http://www.diva-portal.org
This is the published version of a chapter published in Nordic Demography in History and Present- Day Society.
Citation for the original published chapter:
Blom, S. (2001)
Some Aspects of Immigrant Residential Concentration in Oslo: Time Trends and the Trends and the Importance of Economic Causes.
In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic Demography in History and Present- Day Society (pp. 431-456). Umeå: Umeå universitet
N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.
Permanent link to this version:
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132957
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o\i \i_ Ijmj^^j \kk`\m`_ \n i\opm\gdn`_ di .655+ Ei .660 \i_ .665)
oc` ^jhk\m\]g` kmjkjmodjin r`m` 03 \i_ 3/ k`m ^`io) m`nk`^odq`gt+
J\mmjrdib oc` _`adidodji ja dhhdbm\ion oj ocjn` rcj c\q` m`o\di`_
oc`dm ajm`dbi ^dodu`incdk rjpg_) ^jin`lp`iogt) h\f` oc` bmjpk pi_`m
nop_tkmjbm`nndq`gtg`nnm`km`n`io\odq`jaoc`dhhdbm\iokjkpg\odjijq`m
odh`+
S` oc`m`ajm` opmi amjh oc` admno oj oc` n`^ji_ _`adidodji di .655)
bdqdibq\gp`n\^^jm_diboj]joc_`adidodjindi.655+=nrdgg]`n``i)oc`
_dn^m`k\i^t ]`or ``i oc` or j n`on ja q\gp`n di .655 dn ajm h jno
kc`ijh`i\ hdijm+ Pcdn dn _p` oj oc` ^jhk\m\odq`gt]mj\_ jq`mg\k ja
oc` orj bmjpkn di .655+ Ojh` dhhdbm\ion amjh Bjmh`m Upbjng\qd\)
Ppmf`t)Ei_d\)L\fdno\i\i_Ijmj^^jc\_ja^jpmn`j]o\di`_Jjmr`bd\i
^dodu`incdk \gnj di .65-) .65. \i_ .651+ Bmjh joc`m njpm^`n r` c\q`
`nodh\o`_ oc`dmiph]`mn oj \mjpi_5 k`m^`iodi.65. \i_ .1 k`m^`io
di.653%Oo\odnod^nJjmr\t.6627P\]g`0+..\i_0+./&+Pcjpbcr`rjpg_
c\q` km`a`mm`_ oj c\q` oc` n\h` _`adidodji ja dhhdbm\io _pmdib oc`
rcjg`odh`k`mdj_)r`_jijo^jind_`moc`^c\ib`ja_`adidodjidi.655
oj]`_`omdh`io\gojjpmnop_t+Eodnmjpbcgtoc`n\h`^\o`bjmtjak`jkg`)
npkkgd`_]ti\opm\gbmjroc\i_i`ohdbm\odji)oc\or`ajggjrocmjpbc
\k`mdj_ja\ghjnoorj_`^\_`n+
Kpm_\o\ajm.655\i_.660\m`^jgg\o`_rdocm`^jm_njadi^jh`\i_
^\kdo\g\nn`ono\f`iamjhoc`o\sno\odnod^n]\n`_jim`^jm_nf`kojioc`
jm_di\mt o\s \nn`nnh`ion jak`mnji\g o\sk\t`mn+ @\o\ jidi^jh`n \i_
\nn`on ajm adn^\g .654 \m` gdif`_ oj oc` pidon jam`bdno`m`_ m`nd_`ion di
Kngjdi.655)rcdg`_\o\ajmadn^\g.66/\m`gdif`_ojoc`pidonjam`bdno`m`_
m`nd_`ion diKngj di.660+ =]jpo.0 k`m^`iojaoc` m`^jm_najm`\^cja
oc`n` t`\mn g\^f diajmh\odji ji di^jh` \i_ \nn`on) \n o\s no\odnod^n
^jio\dih\digtk`mnji\g _\o\ \]jpok`mnjin \b`_ .0 \i_ jq`m+ As^`ko
ajm\b`)oc`m`\m`)cjr`q`m)ijjoc`mfijriq\md\]g`noc\o\m`_dnomd]po`_
ndbidad^\iogt _daa`m`io \hjibocjn` ajm rcjhr` c\q` q\gd_ diajmh\*
odji ji `^jijhd^ kjndodjiamjhocjn` di oc` ojo\g n\hkg` %>gjh .6627
P\]g` /+.&+
=n\h`\npm`jadi^jh`r`n`g`^o`_oc`nphojo\gjaa\hdgtdi^jh`
amjhr\b`n\i_n`ga*`hkgjth`io\nr`gg\nk`indjin\i_nj^d\gn`^pmdot
]`i`adon+ =ggm`bdno`m`_ di^jh`n oj k`mnjin rcjhr` fijr]`gjiboj
oc` n\h` a\hdgt) \m` nphh\mdn`_ \i_ _dqd_`_ ]t \i di_d^\ojm ja oc`
iph]`m ja ^jinph`m pidon di oc` a\hdgt \^^jm_dib oj oc` om\_dodji\g
KA?@*n^\g` %rc`m` c`\_jaa\hdgt ^jpion ji`) joc`m\_pgon-+4\i_
^cdg_m`i-+2&+Pc`r`dbco`_h`\inphjadi^jh`dnoc`idhkpo`_oj\gg
fijri h`h]`mn ja oc` n\h` a\hdgt+ = ndhdg\m kmj^`_pm` dn pn`_ di
m`b\m_ oj^\kdo\g \nn`on+
?jpiomt ja jmdbdiajm dhhdbm\ion %_`adi`_ \n k`mnjin rdocorj aj*
m`dbi*]jmi k\m`ion& dn _`adi`_ \n jri ^jpiomt ja ]dmoc) da ajm`dbi) jm
joc`mrdn`^jpiomtja]dmocjahjoc`mjma\oc`m+Jjmr\t\kk`\mn\n^jpi*
omtjajmdbdiajmk`mnjinrdoc\og`\noji`Jjmr`bd\i*]jmik\m`io+Pc`n`
k`jkg` \m`^\gg`_Jjmr`bd\in dijpmnop_t+/
Bmjhdii`m^dotojoc`np]pm]n
Pc` bmjpk ja dhhdbm\ion amjh Bjmh`m Upbjng\qd\) Ppmf`t) Ei_d\)
L\fdno\i\i_Ijmj^^jm`nd_`iodiKngjc\n]``ino`\_dgtbmjrdibamjh
.65-piodg.665+Ei\]njgpo`iph]`mn)ocdno\mb`obmjpkdi^m`\n`_amjh
\mjpi_ 32-- \o . F\ip\mt .65- oj \]jpo0. --- \o. F\ip\mt .665) \i
di^m`\n`]t\ghjno\a\^ojmjaadq`+Pc`g\mb`nondibg`i\odji\gdotbmjpk
c\n ]``i oc` L\fdno\idn) rcj iph]`m`_ \o g`\no c\gaoc` ojo\g bmjpk
`\^ct`\mjaj]n`mq\odji+ Pc` joc`mi\odji\gdod`nr`m`ja\]jpo`lp\g
ndu`) rdoc Ei_d\in \ gdoog` a`r`m oc\i oc` joc`m ocm``+
Pc` ojo\g kjkpg\odji ja Kngj r\n \mjpi_ 12/ --- k`mnjin di.65-)
_`^gdidiboj111---di.651\i_np]n`lp`iogtmdndibno`\_dgtoj166---
k`mnjindi.665 %k`mnjinrdocpifijri_r`ggdib `s^gp_`_&+ Pc`kmj*
kjmodji ja dh h dbm\ion) _`adi`_ \n ajm`dbi ^dodu`in) amjh Bjmh `m
Upbjng\qd\) Ppmf`t) Ei_d\) L\fdno\i \i_ Ijmj^^j oj oc` ojo\gkjkpg\*
odji bm`r amjh .+1 k`m ^`io di .65- oj 0+- k`m ^`io di .655+ Pc`
^jhk\m\]g`kmjkjmodjidi.655r\n0+5k`m^`io)da_`adidibdhhdbm\ion
\n k`mnjin c\qdiborj ajm`dbi*]jmik\m`ion+ >\n`_ jiocdn _`adidodji)
oc` kmjkjmodji mjn` oj 3+/ k`m ^`io di .665 %^a+ Bdbpm` 0&+ S` ncjpg_
c\q` ocdn no`\_t bmjrocjaoc`o\mb`obmjpk dihdi_rc`i opmidiboj
oc`nk\od\g_dnomd]podjijaoc`bmjpkjq`modh`+Eioc`ajpm]\m_d\bm\hn
oc\oajggjr)oc`kmjkjmodjijaoc`o\mb`obmjpkm`nd_dibdi`\^c]jmjpbc
nphoj.--k`m^`io) dmm`nk`^odq`jaoc`\]njgpo`ndu`jaoc`bmjpk+
* 106 *
Bdbpm` 0+Jifgfik`fe f]k_\ gfglcXk`fe `e Ijcf n_f Xi\ `dd`^iXekj,]ifd
@fid\i Sl^fjcXm`X)Nlib\p)Ce[`X' JXb`jkXe Xe[ GfifZZf)Yp p\Xi $,
DXelXip%)
L`m^`io 5
3
1
/
- .65- .65/ .651 .653 .655 .66- .66/ .661 .663 .665
.P c `_ ` adi dodj i jadh h db m\ i oq \ md` n\ ^ ^ j m_ di b oj t `\m+.65-*.6517? dodu ` i jaj i `
j aoc ` m` n k ` ^ odq ` adq `^ j p i omd` n ).6557 %.&L ` mn j i r doc or j aj m` db i *] j mi k \ m` i on
\ i _ aj m` db i ^ dodu ` i n c dk ) %/& L ` mn j i r doc or j aj m` db i *] j mi k \ m` i on ) .660*.6657
L ` mn j i r doc or j aj m` db i *] j mi k \ m` i on +
Bdbpm` 1 ncjrn oc` _dnomd]podji ja oc` dhhdbm\ion amjh Bjmh`m
Upbjng\qd\) Ppmf`t) Ei_d\) L\fdno\i \i_ Ijmj^^j) \n _`adi`_ ]t
^dodu`incdk) \^mjnn oc` ]jmjpbcn di .65- \i_ .655+ Pc` _dnomd]podji dn
nf`r`_ ojr\m_n oc` dii`m ^dot di .65- %pkk`m k\i`g& \n i`\mgt1- k`m
^`io\m`b\oc`m`_diorjjaoc`]jmjpbcn%2\i_3&dioc`dii`m^dot`\no+
N`g\odq`gtcdbckmjkjmodjin\m`\gnj^m\hh`_ojb`oc`mdioc`dii`m^dot
r`no %.*0&+ >jmjpbc.3)Bpmpn`o) dnoc`jigt]jmjpbcjpond_`oc`dii`m
uji`oc\oc\n \kmjkjmodjijaoc`o\mb`o bmjpk janjh`ndu`di.65-+
Pc` k\oo`midn np]no\iod\ggt ^c\ib`_ di .655 %gjr`m k\i`g&+ Eino`\_
ja]`dibc`\qdgt^ji^`iom\o`_dioc`dii`m^dot)oc`dhhdbm\ion\m`ijr
nomjib`m m`km`n`io`_ dioc`i`r np]pm]\i _jmhdojmt ojrin 6) .2 \i_
.4\i_\gnjojnjh``so`iodioc`jg_np]pm]\iojrin.-)..).0\i_.6+
>joc di oc` dii`m ^dot r`no \i_ oc` dii`m ^dot `\no oc` kmjkjmodji ja
dhhdbm\ion c\n]``i_`^gdidib+
Bdbpm` 1\+>`jki`Ylk`fe f]`dd`^iXekj,]ifd @fid\i Sl^fjcXm`X' Nlib\p'
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;ggifo`dXk\ e\n Yfifl^_j)
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* 11. *
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Bdbpm` 2]+>`jki`Ylk`fe f]`dd`^iXekj,]ifd @fid\i Sl^fjcXm`X)Nlib\p)
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d d n
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r c ` i dh h db m\i onr c j c \q `] `` i i \ op m\ gdn` _ \m`di ^ gp _ ` _ %Bdbpm`2)p k k ` mk \ i ` g&+
Ei .665) oc` _dnomd]podji ja dhhdbm\ion amjh Bjmh`m Upbjng\qd\)
Ppmf`t) Ei_d\) L\fdno\i \i_ Ijmj^^j \^mjnn oc` ]jmjpbcn dn apmoc`m
^c\ib`_) ]po oc` ^c\ib` amjh .655 oj .665 dn nh\gg`m oc\i oc` ji`
amjh.65-\i_.655+Pc`kmjkjmodjim`nd_dibdioc`dii`m^dotr`no\i_
oc` jpo`m np]pm]\i r`no dn ijr `q`i nh\gg`m oc\i di .655) \i_ oc`
^jh k\m\]g` kmjkjmodji di h jno ja oc` i`r np]pm]\i ]jmjpbcn)
`nk`^d\ggt 6 Oji_m` Jjm_nom\i_) dn njh`rc\o `ig\mb`_+ Oj dn \gnj oc`
kmjkjmodjidi]jmjpbc3C\hg`Kngjdioc`dii`m^dot`\no)ocjpbcoc`
jq`m\ggnc\m`m`nd_dibdioc`dii`m^dot`\nodnngdbcogtnh\gg`m+
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0-
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-
* . d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d E
.65- .65/ .651 .653 .655 .66- .66/ .661 .663 .665
.O``ijo`ojBdbpm`0
Bdbpm`3km`n`ionoc`n`^c\ib`ndi\hjm`aj^pn`_r\t)ncjrdiboc`
kmjkjmodjijadhhdbm\ionm`nd_dibdioc`_daa`m`io]jmjpbc^jino`gg\odjin
amjh.65-oj .665+Pc`adbpm`_`hjinom\o`nlpdo`^g`\mgtoc\ooc`hjno
ndbidad^\io ncdaon ojjf kg\^` ]`ajm` .655) ]po oc\o ^c\ib`n \ao`m .655
c\q`]``idioc`n\h`_dm`^odji+Pc`hjnokmjijpi^`_^c\ib`]`or``i
.65-\i_ .665 dn oc`di^m`\n`dioc`kmjkjmodjigdqdibdioc`i`r np]*
pm]\i_jmhdojmtojrin %/0k`m^`io\b`kjdion&\i_oc`m`_p^odjidioc`
kmjkjmodjingdqdibdioc`dii`m^dot`\no\i_r`no%.3\i_.2k`m^`io\b`
kjdion) m`nk`^odq`gt&+ Pc` kmjkjmodji gdqdib di oc` jg_ np]pm]\i
_jmhdojmtojrinc\n\gnj]``ino`\_dgtbmjrdib%6k`m^`io\b`kjdion&+
Pc`nh\gg`no^c\ib`dnj]n`mq`_dioc`jpo`mnp]pm]\ir`no)rc`m`oc`
kmjkjmodjijaiji*S `no`midhhdbm\ionc\n]``ik`mndno`iogtgjr+
* 110 *
Bdbpm`4m`km`n`ion\ndhkgdad^\odjijaBdbpm`3)ncjrdiboc`_`^gdi`
dioc`kmjkjmodjijadhhdbm\ionamjhBjmh`mUpbjng\qd\)Ppmf`t)Ei_d\)
L\fdno\i \i_ Ijmj^^j m`nd_dib di oc` dii`m ^dot+ Bmjh33 k`m ^`iodi
.65-) oc` kmjkjmodji r`io _jrioj 03 k`m ^`io di .665+ Bjpm adaocn ja
oc`_`^gdi`ojjfkg\^`]`ajm`.655+=nh\ggm`_p^odjidioc`kmjkjmodji
m`nd_`iodioc`dii`m^dotr\n\gnjj]n`mq`_ajmJjmr`bd\in%2k`m^`io\b`
kjdion&+
Bdbpm` 4+Jifgfik`fe f]`dd`^iXekj,]ifd @fid\i Sl^fjcXm`X' Nlib\p'
Ce[`X' JXb`jkXe Xe[GfifZZf Xe[ Hfin\^`Xej-i\j`[\ek `e `ee\i Z`kp
Ijcf' Yp p\Xi $, DXelXip%)
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3-
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- .65- .65/ .651 .653 .655 .66- .66/ .661 .663 .665
.O``i j o` oj B db p m` 0
/P c `_ ` adi dodj i jaJ j mr ` b d\ i q \ md` n\ ^ ^ j m_ di b oj t `\ m+ .65-*.6517J j mr ` b d\ i
^dodu`i ).6557 %.&L ` mn j i r doc \ og` \ noj i `J j mr ` b d\ i *] j mi k \ m ` i oj mJ j mr ` b d\ i
^ dodu ` i n c dk ) %/& L ` mn j i r doc \ o g` \ no j i ` J j mr ` b d\ i *] j mi k \ m` i o) .660*.6657
L ` mn j i r doc \ og` \ noj i `J j mr ` b d\ i *] j mi k \ m` i o+
Pc\ooc`_dnomd]podjijadhhdbm\ion^c\ib`_hjm`]`ajm`.655oc\i
\ao`m)h\t]`_p`ojoc`\^odq`cjpndibkjgd^tk`majmh`_]toc`^`iom\g
\i_ gj^\g bjq`mih`io _pmdib oc`n` t`\mn %^a+ >gjh .6627 ^c\ko`m5)
.666&+ Pc` diagpsjaiji*r`no`midhhdbm\ionojKngjr\n \gnj nh\gg`m
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kmj_p^odjijai`r_r`ggdibn dioc` jpo`muji`r\n \gnjcdbc`m]`ajm`
oc\i \ao`m .655+1 Ndndib nj^d\g \nkdm\odjin \i_ a\hdgt bmjroc h\t) di
\__dodji)c\q``i^jpm\b`_dhhdbm\ioa\hdgd`n ojhjq`ojnp]pm]d\+
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=n \ ^jin`lp`i^` ja oc`n` _`q`gjkh`ion) oc` _`bm`` ja pidajmhdot
]`or``i oc` _dnomd]podji ja Jjmr`bd\in \i_ dhhdbm\ion amjh Bjm*
h`m Upbjng\qd\) Ppmf`t) Ei_d\) L\fdno\i \i_ Ijmj^^j \^mjnn oc`
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S`^jhkpo`oc`di_`sja_dnndhdg\mdot%@*di_`s&2ajmoc`o\mb`obmjpk
ja dhhdbm\ion \b\dino Jjmr`bd\in \o `\^c ja oc` nds t`\mn ajm rcd^c
r` c\q` _\o\+ Pc` @ *di_`s q\mt ]`or ``i - \i_ .--) \i_ ^\i ]`
dio`mkm`o`_\noc`k`m^`io\b`jakjkpg\odjibmjpk.oc\oc\nojhjq`oj
\ijoc`m]jmjpbcdijm_`moj]` _dnomd]po`_ \^mjnnoc`]jmjpbcn\nkj*
kpg\odji bmjpk /) oc` m`a`m`i^` bmjpk+ Kpm m`a`m`i^` bmjpk) oc` iji*
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]jmjpbcnoc\ioc`dhhdbm\ion+Pc`kmjkjmodjijaJjmr`bd\inm`nd_dib
di `\^c ]jmjpbc ]mj\_gt agp^op\o`n ]`or``i/ \i_3 k`m ^`io %ijo
ncjri&+
Pc`@*di_`sajmdhhdbm\ion\b\dinoJjmr`bd\inajm.65-oj.665dn
ncjri di Bdbpm`5+ O`k\m\o` q\gp`n r`m` ^jhkpo`_ ajm L\fdno\idn ji
ji`nd_`\i_oc`m`nojaoc`dhhdbm\ionjioc`joc`m+ Pc`di_`sncjrn
cdbc`m q\gp`n ajm oc` L\fdno\id bmjpk oc\i oc` joc`m i\odji\gdod`n) \o
`q`mtkjdiodiodh`+=^gjn`mdink`^odjijaoc`_\o\ncjrnoc\oL\fdno\id
dhhdbm\ion \m` hjm` jq`mm`km`n`io`_ dioc` dii`m ^dot `\no \i_ hjm`
pi_`mm`km`n`io`_ di oc` jpo`m np]pm]\i r`no oc\i \m` oc` joc`m i\*
odji\gdod`no\f`i\n\bmjpk+Pc`o`mhn jq`m* \i_ pi_`mm`km`n`io`_ c`m`m`a`mojoc`kmjkjmodjijabmjpk.m`nd_dibdi\bdq`i\m`\m`g\odq`
oj oc`kmjkjmodjija bmjpk/dioc` n\h` \m`\+
Pc`adbpm`\gnjncjrnoc\ooc`_`bm``jan`bm`b\odji_`^gdi`_ajm\gg
bmjpkn amjh . F\ip\mt .65- oj . =pbpno .65. \i_ oc\o oc` _`^gdi`
^jiodip`_ajmdhhdbm\ionamjhBjmh`mUpbjng\qd\)Ppmf`t) Ei_d\\i_
Ijmj^^j piodg . F\ip\mt .651+ Pc` g\oo`m _mjk dn ^\pn`_ ]t \ apmoc`m
m`_p^`_ jq`mm`km`n`io\odji ja dhhdbm\ion di oc` dii`m ^dot `\no \i_
r`no) \i_ \ apmoc`m m`_p^`_ pi_`mm`km`n`io\odji di oc` i`r \i_ jg_
np]pm]\i _jmhdojmt ojrin+ =ao`m .651) oc` @*di_`s q\gp`n) cjr`q`m)
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ja oc` dhhdbm\ion di oc` dii`m \i_ jpo`m r`no) \i_ \ bmjrdib jq`m*
m`km`n`io\odji di oc` i`r np]pm]\i _jmhdojmt ojrin+ N`_p^`_ jq`m*
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kjo`iod\g di^m`\n` dioc` @*di_`s+
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>jnid\im`apb``namjhoc`_\o\rjpg_c\q`m\dn`_oc`q\gp`njaoc`@*
di_`s ]t /+0 kjdion ajm dhhdbm\ion amjh Bjmh`m Upbjng\qd\) Ppmf`t)
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.4 \i_ .5) \ kjgd^t ijr \]\i_ji`_+
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dh h dbm\ion b\oc`m di oc` dii`m \i_ jpo`m r `no) h\t no`h amjh
`^jijhd^di`lp\gdod`n\ooc`cjpn`cjg_g`q`g^jh]di`_rdoc_dq`mbdib
gj^\g cjpndib kmd^`n+ Ei^jh` no\odnod^najmadn^\gt`\m .663 ncjrn oc\o
iji*S `no`mi dhhdbm\ion c\_ \ h`\i a\hdgt di^jh` \ao`m o\s \]jpo
orjocdm_noc\ojaJjmr`bd\in)rcdg`S`no`midhhdbm\ioa\hdgd`nc\_
mjpbcgt oc` n\h` di^jh` \n oc\o ja Jjmr`bd\i a\hdgd`n %Oo\odnod^n
Jjmr\t .6657 P\]g` /&+ Pc`m` dn \ np]no\iod\g i`b\odq` ^jmm`g\odji
]`or``i oc` gj^\g cjpndib kmd^`n \i_ oc` kmjkjmodji iji*S `no`mi
dhhdbm\ion \o oc`]jmjpbc g`q`g %m:*+4/& %>gjh.666&+
P\]g`0km`n`ion`nodh\o`namjhgjbdnod^m`bm`nndjihj_`gnocmjrdib
gdbco ji oc` m`g\odq` dhkjmo\i^` ja ^pgopm\g \i_ `^jijhd^ a\^ojmn di
oc`^m`\odji\i_h\dio`i\i^`jadhhdbm\iom`nd_`iod\g^ji^`iom\odjin+
Bdq`_daa`m`iom`bm`nndjihj_`gn\m``nodh\o`_ajm\ggm`nd_`iondiKngj
\o . F\ip\mt .660 ajm r cjh r` c\q` o\s _\o\ ajm .66/) d+`+ \gnj
Jjmr`bd\in+Eioc`admnohj_`g%g`aodioc`o\]g`&oc`_`k`i_`ioq\md\]g`
di_d^\o`nrc`oc`moc`k`mnjidnn`oog`_dioc`dii`m^dot`\nojmijo+ Ei
oc` ajpmajggjrdibhj_`gn) oc` _`k`i_`ioq\md\]g`ndi_d^\o`rc`oc`m
oc`k`mnjidnn`oog`_dioc`dii`m^dotr`nojmijo)dioc`i`rnp]pm]\i
_jmhdojmtojrin)dioc`jg_np]pm]\i_jmhdojmtojrin)jmdioc`jpo`m
np]pm]\ir`nojmijo+Pc`n\h`orjdi_`k`i_`ioq\md\]g`n\m``io`m`_
di`q`mthj_`g)^jpiomtjajmdbdi\i_`^jijhd^m`njpm^`n+?jpiomtja
jmdbdi dn ^jind_`m`_ oj]` \ kmjst ajm ^pgopm\g a\^ojmn gdf` o\no`n \i_
km`a`m`i^`n) ] p o kc`ijh `i\ \n _dn^mdh di\odji \i_ di^jh kg`o`
fijrg`_b` ja oc` cjpndib h\mf`o \m` kmj]\]gt \gnj ^\kopm`_+ Pc`
q\md\]g``^jijhd^m`njpm^`n)^jh]didib]jocdi^jh`\i_^\kdo\g\nn`on)
m`km`n`ion oc` `^jijhd^ a\^ojm+
Pc`o\]g`ncjrnoc\ooc``^jijhd^a\^ojmdn oc` nomjib`mjaoc`orj
rc`ikm`_d^odibkg\^`jam`nd_`i^`dioc`dii`m^dot`\nojmdioc`jpo`m
np]pm]\ir`no)ocjpbcrdocjkkjndo`ndbin+Pc`j__njam`nd_dibdioc`
dii`m ^dot `\no \m` 3+2 %`skW.+54F& odh`n cdbc`m \hjib k`mnjin di oc`
gjr`no di^jh` lp\modg` \i_ rdoc u`mj ^\kdo\g \nn`on oc\i \hjib k`m*
njin dioc` cdbc`nodi^jh` lp\modg` \i_ rdoc^\kdo\g \nn`on hjm` oc\i
.0- --- JKG %oc` m`a`m`i^` ^\o`bjmt&) rc`i oc` `aa`^o ja ^jpiomt ja
jmdbdidn]`dib^jiomjgg`_+Pc`^jhk\m\]g`j__nm\odjjam`nd_dibdioc`
jpo`m np]pm]\ir`no dn jigt -+0 %`skW*.+./Y&+ C`i`m\ggt) oc` gjr`m oc`
g`q`gja`^jijhd^m`njpm^`n)oc`cdbc`moc`j__njam`nd_dibdioc`dii`m
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.A s k ` ^ o` _ j i oc ` ^ j i _ dodj i oc \ o `^ j i j h d^ m` n j p m^ ` n ` i odm` gt _ ` o` mh di ` _ oc ` m` n d_ ` i od\ gk \ oo` m i jadh h db m\ i on+
/L ` mn j i r doc or j aj m` db i *] j mi k \ m` i on + J j i *S ` n o` mi dh h db m\ i on m` a` m oj dh h db m\ i on amj h A \ n o` mi A p mj k ` ) = nd\ %di ^ gp _ di b P p mf ` t &) = amd^ \ \ i _ O j p oc
\ i _ ? ` i om\ g= h `md^\+
* 12. *