http://www.diva-portal.org
This is the published version of a chapter published in Nordic Demography in History and Present- Day Society.
Citation for the original published chapter:
De Geer, E. (2001)
Migration in the World 1846-1996.: The Main Trends with Particular Reference to Europe and Sweden. A Cartographic Approach.
In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic Demography in History and Present- Day Society (pp. 347-366). Umeå: Umeå universitet
N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.
Permanent link to this version:
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132935
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]t `som`h` kjkpg\odji di^m`\n`n di=amd^\) `\no`mi >m\udg \i_F\q\+
Eodnrjmocijodiboc\oorjm`bdjinamjhoc`admnok`mdj_ja`hdbm\*
odjiéqdu+jq`m*kjkpg\o`_Apmjk`\i_F\k\iéc\q`_ji`\^jhkg`o`
opmi\mjpi_ \i_ \m` ijr dh kjmo\io \m`\n ja dhhdbm\odji) pigdf`
?cdi\ \i_ oc` Ei_d\i np]^jiodi`io+
N_\]lkli\:
Sc\ordggoc`apopm`]mdibdio`mhnjahdbm\odjik\oo`min<@`nkdo`oc`
QJ$nk`\^`\^odjin)oc`QJD?N`nodh\o`noc`iph]`mjam`apb``ndi
oc`rjmg_ di.662 oj ]` \mjpi_ 2- hdggdji ?\iocdibn b`orjmn`<
Eioc`admnokg\^`) ji`^\i^jpiojidi^m`\n`_ \io\bjidnh]`or``i
\m`\n jadhhdbm\odji \i_ `hdbm\odjirdoc m`nomd^odjin \i_ hjm` dgg`*
b\g hdbm\odji\n \m`npgo+ Ei\__dodji) di\gg kmj]\]dgdot) oc`m` rdgg]`
hjm` `ocid^ ^jiagd^on diomjkd^\g=amd^\ dik\mod^pg\m* j^^\ndji`_ ]t)
\h jib joc`m ocdibn oc` ]jm_`mn*g`b\^t ja oc` ^jgjid\g k`mdj_*di
^jh]di\odji rdoc ^jiodip`_) pi\]\o`_ kjkpg\odji di^m`\n`n+
Ip^c _`k`i_n ji r c\o oc` QJ %kmdh\mdgt oc` QO=) F\k\i \i_
oc`AQ&\m`km`k\m`_ojdiq`nodihji`t%\i_dioc`gdq`njaoc`dmjri
k`jkg`& ajmk`\^`*f``kdibajm^`n dioc`apopm`+
Pc`Apmjk`\ik`mnk`^odq`jihdbm\odji.513*.663
Apmjk` é kjgdod^\ggt) `ocid^\ggt \i_ `^jijh d^\ggt _dqd_`_) \i_
_ti\hd^\ndodn é n``hnkm`_`nodi`_ojhdbm\odji)ajm]jocbjj_\i_
`qdg+Pcdndn\bjj_m`\njiajmo\fdib\^gjn`mgjjf\ooc`^c\dija`q`ion
ncjri jioc` ajggjrdibocm`` h\kn+
N_\Ai\Xk?d`^iXk`fe\gfZ_,3/1(,4.+
Pc` \kkmjsdh\o`gt 2- hdggdji `hdbm\ion oj oc` =h`md^\n r`m` q`mt
pi`q`igt _dnomd]po`_ jq`m oc` Apmjk`\i ^jiodi`io %Bdbpm` 3 &+ Cm`\o
>mdo\di) C`mh\it) oc` @ji\phji\m^ct \i_ oc` Jjm_d^ ^jpiomd`n \g*
hjno`s^gpndq`gto\mb`o`_Jjmoc=h`md^\)rcdg`k`jkg`amjhEo\gt\i_
oc`E]`md\iL`idinpg\`hdbm\o`_oj]jocOjpoc\i_Jjmoc=h`md^\+ Eo
* 021 *
dn r jmoc ijodib oc\o Bm\i^` _d_ ijo k\mod^dk\o` k\mod^pg\mgt é \i
dindbidad^\io kjkpg\odji di^m`\n` nd_` ]t nd_` ja don jri `sk\indji
h\_` `hdbm\odji pii`^`nn\mt %@` C``m .644 kk+ 00*03& Pc` jao`i
jq`mgjjf`_ bm`\o `hdbm\odjin amjh Apmjk` oj oc` `\no \m` c`m`8 oc\o
rcd^cjmdbdi\o`_di=pnomd\*Dpib\mt)amjhnjpocC`mh\ino\o`n]po
\gnj amjh oc` r`no`mi k\mon ja Npnnd\ é oj k\mod^pg\mgt oc` `\no`mi
k\mon jaApmjk`\iNpnnd\ %oc`Rjgb\m`bdji&) \i_ojOd]`md\\gjiboc`
Pm\in*Od]`md\im\dgr\t+ Pc` dhkjmo\i^` jaoc` _dnk\mdot ja om\inkjmo
^jnon da ji g\i_ jm \o n`\ \^^jpion ajm hp^c ja oc` _daa`m`i^`n %@`
C``m .644) kk+ 65*.--&+
Bdbpm` 3 + ?lifg\) N_\ ^i\Xk \d`^iXk`fe ,3/1(,4.+) =_`\]cp \d`^iXk`fe
kf ;d\i`ZX' kf Xe[ `e Lljj`X)
P b _ h o g \ _lm ch ^ c] [ n_ g cffci h m +
P b _ \ il^ _lm b _l_ `lig [ \ i o n . 5 4 -
Pc`Ppmfn$b`ij^d_`jaoc`=mh`id\in_pmdib\i_\ao`mSjmg_S\m
E m`npgo`_ di h\nn `hdbm\odji) rcdg` oc` r \m ]`or``i Cm``^` \i_
Ppmf`tm`npgo`_dioc``s^c\ib`ja.hdggdjiPpmfnajm3--)---Cm``fn+
?lifg\Xe[Q fic[Q XiC C ,4.1(,4/4
@`nkdo` ]`dib np^c \ ncjmo k`mdj_) ocdn k`mdj_ di^gp_`n ajpm h\ejm
hdbm\odjin %Bdbpm` 4&+ =n \ km`gp_` oc` >jgnc`qdf b`ij^d_` ja oc`
Q fm\di\i fpg\fn ojjf kg\^` njh` t`\mn ]`ajm`+ @ pmdib oc` `iodm`
k`mdj_)di_dqd_p\gn\i_^\o`bjmd`njadi_dqd_p\gnr`m`_`kjmo`_rdocdi
oc` OMML oj oc` `\no \i_ ijmoc+ Pc` _`kjmo\odjin _pmdib oc` r \m
\kkgd`_oj`iodm``ocid^bmjpknnp^c\n?mdh`\iP\mo\mn)?c`^c`id\in)
Eibpncd\in) Rjgb\ C`mh\in) \i_ Eibmd\i Bdiin+ HXq` A\idXep omd`_
oj ^jgg`^o \i_ `so`mhdi\o` \n h\it F`rn \i_ Cdknd`n \n oc`t ^jpg_)
\i_ojb`o\nhp^cajm^`_g\]jpm\nkjnnd]g`diojdondi_pnomd`n+I\digt
_p`ojoc`cdbchjmo\gdotm\o`) %k\mod^pg\mgt\hjibNpnnd\ikmdnji`mn
jar\m&) hjnojaoc`n`k`jkg`i`q`mm`opmi`_oj oc`dm jmdbdi\gcjh`n+
Eioc`adi\gno\b`njaoc`r\m)kmdh\mdgt]`ajm`)]po`q`idioc`k\ocja
oc`\_q\i^`jaoc`Npnnd\i\mht\i`ijmhjpnh\nnhdbm\odjij^^pmm`_
oj oc` r`no+ Pc` C`mh\in r`m` _mdq`i jpo) oc` Ljg`n di `\no`mi Ljg*
\i_ hjq`_ amjh oc` \m`\n \ii`s`_ ]t oc` QOON oj oc` \m`\n g`ao]t
oc` C`mh\in dioc`r`no+ Pj oc` Npnnd\i) ]pokm`qdjpngt `\no`miLj*
gdncm`bdjin)Qfm\did\in)Scdo`Npnnd\in\i_Npnnd\inr`m`_`kjmo`_+
Pc`?u`^cn_mjq`jpoocm``hdggdjiOp_`o`iC`mh\in\i_adgg`_oc`n`
r`no`mi>jc`hd\im`bdjinrdococ`dmjrik`jkg`+ Eioc`>\gf\in) oc`
nj*^\gg`_ Rjgf_`pon^c` r`m`oj \g\mb``so`io_mdq`ijpojaNjh\*
id\) Upbjng\qd\ \i_ Dpib\mt+
Bdbpm` 4+ ?lifg\ ,4.1(,4/3) N_\ ?gfZ_ f ]Q Q CC)
Bil]_^ Ical[ncih
[h^ N_`oa__m+
Bclmn mn[a_8 ^_jiln[ncihm _[ mn*
q[l^m [h^ l_`o a __m q _mnq [l^m+
O_]ih^ mn[a_8 l_`o a__m [h^
`il]_^ g ca l[ nci h q _mnq [l^m
ch A[mn* [h^ ?_hnl[f Aolij_+
. g cfdih [h^ gil_
.-- -- - ni . g cffcih
%Bil O q _^_h 0- --- ni 4- ---&
P b_ b i fi ] [ o mn
[l_[ %F_q m)
%?& A+ @` C``m .663+
[h^ inb _lm&
EiO^\i_di\qd\)oc`m`r\noc`hdbm\odjija1--)---G\m`gd\inrcj)
di^jiepi^odjirdococ`BdiidncSdio`mS\m)gjnooc`dmm`bdjidi`\no`mi
Bdig\i_ oj oc` Ojqd`o Qidji+ Pc`i Or`_`i m`^`dq`_ oc` >\god^ ]j\o
* 023 *
l_`oa__m)nb__p[]o__m`ligBchhcmbH[jf[h^)[h^nb_Jilq_ac[h[h^
@[hcmb l_`oa__m+ Pb_ 22)--- Ehalc[h Bchhm `lig nb_ H_hchal[^ [l_[
qbi) [`n_l [ ncg_ ch Bchf[h^) g[chfs l_nolh_^ ni nb_ QOON %Oc\_lc[)
_n]+& [l_ [fmi g[le_^+
Pb_]_hnl[fAolij_[hl_`oa__m* j[lnc]of[lfsF_qm* qbiq_hn[q[s
ni nb_ QO= [l_ [fmi nb_l_ ih nb_ g[j) [m [l_ nb_ Bl_h]bg_h [h^
inb_lm qbi) [`n_l nb_ q[l) \_a[h ni f_[p_ Jilnb=`lc][ `il Bl[h]_+
Q fibd`^iXekjXe[Xjpcld j\\b\ij`eflik`d\,4/4(,441
Blig \_cha nb_ f[la_mn [l_[ i` _gcal[ncih .-- s_[lm [ai) S_mn_lh
Aolij_b[mhiq\_]ig_nb_al_[n_mnn[la_ni`cggcal[ncih[`n_lJilnb
=g_lc][ %Bcaol_ 5&+ En cm jlcg[lcfs S_mn C_lg[hs nb[n b[m \__h nb_
gimncgjiln[hn^_mnch[ncih`ilgcal[hnm`lignb_mionb*_[mn[h^_[mn)
qbcf_Bl[h]_b[mn[e_hchgcal[hnm`lignb_mionb á gimnfsl_nolhcha
gcal[hnm `lig Jilnb =`lc][+ Eggcal[ncih ni Oq_^_h b[m ]ig_ `lig
nb_ hilnb _[mn [h^ mionb*_[mn+ Pb_ mcahc`c][hn cggcal[ncihm ni Cl_[n
>lcn[ch[h^nb_J_nb_lf[h^m`lignb_cl`ilg_lnl[hmi]_[hc]n_llcnilc_m
[l_ hin g[le_^ b_l_+
Bcaol_ 5+ ?lifg\ ,4/4(,441) ?Zfefd`Z d`^iXekj Xe[ Xjpcld(j\\b\ij)
. g cffcih
[h^ g il_
.-- --- ni
. g cffcih
= l_[m i ` _]i h i g c]
_ r j [ h mci h [h^
cg g c a l [ n ci h + ' '
H [la_l _ ] i h i g c] [ ffs
%?& A+ @` C``m .663
JXc\jk`e\Xe[CjiX\cX]k\iQ fic[Q XiCC
Pc` dhhdbm\odji jaF`rn oj L\g`nodi` ^jiodip`_ hj_`m\o`gt _pmdib
oc` k`mdj_ ]`or``i oc` rjmg_ r\mn ]po di^m`\n`_ _m\h\od^\ggt \ao`m
Sjmg_S\mEErc`ioc`no\o`jaEnm\`gr\nkmj^g\dh`_ %Bdbpm`6&+ Pc`
r\mdi.615m`npgo`_di\g\mb`iph]`mjaL\g`nodid\im`apb``n`i_dib
pk di^\hkn dii`dbc]jpmdib^jpiomd`n+ Pc` ^jiodip`_ F`rdncdhhd*
bm\odji ^\h` h\digt amjh oc` QOON \i_ joc`m ^jpiomd`n di A\no`mi
Apmjk`np^c\nNjh\id\\i_Ljg\i_)]pog\o`m\gnjamjh\iph]`mja
=m\]d^ ^jpiomd`n di Jjmoc =amd^\ %Ijmj^^j) Ppidnd\ \i_ Abtko& \i_
di oc` Id__g` A\no %Em\l) Em\i \i_ U`h`i&+ Ei \__dodji) do ncjpg_ ]`
h`iodji`_oc\oh\itL\g`nodid\inhjq`_ojoc`QO=)\i_oc\o\g\mb`
iph]`mjaF`rnc\q` ^jh`oj oc`QO=amjhEnm\`g+
Bdbpm` 6+ PfclekXip Xe[]fiZ\[ d`^iXk`fe Xdfe^ CjiX\c`j Xe[
JXc\jk`e`Xej ,4/3(,441)
L [ f_ mn ch c[ h m
-
,++ +++
F _ q m
! .-- ---
Ö 2- ---Ö /- ---
D E m l [ _ f
Pc``s\hkg`jaOr`_`i
?d`^iXk`fe]ifd Mn\[\e,32+(,4,/
Pc` hjno dio`indq` k`mdj_ ja `hdbm\odji di oc` cdnojmt ja Or`_`i
j^^pmm`_ _pmdibocdnk`mdj_ %`q`idaoc`m`r\n \i\ao`mh\ocdi.6/0&+
Pc`h\k%Bdbpm`.-& ncjrnkmdh\mdgtrcd^c\m`\nr`m`hjno\aa`^o`_
]t `hdbm\odjioj Jjmoc=h`md^\+
Aodjkd`i P . e `h `i
* 025 *
Bdbpm` .-+ ;i\Xj f]\d`^iXk`fe $Mn\[\e ,32+(,4,/%) ?d`^iXk`fe kf
kiXejfZ\Xe Xi\Xj Xe[ e\`^_Yfli`e^ Zfleki`\j)
i
Ahdbm\odji
oj7 Jjmoc
=h`md^\é h \mf @`i*
Ojpoc z
=h`md^\
C `m* 8 t + h \it
%?& A+ @_ C__l .663
Pc`a\^ooc\ooc`m`\gnjr\n`hdbm\odji*]pooj\hp^cg`nn`m _`bm``
* ojjoc`m^jpiomd`ndnijohp^co\gf`_\]jpo+Bmjhrcd^c\m`\nk`jkg`
`hdbm\o`_di\itbm`\oiph]`mnoj@`ih\mf)Jjmr\t)C`mh\it\i_
Ojpoc =h`md^\ dn h\mf`_ ji oc` h\k+ Eo dn ijo\]g` oc\o oc`m` r`m`
njh`\m`\noc\ok`jkg`_d_ijo`hdbm\o`amjh)\i_ji`^jpg_rji_`m
rct+ N`b\m_dib A\no`mi Oq`\g\i_ %\mjpi_ Ooj^fcjgh&) oc` Cjoc`i*
]pmb m`bdji) \i_ oc` I\ghÅ \m`\) oc`m` r`m` ^gjn`m \go`mi\odq`n ajm
rjmf \i_ gdq`gdcjj_8 i\h`gt oc` `sk\i_dib]db^dod`n dioc`n` \m`\n+
Pc`n` \m`\n ja dindbidad^\io `hdbm\odji ^jmm`nkji_ lpdo` r`gg rdoc
oc` \m`\n ja diagp`i^` ja oc` ^jhh`m^` ja oc` ^dod`n+ Ei pkk`m Jjmm*
g\i_)oc`m`r\n\ijoc`m\go`mi\odq`+D`m`dor\nijoi`^`nn\mtojom\q`g
a\m\^mjnnoc`j^`\i\ao`mi`rg\i_+D`m`dor\nkjnnd]g`ojbjapmoc`m
diojoc`^jpiomtoj `no\]gdnci`ra\mhndioc`rjj_n+ Pc` `sk\indji
jan\rhdggn \gjiboc` ^j\nodi ^jin`lp`i^` jaoc` `skgjdo\odjijaoc`
qdmbdirjj_n \gnj b\q`ej] jkkjmopidod`n+ Bdi\ggt) jioc` dng` jaCjo*
g\i_) oc`m`r\nij jq`mkjkpg\odjindi^`]dmoc^jiomjg c\_]``ipn`_
oc`m`ajmlpdo`njh`odh`+
Pc`\m`\ja`hdbm\odjioj@`ih\mf^jmm`nkji_nr`ggrdococ`ad`g_n
jadiagp`i^`diOr`_`ijaoc`^\kdo\g^dotja?jk`ic\b`i\i_`\no`mi
@`ih\mf + Pc\o ocdn \m`\ dn \gnj ^jibmp`io rdoc jg_ @\idnc \m`\n dn
ijo ^jdi^d_`io\g+ Ah dbm\odji oj J jmr \t kmdh \mdgt \dh `_ \o oc`
np^^`nnapgdi_pnomd\g^dod`n jaoc`Kngjaejm_\m`\* D\g_`i)O\mkn]jmb
\i_ Kgnj * \i_ ^\h` amjh oc` ^gjn`no gtdib m`bdjin di Or`_`i) d+`+)
>jcpn?jpiot)@\dng\i_\i_r`no`miR}mhg\i_%\ggrdocdioc`nkc`m`
ja diagp`i^` ja oc` i\h `_ J jmr `bd\i ^dod`n&+ Pc` i`dbc]jpmdib
hpid^dk\gdod`ndiijmoc`miH\kg\i_r`m`^gjn`ojoc`k`mdj_d^\ggtq`mt
np^^`nnapg Hjajo`i adncdib \m`\ di Jjmr\t+ Ojh` \m`\n di oc` njpoc
gjno`hdbm\ion oj ijmoc`miC`mh\it+
Q fic[Q XiCCi\]l^\\jkfMn\[\e
Eo ]`b\i r doc oc` Bdiidnc r \m ^cdg_m`i ) \]jpo 32)--- \gojb`oc`m)
rcjOr`_`iojjf^\m`ja_pmdibSSEE\i_jarcd^c\mjpi_3*4)---
m`h \di`_ di Or`_`i+ J jmr `bd\in \i_ @\i`n ^\h` oj Or`_`i \n
m`apb``nnp^^`nndq`gt_pmdiboc`r\m\i_hjnojaoc`hm`opmi`_rc`i
oc` r\m `i_`_+ Pc` >\god^ ]j\o m`apb``n) rcj ^jindno`_ ja \mjpi_
/2)--- Anojid\in %njh` ja rcjh r`m` Anojid\i*Or`_`n& \i_ \ a`r
ocjpn\i_ H\oqd\in) ^\h` di .611+ =o oc` n\h` odh`) \mjpi_ 1)---
Eibmd\i Bdiin %jmdbdi\odib amjh Eib`mh\ig\i_ \mjpi_ H`idibm\_,Oo
L`o`mn]pmb&^\h`amjhBdig\i_+Eioc`\]njgpo`adi\gno\b`njaoc`r\m)
\mjpi_ 2-)--- k`jkg` r`m` `q\^p\o`_ amjh Bdiidnc H\kg\i_ rc`i
oc`Bdiin_mjq`jpooc`C`mh\inamjhoc`m`+Pc`tm`opmi`_q`mtnjji
* 03- *
\ao`mr\m_nojm`]pdg_oc`dm]pmio*_jr icjh`n+H\no^\h`oc` Scdo`
>pn`n %oc` m`n^p` o\nf r\n jmb\idu`_ ]t ^jpio Bjgf` >`mi\_joo`&
rdoc O^\i_di\qd\i %di^gp_dibF`rdnc& npmqdqjmn ja oc` C`mh\i ^ji*
^`iom\odji ^\hkn+
Mn\[\e#j]fi\`^e(Yfie`d d `^iXekgfglcXk`fe,44/*40
Bdbpm` .. ncjrn oc` m`\g dhhdbm\ion) oc\o dn) ocjn` ]jmi jpond_` oc`
^jpiomt)6//)-22k`jkg`jm.-+2" jaoc`^jpiomt$nkjkpg\odji%\nh\gg
iph]`m ja `ocid^ Or`_`n ]jmi jpond_` Or`_`i \m` di^gp_`_&+ Eo^\i
]`n\d_oc\ooc`h\kncjrnoc`m`npgoja\c\ga^`iopmtjadhhdbm\odji
]tncjrdiboc`iph]`mjaajm`dbi*]jmik`jkg`\i_cjrg\mb`\kmj*
kjmodjijaoc`kjkpg\odjioc`n`k`jkg`\m` di`\^c^jpiot+
Ooj^fcjgh ?jpiot _jhdi\o`n oc` h\k rdoc /5-)--- ajm`dbi*]jmi
k`jkg`) rcd^c dn \mjpi_ .3" jadon kjkpg\odji+ Pc` orj h\ejm ^dod`n
Cjoc`i]pmb\i_ I\ghÅ c\q`\gdoog`jq`m 4.)---\i_11)---ajm`dbi*
]jmik`jkg`m`nk`^odq`gt)oc\odn)epnojq`m.3" \i_.5 " jaoc`kjkp*
g\odji ajm `\^c ^dot+ Pc` m`h\didib dhhdbm\ion \m` ^ji^`iom\o`_ oj
oc`hjnodi_pnomd\gdn`_\m`\n7oc`I}g\mm`bdji\i_zgqn]jmb?jpiot+
Pc` gjr `no am`lp`i^d`n ja ajm`dbi*]jmi k`jkg` \m` di oc` ajm`no
^jpiod`n )oc\odnR}mhg\i_\i_oc`^jpiod`ndiJjmmg\i_* `s^`koajm
oc`ijmoc`mihjno^jpiotjaJjmm]joo`i\ooc`]jm_`mojBdig\i_rc`m`
oc`m`\m`h\it]jmidiBdig\i_)\i_dinjpoc*`\noOr`_`ircd^cdn\
m`g\odq`gtk`mdkc`m\g\m`\rdocgdoog` di_pnomt^jhk\m`_ oj oc`m`noja
oc` ^jpiomt+
Q _`Z_`d d `^iXek^iflg`jk_\cXi^\jkn_\i\:
Bdbpm`./ ncjrnrcd^cdhhdbm\iobmjpk) \^^jm_diboj oc` ^mdo`md\ja
^jpiomt ja]dmoc) r\n oc` g\mb`no di`\^chpid^dk\gdot di oc` ^jpiomt
\o oc` `i_ ja .661+
Bdiin_jhdi\o`oc`h\k]t]`diboc`g\mb`nobmjpkdi.44hpid^d*
k\gdod`n+ N`bdji\ggt) oc`bmjpk dnoc` g\mb`nodi\gg ja`\no`miOr`_`i)
\i_ di oc` Or `_dnc di_pnomd\g ]`go amjh h d__g` Or `_`i oj oc`
Cjoc`i]pmb m`bdji+ Pc` 00 hpid^dk\gdod`n di rcd^c Jjmr`bd\in \m`
oc`g\mb`nodhhdbm\iobmjpk\m`ajpi_\gjiboc`]jm_`mrdocJjmr\t)
`s^`kodioc`a\mijmoc+ L`jkg`]jmidioc`ajmh`mUpbjng\qd\ %`s^`ko
>jnid\in&\m`oc`h\ejmdotdhhdbm\iobmjpkdi0/hpid^dk\gdod`n)hjno
jaoc`hdiOh~g\i_) D\gg\i_ \i_di oc`^jpiot jaOf\m\]jmb+ Kaoc`
// hpid^dk\gdod`n di rcd^c @\i`n \m` oc` ]dbb`no dhhdbm\io bmjpk)
\gg`s^`koji`hpid^dk\gdot\m`diOf~i`)oc`^gjn`nokmjqdi^`oj@`i*
h\mf+ Pc` g\o` \mmdq`_ >jnid\in c\q` ]``i kg\^`_ di np^c g\mb`
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