Production of “green” energy

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Concept

The analysis resulted in several issues in which other solutions would better contribute to a sustainable development.

In the continuing part of this report we will present improvements for the existing plan proposal based on our theory part.

The first illustration shows our conceptual plan with the main ideas assembled. More detailed information and illustrations will follow distributed on each of the four subjects: energy, transport, water and waste.

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renewable energy from wind and sun

automated waste collecting system collecting system public transportation

public transportation

ponds, canals and ponds, canals and green roofs for storm green roofs for storm water management water management

coherent green belt

station for hazardous household waste household waste

information centre on information centre on environmental issues environmental issues district cooling system district cooling system from sea-water

from sea-water accessibility to

accessibility to waterfront waterfront

planning for sustainability 105

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Production of “green” energy

The production of sustainable, “green” energy consists of renewable energy sources such as wind, sun, water, biomass, etc.

The production and distribution should be assembled for opti- mized energy efficiency.

Most recent research is referring to building mounted wind turbines, wind turbines integrated in building design, which could generate at least 20 % of their own energy needs. There are though negative aspects to consider, such as the cost for the project and the noise the design generates. Other solutions for producing green energy are for example small wind-turbines or solar cells that can power lights in parks and other public parts of the area.

District cooling and heating – Geothermal energy means mak- ing use of ground temperature to cool or heat a building. The ground temperature is colder than the air above ground during summertime while during winter the ground temperature is hot- ter than the air temperature above ground. District heating can also be provided by biogas extracted from waste, waste water and crops.

A similar solution for district cooling utilizes sea and lake water

in a cooling system wich decreases energy consumption as many cooling systems require a large amount of energy. To make use of natural prerequisites and renewable resources is a clever way for sustainable heating and cooling technology.

District cooling by utilization of cold sea- and lake-water.

ENERGY

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Process of integrated partners and methods

Sustainable energy planning should be preceded with a cooperation process between different stakeholders. It must be recognized that there are many actors involved in the design, construction, use and operation of buildings, including at least:

• product designers and manufacturers

• regulators

• architects, engineers and other designers

• contractors

• building owners

• building operators

• tenants and occupants

Sustainable energy strategy

The Government target is to reduce the energy consumption with 20

% by 2010 (a road map is though missing) and to achieve this aim the construction of buildings is an important issue. Our conclusion is that the following factors need to be controlled and accounted in an energy balance calculation per apartment with regards to the new law for energy reduction:

• users consumption

• building construction

• air flows and ventilation

• insulation

The building construction field contains several detailed solutions, many of high technological types but also many simple solutions which can generate great results when used in the right way. To achieve an energy efficient development we want to highlight some parameters that are important for the construction of buildings. To achieve good results there is a need of pointing out demands for the new construction to abide.

We have summarized a list with key issues to consider when planning for energy efficient construction. The following list of Guidelines does not contain detailed information on every subject but can work as a tool of important issues to focus on in a cooperative construction process.

Guidelines for energy efficient building structure

Orientation, formation and architecture – The form and orientation of a building with regards to sun and wind conditions is affecting the energy consumption. The orientation

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according to sunlight increases natural lighting and heating in the building at the same time as, to avoid overheating gener- ated from strong sun exposure, energy consumption for cooling purposes can drastically increase. The increase in energy use can also emerge during winter time or if a building is over-shad- owed from other buildings and results into utilization of energy- demanding artificial lighting and heating.

Building material – The building phase that follows construc- tion phase contains a lot of issues concerning energy efficiency, environmental pollution and sustainable development. There should be directives steering the whole process from production and processing to transportation, use, maintenance and reuse of building materials. In every step there are possibilities to apply

Insulation and windows – Well isolated walls, floors and roof are important issues to save energy and to make it possible to control the in-door climate in a sufficient way. The choice of window type is important while the energy consumption tends to increase in buildings with a large amount of windows and glass parties. To avoid overheating during summer windows towards south should not be over-dimensioned and construction for sun shelter can be a good solution to keep a convenient temperature during summer time avoiding utilization of artificial cooling.

Ventilation – Ventilation can be held out through effective so- lutions but as described it is important to be able to control the energy flows. Electrically steered functions for ventilation with control of flows requires a functioning and well insulated building construction. If a house “leaks” and air comes in and out

High rised buildings are exposed to wind pressure. Minimizing the contrast between building heights generates a smooth wind curve which gives prerequisites for better energy efficiency in the buildings as well as a better environment on ground.

solutions regarding energy efficiency and the environment. A form of environmental declaration of building materials is one way to control this.

Frame-work – The foundation and frame-work of a building affects the indoor climate as it is leading the outdoor temperature into the apartment/building. A well worked-through construction can take advantage of summer heat and avoid unwished cold during winter.

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without any control affecting the energy consumption there is no use for high-tech solutions as they require a co struction where the flows can be controlled.

Wind pressure – High buildings generate higher wind pressure with affection on energy consumption as well as inhabitant and citizen comfort (in-door climate and ground level environment).

High raised constructions require more advanced solutions to stand the higher pressure. Because of the location, close to the sea, the tall buildings in the current plan proposal are exposed to wind from different directions which should be taken in con- sideration to create a better local environment on ground level as well as to plan for better solutions for the building’s energy consumption. Consequently, specialist studies are required to assess the impact of major building developments on the local wind environment. Wind engineering technologies, e.g. wind tunnel instrumentation and computational fluid dynamics, can show the effects on planned buildings based on the site terrain and climate information.

To avoid wind tunnels and other negative consequences the buildings and the environment surrounding them should be de- signed to decrease the wind exposure, e.g. by adapting building volumes to adjacent building heights and planting greenery as a wind shelter.

Installations – The energy consumption in a building is also depending on the user and the chosen installations of household/residential appliances in the apartment. Energy saving white goods and other energy efficient electric equipment such as kitchen appliances are to prefer to decrease the consumption and increase the awareness of environmental issues for the inhabitants.

Maintenance – In terms of energy efficiency the life-length of buildings is important. Buildings should be planned to maintain in at least 50 years and therefore the quality of building materials must be highlighted as well as the responsibility for maintenance and regeneration of a building. These issues as well as how to take care of and reuse materials when the building is outmoded and needs to face demolition should be taken in con- sideration in an early stage even in the early project process.

Information and participation – By displaying the current en- ergy utilization in households or other energy facts that origin from the inhabitants, the users can get more aware of their di- rect impact on the enironment and can be encouraged to make changes in their habits and lifestyles.

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ACCESSIBILITY ^TRANSPORT Accessibility

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Solutions encouraging to cycle and walk are to a great extend based on the procedure of pointing out important nodes and putting effort in making them accessible. Straight paths will make it easier for people to reach important nodes by walking or cycling which is contributing to a better environment as well as the personal health.

As a solution to clarify the connections to the water a main pedestrian and bicycle path could be stretched through the inner park area with the waterfront as the target. A surface and storm water canal through the park can also help strengthen this di- rection between the main nodes - the waterfront, the shopping center in the west and the existing beach in the adjacent area in the north-east. The accessibility to the waterfront could also be highlighted through a clarified public street with service or commerce functions along the street leading people to the real quality in the area - the waterfront.

Public waterfront promenades in Norra Älvstranden, Göteborg, Sweden (above right) and Bo01 Västra Hamnen, Malmö, Sweden (below right).

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TRANSPORT Public transportation

200 m

Bus stop, with a catchment area of 200 meters (radius)

Bicycle and

pedestrian

paths connecting

connecting

dwellings

to bus stop

Bus route connecting

the area

ALT. 1

transportation

200 m

area

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Bus route connecting the area

Accessibility to bus stops is to a great extend depending on short and safe distances. To encourage the citizens to use public transportation a bus stop within a distance of every 200 meters is to prefer. To generate an accessible public transportation there should be at least two bus stops feeding the main part of the area, one located nearby the shopping centre and one on the northern main road, Hai Jing Xi Lu. All the stops should be well accessible by pedestrian and bicycle paths.

A better solution to highlight the importance of increasing the use of public transportation is an alternative bus route going through the area providing more households with a short distance to the nearest bus stop (see map alternative 2 on next page). This alternative means two bus stops will be added in- side the area, one on the southern road (with service and commerce along the street) and the other one in the northern part close to the “Sky park” buildings.

The stop along the commerce street will clarify it as a public street leading to the waterfront and at the same time increase the foundation for business along the street. The dwellings in this part of the project area (as well as the adjacent area) would have a much shorter distance to bus stop compared to the first suggested alternative with only two stops. A bus route through the area is although standing in conflict with the plans of a closed and gated area.

Placing separate bus lanes in the center of a road is an effective

method for prioritizing public transportation.

This way the bus route can be controlled and provide a comfortable and fast service. Traffic signals at road crossings which prioritize the busses are a good supplement and can create an even more efficient public transportation.

The separate bus lanes for a major street are suggested with a joint bus stop/terminal in the middle and a fast lane with possibilities for buses to pass through. This design makes the bus stop/terminal more efficient and safe while at the same time contributing to lowering the speed of car traffic around the stop.

The design of the bus stop should be adapted to the site and the traveler using it. A well de-

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200 m

New busbus route through

the area Bicycle

Bicycle Bicycle

Bicycle

and

pedestrian

paths connecting

connecting

dwellings to bus stop

ALT. 2

Bus stop, with a catchment area of 200 meters (radius)

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signed bus stop provides the travelers with real-time info, wait- ing seets, lighting in the evening, weather shelter and a platform accessible for everyone making it easier to get into the bus. In order to change means of transportation bicycle parking, car parking, car-pool parking etc., should be located in closeness to the stop/terminal.

Encouraging public transportation and walking and cycling by promotion campaigns can also increase the awareness and pop- ularity of public transportation.

To decrease car use traffic roads that are unnecessary should be avoided, in this case the beach road should be removed. This

(below and right) Real-time information and bicycle parking close to bus stops en- coruages the use of public transportation.

Pictures from Malmö City, Sweden.

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main road street type A street type B street type C busstop/terminalstop/terminal

TRANSPORT Street structure

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way the waterfront area will become a recreational completely car-free area to benefit for pedestrians and bicyclists. To make it harder to use the car for shorter trips and prioritize public transportation car parks should be placed further away from building entrances.

The traffic structure suggested gives more space for public transport, pedestrians and bicyclists.

Street type A: Major street with mixed traffic including bus lanes

Street type B: Minor street with bicycle and pedestrian paths

Street type C: Bicycle and pedestrian paths

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Storm water can be collected from solid surfaces in the area and distributed to a water canal with natural purification mechanisms to clean the water from

pollution before reaching the sea.

Storm water canals Storm water canals and ponds

and ponds

The existing canal in north east connects Feng Huang Lake to the sea and is part of a water level regulation for the lake

level regulation for the lake

which thus should be main

which thus should be main which thus should be main- tained.

tained.

As this spot will be visual when entering As this spot will be visual when entering As this spot will be visual when entering the city from the east the canal and the city from the east the canal and the city from the east the canal and the public building with facades meet the public building with facades meet the public building with facades meeting the water could provide a pleasant ing the water could provide a pleasant ing the water could provide a pleasant view for visitors.

waterfall with aeration functions aeration functions

ponds for sedimentation oil boom

purification by micro organisms and plants

Facades meeting the water at Bo01 area, Malmö.

(Photo: Rolf Möller) (Photo: Rolf Möller) (Photo: Rolf Möller)

STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

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The storm water from roads and other solid surfaces in the area is suggested to be collected through different inlets and drainage trenches and then be distributed to canals and ponds in the area. As the building volumes are large, especially the shopping centre in the western part of the area, roofs will contain a large amount of storm water during heavy rains which also should be collected and distributed to the constructed filtration ponds.

Materials with the capacity for water to infil- trate and reach ground as for example grass and gravel should be used where possible but for non infiltrating materials storm water must be taken care of.

Solid surfaces in the area will contain a lot of debris and dirt. The storm water should not have the function of cleaning up the urban environment; this must therefore be done me- chanically.

As the collected storm water is contaminated the water should be purified before reaching the sea. A natural purification process is sug-

Inlets, drainage trenches and infiltration bricks. Storm water pond in Västervik. (Photo: Vatten och Samhälls-

teknik AB) Storm water canal in Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm.

(Photo: Karolina Örneblad)

gested where water is filtrated through ponds and canals. In the ponds the water is assembled which enables sedimentation processes. Canals are constructed for filtration of water and special plants can contribute to the purification process.

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• unburden the sewer system; the plants assemble a large amount of the rain water and rain water evaporates

• contribute to a better local climate

• protect underlying roof materials

• contribute to the diversity of biology

• bring aestetical values

• reduce noise pollution

1 Rolfsdotter-Jansson, C. (2007) De lade ett grönt tak på härbret. Grön stad, vol 1, p 8

Roof vegetation by Vegtech.

The storm water canals are suggested to be stretched trough the area making the water management visible and clarifying the connection to the sea. Along the canals paths will be stretched and bridges will eliminate barrier effects. The canals and ponds might not al- ways be filled with water, and the design should generate pleasant places even when water levels are low.

The canals will provide pleasant places with water contact to visit and water views even for dwellings located away from the waterfront and sea-view.

Green roofs

Rainwater can also be collected and purified by greenery planted on roofs, so called green roofs.Green roofs can be constructed on all roofs with an inclination of less then 27 degrees. The collected rain water can for example be used for rain-water flushing toilets or collected in ponds as described on previous pages.

There are many advantages of green roofs, they:

• protect against overheating during summer and insulate during winter

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Efficient and innovative waste Efficient and innovative waste system with accessible garbage system with accessible garbage chutes strategically located for chutes strategically located for a convenient utillization.

Production requires much more energy Production requires much more energy than recycling. Planning a new area than recycling. Planning a new area generates possibillities to affect citizens’

generates possibillities to affect citizens’

habits.

environmental station for

household hazardous waste

WASTE MANAGEMENT

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As a convenient waste treatment solution an automated waste collection system is suggested for the area. The system is based on an automized transportation of waste to collectors outside the living area. The system supports source separation and reduction of road transports for waste and increased hygiene are important benefits.

Garbage chutes are strategically located for the inhabitants to reach them easy. The system is adapted to the user by sim- plifying source separation. The waste is transported through a pipe by vacuum and collected outside the dwelling area for further transportation. Hazardous and large sized waste should be collected at an environmental station also located in the area.

(above and left) Garbage chutes in a courtyard at Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm.

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THE PLAN PROPOSAL

- Increases the awareness and prioritation of public transportation and pedestrians and bicyclists by clarified new paths and a new bus stop.

- Reduces unnecessary car traffic in the area by e.g.

removing the car street at the waterfront.

- Clarifies the water management by purification ponds and canals that also serve as recreation.

- Connects the area with the existing beach in the northeast through a new bridge.

- Organizes the entrance to the area with a round- about and a public square.

- New location and design of the public building clearifies the new water canal and creates pos- sibilities for public information about e.g. the water management and energy efficiency in the area.

The plan proposal contains a new bus stop with separate, centered bus lanes, a new clarified pedes- trian and bicycle path towards the waterfront and surface water ponds and canals. It also suggests a new location for the public building with a new, more eco-friendly, car park.

The inlet from the lake is “restored”

and upgraded into a canal and marina, and the entrance street meets a new public square.

detailed plan proposal for

PUBLIC SPACE

by Tina Bosnjak

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public space:

public building water canal &

small marina bicycle parking bus stop

bridge

waterfront promenade car parking

bicycle &

pedestrian paths ponds & canals

public square

Information at the public building.

(Photos from Hammarby sjöstad, Stockholm, Sweden) (Photos from Hammarby sjöstad, Stockholm, Sweden)

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Public building with integrated solar panels facing the water, a small marina and storm water management clarified through canals, ponds, inlets and drain- ages, etc.

Public square with bus stop, pedestrian and bicycle path, bicyle parking close to main nodes in the area and varied ground paving for water management.

(Reference photos from Västra Hamnen, Malmö and Hammarby sjöstad, Stockholm, Sweden)

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THE PLAN PROPOSAL

- Increasing access to waterfront through clarified public paths.

- The formation of buildings clarifies the boarder between public and private space.

- Parking for bicycles are located closer to entrances than for cars.

- Bicycle and pedestrian paths are prioritized with the shortest way between dwellings and main targets.

- Service and commerce are located close to waterfront with public access.

- A private space is created between buildings containing private services as for example

playground, bycicle parking and waste collectors.

detailed plan proposal for

PRIVATE SPACE

by Josef Erixon

The ideas are applied on a detailed plan proposal. According to the discussion on transport, this plan proposal is dealing with accessibility and the prioritation of pedestrians and bicyclists. Other ideas illustrated in the plan proposal are the hights of buildings according to wind,

efficient waste management, green

roofs and solar energy technology.

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public street public path

Street market, places with sea view and no cars at waterfront.

(Photos from Weihai, P.R. China)

private space:

bicycle parking playground car parking waste collectors

section

public

space

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Integrated solar panels and sun shelter, armed grass in car parking, bicycle parking, collectors for automated waste collection system.

(Photos from Västra Hamnen, Malmö and Hammarby sjöstad, Stockholm, Sweden)

The differences in building hights are equalized to generate better conditions according to wind. Earlier suggested number of floors were 30 for high residents and 7 for middle high residents.

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Tang, K. (2007-09-10) Urban Planning System in China - Basic Facts and Reform Progress

http://www.adb.org/Documents/Events/2004/PRC_Planning_System_

Reform/tang4.pdf

Tele-message from the Embassy of Sweden in Beijing (2007-04-27) Kinas miljö – situationen och utmaningarna

http://www.exportnytt.swedishtrade.se/docfile/53699_kina%20miljö%20www.exportnytt.swedishtrade.se/docfile/53699_kina%20miljö%20 2007-04.doc

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Tele-message from the Embassy of Sweden in Beijing (2007-05-10) Kina, klimatfrågan och framtida förhandlingar

http://www.swedenabroad.com/SelectImageX/20428/Kinas_klimat_070510.pdf Tele-message from the Embassy of Sweden in Beijing (2007-09-23) Nytt center för svensk miljöteknik i Peking,

http://www.swedenabroad.com/SelectImageX/20428/Nytt_svenskt_

miljoeteknikkontor_Peking.pdf

The Centre for Sustainable Transportation (2005) Defining Sustainable Transportation, Prepared for Transport Canada

http://cst.uwinnipeg.ca/documents/Defining_Sustainable_2005.pdf UNDP (2005) China Human Development Report 2005

http://www.undp.org.cn/downloads/nhdr2005/NHDR2005_complete.pdf United Nations Division for Sustainable Development - Commission on Sustainable Development (2007) Backgrounder: Framing Sustainable Development: The Brundtland Report – 20 Years On

http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd15/media/backgrounder_brundtland.pdf Utrikespolitiska Institutet (2007-04-13) Print-out version of Landguiden - Asien, Kina http://www.landguiden.se

Watts, J. (2007-08-17) Beijing grounds drivers in bid to clear the air http://www.guardian.coI.uk/environment/2007/aug/17/china.pollution

World Urban Forum, Forum 2004, Reference Dialogue: Energy and Sustainable Development (2007-11-01),

http://www.barcelona2004.org/eng/banco_del_conocimiento/documentos/

ficha.cfm?IdDoc=371

Photographs and Illustrations

All photos and illustrations in this report are created by the authors except for photos/illustrations on specific pages with announced originators (permission granted).

Production of “green” energy

Concept

Production of “green” energy

ENERGY

Process of integrated partners and methods

Sustainable energy strategy

Guidelines for energy efficient building structure

ACCESSIBILITY TRANSPORT Accessibility

TRANSPORT Public transportation

200 m

pedestrian

paths connecting

dwellings

to bus stop

the area

transportation

200 m

Bus route connecting the area

200 m

the area Bicycle

and

pedestrian

paths connecting

dwellings to bus stop

TRANSPORT Street structure

Storm water can be collected from solid surfaces in the area and distributed to a water canal with natural purification mechanisms to clean the water from

pollution before reaching the sea.

Storm water canals Storm water canals and ponds

and ponds

The existing canal in north east connects Feng Huang Lake to the sea and is part of a water level regulation for the lake

which thus should be main

STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

Green roofs

Efficient and innovative waste Efficient and innovative waste system with accessible garbage system with accessible garbage chutes strategically located for chutes strategically located for a convenient utillization.

Production requires much more energy Production requires much more energy than recycling. Planning a new area than recycling. Planning a new area generates possibillities to affect citizens’

generates possibillities to affect citizens’

habits.

habits.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

THE PLAN PROPOSAL

- Increases the awareness and prioritation of public transportation and pedestrians and bicyclists by clarified new paths and a new bus stop.

- Reduces unnecessary car traffic in the area by e.g.

removing the car street at the waterfront.

- Clarifies the water management by purification ponds and canals that also serve as recreation.

- Connects the area with the existing beach in the northeast through a new bridge.

- Organizes the entrance to the area with a round- about and a public square.

- New location and design of the public building clearifies the new water canal and creates pos- sibilities for public information about e.g. the water management and energy efficiency in the area.

The plan proposal contains a new bus stop with separate, centered bus lanes, a new clarified pedes- trian and bicycle path towards the waterfront and surface water ponds and canals. It also suggests a new location for the public building with a new, more eco-friendly, car park.

The inlet from the lake is “restored”

and upgraded into a canal and marina, and the entrance street meets a new public square.

detailed plan proposal for

PUBLIC SPACE

public space:

public building water canal &

small marina bicycle parking bus stop

bridge

waterfront promenade car parking

bicycle &

pedestrian paths ponds & canals

public square

THE PLAN PROPOSAL

- Increasing access to waterfront through clarified public paths.

- The formation of buildings clarifies the boarder between public and private space.

- Parking for bicycles are located closer to entrances than for cars.

- Bicycle and pedestrian paths are prioritized with the shortest way between dwellings and main targets.

- Service and commerce are located close to waterfront with public access.

- A private space is created between buildings containing private services as for example

playground, bycicle parking and waste collectors.

detailed plan proposal for

PRIVATE SPACE

The ideas are applied on a detailed plan proposal. According to the discussion on transport, this plan proposal is dealing with accessibility and the prioritation of pedestrians and bicyclists. Other ideas illustrated in the plan proposal are the hights of buildings according to wind,

efficient waste management, green

roofs and solar energy technology.

public street public path

private space:

private space:

bicycle parking playground car parking waste collectors

public

space

Photographs and Illustrations

ACCESSIBILITY ^TRANSPORT Accessibility