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KTH Byggvetenskap

Civil and Architectural Engineering Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan

Supplementary buildings to fixed price - in support of undergoing project in SABO Study Case : Svenska Bostäder Laundry room in Husby

Kompletteringsbyggnader till fast pris - Till stöd för projekt inom SABO Fallstudie : Svenska Bostäder Tvåttstuga i Husby

Master’s Thesis in Building Technology Nr 462

TRITA-ABE-MBT-18219 Civil and Architectural Engineering

2018-05-25 Erfan Samadilashkariani

Supervisor

Folke Björk, KTH Byggvetenskap Thomas Sundén, SUST

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2

Översikt

Denna studie stöder ett projekt som genomförs av SABO. Det handlar om att kunna handla upp kompletterande byggnader till ett fast pris. Exempel på tilläggsbyggnader (eller kompletterande byggnader) är tvättstugor, rum för selektiv avfallshantering, lagring, cykelförvaring, samlingsrum mm. Syftet är att göra en ny upphandling för dessa typer av byggnader så att de kan beställas till fast pris från en katalog . SABO har gjort liknande projekt för färdiga flerbostadshus som är välkända i Sverige som KOMBOHUS. Min uppgift var att fokusera på tvättstugor. Utgångpunkten var en tvättstuga som blivit byggd i i HUSBY centrum av Svenska bostäder (SB). I arbetet tillämpades metoder för att testa hur energiprestanda påverkades av olika förändringar. Min studie började med att ta fram detaljerade arkitektoniska data om tvättstugan genom eget besök. Efter att ha träffat projektkoordinatorn i Svenska Bostäder frågade jag honom om första visioner som bestämde den aktuella utformningen.. Metoden i detta arbete är att utvärdera och manipulera variablerna som kännetecknar byggnaden med hjälp av på programvarusimulering och beräkning. Dessa variabler har viktiga roller i tvättstugans energiprestanda. De har också stor inverkan på byggkostnaderna. Med hjälp av Virtual Reality-teknik har jag kopplat mina utvärderingar till en av de viktigaste visionerna för SB som är trygghet. Resultatet av denna studie visade att det finns begränsningar i hur energieffektiv som byggnaden kan göras. Studien visar det faktum klart för projektgruppen att inte alla energibesparande åtgärder är bra investering. Så ger arbetet tydligare idéer för den kommande upphandlingsprocessen för kompletterande byggnader.

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3

Abstract

There is a demand for supplementary buildings to apartment blocks for different needs such as laundry rooms, rooms for selective waste collection, storage, bicycle storage, gathering rooms and for PV-cells with their charging infrastructure and battery storage. However, before making the contract with an entrepreneur, the process to architectural design, engineering calculations, documentations and procurement of a supplementary building is long and different in each construction company. SABO [3] (Swedish Association of Public Housing Companies) is interested to facilitate the situation for the owners by turning all these steps into a catalogue, so clients can go to the contractors directly with an efficient and sustainable design concept. In SABO, there has been similar backgrounds which has constituted a new procurement process for constructing new multi dwelling and ready-to-occupy apartments called “KOMBOHUS”. A project team consists of SABO [3], HBV [12], Sustainable Innovation [13], aims at the design of supplementary buildings that can be presented in a catalogue in the same way as the

“KOMBOHUS”. These supplementary buildings should have a very well elaborated design because they will be produced in high numbers. My task is to focus on an exciting public laundry room in HUSBY center and identify methods in which improvement for energy performance could become tested. The results can help the project team to consider limitations, advantages and weaknesses of an “efficient design”. So, they would have more clear vision about the upcoming procurements process for supplementary buildings.

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4

Introduction

Recent investigation in SABO in 2017 illustrated that there are high demands about construction of supplementary buildings [3]. However, majority of the initial design concepts meet lower than the average of the energy efficiency requirements. In other words, companies are constructing inefficient supplementary buildings and they are aware of it. The roots can be investigated in the legal certifications like BBR 9:11[1]. In energy efficiency requirements, it is written that all terms apply to all kind of building except, some areas with specific function and performance (which is well described in BBR 9:11[1]). However, the important point is that we can match the physical and functional properties of all supplementary buildings mentioned in this essay, to those exceptions. It gives the permission to companies to set the energy performance that they consider appropriate. There have been several studies about energy efficiency of equipment (like laundry machines or dryer machines) inside the supplementary buildings by BeBo [4] (Energy Agency's ordering group for energy efficient multi-family houses) but, to deal with energy efficiency of the building envelopes calculation through modeling and energy performance simulation could be a requirement for an efficient architectural design.

In this study, an exciting laundry room would be modeled in architectural REVIT software then the model can be imported to energy calculation software SEFAIRA [2] to manipulate some key variables to investigate the possibility of making the model more efficient from the aspect of energy consumption and construction cost.

SEFAIRA is an online software for early stage analysis for designers. It contains energy, daylight, thermal comfort and HVAC sizing calculations. It has special plug in for Revit and it is very user friendly. Compare to another program IDA-ICE [16], the speed of calculation is much higher. [2]

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Introduction to the case study

The case study is a public laundry room in HUSBY center in Stockholm City. The laundry room is designed outside in the middle of the two residential blocks and is giving service to the whole complex. There are more laundry rooms under the process of construction for other blocks but, the design is based on the current laundry room and there has been no prefabrication contracts. The project manager company is Svenska Bostäder (SB) [15] and they are also responsible for the maintenance period and regular services of the laundry rooms.

Picture 1 - Location and Situation of the Laundry Room

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6 After a meeting with the coordinator in SB, he described to me the main reasons for their outside trend of new design of the laundry rooms. There used to be enough space in the basement of these apartments blocks for laundry rooms and they were very well designed for a proper access ability however, in recent years the social and cultural changes in this municipality brought new laundry users who were not necessarily familiar with Swedish laundry regularities. As the number of interactions between the people inside the laundry rooms increased, it resulted in a number of police reports about the arguments inside the laundry rooms. After that, the laundry in the basement never gave a safe feeling to its users. So, architects thought that a big large supplemantary building outside the block can be a good idea.

A new laundry room which is fully glazed, and users can see other people outside the laundry room while they are doing their laundries. It gives a very good feeling of safety. A new booking system can also avoid more arguments on time slots.

Picture 2- New laundry rooms outside the blocks with fully glazed façade

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7 Inside the supplemantary building there are three rooms for normal washing and there is a room for heavy washing. In the middle there is a toilet and a storage and a facility room. All the windows in the laundry rooms are fixed and there is only one window in the corridor which can be opened in the emergency times. In the following picture the CAD plan of the laundry room is showed. Based on the current numbers of apartment block around this laundry room, there would be 1 laundry room for approximately each 25 apartments units.

Picture3- Plan of the laundry room (Svenska Bostäder)

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8 Picture 4- Façade of the laundry room (Svenska Bostäder)

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9 There are two washing machines in each room (Electrolux W645 H LE) and one dryer (Electrolux T4190) and one Drying Rack (Electrolux TS4121) [10]. The problem with the current dryer is that it has a very high heat emission into the room and the heat is also combined with high humidity. There is no heat recovery system and it can result in high temperature inside the room during summer. (Up to 30°C). A proper Air Handling Unit system can easily manage this situation. Currently, the heating system of the rooms is mainly water radiators. However, in the daytime sunshine can easily come inside the room and heat up the place plus the equipment themselves have their own heat emission which is not necessarily a good point. In the following energy calculation, a standard air handling unit will be placed as an assumption to reach to more precise results. It is also clear that a standard air handling unit system works based on the temperature and humidity inside the room, it means whenever the dryer start working the electricity consumption in the AHU will increase to push the hot and humid air outside the room and replace it with fresh air. Other options like heat recovery or heat exchange system or new dryers with heat recovery system were not a choice for SB.

Picture 5- Laundry room equipment

The energy metering system is only occupied for the equipment inside the laundry room, it is not possible to measure the energy consumption related to the water radiator heating system because they are connected to the central heating system of the complex.

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10

Methods

The current design of this laundry room is a very good example to be used as a start for a new prefabrication process and arranged a fixed price for outside common laundry rooms. However, there are some weak points in the architectural design of the current laundry room that could be investigated if there is a way to improve the design or not. For reaching this goal I am going to manipulate three different rolling factors in energy consumption and cost analysis.

1- Manipulation of U-Value of the Windows 2- Manipulation of U-Value of the walls

3- Manipulation of windows to walls area ratio

4- Changing the walls materials and LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) impact of this change

Picture 6- Subject Case study – Laundry room in HUSBY Centrum- Revit

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11 Before starting these changes and manipulation, I imported the REVIT model into the SEFAIRA and is defined all the important assumption such as the equipment energy consumption and all the current U-Vales and the time table of Laundries in the mention location, the weather information and location of the under-study building, type of heating and cooling system, the orientation of the building and the windows to wall ratio. After all these initial assumptions I became able to calculate the energy consumption of the modeled laundry room for the whole year.

As it is illustrated in the following picture the total EUI (energy use intensity) is equal to 463.5 kWh/m^2/year. Almost half of this number belongs to the equipment inside the laundry rooms.

And one third of the total energy consumption belongs to the heating AHU system.

It is not always a good idea to trust the numbers coming out of software like this so, to validate the current energy calculations I had to compare the result with some actual data. In 2014, SABO published an article about the level of energy consumption in 3 different types of residential houses in Sweden. One of the categories was the same type of apartment buildings as in this investigation . In that study the EUI (energy use intensity) for a single laundry room were measured to be 138 kWh/m^2/Year [5]. Comparing the result in SEFAIRA [2] and the measured amounts in the report says that modeling with SEFAIRA results in a much higher energy consumption than a real laundry would have. This difference comes from the initial assumptions for air handling unit system. In SEFAIRA the model is being evaluated based on the existence of an air handling unit however, in a real case study there is no air handling unit in the laundry room. But still the model would be useful for comparison among the alternatives. In the coming chapters some of these alternatives will be evaluated.

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12 Picture 7- Total energy Consumption of the laundry room in one year _ SEFAIRA[2]

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13

1- Manipulating the u-value of the windows:

The idea comes from the investment management concept, it is believed that by investing the initial budget on buying more expensive windows with higher U-Value, it results in savings in the future total energy consumption and so it would be a beneficial investment in a long term.

However, this statement must be tested in each project because the prices for different dimensions of windows can vary a lot in the market. So, to investigate this statement, I modeled the current laundry building in REVIT. In the previous picture of the REVIT model, this is clear that I neglected some glazing façade which were on the external wall. These glazing façades do not have any effect on the energy calculation and they are used only for the architectural purpose.

There are 18 façade windows on the current design and they are having dimension of 120 cm wide in 240 cm high and with aluminium frames. The U-Value is 1.2 W/m^2 K. Each of these windows costs around SEK 5000 in the market ( based on the price list published by HBV in 2017[6] ) . By changing the type of windows to triple pane glass casements and the U-Value around 0.7 W/m^2.K and keepig the same dimensions the cost of each windows can raise up to SEK 12000 [11]. The costs are presented in Table 1:

U-Value 1.2 W/m^2.K[6] SEK 5000 /st Total Cost= SEK 90,000

U-Value 0.7 W/m^2.K[11] SEK 12000/st Total Cost = SEK 216,000 Table 1-Windows cost calculations

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14 The following picture shows the result of how changing the U-value of windows influences the total annual energy consumption of the supplemantary building:

Graph 1- Windows U-Value and EUI (energy use intensity)

Based on above function between windows U-vale and EUI (energy use intensity), we can say that by decreasing the U-value from 1.2 to 0.7 W/m^2K we can decrease the annual energy consumption of this design up to 5 % which is equal to 23.2 kWh/m^2/year or 2300 kWh/year for 100 sqm. And if we assume that each kWh costs SEK 2.00 we can come up with the SEK 4,600 cost saving through this change. And based on the previous table about the total cost of the windows in both cases, the investment payback period would be around 25 years which is very long.

To conclude this section, due to the high price of the triple glass windows with mentioned dimensions, changing the windows to a lower U-Value types is not a good investment and it is not recommended for this project.

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15

2- Manipulating the u-value of the walls:

By increasing the thickness of thermal insulation of the walls it is possible to decrease the U- value of the wall from the current amount 0.36 W/m^2.K to 0.15 W/m^2.K, however the thickness of the wall will change from the 31cm to 40 cm.

In graph 2, we can see how much the effect of changing the U-value of the walls is on annual EUI (energy use intensity) kWh/sqm/year.

Graph 2- Wall U-value and EUI (energy use intensity)

Based on the calculation by making the thicker wall we are only able to reduce 2% of the EUI (energy use intensity) kWh/sqm/year which is equal to 9.28 kWh/sqm/year or 928 kWh/year for 100sqm. And we would be able to save SEK 1856 each year.

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16

3- Manipulating the total area of windows with paying attention to Safety factor:

One of the main reasons that why SB decided to replace the existing laundry room in the basement with a new one was the matter of safety. The number of police reports due to arguments and threatening and also many people feeling unsafe in the basement of the building in the HUSBY complex forced designers to design a new laundry room in a way that a single person who is doing the laundry feels completely safe. The result is what we can see in the model and in the following picture. The total area of windows in this supplementary building is 63% of the whole walls which is very large. After my own visit from the place I saw that the safety factor goal was completely reached. I was able to have wide view while I was in the room, the sun shine could have reach the whole room, there were no dark areas in the room, however the result and cost of such a design is challenging. First, it is very hard to save the energy in the cold season, due to radiation from inside to outside we are facing with lots of energy lose. On the other hand, it is almost impossible to control the room temperature in the hot season. The supervisor talks about max 30°C degree for inside room temperature, the reason is that they do not want to use any shading and dryers can easily increase the temperature but when you have direct sunshine inside the room even natural ventilation cannot cool down the room.

Picture 8- Laundry room in HUSBY center

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17 In this study, I am trying to make each factor of design more efficient, So, I thought that I need to manipulate the area of the windows and at the same time I must be careful about the safety feeling inside the room. But the problem is that it could be very hard to simulate the safety feeling in a room. We thought of two ways: First we can decrease the area of the windows and then in the simulation phase it could be possible to calculate the amount of sun light inside the room in each design but, in this way the problem is again that we do not know how much outside light in a room would give a person the feeling of safety. There is no reference for such sociological effect in this case study. In this way of thinking we can also start calculating the shading area inside the room, but again sunshine and the light direction is quite changeable and calculating the most efficient location and size for each window does not necessarily gives us the safest feeling inside the room.

All the above reasons forced me to think of another way of evaluation, in this way I simulate the room with different windows design and dimension and after that by the help of Virtual reality glasses I would be able to model the same situation in a computer base environment, then I can randomly ask a group of different aged people to wear the VR (Virtual reality) glasses and give their feedback about safety inside that room.

The examples of the different kind of design and situation would look like following:

In this report it was not possible to insert the VR view of the current room so, the examples are presented in figures a to f and in tables A to F. They are illustrated by wide angle shot renders from the same location. The “camera” is located on 1750 mm high from the ceiling. In different designs the area of the windows is decreased and in the tables the reaction of the people in the study group is presented. The group consists of 6 people with different age and gender.

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18 1) Windows to wall Ratio: 62.5%

Figure - a – The picture shows the original windows to walls ratio

How much do you feel safe in the above room when you are alone to do your laundry?

24 30 43 52 63

Very safe Safe Partly Safe Rarely Safe Not Safe

Table A - illustrates the survey results / first row shows the age / first column shows the level of safety in orders

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19 2) Windows to Wall Ratio: 50%

Figure - b

How much do you feel safe in the above room when you are alone to do your laundry?

24 30 43 52 63

Very safe Safe Partly Safe Rarely Safe Not Safe

Table B - illustrates the survey results / first row shows the age / first column shows the level of safety in orders

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20 3) Widows to Wall Ratio: 37.5%

Figure - c

How much do you feel safe in the above room when you are alone to do your laundry?

24 30 43 52 63

Very safe Safe Partly Safe Rarely Safe Not Safe

Table C - illustrates the survey results / first row shows the age / first column shows the level of safety in orders

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21 4) Windows to wall ratio: 25%

Figure - d

How much do you feel safe in the above room when you are alone to do your laundry?

24 30 43 52 63

Very safe Safe Partly Safe Rarely Safe Not Safe

Table D - illustrates the survey results / first row shows the age / first column shows the level of safety in orders

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22 5) Windows to Wall ratio: 37.5 %

Figure - e

How much do you feel safe in the above room when you are alone to do your laundry?

24 30 43 52 63

Very safe Safe Partly Safe Rarely Safe Not Safe

Table E - illustrates the survey results / first row shows the age / first column shows the level of safety in orders

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23 6) Windows to wall ratio:25%

Figure - f

How much do you feel safe in the above room when you are alone to do your laundry?

24 30 43 52 63

Very safe Safe Partly Safe Rarely Safe Not Safe

Table F - illustrates the survey results / first row shows the age / first column shows the level of safety in orders

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24 Next step was to simulate and calculate the effect of the decreasing the windows area on the energy consumption of the model in the whole year.

Graph 3- Effect of windows area on energy use intensity in the Laundry room in HUSBY Center

The calculation illustrates that if we reduce the area of windows from 62.5% to 37.5% we can decrease the total energy consumption of the laundry room up to 10% which is equal to 46,4 kWh/sqm/year or 4640 kWh/year for 100sqm and it has the value of SEK 9300 /year.

More important, at the same time we are reducing the costs of windows to half and so we can save SEK 45000.

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25

4- Manipulating the material of the walls and the effect of it on LCA:

The current walls in the laundry room are concrete blocks which consist of different material layers but, the only layer which has the worst environmental effect is the concrete layer it has the thickness of 10 cm in the current walls. By using a bio-based material like wood panel wall instead we can reduce the amount of CO2 emission. In the following tables EPD ( Environmental Product Declarations) of the Thermowood and concrete are illustrated, I calculated the amount of CO2 for the phase A1to A3 for both Thermowood and for the concrete layer 10cm of the current walls in the laundry room.

Table 2- EPD of Thermowood [8]

Total GWP for the Thermowood wall in phase A1-A3 (Raw Material-Transport-Production) = 31 m^3 * 3 kg of CO2/m^3= 93 kg CO2

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26 Table 3- EPD of pure concrete [9]

Total GWP for the concrete wall in phase A1-A3 (Raw Material-Transport-Production) = 10 m^3 * 237 kg of CO2/m^3= 2370 kg CO2

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27

Conclusion

After all evaluations through manipulations and energy calculation I believe that for the current laundry room in HUSBY Center, decreasing the total area of the windows is the most beneficial move to make the design more efficient. However, we should never forget the initial vision of the laundry room outside the block, it was for safety reasons that SB decided to start such a project, so it is not possible to decrease the area of windows as much as possible. The VR survey was helpful to measure the feeling of safety based on the different total area of windows. By comparing the different opinions of the observers and the result out of energy calculation software, I ended up with a design that can give both lower product cost and reduce energy consumption and at the same time satisfy all the users from the aspect of safety.

After this study I found that the statement of decreasing the U-Value of windows and effect of it to energy consumption could be very challenging. In different projects and different designs with different types of windows the result varies a lot. And this statement does not have a short pay back in all the cases. In this project the pay back was so long that investment in lower U- value of windows was not justifiable anymore. Another important factor was the U-value of the wall. It became clear that increasing the thickness of the thermal insulation inside the walls can reduce the total annual energy consumption of the design. However, this can sacrifice the inner area of the building and it is not to be taken for sure that it is an investment that pay back in a reasonable time.

The project team HBV, SABO and Sustainable Innovation is currently having meetings and they estimate that their project will finish in July 2018. My study gave them a wider vision regarding design and thinking about energy efficient building. It was also a very accurate theoretical calculation for them, so they would be able to trust the results. The result of this study made the fact clear that making a building more efficient has some limitation and not necessarily all energy saving actions end up as a good investment.

In this study I tried to use my practical and academicals experience that I achieved in KTH [14] to make a balance with the energy efficient design and initial vision and economical aspects in a project.

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References

[1]http://www.boverket.se/globalassets/vagledningar/kunskapsbanken/bbr/bbr-22/bbr-avsnitt-9 [2] https://apps.sefaira.com

[3] http://www.SABO.se [4] http://www.bebostad.se

[5] Sustainability 2014, 6, 3843-3860; doi:10.3390/su6063843 _ Organization of Laundry Facility Types and Energy Use in Owner-Occupied Multi-Family Buildings in Sweden

[6] HBV-avtal Fönster 16-141 Anbudsområde C. Sidohängda fönster och fönsterdörrar i trä, leveranser inklusive montering Leverantör: TomKar Fönsterbyte AB

[7] Kompletteringsbyggnader till fasta priser _Johanna Lindén & Lisa Wohlfart _ÅF-Infrastructure AB Projektledning Solna _Rev 2018-01-19

[8] www.EPD-norge.no ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION_ in accordance with ISO 14025, ISO 21930 and EN 15804_ Termowood AS

[9] www.EPD-norge.no ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION_ in accordance with ISO 14025, ISO 21930 and EN 15804_ Svensk Betong

[10] www.electrolux.se/professional E-post: els.info@electrolux.se [11]https://www.kronfonster.se/

[12] https://www.hbv.se/

[13] http://www.sust.se/

[14] https://www.kth.se/

[15] https://www.svenskabostader.se/

[16] https://www.equa.se/en/ida-ice

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References

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