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By:
Sina Vali Rad
Mahyar Parsasirat
Supervisor: Erik Loxbo
Examiner: Sven Johansson
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Abstract
Iran is a very vast country with about 80 million population that they are really fragmented. Providing electricity power for all the society which is duty of power ministry of Iran according to the resources and facilities. The thesis gives an overview of production of electrical energy in Iran and how the production is divided on different energy sources. At the present time there are 197 power plants are producing electricity to support the country that they are combination of 8 kind of different power plants which are thermal power plants, gas power stations, combined cycles, hydro power plants, biogas plants, wind power stations, solar plants and nuclear power stations. During the last decade Iran took care of renewable energy sources to produce electricity that cause wind power plants and solar power plants can take a small share from the total production. Although they are not play a serious role yet but the policy of the country is improving these kind of power plants. For each source the production principle is described briefly by help of a diagram and also there is a table of all power plants which are included details of each power plant like: name of power plant, state (location) , year of installation, nominal power, gross power, efficiency, consumption (fuel, water,…) and so on. For each kind of power plants there is a bar chart which compares the nominal power of all power plants at a glance and also there is a map that the location of each station has been marked on.
Total data for production in a year has been presented. Also there is a list of power plants which they are under construction and will be ready in future.
For transmitting electricity power in the country there are four kind of transmission lines which are: 400 KV, 230 KV, 132 KV and 66 KV. The development of each kind of transmission lines since 1963 is presented in a table and a chart.
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Table of contents
Abstract...1
Table of contents ...2
Introduction...3
History of electricity in Iran ...3
Producing electricity power in Iran ...6
1. Thermal power plant...6
2. Gas power plant ...13
3. Combined cycle plant ...25
4. Hydro power stations...33
5. Wind power plant...40
6. Nuclear power plant...44
7. Solar power plant...46
8. Biogas power plants...49
Total overview of production...53
Production overview through the history...56
The power plants development and improvement for future...59
Transmission lines...61
Exchange Electricity with Neighboring Countries...67
Conclusion...70
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Introduction
In the research we are going to explain four major parts that they are: History of electricity in Iran, production, transmission and exchanging electricity.
In history part we will consider about how electricity start its life and how improved during years in Iran. Contemporary history has divided to two part of before 1979 and after that.in 1979 a revolution has happened in Iran what has effected on everything.
In the production part we will describe how electricity is producing in Iran. In fact Iran is producing electricity by using of different power plants like: thermal, gas, combined cycle, hydro, wind power, solar, nuclear and biogas.in this part all of these eight kind of power plants will be described at first as a general to be familiar that how they work. After that we have a table with various information about all the specific kind of power plants and then a chart which compares the nominal power of all the listed power plants together. And at the end there is a map that shows the position of the power plants. All the maps are created by ourselves. Since there were not published officially we search every plant one by one on the map and then marked their exact coordinates.
Next part is transmission part which will explain the length of different kind of transmission lines and the way of their improvement during time by help of tables and charts. Also there is a map for 400 KV and 230 KV lines. The last part show us a table and a chart to describe the exchanged power electricity with neighboring countries.
History of electricity in Iran
Thomas Edison has opened his first institute of commercial electricity in New York City in 1882. Three years after that, in 1885, Iran imported a 3kilo watt generator for the purpose of providing the lightening of the royal palace. The generator has an “Otto” motor and it worked with the energy of burning coal. Fifteen years later Iran has imported a generator by 12 Horsepower in an “Otto-Deutz” motor and after that the government import another one by 25 horsepower 3 years later to improve the first station in 1906.
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installation of the lamps were all the duties of the industry. The price of the electricity was based on number and power of the installed lamps (16, 25 or 32).
From 1920 to 1930 some private sponsors were interested in producing electricity and many small industries appears in different cities. Even some companies and industries had their own power supplier. But all of these companies were not organized and work separately.
In 25th of December of 1937 a steam power station started to work which was built in check and Slovakia to
provide 24 hours electricity power in Tehran. The power station could provide 6400 KW electricity. Indeed the private sector were interested in producing power electricity since there were existed 32 private company in Tehran in 1962.
From 1948 until 1955 during a first 7 years Improving plan the government bought numbers of diesel generators ( 50 , 100 , 150 KW ) and spread them out in the whole country.by the end of the 1955 the total power producer in the country was 40 MW and the rate of produced energy was about 200 GWH in year.
During second 7 years Improving plan period (1955 – 1962) the Iran has divided to four area of power distribution and the projects of water power stations has started. Four of the most important achievement in this period are:
1. Dez Dam 130 MW 2. Karaj Dam 91 MW
3. White river Dam 35 MW
4. Tarasht thermal power plant 50 MW
In 1962 the third Improving plan period started and government dedicated more budget to electricity power department. The goals in this period of plan were:
1. Providing power electricity for 8 big city (first priority)
2. Providing power electricity for 17 smaller city (second priority) 3. Providing small cities (third priority)
During this period by the end of the 1962 the electricity organization of Iran has established to management, provide, and distribute the electricity power in whole country as a unique system.
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In 1969 the fourth Improving plan period started. In this period many distribution lines to the whole part of country provided. Many Water power stations and thermal power plant established also.190 cities and 491 villages were covered by the ministry.
At the end of this period (1973) total installed power in country has improved from 1599 MW to 3354 MW and producing electric energy has improved from 4133 GWH to 9553 GWH per year.
In 1974 the fifth Improving plan period started for four years and followed some general goals like: 1. Building huge thermal plant in south and north of Iran because of easy access to resources and sea. 2. Building dam on big rivers
3. Providing electricity for faraway locations by using diesel plant
At that period, building a nuclear power plant considered as an agenda.in 1953 the ministry of water and electricity power changed the name to ministry of power.at the end of this period the installed power was 7105 MW and producing electric energy was 18984 GWH per year.
In 1979 an Islamic revolution has happened in Iran and it has influence on everything. The power electricity system was not an exception also. There were a lot of European and American company in Iran that they stopped their work after revolution. One of the most famous one of these companies in power industry was a Swedish company named Alstom. Still there is a street in Tehran which has named Alstom.one year after revolution Iran and Iraq started to war for eight years. It’s obvious that after a revolution and a war we cannot expect much improvement. However during war time the main goal of power ministry was providing electricity for villages because cities had electricity power before revolution. So at the 1989 the number of villages that has access to the power electricity was improved from 4327 to 22541 in comparison to 1979.even the total installed power has improved from 7024 MW to 13681 MW and producing electric energy was 43775 GWH per year.
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Producing electricity power in Iran
In Iran electricity power produces in different ways according to the environmental facilities and resources:
1. Thermal power plant
Theory of Thermal Power Station:
The initially developed reciprocating steam engine has been used to produce mechanical power since the 18th Century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt.
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Figure 1: a thermal power plant structure [22]
In Iran there are 28 Thermal Power plants which they are producing electricity now. The three biggest of them are: Ramin, Neka and Shahid Montazeri. And the oldest one in the network is Shiraz petrochemical power plant which has built in 1963.
Total nominal power of them is 18290 MW and total of Mean practical power is 16792 MW. The total production of one year of them (2014) is 860,730,715 MWH which is 31.2 % of whole production of the country. The table 1 can show all the plants and their details. The numbers are related to year 2014. Note: if there are any blank cell in all tables in the report it does not mean zero. It means we could not find the proper information for that cell.
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Name of Power Plant State Year
Nominal power (MW) Mean practical power(M W) Exploitation of peak power network (MW)
1 Sarcheshmeh (kerman) Kerman 1977 24.0 14.0 5.0
2 Sahand East Azarbayejan 2004 650.0 650.0 466.0
3 Tabriz East Azarbayejan 1986 736.0 650.0 637.1
4 Esfahan Steel Esfahan 1970 249.0 209.0 152.0
5 Mobarakeh Esfahan 1991 210.0 190.0 84.7
6 Islam Abad Esfahan 1969 835.0 830.0 214.0
7 Shahid M Montazeri Esfahan 1984 1,616.0 1,592.0 1,440.1
8 Shiraz Petrochemical Fars 1963 81.6 57.0 0.0
9 Shahid Beheshti Gilan 1972 240.0 240.0 232.9
10 Shahid Mofatteh (gharb) Hamedan 1994 1,000.0 1,000.0 454.1
11 Bandar Abbas Hormozgan 1980 1,280.0 1,280.0 762.0
12 Zarand Kerman 1973 60.0 46.8 24.6
13 Bistoun Kermanshah 1994 640.0 640.0 617.3
14 Ahvaz-ramin Khoozestan 1979 1,903.0 1,810.0 1,346.1
15 Shahid Madhaj (zargan) Khoozestan 1975 290.0 255.0 0.0
16 Bandar Imam petrochemical Khoozestan 1990 328.0 256.0 0.0
17 fadjr petrochemical co Khoozestan 2005 1,483.0 1,284.3 98.0
18 Tous Khorasan 1985 600.0 600.0 527.1
19 Mashad Khorasan 1968 132.5 132.5 120.0
20 Shazand Arak Refinery Markazi 2000 1,300.0 1,270.0 1,058.5
21 khorasan petrochemical North Khorasan 2006 24.0 20.0 0.0
22 Shahid Rajaee Qazvin 1992 1,000.0 1,000.0 725.9
23 Iranshahr Sistan va Baloochestan 1995 256.0 246.0 166.9
24 Tabas South Khorasan 2009 650.0
25 Bessat Tehran 1967 247.5 216.0 133.1
26 Shahid Firoozi (Tarasht) Tehran 1959 50.0 40.0 40.0
27 Montazer Qaem Alborz 1971 625.0 548.0 536.9
28 Salimi (neka) Mazandaran 1979 1,779.6 1,715.0 1,610.2
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Name of Power Plant
Maximum power production (with its asynchronous ) (MW) Gross production (MWh) Internal consumptio n (MWh) Internal consumptio n (percent) Special production (MWh) 1 Sarcheshmeh (kerman) 16.0 87,316 1,148.0 1.3 86,168.0 2 Sahand 650.0 4,489,867 318,770.0 7.1 4,171,097.0 3 Tabriz 649.0 4,046,775 328,192.0 8.1 3,718,583.0 4 Esfahan Steel 242.0 1,293,520 128,072.0 9.9 1,165,448.0 5 Mobarakeh 181.0 1,077,029 88,989.0 8.3 988,040.0 6 Islam Abad 798.0 2,737,461 228,855.0 8.4 2,508,606.0 7 Shahid M Montazeri 1,604.0 9,836,455 753,826.0 7.7 9,082,629.0 8 Shiraz Petrochemical 0.0 9 Shahid Beheshti 243.0 1,632,336 107,095.0 6.6 1,525,241.0
10 Shahid Mofatteh (gharb) 751.0 2,506,422 263,811.0 10.5 2,242,611.0
11 Bandar Abbas 1,152.0 7,013,220 507,832.0 7.2 6,505,388.0
12 Zarand 49.0 296,433 23,135.0 7.8 273,298.0
13 Bistoun 633.0 3,746,355 310,070.0 8.3 3,436,285.0
14 Ahvaz-ramin 1,659.0 11,694,373 629,796.0 5.4 11,064,577
15 Shahid Madhaj (zargan) 187.0 794,137 57,178.0 7.2 736,959.0
16 Bandar Imam petrochemical 0.0
17 fadjr petrochemical co 163.0 449,984 0.0 449,984.0
18 Tous 600.0 3,959,090 294,590.0 7.4 3,664,500.0
19 Mashad 123.0 969,236 80,408.0 8.3 888,828.0
20 Shazand Arak Refinery 1,159.0 7,254,189 601,738.0 8.3 6,652,451.0
21 khorasan petrochemical 0.0
22 Shahid Rajaee 986.0 6,397,217 446,746.0 7.0 5,950,471.0
23 Iranshahr 244.0 1,277,239 118,638.0 9.3 1,158,601.0
24 Tabas
25 Bessat 219.0 1,210,896 88,972.0 7.3 1,121,924.0
26 Shahid Firoozi (Tarasht) 42.0 245,839 16,704.0 6.8 229,135.0
27 Montazer Qaem 553.0 3,523,680 247,430.0 7.0 3,276,250.0
28 Salimi (neka) 1,734.0 9,534,646 285,507.0 3.0 9,249,139.0
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Name of Power Plant
Actual capacity utilization plant (percent) Gasoline consumption(10 00 Liter) Gas consumption (cubic meter*1000) Fuel oil consumption (1000 Liter) Water Consumption (cubic meter*1000) 1 Sarcheshmeh (kerman) 71.2 2 Sahand 78.9 187,568.0 954,845.0 957.0 3 Tabriz 71.1 763.0 342,709.0 737,337.0 667.0 4 Esfahan Steel 70.7 246,541.0 5 Mobarakeh 64.7 18,781.0 492,018.0 6 Islam Abad 37.7 757,565.0 8,846.0 6,177.0 7 Shahid M Montazeri 70.5 2,801,855.0 8,766.0 1,675.0 8 Shiraz Petrochemical 9 Shahid Beheshti 77.6 75,083.0 398,335.0 4,858.0
10 Shahid Mofatteh (gharb) 28.6 127,640.0 507,186.0 8,466.0
11 Bandar Abbas 62.5 1,002.0 623,437.0 1,277,710 0.0
12 Zarand 72.4 107,214.0 0.0
13 Bistoun 66.8 129,861.0 780,484.0 6,847.0
14 Ahvaz-ramin 73.8 475.0 2,176,741.0 1,071,709 0.0
15 Shahid Madhaj (zargan) 35.6 200,642.0
16 Bandar Imam
petrochemical
17 fadjr petrochemical co 4.0 128,567.0
18 Tous 75.3 488.0 247,711.0 813,079.0 0.0
19 Mashad 83.5 852.0 327,215.0 0.0
20 Shazand Arak Refinery 65.2 815.0 1,843,352.0 58,396.0 815.0
21 khorasan petrochemical
22 Shahid Rajaee 73.0 810.0 373,685.0 1,255,201 1,238.0
23 Iranshahr 59.3 140.0 396,178.0 0.0
24 Tabas
25 Bessat 64.0 592.0 396,653.0 3,410.0
26 Shahid Firoozi (Tarasht) 70.2 115,149.0 2,120.0
27 Montazer Qaem 73.4 6,209.0 514,991.0 486,302.0 0.0
28 Salimi (neka) 63.5 613,430.0 1,810,008 0.0
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Name of Power Plant
Th er mal ef fi ci ency (kcal kWh) Ef fi ci ency (percent) Ave ra ge a nnua l op er ati n g p lan t (hour) Plant f unct ion ing in year ( per cent ) Plant l o ad factor func ti o n (percen t) Th e sh ar e of to tal powe r pr oduc tio n (percent) 1 Sarcheshmeh (kerman) 0.0 2 Sahand 2,322.6 37.0 7,781.0 88.8 88.8 1.6 3 Tabriz 2,420.0 35.5 6,618.0 75.5 94.2 1.5 4 Esfahan Steel 2,812.2 30.6 0.5 5 Mobarakeh 4,153.2 20.7 0.4 6 Islam Abad 2,455.0 35.0 5,085.0 58.0 67.5 1.0 7 Shahid M Montazeri 2,504.3 34.3 7,087.0 80.9 86.5 3.6 8 Shiraz Petrochemical 0.0 9 Shahid Beheshti 2,534.0 33.9 7,153.0 81.7 93.9 0.6
10 Shahid Mofatteh (gharb) 2,307.9 37.3 4,967.0 56.7 67.2 0.9
11 Bandar Abbas 2,445.6 35.2 6,860.0 78.3 88.7 2.6
12 Zarand 3,327.5 25.8 6,670.0 76.1 90.7 0.1
13 Bistoun 2,220.4 38.7 6,210.0 70.9 95.3 1.4
14 Ahvaz-ramin 2,423.0 35.5 7,147.0 81.6 98.6 4.3
15 Shahid Madhaj (zargan) 2,144.0 40.1 0.0 0.0 0.3
16 Bandar Imam petrochemical 0.0
17 fadjr petrochemical co 2,424.6 35.5 0.2
18 Tous 2,424.9 35.5 7,539.0 86.1 87.5 1.4
19 Mashad 2,891.0 29.7 8,279.0 94.5 95.2 0.4
20 Shazand Arak Refinery 2,301.8 37.4 6,818.0 77.8 91.8 2.6
21 khorasan petrochemical 0.0
22 Shahid Rajaee 2,318.1 37.1 7,208.0 82.3 90.0 2.3
23 Iranshahr 2,854.6 30.1 5,656.0 64.6 92.5 0.5
24 Tabas
25 Bessat 2,874.7 29.9 5,867.0 67.0 94.2 0.4
26 Shahid Firoozi (Tarasht) 4,104.5 21.0 5,947.0 67.9 98.4 0.1
27 Montazer Qaem 2,565.6 33.5 6,930.0 79.1 91.9 1.3
28 Salimi (neka) 2,310.3 37.2 6,673.0 76.2 82.4 3.5
Total 61,139.6 126,495.0 31.4
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According to the table 1 we can see the bar chart of nominal power of all the thermal power plants in the figure 2.
Figure 2: bar chart of nominal power capacity of all thermal power plants
If we care about the topology of the thermal power plants we can see that they are mostly placed where there is not powerful rivers and not enough facility for hydro plants.
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Figure 3: map of thermal power plants positions
2. Gas power plant
Theory of Gas Power Station:
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operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal combustion engine. All plants use the energy extracted from expanding gas - steam or combustion gases.
By products of thermal power plant operation must be considered in their design and operation. Waste heat energy, which remains due to the finite efficiency of the Carnot, Rankine, or Diesel power cycle, is released directly to the atmosphere, directly to river or lake water, or indirectly to the atmosphere using a cooling tower with river or lake water used as a cooling medium.
In a gas power plant the chemical energy stored in gas and oxygen of the air is converted successively into thermal energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical energy. Each gas power plant is a complex, custom-designed system. Construction costs, as of 2004, run to US$1,300 per kilowatt, or $650 million for a 500 MW. Multiple generating units may be built at a single site for more efficient use of land, natural resources and labor. Figure 4 show diagram of structure of a gas power plant.
15 Diesel power plant:
Diesel power plants were a common way of producing electricity many years ago. But according to the cost of gasoline it is not a good way these days therefor Iran has converted most of them to gas stations or combined cycle. But still there are a few small Diesel power plants in the country which they produce less than one percent of the total power production of the country nowadays. However, since we do not want to neglect them and basically they work like gas power plants, in this report we categorize them as gas power plants.
Iran has the greatest resources of natural gas in the world. Mostly placed at the south of the country so it can be a good reason to have many gas power plants.
There are 66 Gas Power plants which they are producing electricity in Iran. The five biggest of them are: Persian Gulf, Shahr-e-ray, Khorramshahr, Aliabad, Shiraz (Hafez) and Fars and the oldest one in the network is Shiraz power plant which has built in 1965.
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Name of Power Plant State Year
Nominal power (MW) Mean practical power(MW) Exploitation of peak power network (MW)
1 Sarcheshmeh (kerman) Kerman 1977 130 80 52
2 Ardebil Sabalan Ardebil 2007 960 786 705
3 Bushehr Fars Booshehr 1975 50 36 30
4 Kangan Nioc Booshehr 1995 164 117 90
5 Asalouyeh gas Booshehr 2007 954 849 770
6 South Pars Booshehr 2008 954 783 249
7 Asalouyeh Damavand Booshehr 2012 324 261 0
8 Mobin petrochemical Booshehr 2006 861 700 0
9 Iran Lng Booshehr 2010 324 288 0
10 Tabriz Petrochem East Azarbayejan 1995 129 77 0
11 Teraktor Sazi East Azarbayejan 1983 20 12 0
12 Tabriz East Azarbayejan 1978 64 50 20
13 Tabriz-sofian East Azarbayejan 1984 100 70 55
14 Esfahan Steel Esfahan 1975 26 13 0
15 Mobarakeh Esfahan 2004 108 100 84
16 Chehel Sotoun Esfahan 2005 954 723 633
17 Hesa Esfahan 1989 88 63 20
18 Kashan Esfahan 2009 324 255 221
19 Forg Darab Fars 2002 4 3
20 Shiraz Fars 1965 196 137 37
21 Fars Fars 2011 972.0
22 Jahrom Fars 954 720 643
23 Shiraz (Hafez) Fars 2011 972 738 661
24 Shahid Beheshti Gilan 1977 120 97 86
25 Aliabad Golestan 2010 972 881 788
26 Bandar Abbas Hormozgan 2002 50 33 25
27 khark Hormozgan 2014 25 18 7
28 Persian Gulf Hormozgan 2004 990 871 805
29 Ilam Petrochemical Ilam 2010 120 100 0
30 Ilam Refinery Ilam 2009 75 63 0
31 Kahnooj (shobad) Kerman 324 256
32 Kahnooj Gas Kerman 2007 75 49 27
33 Zagros Kermanshah 2010 648 521 450
34 West Islam Abad Kermanshah 2014 75 61
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Name of Power Plant State Year
Nominal power (MW) Mean practical power(MW) Exploitation of peak power network (MW) 36 Khorramshahr Khoozestan 2008 972 832 598
37 Razi Petrochemical Khoozestan 1970 70 60 0
38 Abadan Refinery Khoozestan 210.000
39 Mashad Khorasan 1971 196 167 114
40 Shariati Khorasan 1984 150 120 102
41 Ferdowsi Khorasan 2007 954 763 681
42 Shams e sarakhs Khorasan 2014 50 35 32
43 Kish Island Kish Island 1992 184 129 127
44 Dorud Lorestan 1977 60 33 30
45 Noshahr (mazandaran-ii) Mazandaran 2009 47 36 32
46 West of mazandaran Mazandaran 2009 50.000
47 Shirvan North Khorasan 2005 954 813 692
48 Qeshm City Qeshm Island 2013 50.000
49 Bastami Semnan 2011 324 257 230
50 Semnan (Qods) Semnan 2010 324 259 232
51 Zahedan Sistan va Baloochestan 1986 226 157 107
52 Konarak Sistan va Baloochestan 1978 143 106 95
53 Chabahar Sistan va Baloochestan 2008 414 338 292
54 Iranshar (bampoor) Sistan va Baloochestan 2013 324 264 203
55 Ghaen (kaveh) South Khorasan 2008 636 477 440
56 Ghaen South Khorasan 1988 75 50 47
57 Parand Tehran 2006 954 736 644
58 Rudshur Tehran 2006 789 631 563
59 Tehran-rey Tehran 1977 932 691 436
60 Shahr-e-ray Tehran 1977 979.400
61 Uroumiyeh West Azarbayjan 1981 60 41 35
62 Orumiyeh West Azarbayjan 2006 960 772 659
63 Shahid Zanbagh Yazd 1976 97 73 48
64 Yazd -shirkooh Yazd 1998 120 84 70
65 Chadormalu Iron Ore Yazd 2014 324 256
66 Soltaniyeh Zanjan 2010 648 500 437
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Name of Power Plant
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Name of Power Plant
Maximum power production (with its asynchrono us) (MW) Gross production (MWh) Internal consumpti on (MWh) Internal consumpti on (percent) Special production (MWh)
34 West Islam Abad 23 3284 243 7.4 3041
35 Shahid Madhaj (zargan) 277 308308 2281 0.7 306027
36 Khorramshahr 809 3767333 33793 0.9 3733540 37 Razi Petrochemical 38 Abadan Refinery 39 Mashad 159 639493 4361 0.7 635132 40 Shariati 121 158392 2037 1.3 156355 41 Ferdowsi 787 2830106 13425 0.5 2816681 42 Shams e sarakhs 32 43 Kish Island 127 638277 6821 1.1 631456 44 Dorud 38 125997 1056 0.8 124941 45 Noshahr (mazandaran-ii) 40 105991 784 0.7 105207 46 West of mazandaran 47 Shirvan 758 3231414 29672 0.9 3201742 48 Qeshm City 49 Bastami 292 1364104 6735 0.5 1357369 50 Semnan (Qods) 296 1406742 8111 0.6 1398631 51 Zahedan 163 658802 1662 0.3 657140 52 Konarak 101 359287 3410 0.9 355877 53 Chabahar 313 1686766 12813 0.8 1673953 54 Iranshar (bampoor) 307 759738 5356 0.7 754382 55 Ghaen (kaveh) 488 2521255 22848 0.9 2498407 56 Ghaen 55 74415 1188 1.6 73227 57 Parand 772 3064739 19303 0.6 3045436 58 Rudshur 711 3691005 31292 0.8 3659713 59 Tehran-rey 538 1758155 11937 0.7 1746218 60 Shahr-e-ray 61 Uroumiyeh 44 107309 1292 1.2 106017 62 Orumiyeh 795 3446353 20986 0.6 3425367 63 Shahid Zanbagh 79 274734 461 0.2 274273 64 Yazd -shirkooh 97 371149 1517 0.4 369632
65 Chadormalu Iron Ore 301 838491 6205 0.7 832286
66 Soltaniyeh 538 2165412 12208 0.6 2153204
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Name of Power Plant
Actual capacity utilizatio n plant (percent) Gasoline consumption (1000 Liter) Gas consumption (cubic meter*1000) Thermal efficiency (kcal kWh) Efficiency (percent) 1 Sarcheshmeh (kerman) 69.8 194424 3433 25.1 2 Ardebil Sabalan 35.5 215140 608598 2937 29.3 3 Bushehr Fars 35.3 55996 4418 19.5 4 Kangan Nioc 63.9 320254 4303 20.0 5 Asalouyeh gas 66.4 97706 1510007 2851 30.2 6 South Pars 33.0 646307 2504 34.3 7 Asalouyeh Damavand 8 Mobin petrochemical 9 Iran Lng 10 Tabriz Petrochem 11 Teraktor Sazi 12 Tabriz 9.0 18712 4155 20.7 13 Tabriz-sofian 21.4 1504 58905 4022 21.4 14 Esfahan Steel 15 Mobarakeh 68.3 184830 2706 31.8 16 Chehel Sotoun 49.4 229337 757775 2753 31.2 17 Hesa 10.1 23052 3607 23.8 18 Kashan 64.2 125421 342791 2849 30.2 19 Forg Darab 20 Shiraz 27.2 11897 126285 3697 23.3 21 Fars 22 Jahrom 54.0 196070 919265 2859 30.1 23 Shiraz (Hafez) 53.5 153340 965727 2828 30.4 24 Shahid Beheshti 39.7 2868 130038 3465 24.8 25 Aliabad 35.3 137241 779704 2944 29.2 26 Bandar Abbas 43.0 49649 3469 24.8 27 khark 11.5 4607 2203 39.0 28 Persian Gulf 62.4 30980 1435570 2663 32.3 29 Ilam Petrochemical 30 Ilam Refinery 2.2 3531 2503 34.4 31 Kahnooj (shobad) 2.6 19536 2855 30.1 32 Kahnooj Gas 41.4 80467 3895 22.1 33 Zagros 57.6 168505 683273 2830 30.4
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Name of Power Plant
Actual capacity utilizatio n plant (percent) Gasoline consumption (1000 Liter) Gas consumption (cubic meter*1000) Thermal efficiency (kcal kWh) Efficiency (percent)
35 Shahid Madhaj (zargan) 36.3 121429 3342 25.7
36 Khorramshahr 51.7 439951 756297 2708 31.8 37 Razi Petrochemical 38 Abadan Refinery 39 Mashad 43.7 3810 239999 3257 26.4 40 Shariati 15.1 10932 62309 3953 21.8 41 Ferdowsi 42.4 113480 846527 2900 29.7 42 Shams e sarakhs 43 Kish Island 56.5 108494 137924 3329 25.8 44 Dorud 43.2 706 59877 4213 20.4 45 Noshahr (mazandaran-ii) 33.6 4057 43623 3936 21.9 46 West of mazandaran 47 Shirvan 45.4 101250 940223 2755 31.2 48 Qeshm City 49 Bastami 60.7 46530 384596 2764 31.1 50 Semnan (Qods) 62.1 38549 392834 51 Zahedan 48.0 275788 3600 23.9 52 Konarak 38.7 170217 4074 21.1 53 Chabahar 57.0 592342 3020 28.5 54 Iranshar (bampoor) 32.9 173160 65547 2716 31.7 55 Ghaen (kaveh) 60.3 99711 708252 2739 31.4 56 Ghaen 17.1 1688 30099 3650 23.6 57 Parand 47.6 197070 823213 2907 29.6 58 Rudshur 66.8 262683 779981 2464 34.9 59 Tehran-rey 29.0 1756 750334 3748 22.9 60 Shahr-e-ray 61 Uroumiyeh 30.1 8212 40679 3980 21.6 62 Orumiyeh 51.0 259385 872145 2865 30.0 63 Shahid Zanbagh 43.0 2071 106005 3446 25.0 64 Yazd -shirkooh 50.7 157038 3708 23.2
65 Chadormalu Iron Ore 37.4 279403 2866 30.0
66 Soltaniyeh 49.4 111208 584332 2806 30.6
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num
be
r
Name of Power Plant
Average annual operating plant (hour) Plant functioning in year (percent) Plant load factor function (percent)
The share of total power production (percent) 1 Sarcheshmeh (kerman) 0.2 2 Ardebil Sabalan 4090 46.7 79.6 0.9 3 Bushehr Fars 4333 49.5 71.2 0.0 4 Kangan Nioc 6234 71.2 92.6 0.2 5 Asalouyeh gas 0 0.0 1.8 6 South Pars 0.8 7 Asalouyeh Damavand 0.0 8 Mobin petrochemical 0.0 9 Iran Lng 0.0 10 Tabriz Petrochem 0.0 11 Teraktor Sazi 0.0 12 Tabriz 1986 22.7 76.4 0.0 13 Tabriz-sofian 2121 24.2 96.9 0.0 14 Esfahan Steel 0.0 15 Mobarakeh 0.2 16 Chehel Sotoun 0 0.0 1.1 17 Hesa 1889 21.6 74.1 0.0 18 Kashan 6748 77.0 72.5 0.5 19 Forg Darab 20 Shiraz 0.1 21 Fars 22 Jahrom 5427 62.0 78.7 1.2 23 Shiraz (Hafez) 0 0.0 1.3 24 Shahid Beheshti 3816 43.6 80.0 0.1 25 Aliabad 0 0.0 1.0 26 Bandar Abbas 4666 53.3 80.3 0.0 27 khark 3338 38.1 77.0 0.0 28 Persian Gulf 5694 65.0 97.3 1.7 29 Ilam Petrochemical 0.0 30 Ilam Refinery 0.0 31 Kahnooj (shobad) 0 0.0 32 Kahnooj Gas 0 0.0 0.1 33 Zagros 5932 67.7 81.4 1.0
34 West Islam Abad 0.0
23
num
be
r
Name of Power Plant
Average annual operating plant (hour) Plant functioning in year (percent) Plant load factor function (percent)
The share of total power production (percent) 36 Khorramshahr 5296 60.5 87.9 1.4 37 Razi Petrochemical 0.0 38 Abadan Refinery 39 Mashad 4240 48.4 94.9 0.2 40 Shariati 1462 16.7 89.5 0.1 41 Ferdowsi 4794 54.7 75.0 1.0 42 Shams e sarakhs 0 43 Kish Island 0 0.0 0.2 44 Dorud 3784 43.2 87.6 0.0 45 Noshahr (mazandaran-ii) 0.0 46 West of mazandaran 47 Shirvan 5161 58.9 82.6 1.2 48 Qeshm City 49 Bastami 6025 68.8 77.5 0.5 50 Semnan (Qods) 51 Zahedan 4560 52.1 88.6 0.2 52 Konarak 3858 44.0 92.2 0.1 53 Chabahar 5784 66.0 93.2 0.6 54 Iranshar (bampoor) 3741 42.7 66.2 0.3 55 Ghaen (kaveh) 6150 70.2 84.0 0.9 56 Ghaen 1518 17.3 89.1 0.0 57 Parand 5738 65.5 69.2 1.1 58 Rudshur 6754 77.1 76.9 1.3 59 Tehran-rey 3669 41.9 89.1 0.6 60 Shahr-e-ray 61 Uroumiyeh 2788 31.8 87.5 0.0 62 Orumiyeh 5546 63.3 78.2 1.3 63 Shahid Zanbagh 4146 47.3 83.9 0.1 64 Yazd -shirkooh 4768 54.4 80.2 0.1
65 Chadormalu Iron Ore 0 0.3
66 Soltaniyeh 5264 60.1 76.5 0.8
Total 151320
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From the table 2 we can have a statically view on the nominal power of each planet in the chart in figure 5:
Figure 5: bar chart of nominal power of all gas power plants
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Sarcheshmeh (kerman) Bushehr Fars Asalouyeh gas Asalouyeh Damavand Iran Lng Teraktor Sazi Tabriz-sofian Mobarakeh Hesa Forg Darab Fars Shiraz (Hafez) Aliabad khark Ilam Petrochemical Kahnooj (shobad) Zagros Shahid Madhaj (zargan) Razi Petrochemical Mashad Ferdowsi Kish Island Noshahr (mazandaran-ii) Shirvan Bastami Zahedan Chabahar Ghaen (kaveh) Parand Tehran-rey Uroumiyeh Shahid Zanbagh Chadormalu Iron Ore
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If we consider about the topology of the Gas power plants we can see that they are mostly placed where there are main resources of natural gas or the cities which have provided by gas distribution network.
In the map below (figure 6) the all gas power plants have been marked.
Figure 6: map of gas power plants positions
3. Combined cycle plant
Theory of combined cycle Power Station:
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The principle is that after completing its cycle (in the first engine), the working fluid of the first heat engine is still low enough in its entropy that a second subsequent heat engine may extract energy from the waste heat (energy) of the working fluid of the first engine. By combining these multiple streams of work upon a single mechanical shaft turning an electric generator, the overall net efficiency of the system may be increased by 50 – 60 percent. That is, from an overall efficiency of say 34% (in a single cycle) to possibly an overall efficiency of 51% (in a mechanical combination of two cycles) in net Carnot thermodynamic efficiency. This can be done because heat engines are only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than 50%). In an ordinary (non combined cycle) heat engine the remaining heat from combustion is generally wasted. Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles results in improved overall efficiency, reducing fuel costs. In stationary power plants, a widely used combination is a gas turbine (operating by the Brayton cycle) burning natural gas or synthesis gas from coal, whose hot exhaust powers a steam power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle). This is called a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant, and can achieve a best-of-class real thermal efficiency of around 54% in base-load operation, in contrast to a single cycle steam power plant which is limited to efficiencies of around 35-42%. Such an arrangement is also used for marine propulsion, and is called a combined gas and steam (COGAS) plant. Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles are also common.
In automotive and aeronautical engines, turbines have been driven from the exhausts of Otto and Diesel cycles. These are called turbo-compound engines.
The thermodynamic cycle of the basic combined cycle consists of two power plant cycles. One is the Joule or Brayton cycle which is a gas turbine cycle and the other is Rankine cycle which is a steam turbine cycle. The cycle 1-2-3-4-1 which is the gas turbine power plant cycle is the topping cycle. It depicts the heat and work transfer process taking place in high temperature region.
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Figure 7: topping and bottoming cycles [21]
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Since Combined cycle power plants have good efficiency in comparison with the other kind of fossil fuel plants Iran has started to improve this kind of plants during last two decades.at the moment there are just 20 combined cycle power plants in the network but many of the gas power plants or thermal power plants are changing to combined cycle power plants as an improvement.
The three biggest of them are: Damavand, Kerman and Kazeroun. It is notable to say that Damavand is the biggest combined cycle power plant in the Middle East. The oldest one in the network are Montazere Qaem and Gilan power plant which have built in 1992.
Total nominal power of them is 19461 MW. The total production of one year of them (2014) is 96,823 GWH which is 35.3 % of whole production of countries power of electricity. The table 3 can show all the plants and their details. The numbers are related to year 2014.
num
be
r
Name of Power Plant State Year Nominal power (MW) Mean practical power(MW) Exploitation of peak power network (MW)
1 Montazer Qaem Alborz 1992 998 752 650
2 Genaveh Booshehr 2012 484 415 246
3 Ardestan (zavareh) Esfahan 2011 484 380 352
4 Fars Fars 1995 1035 794 740 5 Kazerun Fars 1994 1372 1111 996 6 Gilan Gilan 1992 1306 1186 1126 7 Pareh-sar Gilan 2011 968 900 278 8 Kerman Kerman 2001 1,912.0 9 Abadan Khoozestan 2002 814 704 466
10 South Ahvaz Khoozestan 2016 968.000
11 Neishaboor Khorasan 1994 1040 865 730
12 Shariati Khorasan 1994 347 291 259
13 sanandaj -Ghalian Kordestan 2005 956 769 637
14 Salimi (neka) Mazandaran 2006 435 402 382
15 Shahid Rajaee Qazvin 1994 1043 836 720
16 Qom Qom 1993 714 595 532
17 Damavand Tehran 2003 2868 2271 1720
18 Khoy West
Azarbayjan 1997 349 288 250
19 Yazd Yazd 2006 885 701 649
20 Yazd -shirkooh Yazd 2012 484 395 345
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num
be
r
Name of Power Plant Efficiency (percent) Average annual operating plant (hour) Plant functioning in year (percent) Plant load factor function (percent) The share of total power production (percent) 1 Montazer Qaem 43.4 7032 80.3 86.9 1.9 2 Genaveh 29.5 0.3 3 Ardestan (zavareh) 47.2 1.1 4 Fars 43.6 7030 80.3 90.1 1.9 5 Kazerun 44.0 7343 83.8 86.1 2.8 6 Gilan 43.4 8219 93.8 83.1 3.2 7 Pareh-sar 36.6 0.9 8 Kerman 9 Abadan 44.8 1.4 10 South Ahvaz 11 Neishaboor 44.4 7653 87.4 87.4 2.2 12 Shariati 44.8 8085 92.3 86.1 0.8 13 sanandaj -Ghalian 45.6 8016 91.5 84.4 2.0 14 Salimi (neka) 43.6 7054 80.5 83.1 0.9 15 Shahid Rajaee 45.0 7431 84.8 89.4 2.0 16 Qom 42.5 8192 93.5 86.9 1.7 17 Damavand 44.8 7467 85.2 90.2 5.1 18 Khoy 43.7 8231 94.0 86.9 0.8 19 Yazd 46.1 7481 85.4 79.7 1.7 20 Yazd -shirkooh 45.1 8229 93.9 65.6 0.9 Total 107463
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From the table 3 we can have a statically view on the nominal power of each planet in the chart below (Figure 9):
Figure 9: bar chart of nominal power capacity of all combined cycle power plants
The topology map of the combined cycle power plants can be shown in the map below (figure 10) that all of them have been marked.
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Figure 10: map of combined cycle power plants positions
4. Hydro power stations
Theory of hydro power station:
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower, the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation.
34
to adapt to changing energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants. Figure 11 will present a diagram of structure of hydro power plants.
Figure 11: diagram of a water power plant [24]
There are 53 dam which include hydro power plants in Iran. Thanks to a lots of mountains in Iran’s nature there are many river also. Three of the most important rivers are: Karoun, Sefid Roud and Aras. These three rivers are enough powerful to build several power plants on them. Unfortunately, during last several years the nature of Iran faced with a kind of drought which has a bad effect on the power of the rivers and also the rate of production of the hydro power plants on them. According to the report of electricity power ministry of Iran during year 2014 some of the rivers were completely dry and the production of their power plants were zero for one year.
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Total nominal power of the hydro power plants is 15083 MW. The total production of one year of them (2014) is 13,682 GWH which is 5.1 % of whole production of country’s power of electricity. The table 4 can show all the plants and their details. The numbers are related to year 2014.
num
be
r
Name of Power Plant State Year
Nominal power (MW) Mean practical power (MW) Exploitation of peak power network (MW)
1 Amir Kabir Alborz 1961 90.00 90 85
2 Taleghan Alborz 2006 18.00
3 Qiz Ghale si Ardebil 2013 40.00
4 Raees ali Delvari Booshehr 2008 70.00
5 Karun-4 Chehar mahal va Bakhtiyari 2010 1,000.00 1000 920
6 Kouhrang Chehar mahal va Bakhtiyari 2004 39.30 39 0
7 Yasooj Chehar mahal va Bakhtiyari 1993 18.00 18 0
8 Menj Chehar mahal va Bakhtiyari 2009 5.00 5 0
9 Aras East Azarbayejan 22.00 22 11
10 Moghan East Azarbayejan 2002 13.00 13 0
11 Araz (ir) East Azarbayejan 1971 22
12 Khoda Afarin Dam East Azarbayejan 2008 100.00
13 Shahryar East Azarbayejan 2012 27.00
14 Marazad East Azarbayejan 36.00
15 Zayandeh Rud Esfahan 1970 55.50 56 28
16 Golab Esfahan 1996 2.80 3 0
17 Mollasadra Dam Fars 2007 100.00 100 0
18 Drudzan Fars 1989 10.00 10 0
19 Shahid Talebi (sepidan) Fars 1994 2.25 2 0
20 Salman e Farsi Fars 2009 13.00
21 Sefid Rud Dam Gilan 1964 87.50 88 0
22 Manjil Gilan 1964 87.5
23 Gamasyab Hamedan 1999 2.80 3 0
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num
be
r
Name of Power Plant State Year
Nominal power (MW) Mean practical power (MW) Exploitation of peak power network (MW)
25 Jiroft Dam Kerman 1997 32.40 32 24
26 Piran Kermanshah 2011 8.50 9 0
27 Dez-1 Khoozestan 1962 520.00 520 417
28 Karkheh Khoozestan 2002 399.99 400 282
29 Karun-3 Khoozestan 2004 2,000.00 2000 1592
30 Masjed-e-soleiman-1 Khoozestan 2002 2,000.00
31 Upper Gotvand Khoozestan 2012 1,000.00 1000 729
32 Karun-1 (abaspoor) Khoozestan 1977 2,000.00 2000 1525
33 Maroun Dam Khoozestan 2004 75.00 75 66
34 Masjed-e-soleiman-2 Khoozestan 2008 2,000.00 2000 1667 35 Sar-rud Khorasan 1987 1.07 36 Gavoshan Kordestan 2004 11 37 seirem Lorestan 2004 1.10 38 Darehtakht-1 Lorestan 2006 0.68 0.7 0 39 Darehtakht-2 Lorestan 2001 0.86 0.9 0 40 Bakhtiari Lorestan 2016 1,500.00
41 Ghadir (vafraghan) Markazi 1996 10.40 10 0
42 Ghadir (asiyabak) Markazi 1997 5.20 5 0
43 Forghan Dam Markazi 1996 10.40
44 Siah-bishe Mazandaran 2013 1,040.00 1040 500
45 Shahid Rajaee Dam Mazandaran 2009 15.00 15 6
46 Jannat Rudbar Mazandaran 1996 1.00 1.0 0
47 maran Mazandaran 2004 0.04
48 Latyan Tehran 1969 45.00 45 39
49 Kalan Tehran 1988 115.50 116 0
50 Lavarak Tehran 2009 44.00 44 0
51 Taleqan Dam Tehran 2006 18.00 18 0
52 Mahabad West Azarbayjan 1972 6.00 6 3
53 Ardeh Gilan 1991 0.13
37 Number Name of Power Plant Internal consumpt ion (MWh) Internal consumption (percent) Special production (MWh) Actual capacity utilization plant (percent) Average annual operating plant (hour) The share of total power production (percent) co mmen t 1 Amir Kabir 1709 2.1 80131 10.4 1446 0.0 2 Taleghan 3 Qiz Ghale si 4 Raees ali Delvari
5 Karun-4 5877 0.4 1349976 15.5 1893 0.5 6 Kouhrang 564 1.0 55753 16.4 2715 0.0 7 Yasooj 9 0.2 27873 20.3 12015 0.0 6 small dam power plant 8 Menj 0 0.0 9 Aras 2322 4.6 48079 26.2 2906 0.0 10 Moghan 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 Araz (ir) 12 Khoda Afarin Dam 13 Shahryar 14 Marazad 15 Zayandeh Rud 760 0.6 124749 25.8 3725 0.0 16 Golab 0 0.0 17 Mollasadra Dam 907 1.0 92649 10.7 2046 0.0 18 Drudzan 22 0.2 10572 12.1 1097 0.0 19 Shahid Talebi (sepidan) 1 0.0 4372 22.2 2811 0.0 20 Salman e Farsi
21 Sefid Rud Dam 394 0.3 131326 17.2 1554 0.0
38 Number Name of Power Plant Internal consumpt ion (MWh) Internal consumption (percent) Special production (MWh) Actual capacity utilization plant (percent) Average annual operating plant (hour) The share of total power production (percent) co mmen t 30 Masjed-e-soleiman-1 31 Upper Gotvand 7649 0.3 2186657 25.0 3169 0.8 32 Karun-1 (abaspoor) 10983 0.5 2187988 12.6 2769 0.8 33 Maroun Dam 881 0.4 241210 36.8 4552 0.1 34 Masjed-e-soleiman-2 4221 0.2 2528363 14.5 1688 0.9 35 Sar-rud Out of Network 36 Gavoshan 37 seirem Out of Network 38 Darehtakht-1 0.0 Out of Network 39 Darehtakht-2 5 0.3 1934 25.7 3030 0.0 Out of Network 40 Bakhtiari 41 Ghadir (vafraghan) 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 42 Ghadir (asiyabak) 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 43 Forghan Dam 44 Siah-bishe 4306 0.8 504667 5.6 744 0.2 45 Shahid Rajaee Dam 129 0.5 23911 18.3 2110 0.0
46 Jannat Rudbar 0.0 Out of
Network 47 maran Out of Network 48 Latyan 229 0.8 30129 7.7 860 0.0 49 Kalan 599 0.7 86634 8.6 1606 0.0 50 Lavarak 1 0.0 64487 16.7 1797 0.0 51 Taleqan Dam 182 2.2 8048 5.2 1145 0.0 52 Mahabad 32 0.5 5836 11.2 1737 0.0 53 Ardeh Out of Network Total 84,780 13,777,583 74,722
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According to the table 4 we can have a quick view on the different nominal power of the Hydro power plants on the below chart in figure 12:
Figure 12: bar chart of nominal power capacity of all hydro power plants
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1,000.00 1,200.00 1,400.00 1,600.00 1,800.00 2,000.00 Amir Kabir Qiz Ghale si Karun-4 Yasooj Aras Araz (ir) Shahryar Zayandeh Rud Mollasadra Dam Shahid Talebi (sepidan)
Sefid Rud Dam Gamasyab Jiroft Dam Dez-1 Karun-3 Upper Gotvand Maroun Dam Sar-rud seirem Darehtakht-2 Ghadir (vafraghan) Forghan Dam Shahid Rajaee Dam maran Kalan Taleqan Dam Ardeh
40
Also we can show the place of the hydro power plants on the map as like as figure 13:
Figure 13: map of hydro power plants positions
5. Wind power plant
Theory of wind power plants:
41
gas emissions during operation and uses little land. The effects on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other power sources.
Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher. Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electricity to isolated off-grid locations.
Wind power is very consistent from year to year but has significant variation over shorter time scales. It is therefore used in conjunction with other sources to give a reliable supply. As the proportion of wind power in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur. Power management techniques such as having excess capacity storage, geographically distributed turbines, dispatch able backing sources, storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and importing power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is low, can greatly mitigate these problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits the electricity network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur. Figure 14 presents structure of a wind power plant.
Figure 14: wind power plant diagram [25]
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producing electricity by wind is in a good situation in Iran. There are some area that even have season powerful wind like Sistan. A city which has a 120 nonstop, powerful, windy days every year. There are some other places like there also.
The most powerful of them are: Takestan, Kahak and Tabriz. And the first one has built in 1994 which called Manjil power plant.
Total nominal power of the wind power plants is 171 MW. But there is not an exact number for the total production of one year because the share of wind power production of total production of country is less than 1%. The table 5 can show all the plants and their details. The numbers are related to year 2014.
number Name of Power Plant State Year Nominal power (MW)
1 Manjil Gilan 1994 92
2 Binalood Khorasan 2004 29
3 Sarab Garm Ardebil 2014 0.66
4 sareyn Ardebil 2012 0.66
5 nir Ardebil 2014 0.66
6 Tabriz(oun ebn Ali) East Azarbayejan 2009 2.0
7 Esfahan Esfahan 2012 0.66 8 Shiraz Fars 2010 0.66 9 mahshahr Khoozestan 2010 0.66 10 Khaf Khorasan 2012 3.50 11 takestan Qazvin 2014 20 12 Kahak Qazvin 2013 20
13 Zabol Sistan va Baloochestan 2009 0.66
Total 171
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According to table 5 we can compare the rate of power of each wind power plant as the figure 15:
Figure 15: bar chart of nominal power capacity of all wind power plants
Also we can specify the location of each wind power plant on map as like as figure 16:
Figure 16: map of wind power plants positions
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6. Nuclear power plant
Theory of Nuclear power plants:
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity. Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations, since fuel is a small part of the cost of production.
The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly, as in conventional thermal power plants. The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (a light water reactor). Directly or indirectly, water vapor (steam) is produced. The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine. After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam, the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser. The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower. The water is then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again. The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle. Figure 17 shows the diagram of a nuclear power plant.
Figure 17: a nuclear power plant diagram [20]
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completely a revolution happened in Iran and the process of the power station has stopped. Finally, in 2010 the power plant start to producing electricity by help of Russia. Because of doubt of International Atomic Energy Agency to usage of Iran from the nuclear power plants for military usages, Iran faced a global nuclear sanction that cause Iran could not improve its nuclear power plants.so by now there is just three Nuclear power plants in the network of producing electricity. The first one is Bushehr and the other ones are Arak and Darkhoyen. Total nominal power of the nuclear power plants is 1420 MW The total production of one year of them (2014) is 4,546 GWH which is 1.7 % of whole production of country’s power of electricity. The table 6 can show all the plants and their details. The numbers are related to year 2014.
number Name of Power Plant State Year Nominal power (MW)
1 Bushehr Booshehr 2010 1020
2 Darkhoyen Khoozestan 2016 360
3 Arak Markazi 2011 40
Total 1420
Table 6: List of nuclear power plants and their specifications
Also we can compare their nominal power according to the table 6 then see the chart in figure 18 as result.
Figure 18: bar chart of nominal power capacity of all nuclear power plants
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Bushehr Darkhoyen Arak
nominal power (MW)
46
If we want to consider about their location in Iran we can mark them in the map as like as figure 19.
Figure 19: map of nuclear power plants positions
7. Solar power plant
Theory of solar power plants:
47
Photovoltaics were initially, and still are, used to power small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array. They are an important and relatively inexpensive source of electrical energy where grid power is inconvenient, unreasonably expensive to connect, or simply unavailable. However, as the cost of solar electricity is falling, solar power is also increasingly being used even in grid-connected situations as a way to feed low-carbon energy into the grid. Figure 20 can present the structure of a solar power plant.
Figure 20: diagram of solar power plant [26]
As same as wind power plants Iran has a very good potential for using solar power even much more than wind power. Iran has a various climate in the country but the most part of Iran has dry weather which have good sunshine for solar power plants. However it’s still a new way of producing energy in Iran that should compete with fossil fuel plants when the solar power plants cost too much.
There are 9 solar power plant in the network right now. The three of most powerful of them are: Yazd, Malard and Artin e Iranian. The oldest one in the network is khouznan.
48
number Name of Power Plant State Year Nominal power
(MW)
1 Yazd Yazd 2009 17
2 taleghan Alborz 2003 0.050
3 tabriz East Azarbayejan 2009 0.020
4 Ahvaz Khoozestan 2012 0.020
5 khouznan Qazvin 2002 0.030
6 Birjand university South Khorasan 2012 0.024
7 Atrin e iranian Tehran 2014 0.510
8 Malard Tehran 2014 0.514
9 Shiraz Solar Fars 2009 0.500
Total 18.668
Table 7: List of solar power plants and their specifications
According to the table 7 we can have a comparison between the solar power plants about their nominal power in figure 21:
Figure 21: bar chart of nominal power capacity of all solar power plants
17.000 0.050 0.020 0.020 0.030 0.024 0.510 0.514 0.500 0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 18.000
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If we are interested in topology graph of the solar power plants we can see the figure 22:
Figure 22: map of solar power plants positions
8. Biogas power plants
Theory of biogas power plants:
50
Biogas is mostly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The gases can be oxidized with oxygen. Biogas can be used as a fuel by releasing this energy what can be used for any heating purpose like a gas engine to producing electricity.
As same as natural gas, biogas can be compressed too for using in power plants.in the figure 23 we can see a structure of a biogas plant.
Figure 23: diagram of biogas power plant [10]
Biogas plants are new power plants in Iran and mostly they are work and do research about them but they have built some. There are just five biogas power plants in the network right now. And all of them has built in last six years.
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Number Name of Power Plant State Year Nominal power (MW)
1 Mashad Landfill Khorasan 2009 0.66
2 Tehran bio gas Tehran 2012 4.00
3 Tehran landfill Tehran 2012 1.90
4 Tehran landfill 2 Tehran 2014 3.00
5 Shiraz Fertilizer Fars 2009 1.20
Total 10.76
Table 8: List of biogas power plants and their specifications
By looking at the table 7 we can compare the nominal power of the bio gas plants in the figure24.
Figure 24: bar chart of nominal power capacity of all biogas power plants
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Mashad Landfill Tehran bio gas Tehran landfil Tehran landfil 2 Shiraz Fertilzer
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Also we can see the position of each plant on the map in figure 25.
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Total overview of production
As a total view we can say there are 197 power plants in Iran which they are producing electricity now and the most one is gas power plants. We can see the table 9 and figure 26 to compare them.
Kind of plant Number of plant
Nominal power (MW)
production for one year (2014) (GWH)
share of production for one year (2014) (percent)
Thermal 28 18290.2 85624 31.2 Gas 66 25509.63 73340 26.7 combined cycle 20 19461 96823 35.3 Hydro 53 15082.41 13862 5.1 Nuclear 3 1420 4546 1.7 Wind 13 171 284 0.1 solar 9 18.668 Biogas 5 10.76 Total 197 79963.668 274479
Table 9: number of different kind of power plants
Figure 26: pie chart of the number of different kind of power plants 28 66 20 53 3 13 9 5
Number of plants
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Figure 27: bar chart of total nominal power of different kind of power plants
Figure 28: bar chart of total power production during year 2014 base on each kind of power plants
According to the table 9 and figures 26, 27 and 28 we can see that the most share of total power production is for combined cycle power plants which they are just 20. It shows that they are more efficient in comparison to the other kind of fossil fuels power plants.
In another point of view we can care about the number of plants in different states. There are 30 states in Iran and Khuzestan has the most share of power plants. That’s because it has located in the south of Iran where
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Thermal Gas combined cycle Hydro Nuclear Wind solar Biogas
Nominal power (MW)
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000Thermal Gas combined cycle Hydro Nuclear Wind,Solar,Biogas
55
there are many sources of fuel like gas. In the figure 29 the share of each state from 197 power plants has been shown.
Figure 29: bar chart of number of power plants in each state of Iran
0 5 10 15 20 Goles tan Qo m Zan jan Hamed an Kord es tan N o rth Khoras an Se m n an Ilam Ch e h ar mahal v a Bakh tiyari Kerman sh ah So ut h K h o ra sa n West A za rb ayjan Albo rz Ar deb il Lo re stan Markazi Qa zv in Ho rmozg an Si stan va Baloo ch e stan Yazd Kerman Gi lan Mazand ar an Boosh eh r Kh oras an Es fahan Eas t A zarba yejan Fa rs Te h ran Kh oo zes tan
56
Production overview through the history
If we want to take a quick look on the details of the power production of Iran during years 1978 – 2013, table10 can be helpful. Description Unit 2013 2004 1999 1994 1988 1978 Average Annual Growth 2011 to1978 Cap acit y Nominal Capacity Mw 70279 37300 25205 20413 13681 7024 6.8 Average Operational Capacity Mw 61907 33801 23990 19326 11734 6362 6.7 Peak Load ( Coincident ) Mw 45659 27600 19238 14344 7762 3486 7.6
Max. Supplied Load Simultaneous with Max. Consumption
Period
Mw 46474 28076 19402 14344 7762 3486 7.7
Max. Power Demand Mw 46474 29267 19805 14424 8112 3643 7.5
Genera tion Gross Generation GWH 262192 162870 107207 77086 43775 17386 8.1 Internal Consumption of Power Plants GWH 8727 7113 4959 3616 2120 835 6.9 Net Generation GWH 253465 155757 102248 73470 41655 16551 8.1 Electrical Energy Import GWH 3707 2170 340 Electrical Energy Export GWH 11586 1837 1125 197
Max. daily Electrical
Power Generation GWH 985 555 360 241 134 59 8.4
Max. daily Electrical
Power Demand GWH 995 565 362 239 158 60 8.4 Load Factor % 65.6 67.2 63.6 61 64.4 56.9 0.25 Fu el C on su m p ti on Natural Gas 10 6M3 36648 32681 21234 12541 5730 1380 9.8 Diesel 106Lit 12186 2188 1073 1151 1517 1472 6.2
Heavy Oil 106Lit 15263 5736 5946 5887 3839 1015 8.1
Fuels Thermal Value 109kcal 565332 358724 248179 182866 102696 36200 8.2
Average Efficiency of
Thermal Units % 37 36.5 35.1 32.0 30.5 26.5 0.3
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If we are interested in the growth of nominal capacity of power plants in the country between years 1967 and 2014 we can consider table 11.
58 Year Thermal (MW) Gas (MW) Combin ed Cycle (MW) Diesel (MW) Hydro (MW) Nuclear& Renewable Energy (MW) Whole Country (MW) Growth Compared to Previous Year (%) 1992 8710 4794 0 856 1953 0 16313 9.9 1993 9513 5934 0 812 1953 0 18212 11.6 1994 10742 6960 0 758 1953 0 20413 12.1 1995 11557 7746 0 658 1953 0 21914 7.4 1996 11621 8168 0 662 1969 0 22420 2.3 1997 11685 8896 0 677 1999 0 23257 3.7 1998 12400 9422 0 616 1999 0 24437 5.1 1999 13102 9530 0 574 1999 0 25205 3.1 2000 14126 6770 3760 533 1999 0 27188 7.9 2001 14776 7565 4060 533 1999 11 28944 6.5 2002 14840 6857 6290 490 3028 12 31517 8.9 2003 14904 7663 6831.7 493 4420 16 34328 8.9 2004 15229 9710 6832 493 5012 25 37300 8.7 2005 15577 12050 6832 493 6043 37 41032 10.0 2006 15553 14861 7836 418 6572 47 45288 10.4 2007 15598 15433 10479 418 7422 63 49413 9.1 2008 15598 18076 11117 418 7672 63 52944 7.1 2009 15704 18667 13664 425 7714 92 56268 6.3 2010 15704 22525 13984 409 8486 95 61203 8.8 2011 15822 24342 14780 408 8745 1116 65212 6.6 2012 15830 26003 15744 439 9745 1181 68941 5.7 2013 15830 24715 17850 439 10265 1181 70279 1.9 2014 18290 25510 19461 - 15089 1620 79964 13.7
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The details in the table 11 can be compare in the chart that has shown in figure 30:
Figure 30: bar chart of the growth of production power since 1967 until 2014
The power plants development and improvement for future
There are 48 power plants that they are under construction or in research and design level. Most of them are hydro power plant or combined cycle. As it has mentioned before combined cycle power plants have good efficiency so Iran has decided to improve them. Many of gas or thermal power plants are going to convert to combined cycle power plants also. In the table 12 the list of power plants which will join to the production network in future is mentioned.
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
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Number Name of Power Plant State Nominal power
(MW) Type
1 Abo-mosa Hormozgan 10.000 Gas
2 Haris East Azarbayjan 1,000.0 Combined cycle
3 Kazemi Fars 968.0 Combined cycle
4 Geno Hormozgan 968.0 Combined cycle
5 Al-mahdi Smelter Hormozgan 500.00 Combined cycle
6 Dalahoo Kermanshah 484.0 Combined cycle
7 Behbahan Khoozestan 984.0 Combined cycle
8 Mahshahr Khoozestan 968.0 Combined cycle
9 West of Karoon Khoozestan 492.0 Combined cycle
10 Khoramabad Lorestan 1,936.0 Combined cycle
11 West of mazandaran Mazandaran 484.000 Combined cycle
12 Pasargad Qeshm Island 486.0 Combined cycle
13 Estil Azin Iranian Semnan 500.0 Combined cycle
14 Meshkinshahr Ardebil 55.0 Geothermal
15 Namhil Ardebil 496.0 Hydro
16 Pir Taghi Ardebil 240.0 Hydro
17 Bazaft Chehar mahal va Bakhtiyari 240.0 Hydro
18 Karoon 5 Chehar mahal va Bakhtiyari 500.0 Hydro
19 Sardrood East Azarbayejan 20.0 Hydro
20 Tarik gilan 2.8 Hydro
21 Golestan Golestan 5.6 Hydro
22 Haj Ghalandar Golestan 80.0 Hydro
23 Liro Golestan 324.0 Hydro
24 Ilam Ilam 1,000.0 Hydro
25 Garshagdar pir Kermanshah 200.0 Hydro
26 Paveh Rood Kermanshah 250.0 Hydro
27 Dez Regulating Khoozestan 28.0 Hydro
28 Dez-2 Khoozestan 930.0 Hydro
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Number Name of Power Plant State Nominal power
(MW) Type
30 Jarash Khoozestan 48.0 Hydro
31 Karkheh 2 Khoozestan 118.0 Hydro
32 Karoon Baroon Khoozestan 284.0 Hydro
33 Zalaki Khoozestan 466.0 Hydro
34 Kalat Khorasan 292.0 Hydro
35 Khorasan 1 Khorasan 2,638.0 Hydro
36 Khorasan 2 Khorasan 580.0 Hydro
37 Khorasan 3 Khorasan 315.0 Hydro
38 Doosti Khorasan 0.000 Hydro
39 Azad Kordestan 30.0 Hydro
40 Rudbar-e-lorestan Lorestan 450.0 Hydro
41 Sezar Lorestan 265.0 Hydro
42 Tang Mashooreh Lorestan 167.0 Hydro
43 Chamestan Mazandaran 135.0 Hydro
44 Namarestagh Mazandaran 33.5 Hydro
45 New Sazin zanjan 300.0 Hydro
46 Sazin zanjan 375.0 Hydro
47 Micro 0.2 Hydro
48 Jarandagh Qazvin 60.0 wind
Table 12: under construction or in progress power plants
Transmission lines
In Iran there are two way for transmitting electric power: overhead and underground.
Overhead lines usually use for high voltage lines like 400 KV and 230 KV. Underground transmission lines are suitable for 132 KV and 63(66) KV. The underground lines are good for environment but they are expensive in comparison whit overhead lines. Length of the transmission lines for 400 KV, 230 KV, 132 KV and 63(66) KV are: 19995, 30732, 22919, 47105 Km circuit respectively by the end of year 2014.
62 Zone (State) Type of line
Transmission Lines (Km circuit)
