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MEDDELANDE från
HAV$FISKELABORATORIET” LYSEKIL nr
162
Hydrografiska avdelningen, Göteborg
Decade Mean Values of.Salinities Measured on Swedish Lightships 1880-1970
Bdited by Artur Svansson
February 1974
Hydrografiska avdelningen, Göteborg
Decade Mean Values of.Salinities Measured on Swedish Lightships 1880-1970
Edited by Artur Svanseon
162
February 1974
Decade Kean Values of Salinities Measured on Swedish Lightships 1880-1970 Ed, by A. Svansson
1, Already in 1880 measurements of temperature and salinity started on Swedish (and .Danish) lightships. The salinity determinations were made by means of a hydrometer during the first forty years. Prom 1923 titra
tion according to Knudsen (Porch, et al 1902} was introduced and the data began to be published. In the publication of the data measured in 1923 were also included monthly means of temperature for the period 1880-1913. The salinities, however, were excluded because "an old and less accurate method had been used". When these old salinity data were
"rediscovered" in 1970 they were assumed to be of interest as the same method is still in use on board Danish lightships (Svansson 1971).
Apparently there are differences between the two methods, titration and hydrometer, and therefore a correction factor has been introduced in the data presented in this paper (see below under 3). Unfortunately this factor is probably not quite accurate and new investigations should be made to improve it.
Later, in 1964, titration was replaced by the method of electric conduc
tivity on the lightvessels Fladen and Vinga. According to intercalibra- tion tests, the difference between titration and electric conductivity methods is negligible (Anon. 1966).
The decades chosen are in accordance with e.g. ICES Resolution 1971/1:1.
Further, whenever possible, 30- year means have been calculated for the two periods 1901-1930 and 1931-1960. These periods are in concert with the periods used in meteorological climatology and they have also been used for the data from the Danish lightships (Anon. 1933, Anon. 1972).
The tables contain 10- year monthly means, 13- year annual means and also 10- year means for the period May-November for the salinities S.
This latter value has been computed because, due to ice conditions,
many lightships' data cover only these months. It is to be observed that this holds true also for the 10- year annual and 10- year May-November means, i.e. they were derived from, at the most, 10 values of the corres
ponding means for every year (30 values, at the most, for the 30- year means).
2 When there were less than five years data in a>decade the mean value has Deen excluded. If there were 5 or 6 years, a figure indicating this number was inserted. We note further
1*1* ^at on a occasions the mean value for the period 1951-1940, 1951-1970 substitutes the mean value for 1951-1960.
1.2. that in the decade 1961-1970 for Vinga, measurements made at a neighbouring position, called Vinga Västra, v/ere used as a substitute for the years 1966-1968 (after 1968 there are no Vinga measurements).
2* Computations of thp iQiQ^ooo
During the years 1880-1922 the salinity was computed from a density deter
mination by means of a hydrometer. For the period 1880-1918 already com
puted salinities could be found in the original journals (Svansson 1971).
The data of the period 1919-1922, however, had to be converted. It has ' been impossible to find instructions for this conversion but from some notes and publications (e.g. Ekman 1870) and also by checking some old data it is almost certain that the hydrometers were standardized to 15°C.
A computer program was made to show hydrometer readings as a function of temperature and salinity, ("indirect tables"). Let f ^ indicate the density at t°C referred to ^ °C. As usual CT = to3 ( f _1). prom
Knudsen s Tables (1901) were taken formulas to compute the ehlorinity Cl from the salinity S. CT ° from Cl, CT ) from CT ° and the temperature t, and finally ß ^
low is converted into by means of the formula
fi-fU ■ V
5where f4 5 = 0.99913 is the density of destilled water at 15®C (referred to 4°C).
3
The formula used looks in its more general form (See e.g, Krümmel 1390)
as appears below 1
S
t From \j . _
I 3 is substracted a glass correction 103 (15 - t) 0.000025
S
15tand finally we get the hydrometer reading.
.1«.Correction of the Salinities Measured 1660-1922.
Already in the beginning of this century J.P. Jacobsen (1908) made
"a comparison between areometer observations and titration as means of determining the salinity of the sea at the Danish lightships". "Thus it will be seen, that those from areometer-observations determined salinities, being directly comparable with titrations, generally will prove to be too low. On the basis of the investigations above ---- — one might correct the salinity given in °/oo by +0.2."
In this paper 0.45^00 has been added to all values from 1880-1922. This value was achieved (somewhat roughly) in the following manner.
a) A comparison for the period 1935-1939 for the lightvessels Storbrotten (Finnish) and u-rundkallen, when all salinities were determined in the Knudsen sense, resulted in equal mean values. For the year 1914, when the Finnish vessel used the Knudsen method but the Swedish vessel the
0-u hyarometer method, was obtained a value 0,70 °/oo lower on the Swedish lightvessel,
b) A comparison for the period 1901-1914, when the Swedish lightvessel Svinbâdan and the Danish lightvessel Lappegrund both used, the same old hydrometer method, gave a 0.5 °/oo higher value on Svinbådan. For the period 1949-1952 when the Danish lightvessel used the old method but the owedish, one the Knudsen method the difference was again 0.5 °/oo.
Consequently on this lightvessel there seems to be no difference between the two methods.
4
As a consequence a correction of 0,45 u/oo S vras added to all values from the period 1880-1922, It was chosen this high because the Baltic data are more numerous and also more sensitive to correction.
Comparing the paras a) and b) above with the introduction of Svansson {1971} it is clear that some of the statements in the latter publica
tion have been changed.
4. The computational work was managed by Anita 'Taglind assisted by Eva-Gun Thelén, High speed computers were not used since most of the data was never punched.
References:
-Data: 1880—1918: Svansson, 1971
1919-1922: Hydrographical Department, Unpublished
1923-1947: Svenska Hydrografiek-Biologiska Kommissionens Fyrskeppsundersökning.
1931-1939: Bomö: Hydrographical Department, Unpublished, 1948-1969: Fishery Board of Sweden, Reports,
i970- Meddelande från Havsfiskelaboratoriet No 148, Anon,, 1933: Mean values of observations from Danish light-vessels,
-Special print of the Nautical-Meteorological Annual 1932, 12 pp,
,-uun., '9°6: Report on intercalibration measurements. Unesco technical papers in marine science No 9.
Anon., 1972: Oceanografiske Observationer fra Danske Fyrskibe og Kyst- stationer. Bet Danske Meteorologiska Institut*
Ekman, F.L., 1870: Om hafsvattnet utmed Bohuslänska kusten. K.V.A. Handl Band 9(4), 43 pp.
Porch, C., Martin Enudsen, and S.P.I. Sorensen, 1902; Berichte über die Konstantenbestimmungen zur Aufstellung der hydrogra
phischen Tabellen. D„ Kgl. Danske Vidensk, Selsk.
Skrifter, 6. Raekke, naturvidensk. og mathem., Afd. XII. 1, 15t pp,
Jacobsen, J.P., 1908: A comparison between areometer-observations and titration as means of determining the salinity at the Danish lightships, laut,-meteor, annual 1907,.
XXVII - XXXIII,
Knudsen, 1901; Hydrographical tables, O.E.C. Gad, Copenhagen, 63 pp.
Koczy, F.F., 1954: Monthly average value of hydrographical observations on Swedish lightships 1923-1952.
fishery Board of Sweden, Series Hydrography, Rep. No. 5»
Krummel, 0., 1890: lieber die Bestimmung des spezifischen Gewichts des Seewassers an Bord. -Ann, d. Hydr. Jg 18(X). 381-395.
Svans son, A., 197.1: Monthly means of Observations of salinity from Swedish light-vessels 1880-1918. Meddelande från Havsfiskelaboratoriet No 102.
Contents
Approximate Position Page
Bomö Station N 58°23' E 11°35"
43 - 46
Palsterborev 55°18" 12°47'
29 - 31
Pinngrundet 61°02' 18°31' 12 - 15
Pläden 57°10" 11°49/ 37 » 40
Grisbådarne 58°53" 10°50" 47
Grundkallen 60°30" 18°55 ' 16 - 19
Hävringe 58°33" 17°31 ' 25 - 26
Kalkgrund©t 55°37' 12°53'
34
Kopparstenarne 53°35' 19°09" 24
Oscarsgrundet 55°35' 12°51' 32 » 33
Svenska Björn 59°35' 19°47" 20 - 23
Svinbådan 56°10 " i 2°31 " 35 - 36
Sydostbrotten 63°19" ro o o o '■*
8-11
Vinga 57°34" 11°36 " 41 - 42
Ölands Eev 56°07" 16°34' 2? - 28
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