This is the published version of a chapter published in Swedish Urban Demography during Industrialization.
Citation for the original published chapter:
Bernhardt, E M. (1995)
Overcrowding and mortality from airborne infectious disease: The case of Stockholm 1895-1925.
In: Anders Brändström and Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Swedish Urban Demography during Industrialization (pp. 65-91). Umeå: Umeå universitet
N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.
Permanent link to this version:
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132402
KSZLXZWO SWPOM\SX][NS[OK[O.
CROMK[OXPB\XMTRXUV %,-)!%-&)
%@.) #2<95.<1>
@
kd_`hdjgjbdnonc\q`gjib\mbp`_oc\o^jib`no`_gdqdib^ji_d*odjing`\_ojcdbc`mh jm]d_dot\i_h jmo\gdotamjhdia`^odjpn
_dn`\n`) di k\mod^pg\m \dm]jmi` dia`^odjpn _dn`\n`n rcjn` h`^c\*
idnhjaom\inhdnndjidnocmjpbc_mjkg`onjm_mjkg`oip^g`dagtdib
\mjpi_ di oc` \dm+ Asom`h` ^mjr_dib di ^gjn`_ nk\^`n di^m`\n`n
oc`om\inhdnndjijam`nkdm\ojmtdia`^odjin ]tdi^m`\ndiboc`_jn`
jadia`^odji %Ijng`t .65/&+Eindop\odjinrdocm`g\odq`gtcdbc^\n`
a\o\gdotm\o`n)d+`+rc`i\cdbck`m^`io\b`jaocjn`rcjb`odia`^o`_
\gnj _d` amjh oc` _dn`\n`) \n r\n oc` ^\n` rdoc h\it dia`^odjpn
_dn`\n`n ]`ajm` \iod]djod^n) ji` rjpg_ `sk`^o cdbc`m _`bm`` ja
jq`m^mjr_diboj m`npgo di cdbc`mh jmo\gdotg`q`gn di b`i`m\g \i_
amjh \dm]jmi` dia`^odjpn _dn`\n` di k\mod^pg\m+ Pcdn c\n ]``i
ncjri`hkdmd^\ggt]th`\inja\m`\g\i\gtndn)oc\odn]tnop_tdib
oc` \nnj^d\odji ]`or``i oc` kjkpg\odji _`indot ja \ k\mod^pg\m
\m`\ %k`mnjin k`m nlp\m` fdgjh`om`& \i_ oc` g`q`g ja hjmo\gdot
%n`` >pmi`oo .66. \i_ Sjj_n `o \g .655&+ Eo r\n \gnj ncjri oj
]`oc`^\n`ji\cjpn`cjg_g`q`gajmoc`^dotjaOoj^fcjgh\mjpi_
oc`opmijaoc`^`iopmt)rc`m`oc`hjm`^mjr_`_cjpn`cjg_nc\_
cdbc`m g`q`gn ja^cdg_ h jmo\gdot %>`mic\m_o .66/&+ Pc\o \i\gtndn
r\n _ji` ji jq`m\gg hjmo\gdot) m`b\m_g`nn ja^\pn` ja_`\oc) \i_
dor\nnk`^pg\o`_oc\orc`i^\pn`*nk`^dad^_\o\]`^\h` \q\dg\]g`)
hjmo\gdot amjh \dm]jmi` dia`^odjpn _dn`\n` rjpg_ ncjr \i `q`i
) 2 1 )
nc\mk`mkjndodq`bm\_d`iordococ`a\^ojmh`\npmdiboc`_`bm``ja
jq`m^mjr_dib+
Pc`kpmkjn`jaocdn\mod^g`dnojkm`n`io\i__dn^pnnoc`m`npgonja
np^c^\pn`*nk`^dad^\i\gtndn+ ?mjr_dibdnh`\npm`_\noc`iph]`mja
k`mnjin k`m mjjh) oc\o dn oc` iph]`m jak`mnjin di oc` cjpn`cjg_
_dqd_`_]toc`iph]`mjamjjhnoc\ooc`cjpn`cjg_c\_\odon_dnkjn\g
\^^jm_diboj oc`cjpndib^`inpn`n ^ji_p^o`_diOoj^fcjghdi .562)
.6--).6-2).6.-).6.2\i_.6/-)m`nk`^odq`gt+Pcdnocdmot*t`\mk`mdj_
rdoi`nn`_\ h\mf`__`^gdi` di hjmo\gdotajmoc` ^dot jaOoj^fcjgh)
ndhdg\mojh\itjoc`mpm]\i\m`\ndiS`no`miApmjk`\ooc`odh`+Pc`
orj no\i_\m_`skg\i\odjinajmocdn om`i_di pm]\i hjmo\gdot) rcd^c
o`i_`_oj_`^gdi`\o\hp^ca\no`mk\^`oc\ihjmo\gdotdioc`mpm\g\m`\n
%@\qdn .640&) dnoc`\gg`qd\odji ja^mjr_`_gdqdib^ji_dodjin) jioc`
ji` c\i_) \i_ oc` dhkmjq`h`io jaoc` n\ido\mt ^ji_dodjin) ji oc`
joc`m%n``ajm`s\hkg`=cg]`mb.625)rmdodib\]jpokjkpg\odjiom`i_n
diOoj^fcjgh.52-*.62-&+
Pc`m`npgonkm`n`io`_c`m`ajmhk\moja\ijibjdibm`n`\m^ckmje`^o
\]jpo^cdg_npmqdq\gdiOoj^fcjgh.545*.6/3+.Pc`nop_tpn`nhd^mj*
g`q`g_\o\)i\h`gtoc`gjibdop_di\gdiajmh\odji\]jpodi_dqd_p\g^cdg_*
m`i\i_oc`dma\hdgd`n^jio\di`_dioc`Ooj^fcjghDdnojmd^\g@\o\>\n`
%n``\kk`i_ds&+Ei_dqd_p\ggda`cdnojmd`n%jmn`bh`ionjanp^ccdnojmd`n&
\m` \i\gtu`_ ]t h`\in ja dio`indot m`bm`nndji) rc`m` oc` m`g\odq`
dhkjmo\i^` ja _daa`m`io ]\^fbmjpi_ a\^ojmn %np^c \n oc` _`bm`` ja
jq`m^mjr_dib& ajm oc` mdnf ja _tdib \o \ nk`^dad^ \b` dn `no\]gdnc`_
%Pmpnn`gg\i_D\hh`mngjpbc.650)Pmpnn`gg\i_I`i^f`i.651&+Odi^`
diajmh\odji\]jpooc`iph]`mjamjjhnoc\o`\^ccjpn`cjg_c\_\o
don _dnkjn\g dn \q\dg\]g` jigtamjhoc`cjpndib^`inpn`n di .562 \i_
jir\m_n)oc`\i\gtndndiocdn\mod^g`dngdhdo`_ojoc`k`mdj_.562*.6/2+
4ZX_NSWQ KWN VXZ\KUS\aj _RK\ZOUK\SXW[RSY1
?mjr_dibãm`a`mnoj\g\mb`iph]`mjak`mnjindi\gdhdo`_\m`\)oc\o
dnojcdbckjkpg\odji_`indot+ ?jib`nodjiãdn\i`q`inomjib`mrjm_
ajmoc`n\h`kc`ijh`iji+ ?mjr_dibdn hjnojao`ipn`_oj m`a`moj
cjpndib^ji_dodjin)d+`+oc`iph]`mjak`mnjink`mmjjhjmk`mnlp\m`
h`om`ja_r`ggdibnk\^`+Pcdndnoc`r\tr`rdggpn`doc`m`+
) 22)
Pc`pi_`mgtdibijodji]`cdi_m`g\odib^mjr_dibojhjmo\gdot%jm
hjm]d_dot&dnoc\o\cdbc_`bm``ja^mjr_dibdn\nnph`_ojh`\ioc\o
h`h]`mn jaoc` cjpn`cjg_ hjm` am`lp`iogt ^jh` di ^gjn`kctnd^\g
^jio\^o)rcd^cdiopminh`\incdbc`mdia`^odjimdnf+Eioc`\i\gtod^\g
am\h`rjmfjpogdi`_]tIjng`t%.65/&ojpi_`mno\i_oc`_ti\hd^nja
dia`^odjpn_dn`\n`)oc`]djgjbtjaoc`nj*^\gg`_cjno*\b`iom`g\odjincdk
dn dio`bm\o`_ rdoc oc` nj^d\g ]`c\qdjpm ja cph\i kjkpg\odjin+ D`
d_`iodad`n\iph]`mjam`g`q\iodio`mh`_d\o`q\md\]g`nrcd^c_`adi`oc`
h`^c\idnhn rc`m`]toc` %dia`^odjpn& \b`io dn _dnn`hdi\o`_\i_oc`
m`npgodibg`q`g jahjm]d_dot\i_hjmo\gdot+ Pc`n` a\^ojmn \m`7 .& oc`
dia`^odjpn _jn`) /& oc` ndo` ja `iomt \i_ `sdo ja oc` \b`io) 0& oc`
b`i`m\odjiodh`\i__pm\odjijadia`^odjpni`nnjaoc`cjno%oc`cph\i
]`dib&)1&oc`bm\_d`iojadggi`nn)\i_2&dhhpidot+D`pi_`mgdi`noc\o
do dnocmjpbcoc`n`a\^ojmnoc\o^c\ib`ndicph\i]`c\qdjpmjm`iqd*
mjih`io\g^ji_dodjinjk`m\o`ojhj_datg`q`gn\i_k\oo`minja_dn`\n`
om\inhdnndji+
Pc`m`\m`c\m_gt\itnop_d`nrcd^cc\q`gjjf`_diojoc`nk`^dad^
m`g\odjincdk]`or``ijq`m^mjr_dibji\cjpn`cjg_g`q`g\i_%^cdg_&
hjmo\gdot+ Lm`noji\i_D\di`n %.66-& m`kjmo m`npgonamjhAibg\i_
\i_ S\g`n di .6.. rc`m` \ ^cdg_ hjmo\gdot di_`s r\n ^\g^pg\o`_
_`k`i_dibjioc`iph]`mjamjjhndioc`\k\moh`io%cjpn`&+Pc`m`
dn \ ^g`\m hjijojid^ bm\_d`io ja ^cdg_ hjmo\gdot \^^jm_dib oj oc`
iph]`mjamjjhndioc`cjpn`) \i_oc``aa`^odnnomjib+Pc`di_`sdn
.+563- ajm ^cdg_m`i gdqdib di ji` mjjh _r`ggdibn \i_ -+2-6. ajm
^cdg_m`igdqdibdicjpn`n rdoc .- jmhjm`mjjhn+ Ka^jpmn`) \noc`
\pocjmn kjdio jpo) ocdn q\md\]g` h\t ]` \ kmjst ajm b`i`m\g nj^d\g
no\i_dib) di \__dodjioj c\qdib \ _dm`^o `aa`^o jihjmo\gdotocmjpbc
^jib`nodji\i_om\inhdnndjija^jhhpid^\]g`_dn`\n`+Eioc`qd`rja
oc` \pocjmn) ^mjr_dib dn äji` jaoc` hjno dhkjmo\io k\ocr\tn ]t
rcd^c`^jijhd^^dm^phno\i^`ndiagp`i^`^cdg_hjmo\gdotã+
=ijoc`mm`^`ionop_trcd^cbdq`ndi_dm`^onpkkjmoojoc`d_`\oc\o
^mjr_dibdn\idhkjmo\io]\^fbmjpi_a\^ojmdi\i\gtudib^cdg_hjm*
o\gdot) dn oc` _j^ojm\g _dnn`mo\odji ]t O}m`i A_qdinnji %.66/&) rcj
`s\hdi`_ hjmo\gdot _daa`m`iod\gn ]t nj^d\g bmjpkn di oc` ijmoc`mi
Or`_dnc^dotjaOpi_nq\ggdioc` .6oc^`iopmt+D`ajpi_oc\o\hjib
\_pgonnj^d\g _daa`m`i^`nkg\t`_\hdijmmjg`+ Djr`q`m) ajm^cdg_m`i
.*.1 t`\mn jg_ hjmo\gdot di^m`\n`_ amjh .53-) \aa`^odib admno ja \gg
rjmfdib^g\nn^cdg_m`i+=gocjpbcc`c\_ij\^^`nnojdiajmh\odjiji
) 2 3 )
^mjr_dibji\cjpn`cjg_g`q`g)c`dio`mkm`oncdnadi_dibndio`mhnja
jq`m^mjr_dib\i_]\_gdqdib^ji_dodjinoc\o^c\m\^o`mdu`_oc`rjmf*
dib^g\nn cjpn`cjg_n_pmdiboc`hjno`sk\indq`k`mdj_diOpi_nq\gg+
Pc` di^m`\n` di ^cdg_ hjmo\gdot r\n h\digt ^\pn`_ ]t di^m`\ndib
hjmo\gdot amjh njh` dia`^odjpn _dn`\n`n) ijo\]gt n^\mg`o a`q`m \i_
_dkcoc`md\)]po\gnjh`\ng`n)rcjjkdib^jpbc\i_m`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n+
=hjibdia\ion)nj^d\gdi`lp\gdod`nr`m`nh\ggdihjmo\gdotamjh_d\mm*
cj`\g_dn`\n`n)]poijod^`\]g`dik\mod^pg\majmhjmo\gdotamjhm`nkdm\*
ojmt_dn`\n`n)rcd^c\b\di^jpg_]`\oomd]po`_ojjq`m^mjr_`_gdqdib
^ji_dodjindirjmfdib^g\nncjpn`cjg_n)rcd^ckmjhjo`_oc`nkm`\_
jadia`^odjiamjh\dm]jmi`_dn`\n`+
>`mic\m_o %.66/& m`kjmo m`npgon amjh Ooj^fcjgh di .562*.6/-)
rc`m`oc`_`bm``ja^mjr_dibdioc`cjpn`cjg_r\nm`g\o`_ojjq`m\gg
hjmo\gdotpi_`m\b`2+ Pc`k\oo`mijam`g\odq`mdnfnajmoc`^mjr_dib
a\^ojm r\n oc` `sk`^o`_ ji`) i\h`gt oc\o cdbc`m _`bm``n ja jq`m*
^mjr_dibg`_ojbm`\o`mmdnfja_tdibajmoc`^cdg_m`idiocjn`cjpn`*
cjg_n+ Pc` jq`mmdnfajmoc`hjno ^mjr_`_^\o`bjmtr\n /0 k`m^`io)
m`g\odq`ojoc`]\n`gdi`^\o`bjmt)rcdg`^cdg_m`idioc`g`\no^mjr_`_
cjpn`cjg_nc\_\ipi_`mmdnfja/.k`m^`io+Qiajmopi\o`gt)_p`ojoc`
nh\gg iph]`mja`q`ion %.05 _`\ocn& do ^jpg_ijo ]`ncjrioc\ooc`
^mjr_diba\^ojmr\nno\odnod^\ggtndbidad^\io+J`q`moc`g`nn)oc`m`npgon
b\q`nomjibdi_d^\odjinoc\o^mjr_dibdn\i`nn`iod\ga\^ojmdi`skg\d*
idibg`q`gn\i__daa`m`iod\gndi^cdg_hjmo\gdot_pmdiboc``kd_`hdjgj*
bd^\gom\indodji+
=ndhkg`hj_`gajm\i\gtudiboc`_ti\hd^njadia`^odjpn_dn`\n`dn
ncjri di Bdbpm` .+ G`t^ji^`kon ajmoc` \i\gtndn jahjm]d_dot\i_
hjmo\gdotamjhdia`^odjpn_dn`\n`\m``skjnpm`\i_m`ndno\i^`+=k`mnji
rcjdnijo`skjn`_ojdia`^odji)^\iijob`odgg%jm_d`&+Oj`skjnpm`oj
dia`^odji dn oc`admno ^ji_dodji+ Pj b`o dia`^o`__j`n ijo i`^`nn\mdgt
h`\ioc\otjpncjr\itnthkojhnjand^fi`nn+I\itk`jkg`h\tbj
\mjpi_)ajmncjmo`mjmgjib`mk`mdj_n)\nnthkojhg`nnom\inhdoo`mnja
_dn`\n`+ Ki^`tjpb`odgg)oc`^mp^d\g lp`nodji %dioc`\]n`i^`ja\it
`aad^d`io h`_d^\g h`\in ja^pmdib oc` k\od`io& dn rc`oc`mtjp c\q`
`ijpbcm`ndno\i^`ojjq`m^jh`\i_m`^jq`mamjhtjpmdggi`nnjmdatjp
np^^ph]ojdo\i__d`+
) 2 4 )
<XVdaT(17bX\_[T\^ST[U^aP]P[hiX]VcWTSh]P\XRb^UX]UTRcX^dbSXbTPbT
a da
ä.(E?>A65
"
*=764B65
2
3*********
2 '635
D
[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
Sc\odnoc`dhkjmo\i^`ja^mjr_dibdiocdnn^c`h`<=nr\nno\o`_
\]jq`) h\it k`mnjin gdqdib ^gjn` ojb`oc`m di \ nh\gg nk\^` g`\_n oj
bm`\o`mdia`^odjimdnf_p`ojcdbc`m_jn`njadia`^odji+Pcpndodi^m`\n`n
`skjnpm`+ Djr`q`m) ndi^`k`jkg`gdqdib di jq`m^mjr_`_cjpn`cjg_n
o`i_oj]`gjibojoc`kjjmn`^odjinjanj^d`ot)doh\t\gnj]`^jmm`g\o`_
oj\cdbc`mmdnfja\^op\ggtb`oodibdgg\i_g`nn^c\i^`jam`^jq`mdibamjh
dggi`nn)d+`+^mjr_dibdngdf`gtoj]`\nnj^d\o`_rdocgjr`mm`ndno\i^`+Oj
c`m`r`h\tc\q`\no\i_\m_jagdqdib`aa`^o %d+`+joc`m\nk`^onjaoc`
gdqdib no\i_\m_ oc\i oc` cjpndib ^ji_dodjin&+ Sc`oc`m r` r\io oj
dio`mkm`oocdn`aa`^oh\digtdio`mhnjaoc`ipomdodjia\^ojmjmijodn\
_daa`m`io h\oo`m+ Hdqd*>\^^d %.66/& _dn^pnn`n oc` `qd_`i^` ajm\^gjn`
m`g\odjincdk]`or``iipomdodji\i_dia`^odji)\i_^ji^gp_`noc\ooc`m`
dn\^g`\mdiagp`i^`jaipomdodji\gg`q`gji^`mo\didia`^odq`kmj^`nn`n)
) 25)
di^gp_dibm`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n)h`\ng`n\i_rcjjkdib^jpbc+Ei\_`lp*
\o` ipomdodji \aa`^on oc` \]dgdot oj m`^jq`m amjh dggi`nn ]po ijo oc`
dia`^odjim\o`+Djr`q`m)doh\t]`oc\oocdnjigt\kkgd`nojn`mdjpngt
h\gijpmdnc`_^cdg_m`i)rcdg`_daa`m`i^`ndihjmo\gdot]`or``iåhj_`*
m\o`gtç\i_ångdbcogtçpi_`mijpmdnc`_^cdg_m`i\m`pi^`mo\dijmr`\f+
S` ^\i o\f` oc` m`\njidib m`b\m_dib oc` `aa`^o ja^mjr_dib ji
hjm]d_dot\i_hjmo\gdot\no`kapmoc`m]tm`\gdudiboc\ooc`^mjr_dib
a\^ojmdn\^jhkjndo`h`\npm`)ndi^`do^jindnonjaoc`^jh]di`_`aa`^o
jaorjq\md\]g`n7cjpn`cjg_ndu`\i_oc`iph]`mjamjjhn%\k\moh`io
ndu`&)rcd^c\m`gdf`gtoj]`gdif`_dijkkjndo`r\tnoj`skjnpm`\i_
m`ndno\i^`+H\mb`mcjpn`cjg_ndu`km`nph\]gtg`\_nojcdbc`m`skjnpm`
%^`o`mdn k\m\]pn oc`m`\m` hjm` k`mnjin di oc` cjpn`cjg_rcj h\t
]mdibdi^jio\bdjiamjhjpond_`)^cdg_m`i\m`hjm`gdf`gtojnc\m`]`_
rdoc oc`dm ]mjoc`mn \i_ ndno`mn) `o^&) rcdg` oc`m` h\t ]` \ i`b\odq`
^jmm`g\odjirdocm`b\m_ojm`ndno\i^`%_p`ojoc`i`b\odq`m`g\odjincdk
]`or``i cjpn`cjg_ ndu` \i_ `^jijhd^no\opn&+ ?jiq`mn`gt) \ ]dbb`m
\k\moh`io rjpg_ o`i_ oj g`\_ oj g`nn `skjnpm`) \i_ dn gdf`gt oj ]`
m`g\o`_oj di^m`\n`_m`ndno\i^` %oc`hjm`r`gg*oj*_j^\i\aajm_g\mb`m
\k\moh`ion&+ Ei a\^o) ji` h\tnpnk`^o oc\o \o ocdn odh` oc` cjpndib
_`h\i_r\nm\oc`mådi`g\nod^çrdocm`b\m_ojcjpn`cjg_ndu`7a\hdgd`n
ja\^`mo\dinj^d\gno\i_dib^jpg_ijoc\q`ojjnh\gg\i\k\moh`ioâ
daoc`c`\_jaoc`cjpn`cjg_r\n\]\if`hkgjt``jm\h`_d^\g_j^ojm)
ajm`s\hkg`)dorjpg_]`nj^d\ggt_`bm\_dibojc\q`g`nnoc\in\t1jm
2mjjhn%C`eq\gg.654&+Sdocdi\_`lp\o`di^jh`)oc`a\hdgtrjpg_]`
hjm`gdf`gtojm`nomd^oajj_\i_joc`måiji*jno`io\odjpnç`sk`in`n+Ki
oc`joc`mc\i_)rjmfdib^g\nncjpn`cjg_n^jpg_kmj]\]gtm\m`gt\aajm_
hjm` oc\i orj mjjhn %\i_ \ fdo^c`i&) m`b\m_g`nn jaoc` ndu` jaoc`
cjpn`cjg_+ Bjm oc`h) oc` lp`nodji rjpg_ m\oc`m ]` rc`oc`m oc`t
^jpg_h\i\b`rdocjpoo\fdibdigj_b`mnojc`gkk\toc`m`io+0 Djroc`i^\ir`_`adi`oc`^ji^`kojajq`m^mjr_dib<=^^jm_dib
oj>pmi`oo %.66.& jq`m^mjr_dibr\n_`adi`_ ]tno\opo`di>mdo\didi
.56. \n hjm` oc\i orj \_pgon k`m mjjh) ^cdg_m`i pi_`m .- t`\mn
^jpiodib\nc\ga\i_ocjn`pi_`mji`t`\mijo\o\gg+Kiocdn_`adidodji)
.3k`m^`iojaoc`kjkpg\odjijaHji_jidi.6-.gdq`_diåjq`m^mjr_`_ç
^ji_dodjin+=^jhk\m\]g`adbpm`ajmOoj^fcjghdnijo\q\dg\]g`+Djp*
ndib^`inpn`n ncjroc\o \]jpo 5-k`m^`iojaoc`kjkpg\odjigdq`_di
\k\moh`ionnh\gg`moc\i1mjjhn\i_\fdo^c`i+Pc`k`m^`io\b`jaocdn
kjkpg\odjircd^cr\n_`adi`_\ngdqdibdi åjq`m^mjr_`_ç ^ji_dodjin
) 3 , ) *
%hjm` oc\i /k`mnjin k`m mjjh) ^cdg_m`i ijo_dn^jpio`_& _`^m`\n`_
amjh 15 k`m^`io di .6-- oj /5 k`m^`io di .6/-+ Jj _jp]o) jq`m*
^mjr_dibr\n \n`mdjpn kmj]g`h di Ooj^fcjgh dioc`g\o` .6oc \i_
`\mgt/-oc^`iopmt+Djr`q`m)oc`m`r`m`dhkmjq`h`ionamjh\mjpi_
.6--+I`\npm`_\noc`\q`m\b`iph]`mjak`mnjink`mmjjhdioc`^dot
\n\rcjg`)^mjr_dibdi^m`\n`_amjh.+/0di.535oj.+1/di.55-)rcd^c
rjpg_di_d^\o`\rjmn`idibjaoc`cjpndibndop\odji_pmdibocdnk`mdj_+
Eooc`im`h\di`_\]jq`.+1piodg .6-2rc`idono\mo`_oj_`^gdi`+
Ei`q\gp\odiboc`n`adbpm`n)doncjpg_]`m`h`h]`m`_oc\odiocjn`
_\tnoc`fdo^c`ir\n^jpio`_\n\mjjh+1 Pc`jq`mrc`ghdibh\ejmdot
ja\k\moh`iondioc`\m`\pi_`mj]n`mq\odji%oc`adq`mjo`h\i_dnomd^on
ân``\kk`i_ds& c\_0mjjhnjma`r`m)d+`+orjmjjhn\i_\fdo^c`i+
Pc`hjno^jhhjindu`ja_r`ggdibr\nji`mjjh\i_\fdo^c`i)]po
`q`iji`mjjh_r`ggdibnr`m`ijopi^jhhji+ 2Odi^`hjnocjpn`*
cjg_n gdq`_ di nh\gg \k\moh`ion oc` _`bm`` jajq`m^mjr_dibr\n ja
^jpmn` g\mb`gt _`k`i_`io ji oc` ndu` ja oc` cjpn`cjg_+ >`mic\m_o
%.66/& ajpi_ajmOoj^fcjgh %oc`adq`mjo`h\i_dnomd^on& \mjpi_.6--
oc\ooc`_dnomd]podjijajq`m^mjr_dib]tnj^d\gbmjpkr\noc``sk`^o`_
ji`7 jq`mc\gajaoc`cjpn`cjg_n ]`gjibdibojoc`pkk`m\i_hd__g`
nj^d\gbmjpkn]`gjib`_ojoc`g`\no^mjr_`_^\o`bjmt)rcdg`ocdnr\n
omp` ajm jigt 5 k`m^`io jaoc` cjpn`cjg_n rcd^cr`m` c`\_`_]t \
rjmf`m+
C`i`m\ggt)cdbc`mg`q`gnjah\o`md\gm`njpm^`ndioc`cjpn`cjg_\m`
\nnj^d\o`_rdocgjr`mhjmo\gdot+=nno\o`_]tLm`noji %.652&7 äIjm`
\i_ ]`oo`m ajj_ \i_ ^gjocdib) hjm` nk\^`) hjm` g`dnpm`) \i_ ]`oo`m
n\ido\mt a\^dgdod`n rdgg kmj_p^` gjr`m kmj]\]dgdod`n ja _tdib di \it
`iqdmjih`ioã+=ijoc`mkjr`mapgn`ojaa\^ojmn^\i]`g\]`gg`_äfijr*
g`_b`,o`^cidlp`ã)]poLm`noji\mbp`noc\oocdnr\njagdoog`dhkjmo\i^`
di \nj^d`ot rc`m` m`g\odq`gtgdoog` r\n fijri \]jpo oc` h`\in ajm
m`_p^dibhjmo\gdot+
?mjr_dibdn\omd^ft^ji^`ko+Eiocdnnop_tr`h`\npm`dio`mhnja
k`mnjink`mmjjhdioc`_r`ggdiboc\ooc`cjpn`cjg_c\_\odon_dnkjn\g+
>pooc`m`dn\gnj\i`so`mi\gnd_`ojoc`^ji^`koja^mjr_dib7rc\o_j
oc`dhh`_d\o`npmmjpi_dibnjaoc`cjpn`gjjfgdf`<Pc`^`iom\gk\mon
jaoc`^doto`i_`_oj]`hjm`^jib`no`_oc\ooc`jponfdmon+>`mic\m_o
%.66/& diq`nodb\o`_rc`oc`moc`m`r`m`\it^`iom`,k`mdkc`mt`aa`^on
rdocdioc`^dotjaOoj^fcjgh+Pc`Kg_?dotdioc`^`iom`jaOoj^fcjgh
r\n ^jhkg`o`gtj^^pkd`_]tcjpn`n \i_ %i\mmjr& nom``on\gm`\_t]t
) 3 - )
oc``i_jaoc`.6oc^`iopmt%jm`q`i]`ajm`oc\o&+Pc`m`r\n\ghjnoij
`hkotnk\^`)rcdg`njh`jaoc`joc`mmjo`h\i_dnomd^ondi^gp_`_dioc`
nop_t)ndop\o`_jioc`jponfdmonjarc\odnoj_\täoc`dii`m^dotã)c\_
\ hp^c hjm` ämpm\gã ^c\m\^o`m) `nk`^d\ggt \o oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc`
k`mdj_) di .562+ L`jkg` h\tc\q` gdq`_ dinh\gg) jq`m^mjr_`_]pdg*
_dibn) ]po oc`m` r\n \ gjo ja jpo_jjm nk\^` \mjpi_ %b\m_`in \i_
pi^pgodq\o`_h`\_jrn&+Ei^jiom\no)oc`Kg_?dotr\n^jib`no`_)]joc
di_jjmn \i_ jpo_jjmn+ Pc`n` _daa`m`i^`n di oc` `iqdmjih`io r`m`
cjr`q`mijodhkjmo\io`ijpbcojkmj_p^`_daa`m`i^`ndi^cdg_hjm*
o\gdotg`q`gn+Lmj]\]gtoc`^jio\^on ]`or``ioc`äjpogtdibã\m`\n\i_
oc`^`iom\gk\monjaoc`^dotr`m`am`lp`io`ijpbcnjoc\ooc`dic\]d*
o\ionnc\m`_\^jhhji_dn`\n``iqdmjih`io+
=^^jm_dib oj C`eq\gg %.654&) oc` _`bm`` janj^d\g _daa`m`iod\odji
m`h\di`_ gdhdo`_ di Ooj^fcjgh _pmdib oc` .6oc ^`iopmt7 ä_daa`m`io
nj^d\g^g\nn`ngdq`_\i_rjmf`_nd_`]tnd_`)dioc`n\h`]gj^\i_jao`i
dioc`n\h`cjpn`ã+Pcdnr\n^c\ib`_dioc``\mgt/-oc^`iopmt)rc`i
oc`pkk`mnj^d\g^g\nn`nhjq`_ojyno`mh\gh)3 rc`m``g`b\iocjpn`n
rdochj_`mia\^dgdod`n%`g`q\ojmn)]\ocmjjhn)^`iom\gc`\odib`o^+&r`m`
]pdgo)\i_oc`åjpogtdibç\m`\njaO}_`mh\gh)rcd^ckm`qdjpngtc\_\
m\oc`m mpm\g ^c\m\^o`m) r`m` adgg`_ rdoc adq` oj nds nojm`t o`i`h`io
cjpn`n)^jindnodibja\ghjnojigtq`mtnh\gg\k\moh`ion %.*0mjjhn)
di^g+fdo^c`i&)dio`i_`_ajmrjmfdib^g\nnk`jkg`+
CRONK\KKWN\RO^KZSKLUO[
Pc`_\o\n`orcd^c ajmhnoc`]\ndn ja\i\gtndn diocdnkmje`^o^jh`n
amjh\^jh]di\odjijanj^dj*_`hjbm\kcd^diajmh\odjidioc`Ooj^f*
cjghDdnojmd^\g@\o\>\n`) diajmh\odji\]jpo\k\moh`iondu`dioc`
cjpndib^`inpn`n)\i_oc`^\pn`ja_`\ocajmoc`_`^`\n`_^cdg_m`iamjh
oc` _`\oc ^`modad^\o`n+ =gg oc`n` _\o\ njpm^`n ^\i ]` ajpi_ di oc`
Ooj^fcjgh?dot=m^cdq`n+Eijpmkm`qdjpn\i\gtndn %>`mic\m_o .66/&
r`_d_ijot`oc\q`\^^`nnojoc`diajmh\odjiji^\pn`ja_`\oc8 ji
oc`joc`mc\i_)r`c\_diajmh\odjijioc`j^^pk\odjijaoc`c`\_ja
cjpn`cjg_%\i_joc`mh`h]`mnjaoc`cjpn`cjg_&+Sc`ir``sk\i_`_
jpm _\o\ n`o oj di^gp_` oc` orj cjpndib ^`inpn`n ja .6--,-. \i_
.6/-,/.)^j_`_diajmh\odjijij^^pk\odjir\nijom`\_dgt\q\dg\]g`+
Eordgg]`\__`_\o\g\o`mno\b`)]por`a`godor\nijonjpmb`iondi^`
) 3 . )
oc` nj^d\g bmjpk q\md\]g` r\n i`doc`m ndbidad^\io ijm ncjr`_ \it
dio`m`nodibk\oo`mi+Pc`mjo`h\i_dnomd^oq\md\]g`r\nndbidad^\io)]po
oc`k\oo`mijam`g\odq`mdnfn_d_ijon``hojh\f`\itn`in`+Pc`n`orj
q\md\]g`nr`m`oc`m`ajm`ijodi^gp_`_dioc`\i\gtndnkm`n`io`_c`m`+
Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) r` c\q` diomj_p^`_ocm`` i`rq\md\]g`n7 .&
a\hdgtotk`) _`ijodibrc`oc`moc`m`r`m`ji`jmorjk\m`iondioc`
cjpn`cjg_ \o oc`odh` jaoc` cjpndib ^`inpn) 4 /& gj_b`mn,n`mq\ion)
_daa`m`iod\odib]`or``icjpn`cjg_nrdocgj_b`mn\i_,jmn`mq\ion)\i_
ocjn`åip^g`\mça\hdgd`n)jigt^jindnodibjak\m`ion\i_oc`dm^cdg_m`i)
\i_0&^cdg_no\opn)oc\odnrc`oc`moc`^cdg_dilp`nodjir\ng`bdodh\o`
jm dgg`bdodh\o` %oc` g\oo`m ^\o`bjmt) ^jhkmdndib .0 k`m^`io ja oc`
^cdg_m`idioc`n\hkg`)\gnjdi^gp_`_ajno`m^cdg_m`i)no`k^cdg_m`i\i_
\_jko`_^cdg_m`i&+ Ei \__dodji) r` m\i orj n`k\m\o`otk`n jahj_`g
adoodibn)ji`di^gp_diboc`^mjr_dibdi_`s%m`a`mmdibojoc`iph]`mja
k`mnjink`mmjjh\ooc`odh`jaoc`cjpndib^`inpn&\i_oc`joc`mji`
rcd^c di^gp_`_ cjpn`cjg_ ndu` \i_ \k\moh`io ndu` \n orj n`k\m\o`
q\md\]g`n+ Pc` m`\njidib ]`cdi_ ocdn g\oo`m \kkmj\^c r\n oc\o r`
r\io`_oj`skgjm`oc`orj_daa`m`io_dh`indjinjaoc`^mjr_dibdi_`s
%n`` oc` _dn^pnndji di oc` km`qdjpn n`^odji ja oc` \mod^g`&+ =gg oc`
q\md\]g`ndi^gp_`_\m`nj*^\gg`_ads`_^jq\md\o`n)oc\odnoc`tm`a`moj\
nk`^dad^ kjdio di odh`) i\h`gt oc` _\o` ja oc` cjpndib ^`inpn di
lp`nodji+ Pc`k`mdj_a\^ojmr\nbmjpk`_diojocm``^\o`bjmd`n7 .6--)
.6.-\i_.6/-)`\^c^jhkmdndiborjcjpndib^`inpn`n+Pcdnh`\inajm
`s\hkg` oc\o .6-- m`a`mn oj n`bh`ion jagda`cdnojmd`nno\modib`doc`m
F\ip\mt..563jmF\ip\mt..6-.)oc\odndo^jq`mnoc`odh`k`mdj_.562
oj .6-2 %ndi^` r` ajggjr oc` ^cdg_m`i \ h\sdhph ja adq` t`\mn&+
?jmm`nkji_dibgt).6.-m`a`mnojoc`k`mdj_.6-3*.6.2)\i_.6/-ojoc`
k`mdj_.6.3*.6/2+
Pc`hjnodhkjmo\io`sk\indji di^jhk\mdnjirdococ`km`qdjpn
\i\gtndndnoc\or`\m`\]g`ojo\f`\^^jpiojaoc`^\pn`ja_`\ocjaoc`
022 ^cdg_m`i di jpm _\o\ n`o) rcj _d`_ ]`ajm` \b` 2+ =gg oc` _`\oc
^`modad^\o`ndioc`k`mdj_.545*.6/3ajmoc`adq`mjo`h\i_dnomd^on5c\q`
]``i^jhkpo`mdu`_]toc`Ooj^fcjghDdnojmd^\g@\o\>\n`)\i_jaa`m
`s^`gg`iojkkjmopidod`najm^\pn`*nk`^dad^\i\gtndnjahjmo\gdotdiocdn
k`mdj_+ =pojh\od^gdifdibjaoc`diajmh\odjidioc`mjo`h\iadg`oj
oc`diajmh\odjidioc`adg`^jio\didiboc`_`\oc^`modad^\o`nopmi`_jpo
oj]`kjnnd]g`ajm5-k`m^`iojaoc`^cdg__`\ocndihth\o`md\g+Pcdn
r\n _ji` ]t h\o^cdiboc`_\o` ja_`\oc %t`\m) hjioc) _\t& \i_oc`
) 3/)
i\h`jaoc`_`^`\n`_k`mnji+S``sk`^ooc\ordocnjh``som\`aajmon
%o\fdib\^^jpiojagdf`gthdno\f`ndino\odiboc`_\o`ja_`\oc)jmdioc`
nk`ggdibjaoc`i\h`)ajm`s\hkg`&dordgg]`kjnnd]g`ojadi_oc`mdbco
_`\oc^`modad^\o`ajm\i\__dodji\g .-*.2k`m^`iojaoc`^\n`n+
= ^jhk\mdnji ja ht `nodh\o` jaoc` dia\io \i_ ^cdg_ %\b` .*1&
hjmo\gdotm\o`n)m`nk`^odq`gt)ajmoc` .563*.6-2k`mdj_)rdococ`jaad*
^d\g adbpm` ajm oc` rcjg` ja Ooj^fcjgh di oc` k`mdj_ .564*.6-3) 6
ncjr`_oc\o oc` ^cdg_hjmo\gdotm\o`r\nq`mt^gjn` %ht^\g^pg\odji
r\n/0+41k`m.---^jhk\m`_oj/0+//)rcd^ckmj]\]gth`\in\ngdbco
pi_`m`nodh\odjindi^`oc`adq`mjo`h\i_dnomd^onc\_njh`rc\ocdbc`m
jq`m\gg hjmo\gdot g`q`gn ^jhk\m`_ oj oc` ^dot \n \ rcjg`&) ]po oc`
`nodh\o`_dia\iohjmo\gdotm\o`r\nojjgjr%./0+53k`m.---^jhk\m`_
oj .22+//&+Itnpnkd^dji dnoc\oocdndn_p`kmdh\mdgtoj\ipi_`mm`*
bdnom\odjijadia\ionrcj_d`_ncjmogt\ao`m]dmoc+ .-Eor\noc`m`ajm`
_`^d_`_oj`s^gp_`oc`admnohjiocjagda`amjhoc`\i\gtndn+Pcdnh\f`n
n`in`\gnjamjh\i\i\gtod^\gkjdiojaqd`r)ndi^`hjno_`\ocn dioc`
admno hjioc jagda`r`m` _p`oj ^jib`ido\g h\gajmh\odjin \i_joc`m
iji*dia`^odjpn^\pn`n) .. d+`+ ^\pn`npim`g\o`_ojoc`^mjr_diba\^ojm
rcd^cdnjpmkmdh`dio`m`no+
As^gp_diboc` i`ji\o\g _`\ocn) oc`m`r`m` 0/3 _`\ocng`ao di jpm _\o\n`o)jarcd^c32r`m`pi^g\nndad`_+Pc`/3._`\ocnajmrcd^c^\pn`
ja_`\ocr\n fijrir`m`^j_`_-. dioj ajpm_daa`m`io ^\o`bjmd`n7 .&
m`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n %h\digt]mji^cdodn\i_ki`phjid\&)/& joc`m\dm*
]jmi`dia`^odjin%_dkcoc`md\)h`\ng`n)n^\mg`oa`q`m)op]`m^pgjndn.0\i_
rcjjkdib^jpbc&)0&_d\mmcj`\g_dn`\n`n%b\nomj*`io`mdodn\^po\`o^&)\i_
1& joc`m ^\pn`n ja _`\oc %ajm `s\hkg` \^^d_`ion&+ P\]g` . bdq`n oc`
\]njgpo` adbpm`n di `\^c ^\pn`*ja*_`\oc ^\o`bjmt ajm oc` ocm`` odh`
k`mdj_n+
Eiojo\g)r`oc`ic\_ .43^\n`nja_`\ocamjh\dm]jmi`dia`^odjin
%^jh]didiboc` m`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`nrdoc joc`m\dm]jmi`dia`^odjin&+
Pcdndnnodgg\m\oc`mnh\ggiph]`mja`q`ionoj]`\i\gtu`_]th`\in
jadio`indotm`bm`nndji)rcd^cpiajmopi\o`gtm`nomd^onjpmkjnnd]dgdod`n
oj_m\r_`adido`^ji^gpndjinamjhoc`^\pn`*nk`^dad^m`bm`nndji\i\gt*
ndn+ .1S`rdggoc`m`ajm`km`n`iom`npgonamjhorjn`onjahj_`gadoodib
`s`m^dn`n) ji`rcd^c m`a`mnoj \gg ^\pn`n ja_`\ocn %rc`m`r` c\q` \
npaad^d`iogtg\mb`iph]`mja`q`ionoj]`\]g`ojompnooc`ndbidad^\i^`
o`non& \i_ji` rcd^c jigtm`a`mnoj _`\ocn amjh \dm]jmi`dia`^odjin
%rc`m`r`^\i]`g`nnnpm`&+
)3 0 )
IPQ[T(%:TPcWbQT[^fPVT,#QhRPdbT%Hc^RZW^[\!UXeTa^cT\P]SXbcaXRcb"
(/0,$(0),!UXabc\^]cW^U[XUTTgR[dSTS"%
-5,, -5-, -5., OejWb
M[if_hWjehoZ_i[Wi[i 01 .. -. 35
Jj^[hW_hXehd[_d\[Yj_edi 1. /. -/ 53
?_Whh^e[WbZ_i[Wi[i .1 2 / /0
Jj^[hYWki[ie\Z[Wj^ .1 -5 3 1-
PdYbWii_\_[Z /2 -5 -, 21
OejWb -4/ 54 01 /.2
IPQ[T)%:XbcaXQdcX^]QhW^dbTW^[SbXiTP]SP_Pac\T]cbXiT%7[[RWX[SaT]
X]R[dSTSX]cWTbP\_[T%7Qb^[dcTUXVdaTb%
<fWhjc[dji_p[
-). / )1 2' OejWb
Ceki[^ebZi_p[
-)0 .-,, 5,5 20 /,3/
1)3 -4.0 --3, --2 /--,
4' /3/ 0-/ -,- 443
0.53 .05. .4- 3,3,
)3 1 )
IPQ[T*%:XbcaXQdcX^]^ UW^dbTW^[SbfXcWP]SfXcW^dc[^SVTab&bTaeP]cb
QhP_Pac\T]cbXiT%7[[RWX[SaT]X]R[dSTSX]cWTbP\_[T%7Qb^[dcTUXVdaTb%
<fWhjc[dji_p[
-). /)1 2' OejWb
Ceki[^ebZim_j^ekj
beZ][hiehi[hlWdji .131 5/4 20 /133
Ceki[^ebZim_j^
beZ][hiWdZ+ehi[hlWdji -3.. -110 .-3 /05/
<bb^eki[^ebZi 0.53 .05. .4- 3,3,
IPQ[T+%:XbcaXQdcX^]^ UW^dbTW^[SbQh_TaX^SP]SSTVaTT^ URa^fSX]V%
7[[RWX[SaT]X]R[dSTSX]cWTbP\_[T%7Qb^[dcTUXVdaTb%
>hemZ_d] _dZ[n -5,, -5-, -5., OejWb
8-*1 -.3 50 -,0 /.1
-*1).*0 -0., -2.- 500 /541
.*1)/*5 355 42, 0// .,5.
0*,' .21 .3/ -/, 224
OejWb .2-- .404 -2-- 3,3,
) 3 2 )
IPQ[T,%:TPcWbP]S_Tab^]hTPab^UTg_^bdaTQhbTgP]SPVTVa^d_%7[[
RWX[SaT]X]R[dSTSX]cWTbP\_[T%
Keij) d[edWjWb
OeZZb[h /)0
o[WhebZi
?[Wj^i =eoi 4. 2, /1
B_hbi 2/ 2. .0
=ej^i[n[i -01 -.. 15
@nfeikh[ =eoi 52- ./35 .4/3
B_hbi 5/- ./14 .424
=ej^i[n[i -45. 03/3 13,1
IPQ[T-% EQbTaeTS^RRdaaT]RT&Tg_^bdaTaPcTbQh
aT]X]R[dSTSX]cWTbP\_[T%GPcTb_Ta('''% bTgP]SPVT%7[[RWX[S*
Keij) OeZZb[h /)0
d[edWjWb o[WhebZi
=eoi 41*/ .1*/ -.*/
B_hbi 23*3 .2*/ 4*0
AO[]U\[PZXV\ROSW\OW[S\aZOQZO[[SXWKWKUa[S[
Kpmkm`qdjpnm`npgo%>`mic\m_o.66/&oc\ojq`m^mjr_dib\ooc`cjpn`*
cjg_ g`q`g r\n kjndodq`gt m`g\o`_ oj ^cdg_ hjmo\gdot r\n ^jiadmh`_
rc`i r` r`m` \]g` oj \i\gtu` \ g\mb`m _\o\ n`o %n`` P\]g` 4&+ Pc`
^mjr_diba\^ojmr\nndbidad^\iorc`ir`m\ioc`m`bm`nndjihj_`grdoc
\gg^\pn`nja_`\oc^jh]di`_+ .2Eodnijo`rjmoct) cjr`q`m)oc\ooc`
m`g\odq` mdnfn ncjroc\o oc` ]dbephk dn ]`or``i oc` g`\no ^mjr_`_
cjpn`cjg_n%9 2k`mnjink`mmjjh&\i_oc`joc`mn+Pc`m`dn\kjndodq`
bm\_d`iodioc`m`g\odq`mdnfn\gnjajmoc`hjm`^mjr_`_^\o`bjmd`n)]po
oc`di^m`\n`n\m`q`mthj_`no %\i_h\tijo]`ndbidad^\io&+ Eidio`m*
) 3 3 )
km`odib ocdn m`npgo) do ncjpg_ ]` m`\gdu`_oc\o oc` r\toc` ^mjr_dib
di_`sr\n ^jinomp^o`_) oc`g`\no^mjr_`_^\o`bjmt^jhkmdn`n\ghjno
`s^gpndq`gtcjpn`cjg_ndi\k\moh`ionrdoc0*1mjjhnjmg\mb`m)d+`+oc`
jq`mrc`ghdibh\ejmdotjarjmfdib^g\nncjpn`cjg_n\m``s^gp_`_+
IPQ[T.%<PRc^abPUUTRcX]VRWX[S\^acP[XchX]Hc^RZW^[\(/0,$(0),%
CPX]UPRc^aaTVaTbbX^]\^ST[fXcWRa^fSX]VX]STg%GT[PcXeTaXbZb%7[[
RPdbTb^USTPcWP]SSTPcWbUa^\PXaQ^a]TX]UTRcX^]b)aTb_TRcXeT[h%
<bbYWki[i <_hXehd[_d\[Yj_edi
N[n
=eoi B_hbi
-*-31
-& -*-0/
-&
K[h_eZ
-5,, -5-, -5.,
-&
,*2,3 ,*/4,
f8,*,1
-&
,*2-/
,*/5, AWc_bojof[
Jd[fWh[dj
OmefWh[dji -*-,2
-&
-*020 -&
>hemZ_d] _dZ[n
8-*1 -*1).*0 .*1)/*5
0*,'
-&
-*051 -*132 -*2.3
f8,*,1
-&
-*13/
-*053 -*254 GeZ][hi+i[hlWdji
Ie T[i
-&
-*,42
-&
,*52.
>^_bZijWjki
G[]_j_cWj[
Dbb[]_j_cWj[
-&
-*14. f8,*,1
-&
-*.31
&%XWi[b_d[ b[l[b*
) 3 4 )
O`s) a\hdgt otk` \i_ oc` a\^ojm _dnodibpdncdib cjpn`cjg_n rdoc
gj_b`mn \i_,jmn`mq\ion amjh åip^g`\mç cjpn`cjg_n r`m`ijondbidad*
^\io) ]pooc`m`g\odq`mdnfnr`m`dioc``sk`^o`__dm`^odji+ Pc`^cdg_
no\opna\^ojmndbidad^\iogtdhkmjq`_oc`adojaoc`hj_`g)ncjrdib\n
`sk`^o`_oc\o ådgg`bdodh\o`ç ^cdg_m`i c\_ \ ^jind_`m\]g` jq`mmdnf %\g*
hjno 3- k`m^`io&+ =gnj oc` k`mdj_ a\^ojm r\n nomjibgt ndbidad^\io)
ncjrdib\h\mf`__`^gdi`jq`modh`dioc`mdnfja_tdib]`gjr\b`2+
Pcdna\^ojmkm`nph\]gt^\kopm`njoc`m^c\ib`njq`modh`dioc``iqd*
mjih`io jm di oc` gdqdib ^ji_dodjin) ajm `s\hkg` dhkmjq`h`ion di
n\ido\odji)no\i_\m_njak`mnji\gctbd`i`%Ar]\if\i_Lm`noji.656&
jmipomdodji%ocdnrdgg]`_dn^pnn`_apmoc`m]`gjr&
?jiom\mtoj jpm`sk`^o\odjin) oc` m`g\odq` mdnfn jaoc` ^mjr_dib
di_`s _d_ijo ^c\ib`q`mthp^crc`ir`m\ioc`m`bm`nndjihj_`g
rdoc_`\ocnamjh\dm]jmi`_dn`\n`njigt+Pc\ooc`^mjr_dibdi_`sij
gjib`mr\nndbidad^\ioh\t]`_p`ojoc`nh\gg`miph]`mja`q`ion%.43
dino`\_ja0/3&)]por`c\_\iod^dk\o`_oc\ooc`kjndodq`bm\_d`iorjpg_
]`nc\mk`m)d+`+oc\o^cdg_m`idioc`hjm`^mjr_`_cjpn`cjg_nrjpg_
c\q`bm`\o`mjq`mmdnfnoj_d`amjh\dm]jmi`_dn`\n`oc\iamjh\gg^\pn`n
ja _`\oc ^jh]di`_+ Pcdn r\n ijo ]jmi` jpo ]t jpm \i\gtndn+ Pc`
m`g\odq`mdnfnjaoc`a\hdgtotk`a\^ojmncjr`_\bm`\o`mjq`mmdnfajm
^cdg_m`idioc`ji`*k\m`iocjpn`cjg_najm_`\ocnamjh\dm]jmi`_dn`\*
n`n)rcdg`^cdg_no\opnn``h`_oj]`jag`nndhkjmo\i^`%oc`jq`mmdnfja
ådgg`bdodh\o`ç^cdg_m`ir\n^jind_`m\]gtm`_p^`_&+Pc`m`g\odq`mdnfnja
oc` n`s) k`mdj_ \i_ åip^g`\mç cjpn`cjg_n %gj_b`mn,n`mq\ion& a\^ojmn
m`h\di`_hjm`jmg`nnoc`n\h`+
P\]g`5ncjrnoc`m`npgonjaoc`^jmm`nkji_dibm`bm`nndji\i\gtndn
di^gp_dibcjpn`cjg_nndu`\i_\k\moh`iondu`\norjn`k\m\o`q\md\]g`n
dioc`hj_`gdino`\_ja^jh]didiboc`hdioj\^mjr_dibdi_`s+Pc`
m`npgon\m`mj]pnodioc`n`in`oc\ooc`m`g\odq`mdnfn\i_oc`ndbidad^\i^`
o`nonjaoc`joc`ma\^ojmnm`h\dikm\^od^\ggtpi^c\ib`_+O`k\m\odiboc`
`aa`^ojacjpn`cjg_ndu`amjhoc\oja\k\moh`iondu`)r`adi_oc\odi
oc`hj_`grdoc\gg^\pn`nja_`\oc^jh]di`_dodn\k\moh`iondu`oc\o
c\n \ ndbidad^\io dhk\^o) rcdg` cjpn`cjg_ ndu` n``hn oj ]` ja g`nn
dhkjmo\i^`+ Pc` k\oo`mi ja m`g\odq` mdnfn ncjrn oc\o) \n `sk`^o`_)
di^m`\ndib cjpn`cjg_ ndu` di^m`\n`n oc` mdnf ja _tdib ]`ajm` \b` 2
%\gocjpbcoc``aa`^odnm`g\odq`gthj_`no&)rcdg`g\mb`m\k\moh`iondu`
m`_p^`noc`mdnf^jind_`m\]gt+
) 35)
IPQ[T/%<PRc^abPUUTRcX]VRWX[S\^acP[XchX]Hc^RZW^[\(/0,$(0),#
CPX]UPRc^aaTVaTbbX^]\^ST[fXcWW^dbTW^[SbXiTP]SP_Pac\T]cbXiTPb
bT_PaPcTePaXPQ[Tb%GT[PcXeTaXbZb%7[[RPdbTb^USTPcWbP]SSTPcWbUa^\
PXaQ^a]TX]UTRcX^]b#aTb_TRcXeT[h%
<bbYWki[i <_hXehd[_d\[Yj_edi
N[n
=eoi -*-30 -*-0,
B_hbi -& -&
K[h_eZ
-5,, -& -&
-5-, ,*2-5 f8,*,1 ,*2.2 f8,*,1
-5., ,*/4/ ,*/50
AWc_bojof[
Jd[fWh[dj -*,5- -*02.
OmefWh[dji m -&
Ceki[^ebZi_p[
-)0 -& -&
1 )3 -*-50 -*.01
4' -*-52 -*0,.
GeZ][hi+i[hlWdji
Ie -& -&
T[i -*,50 ,*501
>^_bZijWjki
G[]_j_cWj[ -& -&
Dbb[]_j_cWj[ -*142 f8,*,1 -*.51
<fWhjc[dji_p[
-). ' -&
/ )1 ,*35/ f:,*,1 ,*4/5
2' ,*10- ,*0/0
&%XWi[b_d[b[l[b
* 5 - *
Eio`m`nodibgt`ijpbc)rc`ir`m`nomd^ooc`hj_`goj\kkgtoj_`\ocn
amjh \dm]jmi` _dn`\n`n jigt) oc` `aa`^o jag\mb`m cjpn`cjg_ ndu` di*
^m`\n`n) d+`+ oc` jq`mmdnf ajm ^cdg_m`i di cjpn`cjg_n rdoc \o g`\no 5
k`mnjin dn hjm`kmjijpi^`_ajmhjmo\gdotamjh \dm]jmi`dia`^odjin
oc\iajmjq`m\gghjmo\gdot%\gocjpbcoc`a\^ojmdnnodggijondbidad^\io&+
=gnj\k\moh`iondu`n``hnojc\q`\ngdbcogtbm`\o`m`aa`^oajm_`\ocn
amjh\dm]jmi`_dn`\n`njigt)\gocjpbcdiocdn^\n`oc`a\^ojmndbidad^\io*
gtdhkmjq`_oc`adojaoc`hj_`gajm\gg^\pn`nja_`\oc^jh]di`_)]po
ijoajm\dm]jmi`dia`^odjin+
Pcpndon``hnoc\on`k\m\odiboc`orj_dh`indjinjaoc`^mjr_dib
di_`s_j`nbdq`pnnjh`\__dodji\gdiajmh\odji7g\mb`mcjpn`cjg_ndu`
\kk`\mn oj ]` m`g\o`_ oj cdbc`m hjmo\gdotamjh \dm]jmi` dia`^odjin)
rc`i\k\moh`iondu`dn ^jiomjgg`_ajm+ Pc\ooc`m`g\odq`mdnfn jaoc`
^mjr_dibdi_`s_jijoncjr\nc\mk`mkjndodq`bm\_d`ioajm\dm]jmi`
_dn`\n`n oc\i ajm jq`m\gg hjmo\gdot h\t ]` _p` oj oc` a\^o oc\o do dn
^jpio`m\^o`_ ]t njh`rc\o bm`\o`m dhk\^o ja \k\moh`io ndu`+ Sdoc
m`n`mq\odjiajmoc`a\^ooc\ooc`nh\ggiph]`mja`q`ion %_`\ocnamjh
\dm]jmi`dia`^odjin&m`nomd^onjpmkjnnd]dgdod`noj_m\r_`adido`^ji^gp*
ndjinamjhjpmm`npgon)oc`m`n``hnoj]`njh``qd_`i^`oc\o)cjg_dib
oc``aa`^oja\k\moh`iondu`^jino\io)]`gjibdiboj\g\mb`mcjpn`cjg_
di^m`\n`noc`mdnfja_tdibamjh\dm]jmi`dia`^odjinhjm`oc\ioc`mdnf
ja_tdibamjh\gg^\pn`nja_`\oc^jh]di`_+
=i\gtudib _`\ocn amjh m`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n jigt %]mji^cdodn \i_
ki`phjid\& bdq`nnjh`\__dodji\gdi_d^\odjioc\ooc`nc``mkctnd^\g
\nk`^oja^mjr_dib)\n_dnodi^oamjh\nk`^onhjm`m`g\o`_ojnj^dj*`^j*
ijhd^no\opndib`i`m\g)_j`nc\q`njh`dhk\^o+Eodnomp`oc\or`\m`
c`m` jihjm`nc\ftbmjpi_) ndi^`r` \m` \i\gtudib jigt46 _`\ocn
amjhoc`n`^\pn`n) ]podiocdn^\n`oc`m`g\odq`mdnfnjaoc`^mjr_dib
di_`s_jncjr\nc\mk`mkjndodq`bm\_d`io)rdoc^cdg_m`idioc`hjno
^mjr_`_ cjpn`cjg_n c\qdib ord^` oc` mdnf ja _tdib) ^jhk\m`_ oj
^cdg_m`i di oc` g`\no ^mjr_`_ ^\o`bjmt+ Pc` ^mjr_dib di_`s dn ijo
ndbidad^\io)]pooc`n`sa\^ojmdn%k:-+-/.&7]jtnrjpg_\kk`\mojc\q`
\4-k`m^`io jq`mmdnfja_tdibamjh]mji^cdodnjmki`phjid\+ Pcdn
h\f`nn`in`amjh\h`_d^\gkjdiojaqd`r)ndi^`]jtno`i_ojc\q`g`nn
_`q`gjk`_gpibnrc`ioc`t\m`]jmi\i_\gnj\ngjr`mbmjrocjaoc`
^\k\^dot jaoc` m`nkdm\ojmt jmb\in di oc` admnot`\mjagda` %S\g_mji
.652&+
) 4 - )
5S[M][[SXW KWN\OW\K\S^OMXWMU][SXW[
=o`io\odq`^ji^gpndjijaoc`\i\gtndn^\mmd`_jpodiocdn\mod^g`dnoc\o
oc`\gg`qd\odjija^jib`no`_gdqdib^ji_dodjinr\nijonp^c\idhkjm*
o\io a\^ojm di oc` pm]\i hjmo\gdot om\indodji \n njh` k`jkg` c\q`
\mbp`_+ =gocjpbc r` _d_ adi_ njh` `qd_`i^` ja \i `aa`^o ja jq`m*
^mjr_dibji^cdg_hjmo\gdotamjh\dm]jmi`dia`^odjindioc``\mgt/-oc
^`iopmt ^dot ja Ooj^fcjgh) do h\t ]` oc\o hjno ja oc` kjndodq`
m`g\odjincdk]`or``i_`bm``jajq`m^mjr_dib\i_^cdg_hjmo\gdotr\n
_p`ojoc`^jmm`g\odji]`or``ioc`^mjr_diba\^ojm\i_joc`m\nk`^on
jaoc`g`q`gjagdqdib+
=gocjpbc oc` `qd_`i^` dn di^ji^gpndq`) _p` oj oc` gdhdo\odjin
dhkjn`_]toc`nodggojjnh\ggn\hkg`ndu`)bm`\o`m`skjnpm`ojdia`^odji
]tgdqdib^gjn`oj\bm`\o`miph]`mjakjo`iod\gom\inhdoo`mnja^jio\*
bdji%joc`mh`h]`mjaoc`cjpn`cjg_]`dibnd^fjm^\mmtdib^jio\bdji
rdocjponcjrdib\itnthkojhnja_dn`\n`&_j`nn``hojg`\_ojcdbc`m
mdnfja_tdibamjhnp^c ^jhhpid^\]g`_dn`\n`n+ Djr`q`m) di^m`\n`_
m`ndno\i^`)ajm`s\hkg`]tdhkmjq`_ipomdodji)h\tc\q`]``ihjm`
dhkjmo\iodiocdnkmj^`nnoc\i_`^m`\ndib`skjnpm`+
Eodnja^jpmn`q`mt_daad^pgoojn`k\m\o`oc`nc``mkctnd^\g`aa`^oja
jq`m^mjr_dib amjh oc` `aa`^o ja joc`m \nk`^on ja dhkmjq`_ gdqdib
^ji_dodjinndi^`r`_jijoc\q`%\i_^\iijoc\q`&diajmh\odjijioc`
dio`mh`_d\o`no`kndioc`kmj^`nng`\_dibamjh`skjnpm`oj^jio\bdji
oj_`\oc%n``adbpm`.&+Eioc`\i\gtndnkm`n`io`_c`m`r`omtoj^jii`^o
\i\nnphkodji\]jpooc``aa`^ojajq`m^mjr_dibji`skjnpm`%bm`\o`m
_`bm``jajq`m^mjr_dibg`\_nojbm`\o`mmdnfjadia`^odji_p`ojcdbc`m
_jn`njadia`^odji&rdococ`j]n`mq`_`aa`^ojihjmo\gdot%\^op\g_`\ocn
amjh\dm]jmi`dia`^odjindicjpn`cjg_nrdoc_daa`m`io_`bm``jajq`m*
^mjr_dib&+Pc`orj]js`ndi]`or``i\m`dioc`_\mf8r`_jijofijr
\itocdib %jioc`hd^mj g`q`g \itr\t& \]jpo cjroc`kmjk`indotoj
kmj^``_amjhdia`^odjiojdggi`nnjmamjhdggi`nnoj_`\ocdn\aa`^o`_]t
oc` gjr`m nj^dj*`^jijhd^ no\opn rcd^c dn gdf`gt oj ^c\m\^o`mdu` oc`
jq`m^mjr_`_cjpn`cjg_n+Ki\h\^mjg`q`gji`^\i\mbp`oc\ogjr`m
nj^dj*`^jijhd^no\opno`i_nojg`\_ojcdbc`mkmjk`indotojb`odggji^`
tjp\m`dia`^o`_\i_\bm`\o`mgdf`gdcjj_oj_d`amjh\^po`dggi`nn+Ei
ocdn \i\gtod^\g n^c`h` jq`m^mjr_dib ^\i k`mc\kn ]`no ]` n``i \n \
omdbb`mdiba\^ojm)di^m`\ndiboc`mdnfoc\ooc`^c\dija`q`iong`\_diboj
_`\ocb`onpi_`mr\t+
) 4 . )
Fp_bdib amjh oc` `qd_`i^` km`n`io`_ c`m`) oc` \gg`qd\odji ja
^mjr_`_ gdqdib ^ji_dodjin \n \i `skg\i\ojmt a\^ojm di oc` pm]\i
hjmo\gdot om\indodji \kk`\mn g`nn ^jiqdi^dib) \o g`\no da ji` ocdifn
kmdh\mdgtjaoc`nc``mkctnd^\gnd_`ja^jib`nodji+Eoh\tc\q`^jiomd*
]po`_ oj oc` _`^gdi`) ]po ejdiogt rdoc oc` ^ji^jhdo\io `aa`^o ja
di^m`\ndibm`ndno\i^`+Pc`_dm`^o`aa`^ojajq`m^mjr_dibji^cdg_hjm*
o\gdotamjh\dm]jmi`dia`^odjinn``hnoj ]`m\oc`mr`\f8 ]`nd_`n)oc`
`\mgtk\mojaoc`pm]\ihjmo\gdot_`^gdi`j^^pmm`_rcdg`jq`m^mjr_dib
m`h\di`_\bm`\okmj]g`hjmjigtncjr`_\q`mthj_`m\o`_`^gdi`+
Djroc`i^\ir``skg\dioc\or`_d_adi_\ndbidad^\io`aa`^ojaoc`
^mjr_dib di_`s ji jq`m\gg ^cdg_ hjmo\gdot< Ddbc _`bm`` ja jq`m*
^mjr_dibdngdf`gtojc\q`]``im`g\o`_ojdi\_`lp\o`ipomdodji\i_ocdn
h\t\aa`^ooc`^cdg_çn\]dgdotoj m`^jq`mamjhdggi`nn)`nk`^d\ggtamjh
np^cdggi`nn`n\nm`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`n)h`\ng`n\i_rcjjkdib^jpbc+Ea
dodnomp`)\nHdqd*>\^^d%.66/&\mbp`n)oc\oocdn`aa`^odngdhdo`_ojn`mdjpn
h\gipomdodji)dodnc\m_oj]`gd`q`oc\odi\_`lp\o`ipomdodjirjpg_c\q`
]``i \i dhkjmo\io a\^ojm ]`cdi_ oc` m`g\odjincdk ]`or``i jq`m*
^mjr_dib\i_^cdg_hjmo\gdotdiOoj^fcjghdioc``\mgt/-oc^`iopmt+
?cdg_m`idioc`kjjm`mcjpn`cjg_nh\tr`ggc\q`]``ipi_`mijpmdn*
c`_)]pom\m`gtn`mdjpngth\gijpmdnc`_+
Koc`m\nk`^onjaoc`cjpndibno\i_\m_nh\tr`ggc\q`c\_bm`\o`m
dhkjmo\i^`8 ajm `s\hkg`) di\_`lp\o` c`\odib _pmdib oc` rdio`m
hjiocnh\tc\q`di^m`\n`_oc`mdnfjab`oodibdgg\i_,jm_tdibamjh
m`nkdm\ojmt_dn`\n`ndik\mod^pg\m+Pc`m`r\n\gnj\ijoc`mkc`ijh`iji
rcd^c h\t c\q` ^jiomd]po`_ oj oc` mdnf ja _tdib amjh \dm]jmi`
dia`^odjin)`nk`^d\ggt]mji^cdodn\i_ki`phjid\)i\h`gtoc`c\]doja
g`oodiboc`kjjm`mcjpn`cjg_nj^^pkt\k\moh`iondioc`i`rgt]pdgo
cjpn`nrdocjpok\tdib\itm`io)rcdg`oc`cjpn`nr`m`_md`_jpoamjh
oc`_\hki`nnjaoc`]pdg_dibkmj^`nn+
=ijoc`m\nk`^odnoc`no\i_\m_jan\ido\odji+=gocjpbcoc`kdk`_
r\o`m ntno`h r\n di\pbpm\o`_ di Ooj^fcjgh di .53.) oc`m` r\n ja
^jpmn`\bm\_p\g`sk\indjijaoc`kmjqdndjijakdk`_r\o`m+>t.6--)
hjnocjpn`ndioc`^dotc\_kdk`_r\o`m\i_n`r`m\b`)]pocjpn`n]pdgo
]`ajm` oc` .53-n r`m` m\m`gt m`]pdgo oj _m\r r\o`m kdk`n dioj oc`
]pdg_dib)rcd^ch`\iooc\ooc`dic\]do\ionc\_ojb`or\o`mamjh\o\k
dioc`^jpmot\m_%\i__dnkjn`rdocn`r\b`oc`n\h`r\t&rcd^crjpg_
kpo \ i\opm\g gdhdo ji ^jinphkodji+ Oj k\mo jaoc` `aa`^o ja jq`m*
^mjr_dib ji ^cdg_ hjmo\gdot h\t ]` ocmjpbc don m`g\odjincdk rdoc
) 4 / )
di\_`lp\o`n\ido\mt^ji_dodjin+S`_d_ijoomtoj\i\gtu`_`\ocnamjh
_d\mmcj`\g _dn`\n`n n`k\m\o`gt ndi^` oc`m` r`m` jigt 01 ^\n`n di jpm
h\o`md\g8 ]`nd_`noc``aa`^o h\toj \g\mb``so`io c\q`]``iocmjpbc
_`^m`\ndibm`ndno\i^` oj \dm]jmi` dia`^odjin %m`k`\o`_nojh\^cdia`^*
odjin)\gocjpbcijo_`\_gt)gjr`mnoc`ipomdodji\gg`q`gjaoc`^cdg_&+
Ehkmjqdibno\i_\m_njak`mnji\gctbd`i`h\t\gnjc\q`kg\t`_\mjg`+
Lp]gd^]\ocnr`m`jk`i`_dioc`g\o`mk\mojaoc`.6oc^`iopmt+Oo\modib
dioc`.56-noc`n^cjjgnr`m`kmjqd_dib]\ocdiba\^dgdod`najmoc`kpkdgn
%\]\oc`q`mtocdm_r``f&) rcd^c h\tc\q`c\_njh`di_dm`^o`aa`^o
\gnjajmoc`tjpib`m^cdg_m`idioc`cjpn`cjg_+
Ei nphhdib pk) r` ajpi_ njh` `qd_`i^` ajm \ _dm`^o `aa`^o ja
jq`m^mjr_dibji^cdg_hjmo\gdotamjh\dm]jmi`dia`^odjin+Pc``aa`^o
\kk`\mnoj]`m\oc`mr`\f)cjr`q`m)\i_doh\t]`^gjn`ojdhkjnnd]g`
ojn`k\m\o`doamjhoc`^ji^jhdo\io`aa`^onjajoc`m\nk`^onjadhkmjq`_
gdqdib ^ji_dodjin rcd^c j^^pmm`_ \o oc` n\h` odh`+ Pc` o`io\odq`
adi_dib\gnji``_noj ]` ^jmmj]jm\o`_]t\i\gtudib\g\mb`m_\o\n`o+
Pcdnrdgg]`^jh`kjnnd]g`rc`ir`b`o\^^`nnojoc`diajmh\odjiamjh
oc` .6-- Djpndib ^`inpn ajmoc`rcjg` m`bdno`m`_\m`\) d+`+ oc`orj
k\mdnc`njaI\md\\i_Jdfjg\d)rcd^crdggmjpbcgt_jp]g`oc`iph]`m
jaj]n`mq\odjin+Djr`q`m)^jind_`mdiboc`^jhkg`sdotjaoc`lp`nodji)
r`h\ti`q`m\mmdq`\o\_`adido`\inr`m+
) 4 0 )
AOPOZOWMO[
=cg]`mb) C}no\) Hc^RZW^[\bQTU^[Z]X]VbdceTRZ[X]VTUcTa(/,' %Ljkpg\*
odji om`i_n di Ooj^fcjgh \ao`m .52-&) Ooj^fcjgh7 =ghlpdno #
Sd^fn`gg.625+
>`mic\m_o) A+I+) ?mjr_dib \i_ ^cdg_ npmqdq\g di Ooj^fcjgh
.562*.6/-+L\k`mkm`n`io`_\ooc`Jjm_d^@`hjbm\kcd^Othkjnd*
phdiHpi_)=pbpno.66/)\i_\ooc`EQOOL?jia`m`i^`jiEia\io
\i_?cdg_Ijmo\gdotdioc`L\no)Ijiom`\g)K^oj]`m.66/+
>pmi`oo)Fjci)Djpndib\i_oc`_`^gdi`jahjmo\gdot)diO^cjad`g_)N+)
@+N`c`m\i_=+>d_`\p %`_n&) IWT:TR[X]T^UC^acP[XchX];da^_T)
Ksajm_7?g\m`i_jiLm`nn.66.+
@\qdn)G+)?dod`n\i_hjmo\gdot+Lmj^``_dibnamjhoc`EQOOLC`i`m\g
?jia`m`i^`)Hd`b`)qjg+0)kk+/26*/5.).640+
A_qdinnji) O}m`i) :T] ^bd]SPbcPST]% H^RXP[PbZX[[]PSTaXSoS[XVWTc X
(/''$cP[TcbHd]SbeP[[%Pc`pic`\goctojri+Oj^d\gdi`lp\gdotm`b\m*
_dibhjmo\gdotdi .6oc^`iopmt Opi_nq\gg&) Ooj^fcjgh) =ghlpdno
#Sd^fn`ggEio`mi\odji\g.66/+
Ar]\if)@+?+ \i_O+D+ Lm`noji) L`mnji\gD`\goc>`c\qdjm\i_oc`
@`^gdi` di Eia\io \i_ ?cdg_ Ijmo\gdot7 Pc` Qido`_ Oo\o`n
.6--*.60-+L\k`mkm`n`io`_ojoc`D`\gocPm\indodjiSjmfncjk)
?\i]`mm\)=pnom\gd\)I\t.656+
C`eq\gg)>+) (/''$cP[TcbHc^RZW^[\bQ^bcPS%Pc`Ooj^fcjgh@r`ggdibja
oc` .6oc?`iopmt&+O`md`iOoj^fcjghnhjijbm\ad`mJj .3)Ooj^f*
cjgh .654+
G`h`it)F+) ?\\XVaP]cW^dbX]VR^]SXcX^]bX]daQP]HfTST]%I527/-)
J\odji\gOr`_dncEinodopo`ajm>pdg_dibN`n`\m^c)Czqg`.652+
Hdqd*>\^^d)I+) F^_d[PcX^]P]SDdcaXcX^]%7];bbPh^];da^_TP]:T\^$
VaP_WXR>Xbc^ah# ?\h]md_b`Qidq`mndotLm`nn)?\h]md_b`.66.+
I^G`jri)P+)Bjj_)dia`^odji\i_kjkpg\odji)di@^da]P[^U?]cTaSXb$
RX_[X]Pah>Xbc^ah#Rjg+ .1)Jj+/) .650+
I`m^`m)=g`s):XbTPbT#\^acP[XchP]S_^_d[PcX^]X]caP]bXcX^])H`d^`no`m
Qidq`mndotLm`nn)H`d^`no`m.66-+
* 5 2 *
Ijng`t)S+D+)>djgjbd^\g^jio\hdi\odjijaoc``iqdmjih`io]th\i)
diLm`noji)O+D+%`_&8X^[^VXRP[P]Sb^RXP[Pb_TRcb^U\^acP[XchP]ScWT
[T]VcW^U[XUT% Km_di\A_dodjin .65/+
Lm`noji)O+D+) N`njpm^`n)fijrg`_b`)\i_?cdg_Ijmo\gdot7=?jh*
k\mdnji ja oc` Q+O di oc` H\o` .6oc ?`iopmt \i_ @`q`gjkdib
?jpiomd`nPj_\t+Lmj^``_dibnamjhoc`EQOOLC`i`m\g?jia`m`i*
^`diBgjm`i^`)Rjg+1)kk+040*053) .652+
Lm`noji)O+D+\i_I+N+D\di`n.66-+<PcP[hTPab%9WX[SC^acP[XchX][PcT
(0cWRT]cdah7\TaXRP#Lmdi^`ojiQidq`mndotLm`nn)Lmdi^`oji+
Pmpnn`g)F\h`n\i_?+D\hh`mngjpbc) =c\u\m_*hj_`g\i\gtndnjaoc`
^jq\md\o`njadia\io\i_^cdg_hjmo\gdotdiOmdH\if\)di:T\^VaP_$
Wh#Rjg+/-)Jj+ .) .650+
Pmpnn`g)F\h`n\i_F\i`I`i^f`i)Anodh\odibg`q`gn)om`i_n\i__`o`m*
hdi\ionja^cdg_hjmo\gdotdi^jpiomd`nrdockjjmno\odnod^n)di9WX[S
bdaeXeP[1 HcaPcTVXTbU^a aTbTPaRW) Opkkg`h`io oj Ljkpg\odji \i_
@`q`gjkh`ioN`qd`r)qjg.-).651+
S\g_mji) E+) Sc\o _j r` fijr \]jpo ^\pn`n jan`s _daa`m`i^`n di
hjmo\gdot<=m`qd`rjaoc`gdo`m\opm`)diF^_d[PcX^]8d[[TcX]^UcWT
J]XcTSDPcX^]b#Rjg+ .5) .652+
Sjj_n)N+E+)L+=+S\oo`mnji\i_F+D+Sjj_r\m_) Pc`^\pn`njam\kd_
dia\iohjmo\gdot_`^gdi`diAibg\i_\i_S\g`n) .53.*.6/.)L\mo.)
di F^_d[PcX^]HcdSXTb)1/7010*033) .655+
2YYOWNS`
Ei_dqd_p\ggda`cdnojmd`n^\im\m`gt]`^jinomp^o`_ajmcdnojmd^\gkjkp*
g\odjin) `s^`koajmq`mtnh\gg_\o\n`on)ajm`s\hkg`np^c_\o\rcd^c
c\q` ]``i kmj_p^`_ amjh oc` ^cpm^c ]jjfn ]t h`\in janj*^\gg`_
a\hdgt m`^jinodopodji+ >t \i_ g\mb`) np^c _\o\ n`on m`a`m oj mpm\g
kjkpg\odjin+ Ooj^fcjghdnkmj]\]gtoc` jigt^dotjanjh`ndu` %0--
---dic\]do\ion\ooc`opmijaoc`^`iopmt)di.6--&ajmrcd^coc`m`dn
\ ^jhkpo`mdu`_ _\o\ h\o`md\g ^jq`mdib oc` di_pnomd\gdu\odji k`mdj_
_pmdiboc`g\o`.6oc\i_`\mgt/-oc^`iopmt)\_\o\n`orcd^cjaa`mnoc`
kjnnd]dgdotja\i\gtudibdi_dqd_p\ggda`cdnojmd`n+
Pcdndnoc\ifnojoc`nj*^\gg`_a^cT\P]bhbcT\)rcd^cr\n\nk`^d\g
fdi_ ja kjkpg\odji m`bdno`m rcd^c r\n h\dio\di`_ ajm oc` ^dot ja
Ooj^fcjgh_pmdiboc`k`mdj_.545*.6/3+Pcdncpb`h\o`md\gdndioc`
Ooj^fcjgh?dot=m^cdq`n\i_dnkm`n`iogt]`dib^jhkpo`mdu`_]toc`
Ooj^fcjgh Ddnojmd^\g @\o\ >\n`+ Oj a\m mjpbcgt ji`*adaoc ja oc`
kjkpg\odjijaOoj^fcjghdiocdnk`mdj_c\n]``i^jhkpo`mdu`_)adq`
jpojaoc`03_dnomd^ondiojrcd^coc`^dotr\n_dqd_`_]toc``i_ja
oc`mjo`h\ik`mdj_+=ijoc`majpm_dnomd^onrdggnjji]`\__`_+Eio`mhn
jakjkpg\odjindu`)oc`km`n`iogt\q\dg\]g`_\o\n`o^jio\dindiajmh\*
odji\]jpo04---di_dqd_p\gndi .55-)2. ---di .6--)\i_32---di
.6/-+
Qigdf` oc` m`no jaOr`_`i) rc`m` oc` kjkpg\odji m`bdno`mnr`m`
f`ko]toc`^g`mbt)oc`mjo`h\ir\n\^dot`hkgjt``+D`r\nj]gdb`_
oj f``k om\^fja\ggoc`dic\]do\iondicdn_dnomd^o)\__dib]dmocn\i_
di*hdbm\ionojoc`]jjfn\i_m`hjqdib_`\ocn\i_jpo*hdbm\ion+Pc`
h\di g`_b`moc\o r\n f`ko ]toc` mjo`h\ir\n jmb\idu`_cjpn` ]t
cjpn`)cjpn`cjg_]tcjpn`cjg_+Pcdnh`\inoc\o\ggdi_dqd_p\gn^\i]`
d_`iodad`_rdoc\nk`^dad^nom``o\__m`nnajmoc`k`mdj_oc\ooc`tr`m`
m`nd_`iondi oc\ok\mod^pg\mcjpn`+ Eioc`^jhkpo`mdu`__\o\n`o`\^c
di_dqd_p\gc\n\id_`iodad^\odjiiph]`m)^jindnodibjaoc`iph]`mja
oc` g`_b`m) oc` k\b` \i_ oc` gdi`) rc`m` oc` diajmh\odji ajm oc\o
k\mod^pg\mdi_dqd_p\g r\nrmdoo`i+ Eo dn dhkjmo\iooj ijo`) cjr`q`m)
oc\o oc` äd_`iodad^\odji iph]`mã dn ijo \]njgpo`gt pidlp` ajm oc`
di_dqd_p\g8dom`a`mnjigtojoc`nk`^dad^odh`k`mdj_oc\oc`jmnc`r\n
m`nd_`io di oc\o k\mod^pg\m cjpn`+ =n oc` k`mnji hjq`_ oj \ i`r
\__m`nn) c`jmnc`dnbdq`i\i`rd_`iodad^\odjiiph]`m+ Pcdnh`\in
oc\oh\itk`mnjinrdggc\q`n`q`m\g_daa`m`iod_`iodad^\odjiiph]`mn)
) 4 3 )
`\^cjarcd^cm`km`n`ion\k\mod\ggda`cdnojmt+Pc`n`_daa`m`ion`bh`ion
jaoc`gda`cdnojmtjaoc`n\h`di_dqd_p\gc\q`ijo]``igdif`_)`s^`ko
ajm\nh\ggiph]`mja]dmoc^jcjmon+
Pc` cjpn`cjg_ ^\i ]` d_`iodad`_ocmjpbcoc` m`a`m`i^` %kjdio`m&
oc\odnh\_`ajm`\^cdi_dqd_p\gojoc`äd_`iodad^\odjiiph]`mã%]jjf)
k\b`\i_gdi`& jaoc`c`\_jaoc`cjpn`cjg_+ Pc`m`dn\gnj\^j_`ajm
oc`otk`jam`g\odjioc\ooc`k`mnjic\_ojoc`c`\_jaoc`cjpn`cjg_
%rda`)^cdg_)n`mq\io)gj_b`m`o^&+Djr`q`m)oc`m`n``hnoj]`\^`mo\di
iph]`m ja äam``*agj\odibã di_dqd_p\gn) rcj kmj]\]gt ]`gjib`_ oj \
nk`^dad^cjpn`cjg_)]poajmrcjhoc`m`dnij^g`\mkjdio`m+Pcdnh`\in
oc\odioc`ojo\gh\o`md\goc`m`dn\i`s^`nnjak`mnjingdqdibjioc`dm
jri \i_ ^jin`lp`iogt \ ngdbco pi_`m`nodh\odji ja oc` ndu` ja oc`
cjpn`cjg_+ Ei \__dodji) ji` ^\i npnk`^o oc\o `nk`^d\ggt oc` kjjm`m
cjpn`cjg_njao`i^jio\di`_åo`hkjm\mtçh`h]`mn)ajm`s\hkg`m`g\od*
q`namjhoc`^jpiomtnd_`)rcjno\t`_ajmnjh`odh`) ]poi`q`mgjib
`ijpbcoj]`m`bdno`m`_]toc`mjo`h\i+
Pc`_\o\n`ooc\oajmhnoc`]\ndnjaht\i\gtndnjaoc`m`g\odjincdk
]`or``ijq`m^mjr_dib\i_^cdg_hjmo\gdotdiOoj^fcjgh\mjpi_oc`
opmijaoc`^`iopmtc\n]``ikmj_p^`_]t\^jh]di\odjijadiajmh\*
odjiamjhoc`Ooj^fcjghDdnojmd^\g@\o\>\n`\i_oc`cjpndib^`inp*
n`n+ Eiajmh\odji jioc` ^\pn` ja_`\ocajmoc`_`^`\n`_^cdg_m`ic\n
]``i\__`_amjh\ijoc`m_\o\n`o)i\h`gtoc`_`\oc^`modad^\o`nrcd^c
\m`f`kodioc`Ooj^fcjghD`\goc>j\m_\m^cdq`n+
Pjj]o\dioc`km`n`io_\o\n`o)\n\hkg`ja.5]gj^nrdocdioc`adq`
^jhkpo`mdu`__dnomd^onr\n `no\]gdnc`_) ^jhkmdndib\]jpo/-k`m^`io
jaoc`cjpn`ndioc`\m`\+=gdnojac`\_njacjpn`cjg_ndioc`n`]gj^n
r\nkmj_p^`_amjhoc`Ddnojmd^\g@\o\>\n`+Pc`m`r`m`orj^ji_d*
odjin7 \& oc`cjpn`cjg_hpno]`m`nd_`iodiji`jaoc`n`]gj^n\ooc`
`i_ja.562).6--).6-2).6.-).6.2jm.6/-)\i_]&oc`cjpn`cjg_hpno
^jio\di\og`\noji`^cdg_pi_`m\b`2+
Pc` i`so no`k r\noj adi_oc`n` c`\_n jacjpn`cjg_n jioc`gdnon
amjh oc` cjpndib ^`inpn`n di oc` Ooj^fcjgh ?dot =m^cdq`n+ Pcdn
opmi`_ jpo oj ]`kjnnd]g` di \g\mb` h\ejmdotja^\n`n+ @p`oj njh`
^jhkgd^\odjinrdoccjpn`cjg_nrdocdicjpn`cjg_n)oc`km`n`io_\o\n`o
jigt^jio\dincjpn`cjg_nrc`m`oc`c`\_jaoc`cjpn`cjg_\gnjcjg_n
oc`^jiom\^oajmoc`\k\moh`iodircd^coc`tgdq`+Eiajmh\odji\]jpo
ägj_bdibcjpn`cjg_nãrdgg]`\__`_g\o`mji+
Ei jm_`moj ]` \]g`oj ^\g^pg\o`oc`_`bm``jajq`m^mjr_dibji\
cjpn`cjg_g`q`g\i_oj\i\gtu`\gnjoc`dhk\^ojajoc`m]\^fbmjpi_
a\^ojmn)diajmh\odjiajm\ggdi_dqd_p\gndioc`n`g`^o`_cjpn`cjg_nr\n
`som\^o`_amjhoc`Ddnojmd^\g@\o\>\n`+Eikmdi^dkg`)dodnkjnnd]g`oj
f``kom\^fja^c\ib`ndioc`ndu`\i_oc`^jhkjndodjijaoc`cjpn`cjg_
jq`modh`) \n ajm`s\hkg`rc`i \__dodji\g ^cdg_m`i \m` ]jmi\i_\n
gj_b`mn\i_n`mq\ionhjq`di\i_jpo+Djr`q`m)dioc`km`n`io\i\gtndn
jigt\q`mtndhkg`h`\npm`ja^mjr_dibdnpn`_)i\h`gtoc`iph]`m
jak`mnjindioc`cjpn`cjg_\ooc`]`bdiidibjaoc`j]n`mq\odjik`mdj_
%oc\odnF\ip\mt.ja`doc`m.563).6-.).6-3).6..).6.3jm.6/.&_dqd_`_
]toc`iph]`mjamjjhn)di^gp_diboc`fdo^c`i+
Ka^jpmn`dih\it^\n`noc`m`r\nhjm`oc\iji`^cdg_]`gjr\b`
2dioc`cjpn`cjg_+Eioc\o^\n`)`\^c^cdg_^jiomd]po`n\%n`bh`ioja&
\gda`cdnojmt)ndi^`oc`^cdg_dnoc`pidojaj]n`mq\odji+=ooc``i_oc`m`
r`m` 4-4- di_dqd_p\g gda` cdnojmd`n di ht _\o\n`o+ Pc` ^cdg_m`i \m`
j]n`mq`_amjhF\ip\mt . oc` t`\m jaoc` k\mod^pg\mcjpndib^`inpn)
piodgoc`t_d`)hjq`jpojmm`\^coc`\b`ja2%rcd^c`q`m`q`ioj^^pmn
admno&+ A\^c ^cdg_oc`m`ajm`^jiomd]po`n _daa`m`io \hjpion jagda`cdn*
ojmt+=gojb`oc`m)oc`n`4-4-^cdg_m`i^jiomd]po`./001k`mnjit`\mnja
`skjnpm`%ajmapmoc`m_`o\dgnn``o\]g`n.*2&+
@p`ojoc`a\^ooc\ooc`m`r\n\bm`\o_`\gjahjq`h`io) ]jocdi
\i_ jpo jaoc` ^dot \i_ ]`or``i _daa`m`io _dnomd^on di oc` ^dot) gjib
nom`o^c`n ja gda` cdnojmt ^\i m\m`gt ]` j]n`mq`_+ Pcdn rjpg_ ]` \
m`nomd^odjidiocdnh\o`md\g)`q`idaoc`diajmh\odjiajm`\^ck\mod^pg\m
di_dqd_p\g c\_ ]``i gdif`_+ Pc` adq` _dnomd^on ajm rcd^c oc` rcjg`
h\o`md\g c\n]``i ^jhkpo`mdu`_jigt^jq`m\nh\ggk\mojaoc`ojo\g
\m`\jaoc`^dot+ Aq`iocjpbcoc`hjq`h`ionr`m` jao`igdhdo`_oj
hjm`jmg`nnoc`n\h`i`dbc]jpmcjj_)oc`mdnfdn^jind_`m\]g`oc\o\
k`mnjijm\a\hdgtdngjnoamjhj]n`mq\odji]`^\pn`jahdbm\odji\^mjnn
\ _dnomd^o ]jm_`m+ =ijoc`mgdhdo\odji dn oc\o`s\^o_\o` jahdbm\odji
%t`\m)hjioc\i__\t&^\iijo]`^jinomp^o`_ajmoc`rcjg`h\o`md\g+
Eih\it^\n`n)jigtoc`^\g`i_\mt`\mjaoc`hjq`h`iodnfijri+Odi^`
oc`cjpn`cjg_npi_`mj]n`mq\odji\m`\ggkd^f`_pk\ooc`odh`jaoc`
cjpndib^`inpn)oc`kmj]g`h^ji^`minjigtocjn`ajmrcd^coc``s\^o
_\o`jajpohdbm\odjidn ijo fijri+ Eiocdnnop_tr`c\q`h\_`oc`
\nnphkodjioc\odioc\o ^\n`oc`tc\q`hjq`_jpojiFpgt . dioc\o
k\mod^pg\m^\g`i_\mt`\m+Pc`t\m`ocpnbdq`ijioc`\q`m\b`c\ga\t`\m
ja`skjnpm``som\+
) 45)