R H IC R E S U L T S : T h e S ea rc h f o r H ig h D en si ty M a tt er W h a t a re w e tr y in g t o u n d er st a n d ? W h a t h a v e w e a lr ea d y l ea rn ed ? W h a t d o w e ex p ec t to l ea rn ? W h a t d o w e h o p e to l ea rn ?
W h a t A re W e T ry in g t o U n d er st a n d ? W h a t is t h e b eh a v io r o f m a tt er a t a sy m p to ti c e n er g y d en si ty ? W h a t is t h e m a tt er i m p o rt a n t fo r h ig h e n er g y h a d ro n s?
Q u a rk G lu o n P la sm a C o lo r G la ss C o n d en sa te
E /V > 1 G ev /F m E /A > 1 G ev /F m
E a rl y u n iv er se , n eu tr o n s ta rs U n iv er sa l h ig h e n er g y l im it o f st ro n g i n te ra ct io n s
3 2
T h e Q u a rk G lu o n P la sm a L o w E n er g y D en si ty − > H ig h E n er g y D en si ty
N u cl eo n s, m es o n s − > q u a rk s, g lu o n s − >
T t ~ 1980 t ~ 1990
HadronGas HadronGas
Quark Gluon Plasma Quark Gluon Plasma
RapidCrossOver
T Tt ~ 2000 Quark Gluon Plasma Hadron GasColor Superconductivity
Tri−critical point
T h e E v o lv in g P h a se D ia g ra m C ri ti ca l T em p er a tu re 1 5 0 − 2 0 0 M eV C ri ti ca l D en si ty ½ − 2 B a ry o n s/ F m
3 Recent work stimulated by Wilczek and Rajagopal; Schaeffer and Shuryak on Color Superconductivity; also Stephanov, Son, Pisarski, Rischke.W h a t h a v e la tt ic e si m u la ti o n s sh o w n ? C h ir a l sy m m et ry : m , m ~ 0 , M ~ 1 G eV
updownnucleonH o w d o p a rt ic le s g et t h ei r m a ss ? W h y i s th e p io n m a ss s o s m a ll ? Is t h is r el a te d t o c o n fi n em en t?
Lattice simulations of Bielefeld group, Columbia group, MILC CollaborationIs t h e co n fi n in g f o rc e st il l li n ea r a t T > T ?
decW h a t is t h e eq u a ti o n o f st a te ? S o u n d v el o ci ty ?
T h e C o lo r G la ss C o n d en sa te H a d ro n i n f ra m e w h er e it h a s h ig h m o m en ta : H ig h m o m en ta c o n st it u en ts g en er a te l o w m o m en tu m w ee p a rt o n s. D en si ty o f g lu o n s p er u n it a re a b ec o m es l a rg e. F ie ld s a re r a n d o m o n t h in s h ee t tr a v el in g n ea r sp ee d o f li g h t. U n iv er sa l h ig h e n er g y b eh a v io r fo r a ll h a d ro n s. R a n d o m N o n − A b el ia n W ie zs a ck er − W il li a m s F ie ld s
v ~ cC o lo r G la ss C o n d en sa te a n d S a tu ra ti o n I G luon density grows until insert here formula for density
D imensionful scale Q sat formula W eak coupling formula
Hera Data Gribov, Levin, Ryskin; Mueller; McLerran,Venugopalan
C o lo r G la ss C o n d en sa te C o lo r: M a d e o f co lo re d g lu o n s G la ss : W ee f ie ld s ( lo w m o m en tu m ) a re p ro d u ce d b y h ig h er m o m en tu m c o n st it u en ts . T im e sc a le s a re L o re n tz co n tr a ct ed c o m p a re d t o n a tu ra l ti m e sc a le s C o n d en sa te : G lu o n d en si ty a s la rg e a s it c a n
Minnesota Mob and East Coast and European Affiliates
S p a ce T im e E v o lu ti o n o f U lt ra re la ti v is ti c N u cl ea r C o ll is io n s
Mclerran, Kovner, Weigert; Krasnitz, Nara, VenugopalanS p a ce T im e E v o lu ti o n o f U lt ra re la ti v is ti c N u cl ea r C o ll is io n s
BjorkenS p a ce T im e E v o lu ti o n i n U lt ra re la ti v is ti c N u cl ea r C o ll is io n s A v a ri et y o f in te rm ed ia te t im e sc a le s b et w ee n t h er m a li za ti o n a n d d ec o u p li n g : Q u a rk G lu o n P la sm a u n ti l it b eg in s h a d ro n iz in g i n to a m ix ed p h a se o f q u a rk s g lu o n s a n d h a d ro n s M ix ed p h a se e x p a n d s u n ti l it i s en ti re ly a h a d ro n g a s D ec o u p li n g o cc u rs a t ro u g h ly t h e ti m e th e m a tt er i s e n ti re ly h a d ro n g a s, a t R H IC e n er g ie s, t ~ 1 0 F m /c
W h a t H a v e W e L ea rn ed ? T h e M u li tp li ci ty a s a F u n ct io n o f E n er g y
W h a t H a v e W e L ea rn ed ? B o u n d s o n e n er g y d en si ty E n er g y D en si ty i s T o o B ig f o r a H a d ro n G a s !
W h a t H a v e W e L ea rn ed ? G ro ss P ro p er ti es o f M u lt ip li ci ti es C o n si st en t w it h C o lo r G la ss !
PHOBOSC o ll ec ti v e F lo w a n d v 2
It i s M a tt er a n d I t In te ra ct s S tr o n g ly ! Q u a rk G lu o n P la sm a o r C o lo re d G la ss ? (o r b o th ? )
Heinz et al; Teaney, ShuryakNara, Krasnitz, Venugopalan
W h a t H a v e W e L ea rn ed ?
W h a t W o u ld D o W e E x p ec t to L ea rn ? D o es t h e m a tt er e q u il ib ra te ?
Problems with interpretation: 1) Large uncertainty in pp data 2) Systematic uncertainty in AA data 3) Nuclear modification of gluon distribution 4) Transverse momentum limited by statisticsP T Sytematics reduced by comparing data at same energy in same detector Nuclear modification of distribution functions determined by pA (or eA) Higher transverse momentum with higher accelerator luminosityGyulassy, Wang; Dokshitzer, Mueller, Baier, Schiff; Levai; Wiedemann
W h a t D o W e E x p ec t to L ea rn ? Is t h e p T S p ec tr u m M o d if ie d B ec a u se o f C o lo r G la ss o r Q u a rk G lu o n P la sm a ? R es u lt s a re c o n si st en t w it h C o lo r G la ss p ic tu re !
Schaffner−Bielich et al
W h a t D o W e E x p ec t to L ea rn ? A ls o C o n si st en t w it h H y d ro d y n a m ic s o f Q u a rk G lu o n P la sm a !
Shape of curve predicted in hydrodynamics. Deviations from Mt scaling at Mt ~ M. Deviation larger for more massive particlesFor Hydrodynamics: ForColorGlass: Non−trivial relations for different centrality Correctly generates dependence of strong coupling
P ro b a b ly b o th c o n tr ib u te ?
Heinz, Huovinen, Kolb; Shuryak, Teaney; HironoSrivastavaIf h y d ro d y n a m ic s is v a li d , ca n d et er m in e eq u a ti o n o f st a te !
W h a t D o W e H o p e to L ea rn ? D o es d ec o n fi n em en t o cc u r in h ig h d en si ty m a tt er ? D o es c h ir a l sy m m et ry r es to ra ti o n c h a n g e p a rt ic le m a ss es ?
Spectrum of low mass dileptons: Measured at CERN Probably resonance broadening Rapp, Weise, Wambach Difficult to measure low mass pairs at RHIC due to backgrounds.V er y d if fi cu lt , b u t v er y p o w er fu l te ch n iq u e.
W h a t D o W e H o p e to L ea rn ? M el ti n g o f th e J /P si
Matsui, Satz Blaizot, OllitraultSuppressors: Kharzeev Twister: Qiu Rescatter: Capella Enhancers: Rafelski, Thews, Stachel, Braun−Munzinger, Redlich, GorensteinW h a t D o W e H o p e to L ea rn ? L if et im e a n d s p a ti a l ex te n t o f m a tt er p ro d u ce d
Difficult to interpret the ratio of Ro/Rs: Might be due to Color Glass initial conditions? Might be new phenomena associated with phase transition?D o w e re a ll y u n d er st a n d th e sp a ce
−ti m e ev o lu ti o n
? Soff, Bass, Dumitru; Kolb, Heinz; Teaney= R si d e = 4 .4 2 (0 .2 2 ) F m R o u t = 4 .4 5 (0 .2 2 ) F m R lo n g = 5 .2 8 (0 .3 2 ) F m
W h a t D o W e H o p e to L ea rn ? F la v o r C o m p o si ti o n o f Q u a rk − G lu o n P la sm a
Can fit particle abundances with temperature and chemical potential for baryon number and strangeness. It works too well! Works for electron−positron collisions! Are we not understanding something fundamental and universal about hadron collisions? Is strangeness abundance a signal for quark−gluon plasma? Mueller, Rafelski; Cleymans, Redlich; Braun−Munzinger, Stachel; Gorenstein GazdzickiS u m m a ry : W h a t a re w e tr y in g t o u n d er ts a n d :
New forms of matter: Color Glass Condensate and Quark Gluon PlasmaW h a t h a v e w e a lr ea d y l ea rn ed :
Matter has been produced at energy densities so high it can only be made from quarks and gluons The matter is strongly interacting Multiplicity distributions consistent with Colored Glass Flow and pT distributions consistent with both Colored Glass and Quark−Gluon Plasma(Color Glass at early times, Plasma later)
