LICENTIATE T H E S I S
Luleå University of Technology
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Computer Network
2008:38|: 02-757|: -c -- 08 ⁄38 --
Autonomic Resource Management in IEEE 802.11 Open Access Networks
Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå
Muslim Elkotob
Muslim ElkotobAutonomic Resource Management in IEEE 802.11 Open Access Networks2008:38
L
$XWRQRPLF5HVRXUFH0DQDJHPHQWLQ
,(((2SHQ$FFHVV1HWZRUNV
0XVOLP(ONRWRE
&RPSXWHU&RPPXQLFDWLRQ*URXS
'LYLVLRQRI6\VWHPVDQG,QWHUDFWLRQ
'HSDUWPHQWRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
/XOHn8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\
LL
/LFHQWLDWH7KHVLV ,661
,651 /78/,&²²6(
LLL
/LFHQWLDWH7KHVLV ,661
,651 /78/,&²²6(
0XVOLP(ONRWRE
'HSDUWPHQWRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
'LYLVLRQRI6\VWHPVDQG,QWHUDFWLRQ
&RPSXWHU&RPPXQLFDWLRQ*URXS
/XOHn8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\
6( /XOHn
6:('(1
LY
3ULQWHGE\8QLYHUVLWHWVWU\FNHULHW
Y
Fa_kXS_[^k
YLL
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
, ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN P\ VXSHUYLVRU (YJHQ\ 2VLSRY IRU KLV FRQWLQXRXV DQG SUHFLRXV
VXSSRUWLQ WKHVFLHQWLILFDQGDFDGHPLFVHQVH2XU QXPHURXV GLVFXVVLRQVKDYHUHYHDOHG
QHZUHVHDUFKFKDOOHQJHVDQGDOVRFRQWULEXWHGWRURXQGLQJXSWKHVFRSHRIWKLVOLFHQWLDWH
7KDQN\RX(YJHQ\IRUEHLQJVXFKDJRRGVFLHQWLILFDGYLVRU,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNP\FR
VXSHUYLVRU &KULVWHU cKOXQG ZLWK ZKRP , KDG D ORW RI ELODWHUDO DV ZHOO DV SURMHFW
FRQVRUWLXPEDVHG VFLHQWLILF GLVFXVVLRQV DERXW YDULRXV KRW WRSLFV LQ QHWZRUNLQJ HYHQ
EHIRUHMRLQLQJ /78 0\ HQGOHVV JUDWLWXGH DQG EHVW WKDQNVJR WR P\ SDUHQWV ZKR KDYH
GRQHDOOWKH\FDQDQGPRUHWKDQWKH\FDQWRVXSSRUWPHWKURXJKRXWP\DFDGHPLFOLIH
7KLVOLFHQWLDWHLVDFRUQHUPLOHVWRQHLQP\FDUHHU,WDOORZVPHWRURXQGXSWKHUHVHDUFK
GRQHVR IDULQ P\ PDLQGLUHFWLRQ 4XDOLW\ RI 6HUYLFH LQ$XWRQRPLF 1HWZRUNLQJ , DP
WKDQNIXO WR WKH ZKROH WHDP DW /78 6\VWHPWHNQLN IRU WKH SOHDVDQW DQG SURGXFWLYH
DWPRVSKHUHZKLFKVXUURXQGHGPHGXULQJP\ZRUN
0XVOLP(ONRWRE
/XOHn1RYHPEHU
YLLL
$EVWUDFW
7KLVZRUNLVLQVSLUHGE\WKHDXWRQRPLFQHWZRUNLQJSDUDGLJP,WLQYHVWLJDWHVWKHLVVXHRI
PDNLQJ QHWZRUN UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW PHFKDQLVPV LQ WKH DFFHVV SDUW RI ZLUHOHVV
QHWZRUNV VHOIDZDUH DQG VHOIFRQILJXULQJ 2SHQ DFFHVV QHWZRUNV 2$1 KDYH SULYDWH
:/$1FHOOVPDGHDYDLODEOHIRUSXEOLFXVHDQGHQDEOHE\SDVVLQJPRELOHXVHUVWRSURILW
IURP FRQWLQXRXV FRYHUDJH DOORZLQJSULYDWH DQG SXEOLFVXEVFULEHUV WRVKDUH DFRPPRQ
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH5HVRXUFHVDUHQHWZRUNSDUDPHWHUVHJEDQGZLGWKFDSDFLW\WKDWKDYHWR
EH IDLUO\ DQG DFFXUDWHO\ DOORFDWHG GLVWULEXWHG DQG PDQDJHG LQ RUGHU WR RSWLPL]H
SHUIRUPDQFH DQG HQVXUH SURSHU DQG IDLU RSHUDWLRQ $QDO\]LQJ DQG H[SORULQJ H[LVWLQJ
PXOWLPHGLD VHVVLRQ DQG UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW PHFKDQLVPV RQ WKH ZLUHOHVV SDUW LV D
FUXFLDOVWHSIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHLUOLPLWDWLRQVDQGVKRUWFRPLQJV$QHZZD\RIPDNLQJ
2$1VVHOIDZDUHLVSURSRVHGDQGDVHOIFRQILJXULQJPHFKDQLVPZKLFKKDVDFRPSHWLWLYH
DGYDQWDJH LQ WKH TXDOLWDWLYH VHQVH RYHU DOUHDG\ H[LVWLQJ PHFKDQLVPV LV GHVLJQHG DQG
GHYHORSHG 7KH DPRXQW RI QHWZRUN UHVRXUFHV DV ZHOO DV WKH WLPLQJ DQG IRUP RI WKHLU
DYDLODELOLW\ DUH GHFLVLYH IRU HQDEOLQJ VHUYLFH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ DQG SURYLGLQJ D VXIILFLHQW
TXDOLW\ RI VHUYLFH OHYHO 2XU DUHD RI GLVFRXUVH LV WKH ³ODVWPLOH´ SDUW RI DQ
QHWZRUN LH WKH SDUW EHWZHHQ WKH DFFHVV SRLQW DQG WKH PRELOH QRGH ,Q 2$1V
PDLQWDLQLQJDQGXSGDWLQJUDWHVIRUGLIIHUHQWIORZVXVHGE\DVLQJOHWHUPLQDOWUDYHUVLQJ
PDQ\DGMDFHQW$3VLVDFKDOOHQJHLQLWVHOI,WLVVROYHGE\XVLQJVHYHUDONH\GHVLJQIDFWRUV
0RQLWRULQJ WKH HQYLURQPHQWORFDOO\DQGXSGDWLQJWKH GHVLJQHG LQIRUPDWLRQ VWUXFWXUHV
OHDGV WR QHWZRUN VHOIDZDUHQHVV 1H[W D KLJKOHYHO PHFKDQLVP WKDW DJJUHJDWHV
LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP VHYHUDO SURWRFROV LQFOXGLQJ &$5' &DQGLGDWH $FFHVV 5RXWHU
'LVFRYHU\ 0,3 0RELOH,3 DQG6,3 6HVVLRQ,QLWLDWLRQ3URWRFRO LVGHILQHG,WVSHFLILHV
WKH LQWHUDFWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH PRELOH WHUPLQDO DQG WKH DFFHVV SRLQW FRQWUROOHU 7KHQ
FDSDFLW\PDLQWHQDQFHDQGUDWHDOORFDWLRQLVVXHVDWWKHWZRHQGSRLQWVRIWKHODVWPLOHDUH
DQDO\]HG7KHRYHUKHDGLQ2$1VUHTXLUHGIRUWKHODXQFKLQJRUUHFRQILJXUDWLRQRIDUHDO
WLPH VHVVLRQ FDQ EH VLJQLILFDQWO\ UHGXFHG E\ D SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP ZKLFK SHUIRUPV
SDUDPHWHU LQMHFWLRQ LQWR D PXOWLPHGLD GDWD VWUHDP LQVWHDG RI IROORZLQJ WKH FODVVLFDO
QHJRWLDWLRQSDWK$VROXWLRQWRFKDQJHWKHVHVVLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDQDSSOLFDWLRQWKDW
DGDSWVWRYDU\LQJQHWZRUNFRQGLWLRQVZDVGHYHORSHGLQFOXGLQJD4R6VROXWLRQZLWK6,3
DQG 0,3 WR RSWLPL]H WKH VHVVLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV E\ WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH FKDQJHG
FRQGLWLRQVLQWKHQHWZRUN:LWKWKLVDSSURDFKUHGXFHGVHVVLRQVLJQDOLQJGHOD\DQGORZ
MLWWHU YDOXHV DUH DFKLHYHG DV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ UHVXOWV VKRZ 7KH WKHVLV LV FRQFOXGHG E\
FRQVLGHULQJ WKH JHQHUDO LVVXHV VHOIDZDUH QRGH DUFKLWHFWXUHV VHOIFRQILJXULQJ UHVRXUFH
PDQDJHPHQW
.H\ZRUGV
2SHQ $FFHVV1HWZRUNV 4XDOLW\RI 6HUYLFH ,((( $XWRQRPLF &RPPXQLFDWLRQ
3DUDPHWHU,QMHFWLRQ0XOWLPHGLD&RPPXQLFDWLRQ5HDOWLPH7UDIILF
&RQWHQWV
1 INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 QUALITY OF SERVICE IN OPEN ACCESS NETWORKS ... 1
1.2 AUTONOMIC NETWORKING ... 3
1.3 MOTIVATION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT... 4
1.4 ANEW WAY OF DOING QUALITY OF SERVICE IN AUTONOMIC NETWORKING ... 6
1.5 MY CONTRIBUTION... 10
1.6 STRUCTURE OF THIS THESIS ... 12
2 RELATED WORK... 13
2.1 QOSRESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR MEDIA STREAMING WITH FOCUS ON SELF-AWARENESS AND SELF- CONFIGURATION ... 13
2.2 CONTEXT AWARE QOSNETWORK SYSTEMS ... 18
2.3 MULTIMEDIA SIGNALING AND SESSION MANAGEMENT IN WIRELESS NETWORKS ... 20
2.4 RELEVANT STANDARDIZATION EFFORTS ... 21
3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ... 23
3.1 CANDIDATE ACCESS ROUTER DISCOVERY PROTOCOL (CARD) ... 23
3.2 MOBILE IP(MIPV4) AND SESSION INITIATION PROTOCOL (SIP) ... 27
3.3 SESSION DESCRIPTION PROTOCOL (SDP) ... 32
4 PROTOCOL DESIGN ... 33
4.1 TERMINAL AND ACCESS NETWORK TWO-WAY SIGNALING ... 33
4.2 CROSS-LAYER AND INTER-PROTOCOL ASPECTS ... 38
4.3 AUTOMATED RESOURCE CONTROL OVER LAST-MILE 802.11NETWORKS:PARAMETER INJECTION ALGORITHM AND ICSPPROTOCOL ... 40
5 SELF-CONFIGURATION IN PROCESS DESIGN ... 51
5.1 SELF-CONFIGURING RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON THE TERMINAL ... 51
5.2 SELF-MANAGING CAPACITY ALLOCATION IN THE ACCESS NETWORK ... 58
6 DATA DESIGN AND MODEL SEMANTICS ... 65
7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ... 71
7.1 CONCLUSION ... 71
7.2 FUTURE WORK:MAP OF THE ROAD AHEAD ... 71
REFERENCES ... 74
,QWURGXFWLRQ
4XDOLW\RI6HUYLFHLQ2SHQ$FFHVV1HWZRUNV
0XOWLPHGLD VWUHDPLQJ LV WKH SURFHVV RI GHOLYHULQJ DXGLRYLVXDO FRQWHQW RYHU D
WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ QHWZRUN LQ D FRQWLQXRXV UHDOWLPH PDQQHU DQG LPPHGLDWHO\
GLVSOD\LQJLWDWWKHUHFHLYHU,WKDVHYROYHGLQSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHHPHUJHQFHDQGJURZWKRI
,3EDVHG QHWZRUNV WKHLU UHODWHG SURWRFROV DQG WKH VSUHDGLQJ QHWZRUN FRQQHFWLRQ
DYDLODELOLW\IRUHQGXVHUV0RUHRYHUGXHWRWKHLQFUHDVHLQDYDLODEOHEDQGZLGWKDVZHOODV
WKHUHGXFWLRQLQQHWZRUNXVDJHFRVWVPHGLDVWUHDPLQJKDVHVWDEOLVKHGLWVVWURQJSRVLWLRQ
LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ DQG WKH VHUYLFH DQG FRQVXPHU PDUNHWV 8VHUV LQFUHDVLQJO\ DFFHVV
PXOWLPHGLDFRQWHQWWKURXJKWKHLUPRELOHGHYLFHVDVWKHGHPDQGIRUPRELOHFRQWHQWDQG
FRQQHFWLYLW\ JURZV ([DPSOHV LQFOXGH 9RLFHRYHU,3 YLGHR FRQIHUHQFLQJ PXVLF DQG
PRYLHV
+RZHYHU PXOWLPHGLD VWUHDPLQJ IDFHV FKDOOHQJHV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH SHUFHLYHG DXGLR DQG
YLGHRTXDOLW\ZLWKFKDQJHVLQQHWZRUNSDUDPHWHUVZKLOHXVHUVWUDYHUVHVHYHUDOQHWZRUNV
ZKHQ RQ WKH PRYH 7KDW OHDGV WR IOLFNHUV LQ YLGHR QRLVH LQ DXGLR DQG ORVV RI DXGLR
YLVXDOLQIRUPDWLRQ7KHUHIRUHWKLVQHFHVVLWDWHVWKHSUHVHQFHRITXDOLW\RIVHUYLFH 4R6 PHFKDQLVPVWKDWJXDUDQWHHVHUYLFHTXDOLW\DQGJLYHVWDELOLW\DQGUHOLDELOLW\WRWKHV\VWHP
&XUUHQWO\WKHWUHQGRIXVDJHDQGWKHYROXPHRIVWUHDPLQJDQGPXOWLPHGLDWUDIILFLVDQ
LQFUHDVLQJ RQH EXW WKH PRVW FRPPRQO\ XVHG DUFKLWHFWXUH UHPDLQV EDVHG RQ WKH EHVW
HIIRUW PRGHO SURYLGHG E\ WKH FODVVLFDO ,QWHUQHW 7KLV DUFKLWHFWXUH GRHV QRW PDQDJH
TXDOLW\RIUHVRXUFHDOORFDWLRQVXIILFLHQWO\ZHOO,QSDUWLFXODUSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVVHVVLRQ
VLJQDOLQJ GHOD\ VHVVLRQ GHOD\ MLWWHU DQG SDFNHW ORVV UDWH VKRXOG EH DQDO\]HG DQG
RSWLPL]HG3URYLGLQJEHWWHUERXQGVIRUWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGSDUDPHWHUVHQVXUHVWKDWWKH
GHVLUHGGHJUHHRITXDOLW\LVDFKLHYHGDQGPDLQWDLQHG
&XUUHQWO\ RQH VWURQJ WUHQG LQ WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV LV WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI EURDGEDQG
SHQHWUDWLRQ RI WKH ³ODVWPLOH´ SDUW RI QHWZRUNV 0RVW SULYDWH UHVLGHQFHVZLOO VRRQKDYH
DFFHVVWRDEURDGEDQGQHWZRUNRYHU$'6/9'6/ILEHUFDEOHRUUDGLR)XUWKHUPRUH
ZLUHOHVV WHFKQRORJ\ ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR EH WKH PDLQ WUHQG IRU WKH JURZLQJ FRQQHFWLYLW\
GHPDQGVERWKIRUUHVLGHQWLDODQGEXVLQHVVXVHUV,QGHQVHPHWURSROLWDQDUHDVQXPHURXV
³PLFUR EDVH VWDWLRQV´ ZLOO IRUP FRQWLQXRXV UDGLR FRYHUDJH DOORZLQJ XVHUV WR URDP
WKURXJKDODUJHGLVWDQFHZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJWKHLUFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHVVLRQV(VSHFLDOO\IRU
PXOWLPHGLDDQGUHDOWLPHDSSOLFDWLRQVVHVVLRQFRQWLQXLW\DVZHOODVDKLJKEDQGZLGWKLV
UHTXLUHG 7KLV LV WKH FKDOOHQJH SRVHG DQG VROYHG E\ GHSOR\LQJ DSSURSULDWH 4R6
DUFKLWHFWXUHVDQGVROXWLRQVRQRSHQDFFHVVQHWZRUNV 2$1
,Q 2$1V WKH URDPLQJ DV ZHOO DV UHVLGHQWLDO VXEVFULEHUV VKDUH WKH FDSDFLW\ RI ZLUHOHVV
/$1V DQG DFFHVV OLQHV DFFRUGLQJ WR D JHQHUDO VHUYLFH DJUHHPHQW EHWZHHQ DOO XVHUV DQG
WKHQHWZRUNRSHUDWRU7KLVVKDSHVWKHRSHQQHVVIHDWXUHZLWKLQWKH2$1'XHWRWKHIDFW
WKDWVXFKQHWZRUNVDUHORZFRVWZKHQLWFRPHVWRLQVWDOODWLRQDQGGHSOR\PHQWWKH\DUH
DWWUDFWLYH WR XVH DQG DUH JDLQLQJ VXEVFULEHUV HYHU\ GD\ )XUWKHUPRUH WKH ³PRELOH
EURDGEDQG´ EDVHG RQ * VWLOO GRHV QRW GHOLYHU WKH UHDO SURPLVHG GDWD UDWH RI VHYHUDO
PHJDELWV SHU VHFRQG 7KHUHIRUH LW LV OLNHO\ WKDW ZLOO VWD\ DV WKH GRPLQDQW
WHFKQRORJ\IRU2$1VDQGQHZLQLWLDWLYHVZLWKPLFURRSHUDWRUVPRELOHYLUWXDOQHWZRUN
RSHUDWRUV 0912 V FORVHG FRPPXQLW\ RSHQ DFFHVV >)21@ DQG H[SDQGHG KRWVSRWV
DQG FORXGV HJ %RLQJR >%2,@ /LQVSRW >/,1@ 7KH &ORXG >7&@ ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR
HPHUJHDQGH[SDQG7KLVSRVLWLYHGHYHORSPHQWZDVPRWLYDWLQJWREHQHILWIURPWKHRSHQ
DFFHVVQHWZRUNSDUDGLJP
2SHQDFFHVVQHWZRUNVDVDFRQFHSWZDVILUVWLQWURGXFHGE\%DWWLWLHWDO>5%@,WFRQWDLQV
DEXVLQHVVPRGHOVHUYLFHPRGHODQGVRPHDUFKLWHFWXUDOLQVLJKWVRQKRZVXFKDYLVLRQ
FDQ EH UHDOL]HG 8VHUV EHLQJ DEOH WR URDP FRQWLQXRXVO\ WUDYHUVLQJ PDQ\ DFFHVV SRLQWV
DQG KDYLQJ WKH FRQQHFWLRQV VKDUHG E\ UHVLGHQWLDO RZQHUV DQG E\SDVVHUV LV TXLWH DQ
LQQRYDWLYH FRQFHSW WKDW H[SDQGHG ODWHU RQ ,Q >0(@ DQG >0( @ D VSHFLILF FDVH RI DQ
2$1 LV KLJKOLJKWHG LQFOXGLQJ DUFKLWHFWXUDO GHWDLOV FRPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VHV ZLWK
RWKHUDSSURDFKHVDQGWHFKQLFDOGHWDLOVRQSURWRFRORSHUDWLRQ
7KHPHFKDQLVPVWKDWH[LVWWRGD\IRU4R6UHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWLQPHGLDVWUHDPLQJODFN
WKHUHTXLUHGGHJUHHRIDXWRQRP\SURDFWLYHEHKDYLRULQWHOOLJHQFHVHOIDZDUHQHVVDQGVHOI
FRQILJXUDELOLW\FDSDELOLWLHV$XWRQRP\RIEHKDYLRUUHIHUVWRWKHDELOLW\RIDV\VWHPWRDFW
DQGPDNHGHFLVLRQVRQUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWLQDQLQGHSHQGHQWZD\ZLWKRXWUHTXLULQJ
H[WHUQDO LQWHUYHQWLRQ 7KLV GHILFLW LV D FKDOOHQJH DQG WKH FRUH RI WKH SUREOHP VLQFH
ZLWKRXW VXIILFLHQW VHOIDZDUHQHVV DQG VHOIFRQILJXUDWLRQ LQ UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW
PHFKDQLVPV LW LV YHU\ KDUG WR FRSH ZLWK WKH FRPSOH[LW\ DQG FRQGLWLRQ FKDQJHV LQ
ZLUHOHVVQHWZRUNV
7KHUHDUHWZRPDMRUFKDOOHQJHVDWWKLVSRLQW)LUVWO\SURYLGLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHOHYHORI
4R6 WR PXOWLPHGLD DSSOLFDWLRQV IDFHV PDQ\ VWULQJHQW FRQVWUDLQWV LPSRVHG E\ WKH UHDO
WLPHQDWXUHRIWKHXQGHUO\LQJWUDIILFFODVVHVXVHGE\DXGLRDQGYLGHR6HFRQGO\DVWKH
YROXPH RI PXOWLPHGLD FRQWHQW WUDQVIHUUHG DQG H[FKDQJHG E\ PRELOH XVHUV JURZV
GUDVWLFDOO\QHZDUFKLWHFWXUHVDQGVLJQDOLQJSURWRFROVDUHFRQVWDQWO\EHLQJGHYHORSHGWR
GHOLYHU DSSURSULDWH 4R6 +RZHYHU YHU\ FRPSOH[ VLJQDOLQJ DQG D ORW RI KXPDQ
LQWHUDFWLRQ DQG FRQWURO LV UHTXLUHG IRU WKH FXUUHQW VROXWLRQV WR UXQ SURSHUO\ 7KLV
PRWLYDWHV WKH QHHG IRU D QHZ SDUDGLJP LQ FRPSXWLQJ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FDOOHG
³DXWRQRPLFQHWZRUNLQJ´ZKLFKLVWKHWRSLFRIWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ
$XWRQRPLF1HWZRUNLQJ
7KHWHUP³DXWRQRPLF´LQFRPSXWHUVFLHQFHZDVILUVWFOHDUO\KLJKOLJKWHGLQZKHQ
,%0ODXQFKHGWKHDXWRQRPLFFRPSXWLQJLQLWLDWLYH>,%0@7KHIRFXVRIWKHVROXWLRQLV
RQUHGXFLQJWKHQHHGIRUKXPDQLQWHUDFWLRQLQFRPSOH[FRPSXWLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
V\VWHPV
6HYHUDO OLPLWHG FRPSRQHQWV RI WKLV WHFKQRORJ\ DUH DOUHDG\ XS DQG UXQQLQJ >$&3@
>$&3@ 6KRUWO\ DIWHUZDUGV WKH DXWRQRPLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQ RU DXWRQRPLF QHWZRUNLQJ
LQLWLDWLYH HPHUJHG >06@ $XWRQRPLF FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG QHWZRUNLQJ LV DERXW VHOI IHDWXUHV VHOIDZDUHQHVV VHOIKHDOLQJ VHOIPDQDJHPHQW DQG VHOIFRQILJXUDWLRQ 7KH
FRQFHSWXDOLGHDEHKLQGWKRVHIHDWXUHVLVUHODWHGWRRWKHUUHVHDUFKZRUNLQGRPDLQVVXFK
DV GLVWULEXWHG V\VWHPV IDXOWPDQDJHPHQW DQG PXOWLKRS DGKRF SHHUWRSHHU VHQVRU
DQG PHVK QHWZRUNLQJ 7KH LGHD LV WKDW FRPPXQLFDWLRQ GHYLFHV FRPELQH ORFDO
LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG LQWHOOLJHQFH WR IRUP MRLQW DZDUHQHVV DQG DFW LQ D VHOIRUJDQL]LQJ
FRRUGLQDWHGPDQQHU
)XUWKHUPRUH DXWRQRPLF FRPPXQLFDWLRQ YLHZV WKH V\VWHP DV FRPSRVLWH IXQFWLRQDO
HQWLW\)XQFWLRQDOLW\RIWKLVHQWLW\LVIOH[LEOHFDQEHFRPSRVHGG\QDPLFDOO\LVHYROYLQJ
DQGLWVIXQFWLRQVXVHVHPDQWLFVWRPRGHOPRUHFRPSOH[EHKDYLRUWKDWLQWXUQJLYHVRYHU
PRUH FRQWURO WR WKH V\VWHP WKHUHE\ UHGXFLQJ QHFHVVDU\ KXPDQ LQWHUYHQWLRQ 0DMRU
DXWRQRPLFIHDWXUHVDUHOLVWHGEHORZ
• 6HOIPRQLWRULQJ DV\VWHPLVVHOIPRQLWRULQJZKHQLWLVFDSDEOHRIPHDVXULQJWKH
GLIIHUHQWSHUIRUPDQFHSDUDPHWHUVZKLFKGHWHUPLQHLWVVWDWHLQWHUPVRIDYDLODEOH
UHVRXUFHV IXQFWLRQLQJ PRGXOHV DQG JHQHUDO VWDWXV )RU VHOIPRQLWRULQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQFROOHFWLRQDVZHOODVVHQVLQJDQGHYHQWGHWHFWLRQDUHHVVHQWLDO
• 6HOIKHDOLQJ WKLVSULQFLSOHFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHDELOLW\RIDV\VWHPWRUHFRYHUIURP
IDXOWVGURSVFUDVKHV PDLQO\VRIWZDUH DQGGHDGORFNV7KLVLVFUXFLDOIRUQRGHV
RQ ZKLFK PDQ\ RWKHU QRGHV GHSHQG )RU LQVWDQFH D FRUH URXWHU VHUYLQJ PDQ\
DFFHVV URXWHUV KDV WR SRVVHVV UHFRYHU\ DQG VHOIKHDOLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV RWKHUZLVH DOO
DWWDFKHGDFFHVVURXWHUVZLOOVXIIHUIRUDORQJWLPHLIQRIDVWUHFRYHU\DIWHUDV\VWHP
IDXOWWDNHVSODFH
• 6HOIRUJDQL]LQJ WKLVSULQFLSOHIURPDXWRQRPLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQFDQEHDSSOLHGLQ
VHYHUDO FRQWH[WV ,Q D VHOIRUJDQL]LQJ QHWZRUN D VHW RI QRGHV LV DEOH WR IRUP D
QHWZRUNE\RUJDQL]LQJDQGDUUDQJLQJLWVHOI$VHOIRUJDQL]LQJV\VWHPLVRQHZKLFK
LV DEOH WR RUJDQL]H LWV FRPSRQHQWV DQG PRGXOHV LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKDW WKH\ IRUP
FRQVLVWHQWVHUYLFHVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVWKDWPDWFKWKHV\VWHPDQGXVHUUHTXLUHPHQWV
• 6HOIDZDUHQHVV VHOIDZDUHQHVV LV YHU\ FORVHO\ UHODWHG WR VHOIPRQLWRULQJ ,W DOVR
LQYROYHVDORWRIVHOIPRQLWRULQJDQGWKHQLQFOXGHVDVWHSIXUWKHU7KHIXUWKHUVWHS
LVDERXWGHWHUPLQLQJWKHFRQFUHWHVWDWHRIWKHQRGHHLWKHUIURPDVWDWHVSDFHE\
GLUHFWPDSSLQJDQGPDWFKLQJRUE\DSSO\LQJIX]]\ORJLFDQGDSSUR[LPDWLRQV7KH
LPSRUWDQWIDFWDERXWWKLVIHDWXUHLVWKDWLWDGGVLQWHOOLJHQFHWRWKHEHKDYLRURID
QRGH
• 6HOIFRQILJXUDWLRQ WKLVSULQFLSOHLVDWWULEXWHGWRSURFHVVHVDQGPHFKDQLVPVWKDW
DUHDEOHWRFRQILJXUHWKHLUSDUDPHWHUVLQDQDXWRQRPLFPDQQHU$VWKHYDOXHVRI
GLIIHUHQW SDUDPHWHUV OHYHOV YDU\ D V\VWHP KDV WR DGDSW DFFRUGLQJO\ LQ DQ HLWKHU
UHDFWLYH RU SURDFWLYH PDQQHU 7KXV SURFHVVHV DFTXLUH LQIRUPDWLRQ XVLQJ VHOI
PRQLWRULQJ DQG SHUIRUP FRQWURO RSHUDWLRQV VXFK DV VLJQDOLQJ ZLWK UHGXFHG
KXPDQLQWHUYHQWLRQWREHFRPHVHOIFRQILJXULQJ
$Q LPSRUWDQW TXHVWLRQ WR DQVZHU LV ZKHWKHU IXOO DXWRQRP\ LV SRVVLEOH DW DOO LQ WKH
QHWZRUNLQJ ZRUOG /RRNLQJ DKHDG WKH DQVZHU IRU WKH QHDU IXWXUH LV D GHILQLWLYH ³QR´
EHFDXVH RI WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV DQG WKHLU KLJK GHJUHH RI
LQWHUDFWLYLW\ 'HVLJQLQJ DQG LPSOHPHQWLQJ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV WKDW EHKDYH
DXWRQRPRXVO\ LV D JURZLQJ DQG SRSXODU UHVHDUFK GLUHFWLRQ RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG 0RUH
DXWRQRP\LVLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHQHWZRUNLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQDUHDZLWKDOJRULWKPV
DQG LGHDV IURP YDULRXV GRPDLQV LQFOXGLQJ FRPSXWHU VFLHQFH PDWKHPDWLFV ELRORJ\
FKHPLVWU\DQGSK\VLFV
,QZLUHOHVVQHWZRUNVUHVRXUFHVDUHERWWOHQHFNVWKHUHIRUHWKH\KDYHWREHPDQDJHGDQG
FRQVXPHG HIILFLHQWO\ )XUWKHUPRUH WKH FRVW DQG HIIRUW IRU PDLQWDLQLQJ DQG
DGPLQLVWHULQJQHWZRUNVZRXOGJURZRXWRIUHDVRQDEOHERXQGVLIKXPDQVZHUHWRHQWLUHO\
KDQGOHWKLVWDVN7KLVLVZKHUHDXWRQRPLFQHWZRUNLQJFRPHVLQWRWKHSLFWXUHWRUHGXFH
KXPDQLQWHUYHQWLRQDQGVROYHWDVNVLQDVHOIFRQWDLQHGZD\DVPXFKDVSRVVLEOH%HVLGHV
FRVW UHGXFWLRQ WKH DXWRQRPLF FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SDUDGLJP DWWHPSWV WR LPSURYH V\VWHP
SHUIRUPDQFH E\ UHGXFLQJ RYHUKHDG LQFUHDVH HIILFLHQF\ ORZHU WKH GHJUHH RI LQWHUDFWLRQ
EHWZHHQHQWLWLHVXQOHVVQHFHVVDU\DQGXVHUHDVRQLQJDQGDFWLYHPRQLWRULQJLQRUGHUWR
WDNHSURSHUGHFLVLRQVLQDWLPHO\PDQQHU3DUWRIWKHZRUNGRQHLQWKLVWKHVLVLVLQOLQH
ZLWKWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGJRDOVRIWKHDXWRQRPLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQSDUDGLJP
7KLVWKHVLVDSSOLHVDXWRQRPLFSULQFLSOHVWRWKHRSHQDFFHVVQHWZRUNDUFKLWHFWXUH1RZ
ZHPRYHRQWRWKHQH[WVHFWLRQWRPRWLYDWHWKHUHVHDUFKGRQHDQGFRPHRXWZLWKDVROLG
SUREOHPVWDWHPHQW
0RWLYDWLRQDQG3UREOHP6WDWHPHQW
7KLVWKHVLVKDVWZRPDLQPRWLYDWLQJSDUDGLJPVDVSLOODUV RSHQDFFHVVQHWZRUNV 2$1
DQGDXWRQRPLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQ $& 2QHFRUHJRDOLVWRDSSO\DXWRQRPLFSULQFLSOHVWR
WKH VSHFLILF QHWZRUN DUFKLWHFWXUH 2$1 8SRQ DSSO\LQJ WKRVH SULQFLSOHV VHYHUDO
FKDOOHQJHV DUH IDFHG DQG WKHUH LV ODUJH SRWHQWLDO IRU IHDWXUH HQKDQFHPHQW DQG
SHUIRUPDQFHRSWLPL]DWLRQ
7KLV VHFWLRQ WDNHV D ORRN DW WKH WZR GRPDLQV WR ZKLFK WKLV WKHVLV LV VWURQJO\ UHODWHG
2SHQ$FFHVV1HWZRUNVDQG$XWRQRPLF&RPPXQLFDWLRQ+DYLQJPRWLYDWHGWKHQHHGRI
DSSO\LQJWKHSULQFLSOHVRIRQHRIWKRVHGRPDLQVWRWKHRWKHUWRUHVROYHVHYHUDOXSFRPLQJ
FKDOOHQJHVLQQHWZRUNLQJWKHIRFXVPRYHVWRFRQFLVHO\IRUPXODWLQJWKHSUREOHP
)LJXUH 7KLVWKHVLVLVDERXWDSSO\LQJDXWRQRPLFSULQFLSOHVWR2$1
$XWRQRPLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQ $& LVWKHUHVXOWRIVHYHUDOHYROXWLRQVWDJHVLQQHWZRUNLQJ
2QH RI WKH SUHGHFHVVRUV LV WKH VRFDOOHG ,QWHOOLJHQW 1HWZRUN W\SLFDOO\ VWDWHG DV LWV
DFURQ\P,1ZKLFKZDVLQWHQGHGERWKIRUIL[HGDVZHOODVPRELOHWHOHFRPQHWZRUNV,W
DOORZVRSHUDWRUVWRGLIIHUHQWLDWHWKHPVHOYHVE\SURYLGLQJYDOXHDGGHGVHUYLFHVLQDGGLWLRQ
WR WKH VWDQGDUG WHOHFRP VHUYLFHV VXFK DV 3671 ,6'1 DQG *60 VHUYLFHV RQ PRELOH
SKRQHV ,Q ,1 WKH LQWHOOLJHQFH LV SURYLGHG E\ QHWZRUN QRGHV RZQHG E\ WHOHFRP
RSHUDWRUVDVRSSRVHGWRVROXWLRQVEDVHGRQLQWHOOLJHQFHLQWKHWHOHSKRQHHTXLSPHQWRU
LQ ,QWHUQHW VHUYHUV ,QWHOOLJHQFH DQG FRQWURO ORJLF VWDUWHG LQ D FHQWUDOL]HG ZD\ZKHUH D
FHQWUDOQRGHKDGDOOWKHGHFLVLRQSRZHUDQGVHQWFRQWUROPHVVDJHVWRRWKHUQRGHVRIWKH
DUFKLWHFWXUH 7KHQ DV FRPSXWLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV RI LQGLYLGXDO QRGHV LPSURYHG DQG WKH
IXQFWLRQDOLW\UHTXLUHGIURPWKHQHWZRUNDUFKLWHFWXUHJUHZLQFRPSOH[LW\LWZDVWLPHIRU
GLVWULEXWLQJ WKH LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG FRPSXWDWLRQDO ZRUN DPRQJ QRGHV 'LVWULEXWHG
FRPSXWLQJZDVRQHRIWKHGULYHUVIRUSURPRWLQJDXWRQRPLFIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIQRGHVGXH
WRWKHDEVHQFHRIDFHQWUDOQRGHWKDWFRQWUROVWKHZKROHQHWZRUN
$& KDV EHHQ FRQVWDQWO\ HYROYLQJ VLQFH LWV LQWURGXFWLRQ LQ $ JOREDO UHVHDUFK
FRPPXQLW\ KDV EHHQ EXLOW WR HQGRUVH WKLV GRPDLQ DV LW WULHV WR VROYH WKH XSFRPLQJ
FKDOOHQJHV RI FRPSOH[LW\ LQ QHWZRUNLQJ $V PRELOLW\ DQG 4XDOLW\ RI 6HUYLFH 4R6 EHFRPH KDUGHU WR PDQDJH ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVLQJ QXPEHU RI GHYLFHV SODWIRUPV DFFHVV
QHWZRUN W\SHV DYDLODEOH DUFKLWHFWXUHV DQG VLJQDOLQJ SURWRFROV WKH $XWRQRPLF
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ UHVHDUFK FRPPXQLW\ WULHV WR ILQG V\VWHPDWLF VROXWLRQV WR GRPDLQ
VSHFLILFSUREOHPV
$XWRQRPLF&RPPXQLFDWLRQKDVHYROYHGLQLWVRZQGLUHFWLRQDQGKDVQRW\HWVXFFHHGHG
WRSURYLGHDQ\LGHDOO\ILWWLQJJHQHULFVROXWLRQWRH[LVWLQJSUREOHPVH[FHSWLQYHU\GRPDLQ
VSHFLILF DUHDV 0RUHRYHU LQ WKH GRPDLQ RI 2$1 VROXWLRQV WKDW SURYLGH HDV\WRXVH
EURDGEDQG FRQQHFWLYLW\ ODFN WKH VXIILFLHQW GHJUHH RI DXWRQRP\ DQG 4R6 UHTXLUHG IRU
VDWLVI\LQJ XVHU QHHGV 7KHUHIRUH WKH SUREOHP RI KRZ WR DSSO\ WKH SULQFLSOHV RI RQH
GRPDLQWRWKHRWKHUHPHUJHG7KLVSUREOHPLVKDQGOHGLQWKLVWKHVLV
)LJXUH XVHUURDPLQJLQDQRSHQDFFHVVQHWZRUN
7R PRUH VSHFLILFDOO\ GHVFULEH WKH SUREOHP LW LV HVVHQWLDO WR WDNH D FORVHU ORRN DW WKH
VHWWLQJVIRUZKLFKRXUUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVZHUHGHYHORSHG5RDPLQJDQGUHVLGHQWLDOXVHUVLQ
GHQVH PHWURSROLWDQ DUHDV VKDUH WKH VDPH ,((( LQIUDVWUXFWXUH 5HVLGHQWLDO XVHUV
KDYH D EDFNKDXO OLQH DW KRPH WR ZKLFK DQ DFFHVV SRLQW LV FRQQHFWHG 5RDPLQJ XVHUV
E\SDVVVHYHUDOUHVLGHQFHVDQGKDYHFRQWLQXRXVFRYHUDJHDV)LJXUHVKRZV6HSDUDWLRQRI
WKHURDPLQJDQGUHVLGHQWLDOGRPDLQVLVGRQHE\XVLQJGLIIHUHQW9LUWXDO/$1V 9/$1 IRU HDFK FDWHJRU\ $ URDPLQJ VXEVFULEHU ZKHQ XVLQJ UHDOWLPH DQG PXOWLPHGLD
DSSOLFDWLRQVKRZHYHUIDFHVFKDOOHQJHVFRQFHUQLQJ4R6DQGVHVVLRQFRQVLVWHQF\7RPDNH
WKLQJV HYHQ ZRUVH SURWRFRO PHVVDJLQJ DQG VLJQDOLQJ IRU UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW LV YHU\
FRPSOH[ LQYROYLQJDODUJH QHJRWLDWLRQRYHUKHDG DQG SRVLQJ DQDGGLWLRQDOFKDOOHQJH RQ
YRLFH DQG YLGHR VHVVLRQV LQ 2$1 )RU WKLV UHDVRQ GHYHORSLQJ EHWWHU DQG SDUWLDOO\
DXWRQRPLF VROXWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH 2$1 DQG $& GRPDLQV LV QHFHVVDU\ ,W KDV WR PDNH
QHWZRUNVVHOIDZDUHDQGUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWSURFHVVHVIRUVHVVLRQVLJQDOLQJDQGPXOWL
PHGLDIORZFRQWUROVHOIFRQILJXULQJLQ2$17KHQH[WVHFWLRQSURYLGHVLQVLJKWRQKRZ
WKLVLVGRQH
$1HZ:D\RI'RLQJ4XDOLW\RI6HUYLFHLQ$XWRQRPLF1HWZRUNLQJ
,Q RUGHU WR SURYLGH QRW RQO\ FRQWLQXRXV FRYHUDJH EXW DOVR VHDPOHVV VHVVLRQV IRU
PXOWLPHGLD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ RYHU 2$1V IXQGDPHQWDO GHVLJQ DQG DOJRULWKPLF
ZRUNKDVWREHGRQH7KLVUHTXLUHVUHVHDUFKLQWKHGDWDGHVLJQSURFHVVPRGHOLQJDQG
SURWRFRORSWLPL]DWLRQDUHDVDOOZLWKLQDQLQWHJUDWHGDUFKLWHFWXUH
)LJXUH $XWRQRPLF1HWZRUNLQJLQWKLVWKHVLV
)LJXUH GHSLFWV KRZ DXWRQRPLF QHWZRUNLQJ LV XVHG LQ WKLV WKHVLV $FWLYH VHQVLQJ DQG
PRQLWRULQJIRULQIRUPDWLRQH[WUDFWLRQDQGUHDVRQLQJXVLQJVHPDQWLFVWRSURGXFHIXUWKHU
PRUH PHDQLQJIXO LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH QHWZRUN VWDWH SDYHV WKH ZD\ IRU PDNLQJ
QHWZRUNV³VHOIDZDUH´2QFHDFFHVVQHWZRUNVSRVVHVVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHLUVWDWHVDQG
UHVRXUFHVWKH\DUHEHWWHUFDSDEOHRIHQGRUVLQJDXWRQRPLFSURWRFROVDQGDOJRULWKPV
,Q RUGHU WR GHSLFW WKH YDULDWLRQ LQ UHVRXUFH OHYHOV IRU UHDOWLPH WUDIILF ZLWK GLIIHUHQW
DGDSWDWLRQ PHFKDQLVPV VRPH PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG )LJXUHV DQG UHIOHFW
WKHIOXFWXDWLRQRIWKHHIIHFWLYHGDWDUDWHDVVLJQHGWRDQDXGLRFKDQQHO7KLVFKDQQHOLV
EXLOW XVLQJ 6,3 VLJQDOLQJ 7KH ILJXUH DOVR UHIOHFWV KRZ WKH V\VWHP VORZO\ UHDGDSWV WR
VPRRWK WKH VKDUS ORVV E\ XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW FRGHFV WR PLQLPL]H WKH GLVUXSWLRQ LQ VHUYLFH
XVDJH)LJXUHFRPSDUHGWR)LJXUHVKRZVIDVWDGDSWDWLRQFDSDELOLWLHVZKHUHE\WKHIDOO
EDFNGXUDWLRQLVVKRUWHULWLVGHWHFWHGHDUOLHUDQGQHJRWLDWLRQDQGDGDSWDWLRQWKXVWDNHV
OHVVWLPH
)LJXUH 6/2:DGDSWDWLRQIRUDXGLRFKDQQHOXSRQPRELOLW\DQGKDQGRYHUV
)LJXUH )$67DGDSWDWLRQIRUDXGLRFKDQQHOXSRQPRELOLW\DQGKDQGRYHUV
7KH VDPH FDVH LV FDUULHG RXW IRU YLGHR )LJXUHV DQG 'HVSLWH WKDW YHU\ IHZ YLGHR
FRGHFVH[LVWLQWKH-DYD0HGLD)UDPHZRUNIRUYLGHRZLWKLQWKHVDPHFRGHFLWLVSRVVLEOH
WRYDU\WKHGDWDUDWHWRHIIHFWLYHO\FRSHZLWKQHZUHVRXUFHVLWXDWLRQV$IWHUDVKDUSGURS
GXHWRQHWZRUNW\SHFKDQJHRUMRLQLQJDQRYHUORDGHGFHOOZLWKDPXFKORZHUSURILOHWKH
V\VWHP XVHV D FRGHF ZLWK EHWWHU FRPSUHVVLRQ UDWH DV D WUDGHRII WR PRUH &38 DQG
EDWWHU\ SRZHU XVH WR GHOLYHU D KLJKHU HIIHFWLYH UDWH WR WKH XVHU RQ WKH DXGLR FKDQQHO
XVLQJDORZHUEDQGZLGWKUHVRXUFHOHYHO)RULQVWDQFHIURP.ESVYLGHRDGURSWR
LVPLOGO\FRUUHFWHGXSZDUGVE\WKHV\VWHPWRUHDFKDOPRVW .ESVXVLQJDPRUHHIIHFWLYH
FRGHF7KLVLPSURYHVWKHXVHUH[SHULHQFHDQGVWDELOL]HVWKHSURILOHRYHUWKHORQJUXQDQG
GXULQJDVHUYLFHXVDJHF\FOH$XWRQRPLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQDLPVDWSURDFWLYHEHKDYLRUDQG
IDVWDGDSWDWLRQPHFKDQLVPV
)LJXUH 6/2:DGDSWDWLRQIRU9,'(2FKDQQHOXSRQPRELOLW\DQGKDQGRYHUV
)LJXUH )$67DGDSWDWLRQIRU9,'(2FKDQQHOXSRQPRELOLW\DQGKDQGRYHUV
$ VHOIDZDUH 4R6 V\VWHP KDV GHWDLOHG NQRZOHGJH RI LWV FRPSRQHQWV FXUUHQW VWDWXV
DYDLODEOHFDSDFLW\DQGDOOFRQQHFWLRQVWRRWKHUV\VWHPV6HOIFRQILJXUDWLRQLVWKHDELOLW\
RI D V\VWHP WR DXWRPDWLFDOO\ FRQILJXUH DQG UHFRQILJXUH LWV VHWWLQJV EDVHG RQ WKH
FRQGLWLRQ FKDQJHV LQ WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HQYLURQPHQW LW UXQV LQ 3URYLGLQJ D 4R6
DUFKLWHFWXUH HQULFKHG ZLWK VHPDQWLFV DQG D VHOIDZDUH VHOIFRQILJXULQJ UHVRXUFH
PDQDJHPHQW PHFKDQLVP ZLOO UHGXFH FRPSOH[LW\ ORZHU VHVVLRQ VLJQDOLQJ GHOD\V DOORZ
SURDFWLYHEHKDYLRUDQGLPSURYHWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIQHWZRUNUHVRXUFHV
7KHUHIRUH VWDUWLQJ ZLWK VHPDQWLF GHVFULSWLRQV DQG RQWRORJLHV PRYLQJ RQ WR PDNLQJ
QHWZRUNV DZDUH RI WKHLU UHVRXUFH VWDWXV DQG JHQHUDO VWDWH JRLQJ WKURXJK DOORZLQJ
UHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWPHFKDQLVPVWRSURILWIURPQHWZRUNVHOIDZDUHQHVVSDYHVWKHZD\
IRUWKHGHVLUHGVROXWLRQ$GGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQHPEHGGHGLQVHPDQWLFVRUH[WUDFWHGYLD
RQHVWHSUHDVRQLQJDV)LJXUHVKRZVHQULFKHVQHWZRUNQRGHVDQGDOORZVSURWRFROVWREH
GHVLJQHGLQDZD\WKDWH[SORLWVWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ7KHOHQJWK\QHJRWLDWLRQDQGVLJQDOLQJ
SURFHVVHV XVHG LQ VHVVLRQ PDQDJHPHQW FDQ EH YDVWO\ LPSURYHG E\ H[SORLWLQJ VHOI
DZDUHQHVVLQIRUPDWLRQ7KH$&SDUDGLJPWKXVSURYLGHVDZD\RIUHDVRQLQJDQGDGHVLJQ
PHWKRGRORJ\ERWKRIZKLFKSD\RIIZHOOZKHQDSSOLHGWR2$1V
0\&RQWULEXWLRQ
6LQFHDXWRQRPLFQHWZRUNLQJLVFHQWHUHGRQVHOI IHDWXUHVDQGIXQFWLRQDOLW\DQGWKHILUVW
VWHS LQ WKDW GLUHFWLRQ LV VHOIDZDUHQHVV , GHDO ZLWK WKLV LVVXH LQ >0(@ ,Q SDUWLFXODU ,
ORRNLQWRDQGVROYHWKHLVVXHRIPXWXDOQHWZRUNVHUYLFHDZDUHQHVVLQWKHIXWXUH,QWHUQHW
DQG HPHUJLQJ DUFKLWHFWXUDO SODWIRUPV , SURSRVH D PLGGOHZDUH DUFKLWHFWXUH WKDW PDNHV
DSSOLFDWLRQVDQGVHUYLFHVQHWZRUNDZDUHLQWKHVHQVHWKDWWKH\XWLOL]HQHWZRUNUHVRXUFHV
DQGWXQHWKHLURZQGHPDQGVEDVHGRQZKDWWKHXQGHUO\LQJQHWZRUNVFDQRIIHU2QWKH
RWKHU KDQG WKH PLGGOHZDUH PDNHV QHWZRUNV VHUYLFHDZDUH VR WKH\ DGDSW WKHLU
FRQILJXUDWLRQWRVHUYLFHGHPDQGV
7KLV WKHVLV GHDOV LQ GHSWK ZLWK WZR RI WKH ILYH GLVFXVVHG VHOIZDUH SULQFLSOHV VHOI
DZDUHQHVVRIQHWZRUNVDQGVHOIFRQILJXUDWLRQRIUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWSURFHVVHV2IWHQ
WKHGLIIHUHQWDXWRQRPLFSULQFLSOHVDUHUHODWHG0\FRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHVWDWHRIWKHDUWLQ
WKLVGRPDLQLVRQFRQFHSWXDOGHVLJQDQGSUDFWLFDOOHYHOV7KHILUVWVWHSRIWKHZRUNLV
SHUIRUPLQJ GDWD GHVLJQ DQG VHPDQWLF PRGHOLQJ IRUPLQJ RQWRORJLHV WR FDUU\ DQG
SUHVHUYHLQIRUPDWLRQGRZQWRGHVLJQLQJDVWDWHVSDFHIRUQHWZRUNQRGHVDQGHQDEOLQJ
WKHP WR EH DZDUH RI WKHLU VWDWH DQG UHVRXUFH VWDWXV 7KH QH[W ORJLFDO VWHS RI WKH
FRQWULEXWLRQLVWRWDNHH[LVWLQJSURWRFROVIRUUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWRIPXOWLPHGLDWUDIILF
DQG WR GHVLJQ QHZ SURWRFROV WKDW RQ WKH RQH KDQG H[SORLW WKH QHWZRUN VHOIDZDUHQHVV
IHDWXUHDFKLHYHGDQGRQWKHRWKHUKDQGDFWDVDXWRQRPRXVO\DVSRVVLEOH$XWRQRPRXV
EHKDYLRURIUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWSURWRFROVUHTXLUHVIXQGDPHQWDOGHVLJQWKDWGHDOVZLWK
WKH ILQH GHWDLOV RI VHVVLRQ VLJQDOLQJ SURWRFROV DQG VHVVLRQ GHVFULSWLRQ SURWRFROV
)XUWKHUPRUH DOJRULWKPLF GHVLJQ LV UHTXLUHG LQ RUGHU WR SHUIRUP WKH FRPSXWDWLRQV RI
UHVRXUFHYDOXHVVWDWHVDQGRWKHUSDUDPHWHUVUHTXLUHGIRUVXFKDVFHQDULRWRZRUN+HUH,
XVH WKH 6HVVLRQ ,QLWLDWLRQ 3URWRFRO 6,3 IRU VLJQDOLQJ DQG WKH 6HVVLRQ 'HVFULSWLRQ
3URWRFRO 6'3 IRU VHVVLRQ VSHFLILFDWLRQ 7KH WKHVLV GHVFULEHV D QHZ VHOIFRQILJXULQJ
UHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWDOJRULWKPQDPHGWKH3DUDPHWHU,QMHFWLRQ$OJRULWKP 3,$ DQGD
SURWRFRO IRU DJJUHJDWLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV FDOOHG WKH ,QWHJUDWHG
&RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG6LJQDOLQJ3URWRFRO ,&63
%HVLGHV WKH LQYLWHG SDSHUV HGLWRUUHYLHZHG SDSHUV WKH WHFKQLFDO UHSRUWV DQG
SUHVHQWDWLRQVWKDWUHIOHFWHGP\UHVHDUFKZRUNGRQHIRUWKLVOLFHQWLDWHWKHIROORZLQJLVD
OLVWRISHHUUHYLHZHGSXEOLFDWLRQVGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHVFRSHRIWKLVWKHVLV
3DSHU, )6WHXHU0(ONRWRE6$OED\UDN+%U\KQLDQG7/XQGH 6HDPOHVV0RELOLW\
RYHU %URDGEDQG :LUHOHVV 1HWZRUNV ,67 0RELOH DQG :LUHOHVV 6XPPLW -XQH
'UHVGHQ*HUPDQ\
,QWKLVSDSHUP\PDLQFRQWULEXWLRQZDVWRWKHDUFKLWHFWXUHRIWKH2SHQ$FFHVV1HWZRUN
WKDW SURYLGHV VHDPOHVV PRELOLW\ WR URDPLQJ XVHUV 8VLQJ D K\EULG 0RELOH ,3 DQG 6,3
VWDFNDVDPRELOLW\VROXWLRQZDVDOVRDFRQWULEXWLRQRIPLQH
3DSHU ,, ) 6WHXHU 0 (ONRWRE 6 $OED\UDN DQG $ 6WHLQEDFK 7HVWEHG IRU 0RELOH
1HWZRUN2SHUDWRU6FHQDULRV,(((7ULGHQWFRP%DUFHORQD6SDLQ
0\ PDLQ FRQWULEXWLRQV ZHUH EXLOGLQJ D WHVWEHG FRQVLVWLQJ RI ILYH WLHUV DQG WKDW LV
HTXLYDOHQW WR D UHDO PRELOH QHWZRUN RSHUDWRU GHSOR\LQJ V\VWHPV EDVHG RQ GLIIHUHQW
DUFKLWHFWXUDO SDUDGLJPV LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWHG WHVWEHG VXFK DV RSHQ DFFHVV QHWZRUNV DQG
%H\RQG * QHWZRUNV DQG VHWWLQJ XS DQG UXQQLQJ H[SHULPHQWV ZKRVH PHDVXUHPHQWV
DOORZHG WR KLJKOLJKW GLIIHUHQW DUFKLWHFWXUDO EHQHILWV DQG HYDOXDWH V\VWHP EHKDYLRU DQG
SRWHQWLDO
3DSHU,,, $$OKH]PL0(ONRWRE%0URKV&5lFNDQG66WHJOLFK 1H[W*HQHUDWLRQ
6HUYLFH $UFKLWHFWXUHV &KDOOHQJHV DQG $SSURDFKHV 6L[WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :RUNVKRS RQ
$SSOLFDWLRQV DQG 6HUYLFHV LQ :LUHOHVV 1HWZRUNV ,((( 7&3& $6:1 0D\
%HUOLQ*HUPDQ\
,QWKLVSDSHUP\PDLQFRQWULEXWLRQZDVWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDODSSURDFKIRUEXLOGLQJDUHDO
WLPH PXOWLPHGLD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VHUYLFH , SHUIRUPHG WKH DQDO\VLV RI WRSGRZQ YHUVXV
ERWWRPXS VHUYLFH FRQVWUXFWLRQ HYDOXDWLQJ WKH 2SHQ 6HUYLFH $FFHVV 26$ PRGXODU
HQDEOHUFRPSRQHQWEDVHGDSSURDFKYHUVXVWKHPXOWLPHGLD$SSOLFDWLRQ6HUYHU $6 EODFN
ER[DSSURDFKYHUVXVWKHK\EULGDSSURDFKYHULILHGRQDUHDO,06VHUYLFH
3DSHU ,9 6 $OED\UDN 0 (ONRWRE DQG $ & 7RNHU 6PDUW 0LGGOHZDUH IRU 0XWXDO
6HUYLFH1HWZRUN $ZDUHQHVV LQ (YROYLQJ *33 1HWZRUNV 7KH 7KLUG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFH RQ &20PXQLFDWLRQ 6\VWHPV VRIW:$UH DQG PLGGOHZD5( ,(((
&206:$5(%DQJDORUH,QGLD-DQXDU\
,QWKLVSDSHUP\PDLQFRQWULEXWLRQZDVWKHPXWXDOQHWZRUNVHUYLFHDZDUHQHVVDSSURDFK
DQGFRRUGLQDWLRQEDVHGRQDFOHDQVODWHQHWZRUNDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQ,DQDO\]HGLQGHWDLO
WKH VHOIDZDUHQHVV DVSHFW RI D QHWZRUN ZKLFK LV LQVSLUHG E\ WKH $XWRQRPLF
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ $& SDUDGLJP
3DSHU 9 0 (ONRWRE DQG 6 $OED\UDN $ 3DUDPHWHU ,QMHFWLRQ $OJRULWKP IRU 5HDOWLPH
7UDIILFLQ2SHQ$FFHVV1HWZRUNV,(((*/2%(&20:DVKLQJWRQ'&
1RYHPEHU
7KLVSDSHULVHQWLUHO\DQGH[FOXVLYHO\P\ZRUN,WEXLOGVXSRQWKHH[SHULHQFHVDQGUHVXOWV
LQ WKH DUHD RI 2SHQ $FFHVV 1HWZRUNV 2$1 ,W SUHVHQWV D VHOIFRQILJXULQJ UHVRXUFH
PDQDJHPHQWPHFKDQLVPWKDWDXWRQRPLFDOO\KDQGOHVPHGLDVWUHDPVGXULQJPRELOLW\
3DSHU9, //H6$OED\UDN0(ONRWREDQG$&7RNHU ,PSURYLQJ7&3*RRGSXWLQ
$FFHVV 1HWZRUNV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RPPXQLFDWLRQV ,&&
*ODVJRZ8.-XQH
,QWKLVSDSHUP\FRQWULEXWLRQZDVLQDQDO\]LQJWKHH[LVWLQJVLJQDOLQJRQYDULRXVOD\HUV
IRU EDQGZLGWK FRQWURO DQG LQ SURSRVLQJ DQ LPSURYHPHQW LQ WKH VLJQDOLQJ IORZ XVLQJ
OD\HUOD\HUFURVVOD\HUGHVLJQ &/'
3DSHU9,, 0(ONRWREDQG.$QGHUVVRQ $QDO\VLVDQG0HDVXUHPHQWRI6HVVLRQ6HWXS
'HOD\DQG-LWWHULQ9R:/$18VLQJ&RPSRVLWH0HWULFV $&0080 DFFHSWHGIRU
SXEOLFDWLRQ &RQIHUHQFH9HQXH 8PHn6ZHGHQ'HFHPEHU
0RVW RI WKH SDSHU UHVXOWV DUH P\ FRQWULEXWLRQV WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH WKH VHVVLRQ
PDQDJHPHQWDOJRULWKPWKHV\VWHPLPSOHPHQWDWLRQZLWKDK\EULG0,36,3VWDFNDQGWKH
PHDVXUHPHQWV7KHPHWULFVXVHGWRDQDO\]HV\VWHPEHKDYLRUDQGSHUIRUPDQFHVDUHMRLQW
ZRUN
6WUXFWXUHRIWKLV7KHVLV
7KH WKHVLV LV VWUXFWXUHG DV IROORZV $IWHU WKLV LQWURGXFWRU\ FKDSWHU WKDW SUHVHQWV WKH
GLIIHUHQW DUHDV DQG OLQNV WKHP WKHQ KLJKOLJKWV WKH SUREOHP DQG WKH GHYLVHG VROXWLRQ
LQVLJKWV&KDSWHUH[WHQVLYHO\UHYLHZVWKHDUHDVRIGLVFRXUVHDQGVWDWHRIWKHDUWZRUN
&KDSWHUSURYLGHVEDFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHYDULRXVSURWRFROVDQGDUFKLWHFWXUDO
SDUDGLJPV XVHG LQWKLV WKHVLV 7KHQ &KDSWHU GHDOV ZLWK SURWRFRO GHVLJQ ZKHUH KLJK
OHYHO SURWRFRO DJJUHJDWLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV LV SUHVHQWHG &KDSWHU
SUHVHQWV SURFHVV GHVLJQ ZLWK DOJRULWKPV WKDW DUH DXWRQRPLF LQ QDWXUH DQG ZKLFK ZHUH
GHVLJQHGDQGXVHGLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWIRUPXOWLPHGLDWUDIILFLQ
RSHQ DFFHVV QHWZRUNV &KDSWHU WKHQ GHVFULEHV WKH GDWD GHVLJQ SDUW RI DXWRQRPLF
FRPPXQLFDWLRQIRURXUUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWVFHQDULRV&KDSWHUFRQFOXGHVWKHWKHVLV
DQGSURYLGHVDQRXWORRNRQIXWXUHZRUNDQGWKHPDSRIWKHURDGDKHDG
5HODWHG:RUN
7KLVFKDSWHUH[WHQVLYHO\VXUYH\VWKHVWDWHRIWKHDUWLQWKHDUHDV UHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWLQ
ZLUHOHVV QHWZRUNV FRQWH[W DZDUH 4R6 QHWZRUN V\VWHPV DQG PXOWLPHGLD VHVVLRQ VHWXS
DQGPDQDJHPHQWLQZLUHOHVVQHWZRUNV,QDGGLWLRQWKHZRUNLVSRVLWLRQHGZLWKUHVSHFW
WR WKH ,((( U DQG VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ IUDPHZRUNV 7KRVH FDWHJRULHV DUH
KDQGOHGLQFRQVHFXWLYHVHFWLRQV7KHILUVWVHFWLRQLVUHODWHGWRWKHFRUHFRQWULEXWLRQRI
WKLV WKHVLV QDPHO\ DXWRQRPLF VHOIFRQILJXULQJ UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW 7KH VHFRQG
VHFWLRQUHODWHVPRUHFORVHO\WRWKHFKDSWHURQGDWDGHVLJQZKHUHFRQWH[WLQIRUPDWLRQDQG
VHPDQWLFV SOD\ D NH\ UROH LQ PDNLQJ QHWZRUNV VHOIDZDUH 7KH WKLUG VHFWLRQ DQDO\]HV
FKDOOHQJHVUHODWHGWRVHWWLQJXSDQGPDQDJLQJPXOWLPHGLDVHVVLRQVLQGLIIHUHQWZLUHOHVV
QHWZRUN W\SHV 7KH IRXUWK VHFWLRQ VKRUWO\ RYHUYLHZV ZRUN RQJRLQJ LQ VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ
ERGLHV 6HOIDZDUHQHVV DQG VHOIFRQILJXUDWLRQ DUH WKH WZR DVSHFWV RI WKH $XWRQRPLF
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ SDUDGLJP WKDW DUH DQDO\]HG LQ WKLV WKHVLV 7KH WKHVLV SRVLWLRQV LWVHOI
ZLWK UHVSHFW WR H[LVWLQJ UHVHDUFK ZRUN DQG KLJKOLJKWV WKH GHOWD WKDW ZDV DFKLHYHG LQ
WHUPV RI WKH WZR DIRUHPHQWLRQHG VHOI IHDWXUHV )XUWKHUPRUH DQ DUFKLWHFWXUDO
SHUVSHFWLYHLVJLYHQZLWKDFRPSDULVRQWRZKDWLVDYDLODEOHWRGD\
4R65HVRXUFH0DQDJHPHQWIRU0HGLD6WUHDPLQJZLWK)RFXVRQ6HOI
$ZDUHQHVVDQG6HOI&RQILJXUDWLRQ
$FWLYHQHWZRUNLQJLVDVLJQLILFDQWSDUDGLJPLQWKHQHWZRUNHYROXWLRQKLVWRU\DQGLWKDV
SDUWLDOO\LQVSLUHGDXWRQRPLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQ$FWLYHQHWZRUNLQJDOORZVKLJKO\FRPSOH[
DQGUDSLGUHDOWLPHFKDQJHVWRWKHXQGHUO\LQJQHWZRUNRSHUDWLRQ7KLVHQDEOHVIHDWXUHV
OLNHVHQGLQJFRGHDORQJZLWKSDFNHWVRILQIRUPDWLRQDOORZLQJWKHGDWDWRFKDQJHLWVIRUP
FRGH WRPDWFKWKHFKDQQHOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV>$1@
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ WKH VWDWH RI WKH DUW FRQFHUQLQJ 4R6 DUFKLWHFWXUHV DQG PHFKDQLVPV IRU
PHGLD VWUHDPLQJLVLQYHVWLJDWHG:HFRQGXFWDVXUYH\ RQ KRZ IDU GLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHV
DGGUHVV WKH QHWZRUN UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW LVVXH IRU PXOWLPHGLD DQG VWUHDPLQJ
DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KLV DOORZV ILQGLQJ RXW WKH OLPLWDWLRQV RI H[LVWLQJ ZRUN HVSHFLDOO\
FRQFHUQLQJWKHVHOIDZDUHQHVVDQGVHOIFRQILJXULQJFDSDELOLWLHVRI4R6PHFKDQLVPV
*HOHQEH HW DO>(*@ >(*@ ZRUN RQ XVHURULHQWHG QHWZRUNV DQG FODLP WKDW WKRVH ZLOO
QRW XVXDOO\ KDYH SUHFLVH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DW DQ\ JLYHQ LQVWDQW RI
WLPH VR WKHLU NQRZOHGJH VKRXOG EH DFTXLUHG IURP RQOLQH REVHUYDWLRQV 7KXV WKH\
VXJJHVWWKDWXVHURULHQWHGQHWZRUNVVKRXOGH[SORLWVHOIDGDSWLYHQHVVWRWU\WRREWDLQWKH
EHVWSRVVLEOH4R6IRUDOOWKHLUFRQQHFWLRQV7KH\LOOXVWUDWHKRZVHOIDZDUHQHVVWKURXJK
RQOLQHVHOIPRQLWRULQJDQGPHDVXUHPHQWFRXSOHGZLWKLQWHOOLJHQWDGDSWLYHEHKDYLRULQ
UHVSRQVHWRREVHUYDWLRQVFDQEHXVHGWRRIIHUXVHURULHQWHG4R67KHZRUNLVEDVHGRQ
RQJRLQJH[SHULPHQWVFRQGXFWHGLQWKH³FRJQLWLYHSDFNHWQHWZRUN´WHVWEHG
7KH VROXWLRQ SURYLGHG LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK ZRUN LV VXLWDEOH IRU VHYHUDO GRPDLQV LQFOXGLQJ
VHQVRU HQWHUSULVH KRPH DQG PLOLWDU\ QHWZRUNV 7KH V\VWHP DLPV WR VXSSRUW D EURDG
UDQJH RI 4R6 UHTXLUHPHQWV LPSRVHG E\ WKH YDULHW\ RI QHWZRUN DFFHVV WHFKQRORJLHV
GHYLFHV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KH FRUH UHVHDUFK LVVXH LQ WKLV ZRUN LV LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG
DGDSWDWLRQ WR WKH XVHU QHHGV DQG WKH QHWZRUNLQJ HQYLURQPHQW 7KLV FRYHUV URXWLQJ
EHKDYLRUVHOIKHDOLQJDQGVHFXULW\DVSHFWV
'HVSLWHWKHH[LVWHQFHRIEDVLFDGDSWDWLRQPHFKDQLVPVIRU4R6WKH\DUHPDLQO\VWDWLFRU
EDVHGRQEDVLFSROLFLHVH[SORLWLQJYHU\IHZSDUDPHWHUVDQGXVLQJDOLPLWHGVHWRIUXOHV
7KH DXWKRUV QRWH WKDW OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKPV DQG DGDSWDWLRQ KDYH YHU\ VHOGRP EHHQ
H[SORLWHGLQQHWZRUNVEHFDXVHRIWKHODFNRIDSUDFWLFDOIUDPHZRUNIRUDGDSWLYHFRQWURO
HVSHFLDOO\IRUSDFNHWQHWZRUNV7KH&RJQLWLYH3DFNHW1HWZRUN &31 V\VWHPGHYLVHGE\
WKHDXWKRUVZRUNVRQWRSRI,3DQGLQWHUDFWVZLWKFODVVLFDOQHWZRUNVYLD,3DVZHOO&31
XVHV6PDUW3DFNHWV 63 WRFROOHFW4R6PHDVXUHPHQWLQIRUPDWLRQDVWKH\WUDYHOWKURXJK
WKHQHWZRUN
,Q RUGHU WR LQYHVWLJDWHWKH SRWHQWLDO RIXVLQJVHOIDZDUHQHVVWR RIIHU4R6 WR XVHUVWKH\
GHYHORSHG D SUDFWLFDO SDFNHWVZLWFKLQJ DUFKLWHFWXUH WKDW DOORZV D QHWZRUN ZLWK DQ
DUELWUDU\ WRSRORJ\ WR REVHUYH LWV VWDWHLQ D GLVWULEXWHG PDQQHU 7KHVH REVHUYDWLRQV DUH
WKHQXVHGE\DQRQOLQHDOJRULWKPUXQQLQJDXWRQRPRXVO\DWHDFKQRGHWRPDNHURXWLQJ
GHFLVLRQVEDVHGRQDQHVWLPDWHRI4R6+RZHYHUWKHVHURXWLQJGHFLVLRQVDUHUHVWULFWHG
WR FHUWDLQ ³VPDUW´ SDFNHWV ZKLFK WKHQ LQIRUP WKH VRXUFH DERXW WKH SDWKV WKH\ KDYH
IRXQG ZKLFK RIIHU WKH EHVW 4R6 7KHVH SDWKV DUH WKHQ XVHG E\ WKH SD\ORDG FDUU\LQJ
SDFNHWVXQWLODEHWWHUSDWKLVIRXQGE\WKH63V7KXV&31LVDSDFNHWURXWLQJSURWRFRO
ZKLFKDGGUHVVHV4R6XVLQJDGDSWLYHWHFKQLTXHVEDVHGRQRQOLQHPHDVXUHPHQW
)LJXUH &31SURSRVHGE\*HOHQEHHWDO
63V HQDEOH VHOIREVHUYDWLRQ LQ D QHWZRUN 6HOIREVHUYDWLRQ OHDGV WR VHOIDZDUHQHVV
$ZDUHQHVVFRYHUVDVSHFWVVXFKDV4R6OHYHOVRIQHWZRUNSDUDPHWHUVWRSRORJ\IORZDQG
SDWKLQIRUPDWLRQDQGSRZHUOHYHOVRIPRELOHQRGHV,QWKHPRGHOXVHGWKH\DVVLJQWR
HDFK 4R6 FODVV EHWZHHQ D VRXUFH DQG D GHVWLQDWLRQ SDLU D 4R6 JRDO 7KLV JRDO
FRUUHVSRQGVWRDIXQFWLRQZKLFKKDVWREHPLQLPL]HG
7KHPDLQGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKLVVLJQLILFDQWVWDWHRIWKHDUWSLHFHRIUHVHDUFKZRUNDQG
WKHZRUNSXUVXHGLQWKLVWKHVLVLVDVIROORZV7KHDXWKRUVH[SORLWOHDUQLQJDOJRULWKPVDQG
DGDSWDWLRQPHFKDQLVPVWRDGGLQWHOOLJHQFHDQGDZDUHQHVVWRWKHQHWZRUNEHKDYLRU7KH
LQIRUPDWLRQ WKH\ JDWKHU LV FROOHFWHG YLD VPDUW SDFNHWV PRYLQJ LQ WKH QHWZRUN ,Q WKLV
WKHVLV VHPDQWLF VWUXFWXUHV DUH XVHG WR PRGHO DQG UHSUHVHQW DOO LQIRUPDWLRQ SLHFHV
EHORQJLQJ WRQHWZRUNHOHPHQWVDVZHOODV SURFHVVHV7KH SURFHVVRI DFTXLULQJVHPDQWLF
LQIRUPDWLRQVWRULQJLWH[FKDQJLQJLWDQGDOORWKHUW\SHVRISURFHVVLQJLVEXLOWLQWRWKH
V\VWHPLQVXFKDZD\WKDWDKLJKOHYHORIVHOIDZDUHQHVVLVDFKLHYHG:HPDNHSURFHVVHV
IRU UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW DQG FRQWHQW DGDSWDWLRQ IRU VWUHDPLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV RQ WKH
DFFHVVSRLQWDQGWKHFOLHQWVHOIDZDUHVHOIFRQWDLQHGDQGVHOIFRQILJXULQJ
6DPDDQ HW DO >16@ SUHVHQW D QRYHO DSSURDFK IRU DQ DGYDQFHG UHVHUYDWLRQ SURWRFRO
16/3 16,66LJQDOLQJ/D\HU3URWRFRO WRSURYLGHVHDPOHVVUHDOWLPHVHUYLFHVWRPRELOH
XVHUVLQZLUHOHVVQHWZRUNV7KHUREXVWQHVVRIWKHSURSRVHGZRUNLVWKHUHVXOWRIDWZR
IROGFRQWULEXWLRQ7KHILUVWLVWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRINQRZOHGJHDERXWXVHUSUHIHUHQFHVJRDOV
DQGDQDO\]HGVSDWLDOFRQFHSWXDOPDSVWRSUHGLFWWKHXVHU¶VIXWXUHORFDWLRQ7KHVHFRQG
FRQWULEXWLRQ LV D SUHGLFWLYH DGYDQFHG UHVRXUFH UHVHUYDWLRQ SURWRFRO IRU PRELOH
HQYLURQPHQWV 7UDQVIRUPLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ LQWR NQRZOHGJH LQ WKH V\VWHP HQDEOHV VHOI
DZDUHQHVV$QDGGLWLRQDODVSHFWRIWKHLQWHOOLJHQWEHKDYLRULVSUHGLFWLRQZKLFKJLYHVD
SURDFWLYHWRXFKWRWKHV\VWHP
3DWRXQL HW DO >(3@ DGGUHVV WKH JHQHUDO LVVXH RI DXWRQRPLF FRPSXWLQJ DQG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQV 7KH\ FODLP WKDW DXWRPDWHG IXQFWLRQV HQKDQFH WKH LQWHOOLJHQFH RI
H[LVWLQJFRPSXWLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPV7KLVFRQFHSWIRUPVDQHZSDUDGLJPRI
V\VWHPVZLWKVHOIZDUHFDSDELOLWLHVWKDWZLOODXWRPDWLFDOO\DGDSWWKHLUEHKDYLRULQUHODWLRQ
WRWKHFRQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHGUDVWLFDOO\FKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQWDQGXVHUSUHIHUHQFHV7KH\
SUHVHQW D JHQHULF DUFKLWHFWXUH IRU WKH GHVLJQ DQG GHSOR\PHQW RI QRGHV ZLWK VHOI
PDQDJLQJ DQG VHOIFRQILJXULQJ FDSDELOLWLHV 7KH\ YDOLGDWH WKH IHDVLELOLW\ DVSHFWV RI WKH
SURSRVHG IUDPHZRUN E\ PHDQVRI D SURWRW\SHWKDWGHPRQVWUDWHVWKHRSHUDWLRQRI SOXJ
DQG SOD\ VROXWLRQV IRU DQ DGDSWDEOH FRPSRQHQWEDVHG SURWRFRO 7KH IUDPHZRUN
DGGUHVVHV WKH LVVXH RI VHOIFRQILJXUDWLRQ RI LQGLYLGXDO FRPSRQHQWV 7ZR W\SHV RI
PHWDGDWD DUH LQWURGXFHG PHWDGDWD IRU HDFK SURWRFRO OD\HU RI WKH SURWRFRO VWDFN DQG
PHWDGDWDIRUWKHSURWRFROFRPSRQHQWV
%HOOXUHWDO>8%@FODLPWKDWVHOIFRQILJXULQJV\VWHPVQHHGDGHVLJQDSSURDFKEDVHGRQ
EHKDYLRUDO VSHFLILFDWLRQ DQG D FRQWURO OD\HU WKDW FDQ XVH WKRVH WR G\QDPLFDOO\ ELQG
FRPSRQHQWV 7KHLU DSSURDFK LV EDVHG RQ VHPDQWLF GHVFULSWLRQV RI FRPSRQHQWV
DXJPHQWHGZLWKFRQWH[WXDOO\GHSHQGHQWQRQIXQFWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDFFRPSOLVKLQJ
WKH G\QDPLF ELQGLQJ )RU WKLV SXUSRVH WKH\ PRGHO VHUYLFH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLHV DV
YDULDELOLW\ SRLQWV 7KH FRQWURO OD\HU G\QDPLFDOO\ UHFRQILJXUHV V\VWHP EHKDYLRU E\
PDSSLQJWKHYDULDELOLW\SRLQWVWRFRPSRQHQWVSURYLGLQJWKHQHHGHGIXQFWLRQDOLW\6HOI
FRQILJXUDWLRQ UHGXFHV LWVHOI WR FRPSRQHQW ELQGLQJ EXW QRW WR WKH PHFKDQLVPV
WKHPVHOYHVWKDWSHUIRUPUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWRUUHVHUYDWLRQ
<X HW DO ><8@ GHYHORSHG D QHWZRUN VHOIFRQILJXULQJ URXWLQJ DOJRULWKP FDOOHG .75$
.HUQHO 7UHH 5RXWLQJ $OJRULWKP IRU PRELOH DG KRF QHWZRUNV ,W FRQYHUWV WKH DFWXDO
QHWZRUNWRSRORJ\LQWRDORJLFDOWUHHWKXVRQO\SDUWLDOURXWLQJLQIRUPDWLRQQHHGVWREH
PDLQWDLQHGDQGWKHXSGDWHUHTXLUHPHQWLVUHVWULFWHGLQWKHDUHDRIDEUDQFK0RUHRYHU
.75$ LV FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\ ORZ GHOD\ DQG KLJK IOH[LELOLW\FRPSDUHG WR WKDW RI SURDFWLYH
DQG UHDFWLYH URXWLQJ DOJRULWKPV (PSLULFDO DQG VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW
.75$ LV FRQYHUJHQW DQG RXWSHUIRUPV WKH WUDGLWLRQDO QHWZRUNLQJ DQG URXWLQJ
DOJRULWKPV 6HOIFRQILJXUDWLRQ SD\V RII LQ URXWLQJ LQ WHUPV RI SHUIRUPDQFH +RZHYHU
WKHUHDUHRWKHUPRUH VLJQLILFDQW DVSHFWV WKDWFDQVWLOO EH PDGHVHOIFRQILJXULQJQDPHO\
UHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWDQGDOORFDWLRQ
.ULHI HW DO >).@ >).@ >).@ LQYHVWLJDWH VHOIDZDUH PDQDJHPHQW ZKLFK DOORZV WKH
QHWZRUNWRUHDFWDQGWRDGDSWWRFKDQJHV7KHDUFKLWHFWXUHWKH\GHVLJQHGLVFDSDEOHRI
VHOIDZDUH PDQDJHPHQW RI ,3 QHWZRUNV RIIHULQJ4R6 JXDUDQWHHV 7KLV DUFKLWHFWXUH XVHV
SROLF\EDVHGPDQDJHPHQWDQGPXOWLDJHQWV\VWHPV7KHRULJLQDOLW\RIWKHDSSURDFKOLHV
LQWKHLQWHQWLRQWRJLYHDUHDODXWRQRP\WRWKHFRPSRQHQWVLQWHUYHQLQJLQWKHFKDLQRI
VHUYLFHVLQWHUPVRILQWHUQDOGHFLVLRQVDQGFRQILJXUDWLRQ7KHVROXWLRQWKXVHQDEOHVVHOI
DZDUHEHKDYLRUVHOISURYLVLRQLQJDQGVHOIPRQLWRULQJRIVHUYLFHV
=KDQJHWDO>=+@SURSRVHDSDWKRULHQWHGTXRWDEDVHG4R6EURNHUDJHPHWKRGZKLFK
DLPV DW LQFUHDVLQJ WKH RYHUDOO FDOO SURFHVVLQJ FDSDELOLW\ RI WKH EDQGZLGWK EURNHU ER[
7KH\ UHO\ RQ SDWKOHYHO DGPLVVLRQ FRQWURO DQG OLQNOHYHO EDQGZLGWK DOORFDWLRQ 7KHLU
DSSURDFKGLIIHUVIURPRXUVLQWKDWWKHLUDUFKLWHFWXUHLVYHU\FHQWUDOL]HGKDYLQJRQHER[
ZLWK D VLQJOH EDQGZLGWK EURNHU LQ WKH EDFNHQG ZKHUHDV RXU DSSURDFK XVHV PDQ\ ODVW
PLOH4R6EURNHUVZKLFKDUHOLJKWZHLJKWDQGRSWLPL]HFDSDFLW\EDVHGRQDLUWLPHTXRWD
'XDQHWDOSURSRVHIRUWKH4R6EDQGZLGWKEURNHUDJHLVVXHWRGHFRXSOHWKH4R6FRQWURO
SODQHIURP WKH SDFNHWIRUZDUGLQJSODQH >'8@ 7KH\ VWRUH4R6UHVHUYDWLRQ VWDWHV DQG
PDQDJHWKHPLQVLGHWKHEDQGZLGWKEURNHULQDGGLWLRQWRSHUIRUPLQJDJJUHJDWHDQGSHU
IORZWUDIILFPDQDJHPHQW$JDLQWKHLUDSSURDFKODFNVWKHOLJKWZHLJKWSURSHUW\DQGLVWRR
FHQWUDOL]HG
.ULVKQDPXUWK\ HW DO IRFXV LQ WKHLU 4R6 EURNHU RQ G\QDPLF SDWK FRQGLWLRQV ZKLFK
LQIOXHQFH WKH URXWH EHWZHHQ WKH VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ LQYROYHG LQ D EDQGZLGWK
EURNHULQJ VFHQDULR >.5@ 7KH\ PDQDJH DGPLVVLRQ FRQWURO UHTXHVWV G\QDPLFDOO\ WR
UHIOHFWWKH FKDQJHVRFFXUULQJLQ D WRSRORJ\ RIPRYLQJ QRGHV 7KH EURNHULQJSURFHVV LV
WKHQUHVSRQVLEOHIRUSDWKWUDFNLQJIRUDOOKRSVWKDWFKDQJHLQDQHQGWRHQGSDWK6XFK
DQDSSURDFKLVQRWVFDODEOHDQGFHDVHVWRSHUIRUPZHOODVWKHQXPEHURIKRSVEHWZHHQ
WKHVRXUFHDQGGHVWLQDWLRQLQFUHDVHV
1DKUVWHGW HW DO LQWHJUDWH WKH UHVRXUFH UHVHUYDWLRQ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ ZLWK WKHLU UHVRXUFH
EURNHUPRGXOH>.1@:HRQWKHRWKHUKDQGUDWKHUXVHSROLFLQJDQGGLVFDUGLQJWUDIILF
ZKLFKYLRODWHVWKHDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHVHUYHGVWDWLRQDQGWKHEURNHURQWKHODVWPLOH
1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH DSSURDFK XVHG LQ >.1@ KDV VHYHUDO VLPLODULWLHV WR RXU UHVRXUFH
PDQDJHPHQW VFKHPH )RU LQVWDQFH WKH\ XVH D FOLHQW VFKHGXOHU DQG FOLHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ
WDEOHDPRGXOHRQ WKH WHUPLQDO ZKLFK FRPPXQLFDWHVZLWK HQWLWLHVLQWKHQHWZRUN IRU
RSWLPL]LQJ DGPLVVLRQ FRQWURO DQG UHVRXUFH XWLOL]DWLRQ :H XVH D ORFDO UHVRXUFH
PDQDJHPHQWPRGXOHRQWKHFOLHQWIXQFWLRQDOO\VLPLODUWRDQRSHUDWLQJV\VWHPDQGLWLV
UHVSRQVLEOHIRUUHVRXUFHSDUWLWLRQLQJDPRQJWUDIILFW\SHV WKDWLVWRVD\FUHDWLQJIORZVRXW
RIRQHIORZ1DKUVWHGWHWDODOVRXVHHYHQWEDVHGWULJJHULQJWRSHUIRUPXSGDWHVRQWKH
DOORFDWHG UHVRXUFHV E\ D EURNHU WR D WHUPLQDO JLYLQJ D G\QDPLF WRXFK WR WKH EURNHULQJ
PHFKDQLVP
)URPZKDWKDVEHHQVXUYH\HGZHREVHUYHWKDWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJLQWKHDUHDRIUHVRXUFH
PDQDJHPHQW KDV EHHQ DQDO\]HG DQG VROYHG IURP WKH DUFKLWHFWXUDO DQG VLJQDOLQJ
SHUVSHFWLYHV+RZHYHUWKHUHLVEDUHO\DQ\DSSURDFKWKDWYLHZVUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWDVD
VHOIFRQWDLQHGSURFHVVRQHDFKQRGHLQWHUDFWLQJPLQLPDOO\ZLWKSHHUSURFHVVHVRQRWKHU
QRGHV 7KH WKHVLV RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG SUHVHQWV D SURFHVVEDVHG DSSURDFK WR VROYH 4R6
UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW ZKHUHE\ ERWK WKH WHUPLQDODQGWKH DFFHVV SRLQW DUH UHJDUGHG DV
VHOIDZDUHQHWZRUNQRGHV(DFKRIWKHQRGHVUXQVDVHOIFRQILJXULQJSURFHVVIRUUHVRXUFH
PDQDJHPHQW RI PXOWLPHGLD WUDIILF :KDW LV GLIIHUHQW LQ WKH DSSURDFK IROORZHG LQ WKH
WKHVLV LV WKDW LW LQFUHDVHV WKH DPRXQW RI ORFDO FRPSXWDWLRQV EXW UHGXFHV VLJQDOLQJ
RYHUKHDGWKHUHE\RSWLPL]LQJVHVVLRQPDQDJHPHQW7KH6HVVLRQ,QLWLDWLRQ3URWRFRO 6,3 VHVVLRQV LQ WXUQ KDQGOH UHVRXUFHV RI UHDOWLPH WUDIILF 7KH SURFHVVHV XVHG FRPELQH
LQIRUPDWLRQIURP26,,62OD\HUVWKUHHILYHDQGVHYHQ
&RQWH[W$ZDUH4R61HWZRUN6\VWHPV
3DSHU>:'@E\'DUJLHHWDOVXPPDUL]HVGLIIHUHQWWHFKQLTXHVDQGSUREDELOLVWLFVFKHPHV
XVHG E\ FRQWH[WDZDUH V\VWHPV 7KH SDSHU FRYHUV IX]]\ ORJLF KLGGHQ 0DUNRY 0RGHOV
%D\HVLDQ 1HWZRUNV DQG WKH 'HPSVWHU6FKDIHU WKHRU\ RI HYLGHQFH ,W VXUYH\V YDULRXV
DSSURDFKHV LQFOXGLQJ ORJLF DQG UXOHEDVHG VFKHPHV DQG SUREDELOLVWLF VFKHPHV 7KHQ D
FRQFHSWXDO DUFKLWHFWXUH LV SUHVHQWHG WKDW VKRZV DQ RSWLPDO IUDPHZRUN IRU FRPSXWLQJ
FRQWH[WZKLOHXVLQJDVPDUWFRPELQDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWWHFKQLTXHVSUHYLHZHGEHIRUHLQWKH
SDSHU&RPSRQHQWVIRUIX]]\ORJLFSULPLWLYHFRQWH[WDFTXLVLWLRQDJJUHJDWLRQEHOLHIDQG
UHDVRQLQJDUHLQWHJUDOSDUWVRIWKHFRQFHSWXDODUFKLWHFWXUHGHSLFWHG
<RULJ HW DO ><2@ ZRUN RQ QHWZRUN FHQWULF FRQWH[W DZDUH VHUYLFHV RYHU KHWHURJHQHRXV
QHWZRUNV&RQWH[WDZDUHQHVVLVXVHGDVDNH\LVVXHIRUPDNLQJGHFLVLRQVRQKRZWRDGDSW
DXWRPDWLFDOO\WRFKDQJLQJFRQGLWLRQV7KH\SUHVHQWDSROLF\EDVHGFRQWH[WPRGHOZKLFK
WDNHV LQWR DFFRXQW WKH UHDO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI FRQWH[WDZDUH VHUYLFHV LQ XQGHUO\LQJ
QHWZRUNV7KHLUSROLF\EDVHGFRQWH[WLQIRUPDWLRQPRGHOLVGHVLJQHGEDVHGRQWKH,(7)
3&,0 3ROLF\&RUH,QIRUPDWLRQ0RGHO DQGLWVH[WHQVLRQV7KHFRUHIRFXVRIWKHZRUNLV
RQ FRQWH[W PRGHOLQJ ZKLFK IDFHV WKH FKDOOHQJH RI KRZ WR UHSUHVHQW FRQWH[WXDO
LQIRUPDWLRQLQ VXFK DZD\ WKDW FDQ KHOS EULGJH WKH JDS EHWZHHQ DSSOLFDWLRQV WKDW XVH
FRQWH[W DZDUHQHVV DQG WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI FRQWH[W DZDUHQHVV LWVHOI 7KH\ XVH DQ
REMHFW RULHQWHG 22 FRQWH[W LQIRUPDWLRQPRGHO&RQWH[WLQIRUPDWLRQ LV H[SUHVVHG LQ
WKH SROLF\ FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH IRUP RI HOHPHQWDU\ %RROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQV RI WKH IRUP
&RQWH[W 9DULDEOH! 0$7&+ &RQWH[W 9DOXH! 8VLQJ FRQWH[W FODVVLILFDWLRQ HYHU\
FRQWH[WHQWLW\LVFODVVLILHGLQWRIRXUEDVLFIHDWXUHV LGHQWLW\ORFDWLRQDFWLYLW\DQGWLPH
7KH &RQWH[W $ZDUH 6\VWHP &$6 XQGHU TXHVWLRQ FDQ DGDSW LWVHOI G\QDPLFDOO\ WR
FRPSOH[ HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDQJHV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH SROLFLHV UHVXOWLQJ IURP FXVWRPHU
SURYLGHUFRQWUDFWDQGUXOHVJLYHQE\WKHQHWZRUNDGPLQLVWUDWRU
.KHGUHWDO>0.@SUHVHQWWKHGHVLJQDQGV\VWHPDUFKLWHFWXUHRI$GKRF&RQWH[W$ZDUH
1HWZRUNV $&$1 LQ DZLUHOHVV HQYLURQPHQW ZLWK QR SUHFRQILJXUDWLRQ DQG ZLWK
VSRQWDQHRXVDSSOLFDWLRQVUXQQLQJDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFRQWH[WXDOVLWXDWLRQ$&$1LV
UHJDUGHGDVDQHZWUHQGLQFRQWH[WDZDUHZLUHOHVVQHWZRUNVDQGLWFRQVLVWVRI VHQVRUV
WKDW FDSWXUH WKH HQWLWLHV LQ WKH HQYLURQPHQW WKH VXUURXQGLQJ XVHUV DQG D FRQWH[W
PDQDJHUDJHQWZKRLQWHUSUHWVWKHVHQVRUFDSWXUHGLQIRUPDWLRQDQGSDVVHVLWRQWRD
KLJKHUOHYHOIRUXVHE\DSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVGDWDLVXVHGWRPLQLPL]HWKHXVHULQWHUDFWLRQ
ZKLOHPD[LPL]LQJWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHG7KLVLVDXWRPDWHGFRQWH[W
DZDUHQHVV $&$1 WDUJHWV WKH QHWZRUN OD\HU DQG WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ OD\HU DQG LQWURGXFHV
QHZ PHFKDQLVPV IRU QHWZRUN FRQILJXUDWLRQ 4R6 SURYLVLRQLQJ DQG PRUH G\QDPLF
DGDSWDEOHDQGIOH[LEOHDSSOLFDWLRQV0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\$&$1FRQWDLQVDQHZSURWRFRO
VWDFN DQG D &RQWH[W $ZDUH 6HUYLFH 'LVFRYHU\ 3URWRFRO &$6'3 ZKLFK DUH ERWK
LQQRYDWLYH FRQWULEXWLRQV LQ WKLV DUHD 7KH DXWKRUV SUHVHQWHG WKH $&$1 DUFKLWHFWXUH
VKRZLQJKRZLWPHUJHVWKHWHFKQRORJ\RIDGKRFQHWZRUNLQJZLWKFRQWH[WDZDUHV\VWHPV
WRSURYLGHDEHWWHUG\QDPLFDQGXVHUIULHQGO\QHWZRUN
&KRXHWDO>&+@SURYLGHDQRYHUYLHZRIWKH%OXH6SDFHSURMHFWDWWKH,%07-:DWVRQ
5HVHDUFK &HQWHU 7KH\ LQYHVWLJDWH LVVXHV DVVRFLDWHGZLWK QH[WJHQHUDWLRQ ZRUNVSDFHV LQ
ZKLFK LQWHJUDWHG HOHFWURQLF WUDQVGXFHUV GLVSOD\V DQG QHWZRUN DSSOLDQFHV DUH XVHG WR
DXJPHQWSHUVRQDOL]DWLRQDQGFRQWH[WDZDUHQHVV7RDFKLHYHWKLVJRDOWKH\FRQVWUXFWHGD
IXOOVFDOHSURWRW\SHRIILFHDQGLPSOHPHQWHGVHYHUDODSSOLFDWLRQVZKLFKLQFOXGHVLWXDWLRQ
WULJJHUHG HQYLURQPHQWDO DGMXVWPHQWV DQG FRQWH[WDZDUH HYHQW QRWLILFDWLRQ 7KHVH
DSSOLFDWLRQV XVH D VHW RI LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VHUYLFHV EDVHG RQ ;0/ IRU VKDULQJ FRQWH[WXDO
LQIRUPDWLRQ7KHSURWRW\SHLVYLHZHGDVDVDQGER[WRZKLFKDGGLWLRQDOWHFKQRORJLHVDQG
LQWHUHVWLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVFDQEHDGGHGDQGHYDOXDWHGLQWKHIXWXUH
0DPHL HW DO >00@ SUHVHQW 727$ 7XSOHV 2Q 7KH $LU D QRYHO PLGGOHZDUH IRU
VXSSRUWLQJDGDSWLYHFRQWH[WDZDUHDFWLYLWLHVLQG\QDPLFQHWZRUNVFHQDULRV7KHNH\LGHD
LV WR XVH VSDWLDOO\ GLVWULEXWHG WXSOHV IRU UHSUHVHQWLQJ FRQWH[WXDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG
VXSSRUWLQJ XQFRXSOHG DQG DGDSWLYH LQWHUDFWLRQV EHWZHHQ DSSOLFDWLRQ FRPSRQHQWV 2Q
RQH KDQG WKH PLGGOHZDUH VHQGV DQG UHFHLYHV WXSOHV DFURVV D QHWZRUN RQ WKH EDVLV RI
DSSOLFDWLRQVSHFLILFSDWWHUQVDQGDGDSWLYHO\UHVKDSHVWKHUHVXOWLQJGLVWULEXWHGVWUXFWXUHV
DFFRUGLQJ WR FKDQJHV LQ WKH QHWZRUN VFHQDULR 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG DSSOLFDWLRQ
FRPSRQHQWV FDQ ORFDOO\ ³VHQVH´ WKHVH ILHOGV DQG FDQ UHO\ RQ WKHP IRU ERWK DFTXLULQJ
FRQWH[WXDOLQIRUPDWLRQDQGFDUU\LQJRXWFRPSOH[FRRUGLQDWLRQDFWLYLWLHVDGDSWLYHO\7KH
NH\REMHFWLYHVRI727$RQO\SDUWLDOO\DFKLHYHGE\VLPLODUSURSRVDOVLQWKHDUHDDUHWR
SURPRWH XQFRXSOHG DQG DGDSWLYH LQWHUDFWLRQV E\ ORFDOO\ SURYLGLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ
FRPSRQHQWV ZLWK VLPSOH \HW KLJKO\ H[SUHVVLYH FRQWH[WXDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG WR DFWLYHO\
VXSSRUWDGDSWLYLW\E\GLVFKDUJLQJDSSOLFDWLRQFRPSRQHQWVIURPWKHGXW\RIGHDOLQJZLWK
QHWZRUN DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ G\QDPLFV 727$ UHOLHV RQ VSDWLDOO\ GLVWULEXWHG WXSOHV WR EH
LQMHFWHG LQ WKH QHWZRUN DQG SURSDJDWHG DFFRUGLQJO\ WR DSSOLFDWLRQVSHFLILF SDWWHUQV
7XSOH SURSDJDWLRQ SDWWHUQV DUH G\QDPLFDOO\ UHVKDSHG E\ WKH 727$ PLGGOHZDUH WR
LPSOLFLWO\UHIOHFWQHWZRUNDQGDSSOLFDWLRQG\QDPLFVDVZHOODVWRUHIOHFWWKHHYROXWLRQRI
FRRUGLQDWLRQDFWLYLWLHV
,Q>00@WKHDXWKRUVDQDO\]HILHOGEDVHGFRRUGLQDWLRQDQGFODLPWKDWLWLVDSURPLVLQJ
DSSURDFK IRU D ZLGH UDQJH RI DSSOLFDWLRQ VFHQDULRV LQ PRGHUQ G\QDPLF QHWZRUNV 7R
LPSOHPHQW LW WKH\ UHO\ RQ GLVWULEXWHG WXSOHV LQMHFWHG LQ D QHWZRUN DQG SURSDJDWHG WR
IRUP D GLVWULEXWHG GDWD VWUXFWXUH WR EH VHQVHG E\ DSSOLFDWLRQ DJHQWV+RZHYHU WR JDLQ
WKH IXOO EHQHILWV IURP VXFK D FRRUGLQDWLRQ DSSURDFK LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR HQDEOH WKH
GLVWULEXWHGWXSOHVWRSUHVHUYHWKHLUVWUXFWXUHVGHVSLWHWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKHQHWZRUN7KH\
VKRZKRZDYDULHW\RIVHOIPDLQWDLQHGGLVWULEXWHGWXSOHVIRUILHOGEDVHGFRRUGLQDWLRQDUH
SURJUDPPHG LQ WKH 727$ PLGGOHZDUH 6HYHUDO H[DPSOHV FODULI\ WKH DSSURDFK DQG
SHUIRUPDQFH GDWD LV SUHVHQWHG WR YHULI\ LWV HIIHFWLYHQHVV 1HYHUWKHOHVV LW LV ZRUWK
PHQWLRQLQJWKDWWKHGHILQLWLRQRIVXFKDPHWKRGRORJ\VWLOOODFNVWKHPDWXULW\V\VWHPDWLF
DQGPRGXODUVW\OHDQGWKHZLGHDGRSWLRQDQGDSSOLFDELOLW\WRDYDULHW\RIGRPDLQVWKDW
UHTXLUHGLVWULEXWHGFRRUGLQDWLRQZLWKWKHKHOSRIFRQWH[WLQIRUPDWLRQ
&RQWH[W DZDUHQHVV LV D ZHOO HYROYHG DQG YHU\ PDWXUH ILHOG RI UHVHDUFK WKDW UHODWHV WR
RWKHU VFLHQWLILF ILHOGV :KHQ LW FRPHV WR QHWZRUNLQJ FRQWH[W DZDUHQHVV KDV DGGHG
LQWHOOLJHQFH VHPDQWLF ULFKQHVV DQG IXQFWLRQDO FDSDELOLWLHV WR QHWZRUNV $XWRQRPLF
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZKLFK LV WKH SDUDGLJP EDFNLQJ WKLV WKHVLV LV KHDYLO\ EDVHG RQ DFWLYH
PRQLWRULQJ 0RQLWRULQJ SDUDPHWHUV LQ D QHWZRUN LV DQDORJRXV WR QHWZRUN FRQWH[W
LQIRUPDWLRQFROOHFWLRQ2QFH DQHWZRUN KDVHQRXJK LQIRUPDWLRQSLHFHVLWFDQSURFHVV
DQGHYDOXDWHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQWRGHGXFHPHDQLQJIXOFRQFOXVLRQVDERXWLWVRZQVWDWH HJ
FRQJHVWLRQ
0XOWLPHGLD6LJQDOLQJDQG6HVVLRQ0DQDJHPHQWLQ:LUHOHVV1HWZRUNV
7KLV VHFWLRQ DQDO\]HV PXOWLPHGLD VLJQDOLQJ DQG VHVVLRQ PDQDJHPHQW LQ ZLUHOHVV
QHWZRUNV,QSDUWLFXODULWORRNVDWZKLFKFKDOOHQJHVWKH6HVVLRQ,QLWLDWLRQ3URWRFRO 6,3 IDFHV ZKHQ LW FRPHV WR VHVVLRQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ RU XSGDWLQJ LQ D ZLUHOHVV HUURUSURQH
HQYLURQPHQW
'LIIHUHQWZLUHOHVVWHFKQRORJLHVKDYHGLIIHUHQWDFFHVVPHFKDQLVPVVXFKDVSRLQWWRSRLQW
ZLWKG\QDPLF7LPH'LYLVLRQ0XOWLSOH$FFHVV G7'0$ HJ:L0D[ RU&DUULHU6HQVH
0XOWLSOH $FFHVV ZLWK &ROOLVLRQ $YRLGDQFH HJ RU &RGH 'LYLVLRQ 0XOWLSOH
$FFHVV &'0$ VXFKDV*QHWZRUNV7KLVGLIIHUHQFHFUHDWHVYDULDWLRQLQWHUPVRIKRZ
PXOWLPHGLD VHVVLRQ VHWXS XSGDWH DQG PDQDJHPHQW LQ JHQHUDO SHUIRUP RYHU HDFK
WHFKQRORJ\
$OWKRXJKWKLVWKHVLVGHDOVZLWKWKHSDUWLFXODUFDVHRIPXOWLPHGLDUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQW
RYHU RSHQ DFFHVV QHWZRUNV WKHFKDOOHQJHV IDFHGE\WKLVGRPDLQLQ RWKHU DFFHVV
WHFKQRORJLHVDUHKLJKOLJKWHG)XUWKHUPRUHWKHXVLQJFRPSRVLWHPHWULFVWRDVVHVVV\VWHP
SHUIRUPDQFHLVGHPRQVWUDWHG>0(@
$ZLGHUDQJHRISDSHUVKDVEHHQDQDO\]HGLQSDUDOOHOWRFRQGXFWLQJRXUZRUN,QIDFWLW
ZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKH6,3SURWRFROLVDGRSWHGLQYDULRXVDFFHVVWHFKQRORJLHVDQGLWIDFHV
DFKDOOHQJHLQHDFKWHFKQRORJ\LWLVGHSOR\HGLQ9R,3RYHU*LVWKRURXJKO\KDQGOHGE\
3UDVDGHWDOLQ>53@7KHDXWKRUVDQDO\]HWKHGLIIHUHQWSKDVHVLQVHWWLQJXSD6,3EDVHG
YRLFHVHVVLRQDQGH[SORUHWKHGLIIHUHQWFDVHVYLDQXPHULFDODQDO\VLVLQRUGHUWRREWDLQDQ
HVWLPDWHRQZKDWLWZRXOGFRVWLQWHUPVRIWLPHDQGUHVRXUFHVWRHVWDEOLVKDQDSSURSULDWH
9R:/$1RUYLGHRRYHU:/$1VHVVLRQLQ*QHWZRUNV
7KH DXWKRUV LQ >0-@ H[SORUH VWDWLVWLFDO PXOWLSOH[LQJ DQG WU\ WR VXSSUHVV WKH ODUJH
RYHUKHDGLQ9R:/$17KH\SHUIRUPYRLFHPXOWLSOH[LQJXVLQJDSROOLQJPHFKDQLVPLQ
WKH FRQWHQWLRQIUHH SHULRG DQG D GHWHUPLQLVWLF SULRULW\ DFFHVV IRU YRLFH WUDIILF LQ WKH
FRQWHQWLRQSHULRG7KH\DOVRZRUNRQUHGXFLQJWKHRYHUKHDGIRUYRLFHWUDIILF
,Q>0*@0F*RYHUQHWDODGGUHVVWKHSUREOHPRIOLQNDGDSWDWLRQXVLQJPHGLDFRGHFVLQ
'LIIHUHQWFRGHFVDUHEHOLHYHGWRUHVXOWLQGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRIFRQJHVWLRQDQGWKXV
WKH V\VWHP WKH DXWKRUV SURSRVH VZLWFKHV EDFN DQG IRUWK EHWZHHQ FRGHFV WR UHGXFH WKH
PHDVXUHGRUSHUFHLYHGFRQJHVWLRQOHYHO
%DFFLXHWDO>'%@SUHVHQWVDIX]]\ORJLFDSSURDFKWRGHWHUPLQHDVRIWDGPLVVLRQFRQWURO
PHFKDQLVPIRU9RLFHRYHU,3VHUYLFHVRYHU:LUHOHVV/$1V$IUDPHZRUNLVGHILQHGZKHUH
WKH SURYLGHU PD\ H[SUHVV WKH QHWZRUN VWDWXV DQG WKH FOLHQW WKHLU SUHIHUHQFHV E\ WKH
PHDQVRIDQDSSURDFKEDVHGRQ)X]]\6HW7KHRU\
%UlQQVWU|PHODO>5%@SURSRVHVDPRELOLW\VXSSRUWV\VWHPLQWHJUDWLQJWKHEHQHILWVRI
DSSOLFDWLRQOD\HU 6,3 PRELOLW\ ZLWK QHWZRUNOD\HU 0,3 PRELOLW\ ZKHUH D FURVVOD\HU
LQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPH[FKDQJHVFRQWH[WIRUPRELOLW\DGDSWDWLRQ
cKOXQG HW DO >&$@ SURSRVHV D 5XQQLQJ 9DULDQFH 0HWULF SHUIRUPDQFH PHWULF IRU
ZLUHOHVVORFDODUHDQHWZRUNVXVHGWRSUHGLFWUHODWLYHWUDIILFORDGVRIDYDLODEOHDFFHVVSRLQWV
DWWKHQHWZRUNOD\HU
7KH GLIIHUHQW DSSURDFKHV LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ HLWKHU WDNH D VWHS LQ LQWURGXFLQJ FRPELQHG
PHWULFV LQ PRELOLW\ VFHQDULRV RU WU\ WR VROYH WKH FRQJHVWLRQ DQG EDG FRXSOLQJ RI YRLFH
WUDIILFDQG,(((
:KHQLWFRPHVWRVLJQDOLQJWKHLQWHUDFWLYHKDQGVKDNHPHFKDQLVPVRIWKHSURWRFROVRQ
GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV LQFXU VLJQLILFDQW RYHUKHDG &URVVOD\HU DQDO\VLV DQG RSWLPL]DWLRQ LV
QHFHVVDU\LQWKLVFDVHHVSHFLDOO\LQZLUHOHVVQHWZRUNVDVWKLVWKHVLVGHDOVZLWK,Q
ZKDWKDVEHHQVXUYH\HGVRPHDUWLFOHVSUHVHQWWKHRUHWLFDOZRUNRQVHVVLRQVHWXSDQDO\VLV
RUKDUGZLUHG//VROXWLRQVWDLORUHGIRUVSHFLILFDUFKLWHFWXUHV+RZHYHUWKHUHKDVEHHQ
QRIRFXVRQLQWHJUDWLQJVLJQDOLQJPHVVDJHVIURPERWK0,3DQG6,3DQGVHHLQJWKHPDV
SDUWRIWKHVDPHFRQWUROSODQH7KHPHWULFVIRUGHFLVLRQPDNLQJDUHFRPSXWHGORFDOO\LQ
WKHWKHVLVUHGXFLQJWKHUHE\WKHLQWHUDFWLRQDPRQJQRGHVZKHQDPXOWLPHGLDVHVVLRQLV
VHW XS RU XSGDWHG 2WKHU KDUGFRGHG DSSURDFKHV KDYH EHHQ VHHQ LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH WKDW
VWDWLFDOO\ OLQN HJ SDUWLFXODU FRGHFV WR SDUWLFXODU FRQJHVWLRQ OHYHOV OHDYLQJ RXW WKH
VHVVLRQPDQDJHPHQWRSWLPL]DWLRQDVSHFW:HKRZHYHUIROORZWKHDSSURDFKRIVWHSZLVH
UHVRXUFH GLVWULEXWLRQ ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV QRGHV JHW UHVRXUFHV DV D EXGJHW ZKLFK LV WKHQ
EURNHQ GRZQ E\ WKH QRGH LWVHOI DQG GLVWULEXWHG DPRQJ GLIIHUHQW UXQQLQJ RU SHQGLQJ
DSSOLFDWLRQV VWUHDPV DQG FKDQQHOV 7KLV KDV EHHQ FKRVHQ DV DQ DSSURDFK EHFDXVH LW
EHWWHUVXLWVWKHSULQFLSOHVRIDXWRQRPLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
5HOHYDQW6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ(IIRUWV
,(((U
7KHJURXS,(((U>U@KDVDVPDLQSXUSRVHILQGLQJVROXWLRQVWKDWPLQLPL]H
RU RSWLPL]H WKH WLPH UHTXLUHG IRU %DVLF 6HUYLFH 6HW %66 WR VXSSRUW UHDOWLPH
WUDIILF VHVVLRQV 3UHSDULQJ WKH QH[W FDQGLGDWH DFFHVV SRLQW $3 LQ DGYDQFH GXULQJ
URDPLQJ LQ D SURDFWLYH PDQQHU LPSURYHV UHDOWLPH DQG PXOWLPHGLD DSSOLFDWLRQ
H[SHULHQFHRYHUE\UHGXFLQJKDQGRYHUWLPH,QUWKHUHLVDQ$3GDWDEDVH
DVDSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUWKHDOJRULWKPWRZRUN,WLVWKHNH\WHFKQLFDOHOHPHQWSURYLGLQJWKH
OLQN EHWZHHQ WKH FXUUHQW $3 DQG WKH QH[W RQH 7KHUH LV D VFDQQLQJ SKDVH WR GHWHFW
DYDLODEOHDFFHVVSRLQWVDQGFKHFNWKHLUFDSDELOLWLHVDQGWKHQDQHWZRUNVHOHFWLRQSKDVH
IROORZVWRH[HFXWHDIDVWURDPLQJDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHQH[WDFFHVVSRLQW:HDOWHUQDWLYHO\
FRQVLGHUWKH&DQGLGDWH$FFHVV5RXWHU'LVFRYHU\3URWRFRO &$5' DVDPHFKDQLVPIRU
GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH QH[W $3 WR MRLQ ,((( U RSHUDWHV RQ SURWRFRO OD\HUV WZR DQG
