a ) L a u s tibi Christe epii es sequ. (de O l a v o r.m.) L u x illuxit l e t a b u n d a sequ. (de d o m i n a ) Salus e t e r n a indeliciens
sequ. (de d o m i n a ) Ave virgo singularis m ä t e r nostri sequ. (de d o m i n a ) Ave m u n d i spes
Kyrie (tropus) C u n c t i p o t e n s g e n i t o r deus
T h e lists give us a large p a r t of t h e year's liturgy. T o begin with the breviary:
Speusippus a n d his c o m p a n i o n s are n o t found in Sweden in låter times. T h e o t h e r saints are c o m m o n e n o u g h . Speusippus a n d his c o n i p a n i o n s d o , however, occur in o l d e r S c a n d i n a v i a n sourecs.
2T h e h y m n " J a m surgit hora tercia", com- posed hv Ambrosius, is k n o w n in Sweden from laler times.
3As to t h e songs in the s e q u e n t i o n a r i u m a large p r o p o r t i o n of t h e m a p p e a r s iu låter Swedish sources as well as in m a n y o t h e r sources. B u t some d o not. T h e Kyrie-tropus " S u m m e deus p a t e r " is k n o w n from t h e Salisbury missal a n d from a p r o s a r i u m Aniciense 1552.
4T h e kyrie t r o p u s " C u n c t i p o t e n s g e n i t o r d e u s " is k n o w n to have been s u n g in Limoges.
5T h e litany " A r d u a spes m u n d i " , is q u i t e u n k n o w n in låter times in Sweden. So a p p a r e n t l y are t h e s e q u e n l i a " N a t o c a n u n t o m n i a " (an a n c i e n t Christinas song k n o w n from C l u n y a n d Saint M a r t i a l . - Ct. J. Fr. Schroeter, Haandhog i kronologi, IL 1926, O. Kolsrud, Nordiske kalender- dagnavn i middelalderen, 40.
* Cf. C.-A. Moberg, Die Lilurgischen Hymnen in Schweden, I. 1947, 8, 295, 299 a, 403.
1
In Swedish sources "Letabundus cxultet", "Hane concordi famulatu", "Laus tibi Christe qui cs", "Lus illuxit letabunda", Epiphaniam domino canamus", "Dixit dominus ex basan", "Gråtes mme omnes", "Victime paschali", "Laudes crucis attollamus", "Rex omnipotens die bodierna", "Sancti spiritus assit", "Salve crux arbor" are known. Cf. C.-A.
Moberg, " ( b e r die Schwedischen Sequenzen", Veröffentlichungcn der Gregorianisehen Akademi) :u Freiburg iu der Schweiz XIII, I. 1927, 40 ff.
•• Cf. Analecta hymnica 7, 42, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54. — Ct. J. Szövértty, Die Annalen der lateinischen IIsmueudichlung, I. 1964, 291, 303, 314. 36g, 372, 409, 414, 416. II. 107,
161, 3 0 1 .
1 imoges), a n o t h e r Christinas song " N a t u s a n t e secula", composed by N o t k e r Bal- bulus of St. G a l l e n , which in Seandinavia is k n o w n from L u n d .
8E q u a l l y u n - k n o w n in Sweden seem to b e the s e q u e n t i a "Salus e t e r n a indeficiens", the s e q u e n t i a "Ave virgo singularis", a n d the s e q u e n t i a "Ave m u n d i spes M a r i a " .
7K n o w n from Swedish sources is t h e " Q u e m q u e r i t i s " , here r e p r e s e n t e d in its abortest form. Sweden has b e e n acquaintecl with this play in at least two forms, the short o n e as here, a n d a longer o n e , w h e r e the two apostles (Peter a n d J o h n ) a p p e a r .
8T h e short version we m e e t as late as in t h e B r e v i a r i u m L i n c o p e n s e
' / ' I A
Of e x c e p t i o n a l interest in o u r s e q u e n t i o n a r i u m is, ot course, a text seemingly n o t k n o w n a n y w h e r e else, a sequentia in h o n o u r of the H o l y Ghost. U u f o r t u n a t e l y o n l y the first p a r t of the text has b e e n found u p to n o w :
Septiformis consolator spiritalis uite d a t o r Veni sanete spiritus.
R o r c clulci flatu leni femte n i u o m e n t e s u e n i i r / r / i g a r e celitus.
J g n i s feruens set fecundans ct t u o r u m c o r /
9O u r m a n u s c r i p t , sequ. 37, gives the text together with the melody. T h e melody is the same as the melody of the s e q u e n t i a " H o d i e r n e lux cliei". W e may safely assume t h a t the s e q u e n t i a " H o d i e r n e lux cliei", was also once c o n t a i n e d in o u r s e q u e n t i o n a r i u m . It is a song, in h o n o u r of the Holy Virgin, of F r e n c h origin.
1"
It is widely spread.
T h e m o n a s t e r y M ö n s Dei o r G u d s b e r g a in D a l a r n a is a fairly late f o u n d a t i o n . It was f o u n d e d in 148(1." O u r two books are m u c h older a n d consequently can- not have b e e n w r i t t e n there. W h e r e did they come Ironi?
G u d s b e r g a was a " d a u g h t e r " of Alvastra in Ö s t e r g ö t l a n d . Alvastra, or A l v a s t r u m according to medieval o r t h o g r a p h y , was t h e oldest Cistercian f o u n d a t i o n in Sweden, founded by king Sverker 1 a n d bis q u e e n Ulvild. T h e q u e e n asked
• Missalt Lundense / ; / . / . (Facsimilccdition wilh poslscript and register by Bengt .Ström- berg, 1946.)
7
Cf. Analecta hymnica 54. Ci. J. Szövérffy, Die Annalen der lateinischen Hymnen- dichtung, 19(14. I. 416.
s
Cf, T. Schmid. "Das Oslerspiel in Schweden", Kyrkohistorisk årsskrift 1952, 1 ff. — Cf. K. Young. The Drama of the Medieval Church, 1933. 315-16. — Cf. A. Kjellén,
"Några undersökningar rörande det liturgiska dramat i Sverige", Samlaren 1926, 1 ff.
' Kubrica: de spiritu sancto. — "irrigare" — T h e melody can be compared with the melody ot "Hodieme lux cliei", Graduale Arosiense impressum, cd. T . Schmid, 19;,<| ii;,.
410.
'" Cf. C.-A. Moberg. Sequenzen I, 46-47.
11
Ct. E. Ortved. Cislercierordenen og dens klostre i Norden, II. 1933, 316 ft. — T h e
first abbot was Staffan. In 1544 Gustaf Vasa confiscated the silver and other treasures
still left in the monastery; l.c
116 Smärre meddelanden
B e r n a r d of C l a i r v a u x to send m o n k s . P r o b a b l y 1143 was the year of t h e founda- t i o n .
1 2I n d u e time m o n k s from Alvastra came to G u d s b e r g a . May we concluele t h a t these m o n k s b r o u g h t the books with them? T h o u g h n o t certain, it w o u l d seem p r o b a b l e .
T h e books r e p r e s e n t a t r a d i t i o n n o t k e p t u p by the Swedish dioceses of låter times. Beside the well-known old masters N o t k e r B a l b u l u s , Gottskalk ( L i m b u r g ) a n d A d a m de Sancto Victore, a n d W i p o , we find an influence from Cluny- Limoges.
P u b l i c a t i o n of the two b o o k s
1 3is highly desirablc. A n e d i t i o n has b e e n p l a n n e d a n d p r e p a r e d . It will be issued as soon as p u b l i c interest provides the necessary l u n d s .
Toni Schmid
A further die-link in the Scandinavian imitative series
That C n u t coins of yEthelrascrs L o n g Cross a n d Last Small Cross types belong to the English series is a m i s c o n c e p t i o n t h a t a p p e a r s to die very b a r d i n d e e d , a n d this despite Mr. C. S. S. Lyon's m e t i c u l o u s w o r k o n t h e m o r e "English- l o o k i n g " of the piéces, work t h a t has b e e n as truly p i o n e e r as p a i n s t a k i n g a n d i l l u m i n a t i n g . I t is to this English a m a t e u r t h a t m u s t go the greatest p a r t of the credit for b a v i n g d e m o n s t r a t e d q u i t e conclusively a non-English origin for virtually all the coins in q u e s t i o n , while the degree a n d p a t t e r n of die-linking which he has established as characteristic of t h e series as a w h o l e is o n e t h a t may be t h o u g h t q u i t e revealingly i n t r i c a t e .
1T h e s t u d e n t is left feeling, indeed.
t h a t research a l o n g these lines, if c o n t i n u e d a n d intensified, s h o u l d rcsult in a n early association of m a n y i n d i v i d u a l coins w i t h p a r t i c u l a r S c a n d i n a v i a n centres of c o i n - p r o d u e t i o n , a n d it will be s u r p r i s i n g if L u n d especally does not emcrge as o n e of t h e m o r e critical as well as prolific of these m i n t s . T h e p u r p o s e ol this p r e s e n t n o t e is merely to emphasise just how tightly k n i t t o g e t h e r are g r o u p s of coins w i t h the most d i s p a r a t e types a n d " m i n t - s i g n a t u r e s " . Deliberately the
12
L.c. 53 ft. — According to the Exordium magnum (Tissier Bibliotheca Patrum Cisterc?, 1660, 158) Saint Bernard had sent monks to the new foundation in Sweden, and provided them among other things with books needed for divine service, also with bread blcsscel by himself. This scems to have been a custom.
13
Breviarium: size: 16.6x12, and 20.2x15.6 cm respectively. Colours used: red, green, blue.
Sequentionarium: size: 17.6 x 14.4, and 22 x 18.2 cm respeclivcly. Colours used: red, blue, vel low.
1