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Fråga Makedonien. Militären Fråga-svar

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Sida 1 av 7 2012-11-13

Fråga-svar Makedonien. Militären

Fråga

1. Finns det någon information kring om det förekommer repressalier, särskild utsatthet eller hot mot soldater som deltog på den

makedonska sidan under stridigheterna i Makedonien under år 2001?

2. Finns det grupper från Albanien som reser till Makedonien och letar efter makedonier som deltagit i striderna år 2001?

3. Under striderna år 2001 i Makedonien, fanns det en spaningsenhet inom den makedonska militären som kallades för Lodjuret?

4. Finns det någon information om att det begåtts krigsbrott under striderna år 2001 i Makedonien?

5. Finns det information om namn på specialförband i den makedonska militären under striderna år 2001?

6. Finns det information om att romer som stridit för Makedonien år 2001 skulle vara särskilt utsatta av någon grupp?

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Svar

Rättigheter hos soldater tillhörande Makedoniens arme under konflikten 2001

Balkan Insight, Controversial Military Law Tests Macedonia Coalition, 2012-08-27:

"A controversial law concerning the rights of members of the Macedonian armed forces and their families was put before parliament on Friday"

---

"The DUI has said that it will quit the coalition if the same rights and privileges are not extended to members of Albanian guerilla forces that fought in the 2001 conflict."

---

"The draft law provides a range of privileges for members of the armed forces that fought in 2001, their families, and also those of deceased fighters."

Albanska grupper i Makedonien

Tyskland. Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF), Texthandbuch Mazedonien, 2012-08-01:

sid. 10

"Eine allgemeine extreme Gefahrenlage liegt in Mazedonien nicht vor. Zwar ist es im Zuge des Wahlkampfes 2008 in den albanischen Siedlungsgebieten vermehrt zu Zwischenfällen in Form von Brand- und Handgranatenanschlägen sowie zu Schießereien zwischen rivalisierenden albanischen Gruppen gekommen, auch 2010 gab es wieder Schießereien an der Grenze zu Kosovo zwischen der Polizei und albanischen Gruppierungen, die aber vor allem einen

kriminellen Hintergrund haben. Vereinzelt kommt es zu

Zusammenstößen zwischen Albanern und mazedonischen Slawen.

Abgesehen von diesen Vorfällen, ist die allgemeine Sicherheitslage stabil. Der mazedonische Staat ist grundsätzlich willens und in der Lage die Sicherheit zu gewährleisten."

---

Minorities at Risk, Chronology for Albanians in Macedonia (February 1990 - November 2006), [2010-07-16 ]:

“Jun 1992 In Radoliste, a village near the Albanian border,

Macedonian police reportedly found a cache of pistols, Kalashnikov assault rifles, Skorpio machine guns, explosives, ammunition, and uniforms with the Albanian emblem of a black two headed eagle.

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The finding further raised fears among the ethnic Macedonian population that ethnic Albanian separatists could organize a militia.

---

Jan 1994 Mithad Emini, the former General Secretary of the PDP, was arrested along with nine other ethnic Albanian for alleged separatist activities. The group was charged with involvement in the AAA plot in which ethnic Albanian allegedly attempted to smuggle weapons into Macedonia in order to develop an Albanian militia.

---

Mar 31, 2001 Macedonia announced an end of its offensive against the Albanian separatists (mediapool.bg).”

BBC, Albanian guerrilla group surfaces in Macedonia, 2001-01-26:

“A little-known ethnic Albanian guerrilla group has said it was responsible for an attack on a police station in Macedonia four days ago, which killed one officer”

Spaningsenheterna Lodjuren och Vargarna

Southeast European Times, Macedonia's Special Army Unit Closer to NATO Standards, 2003-10-21:

"An air force parachute corps known as the Wolves and Lynxes will take part in the restructuring. A ranger battalion assigned to

reconnoiter and collect intelligence will operate within the unit.

Standardisation of the accommodation capacity and the means of communication, as well as the equipment and weapons of the special task forces of the army and interior ministry, will take place in order to avoid redundancy and to establish joint wage standards"

Krigsbrott

Amnesty International, The Right to Know: Famlilies Still in the Dark in the Balkans, 2012-08-29:

sid. 3

"Lack of investigations and prosecutions into war crimes related to enforced disappearances and abductions remains a serious concern throughout the Balkans. There are continuing obstacles to the investigation and prosecution of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. This occurs especially where members of the government, ruling political parties and their allies, and members of the military and police forces are suspects. The governments have also failed to provide adequate, effective and prompt reparation to the victims and their families."

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--- sid. 10

" The armed conflict in Macedonia between the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA), and the Macedonian security forces escalated from the start of January 2001. An agreement was reached in Ohrid between the parties in August 2001, setting the groundwork for improving the rights of ethnic Albanians. Victims of crimes committed during the armed conflict and their relatives are still being denied access to justice and to adequate and effective reparation. Eleven years later, the authorities are still failing in their duty to promptly initiate independent, impartial and thorough investigations into allegations of enforced disappearance and abductions during the armed conflict. "

International Crisis Group (ICG), Macedonia: Ten Years after the Conflict, 2011-08-11:

sid. 5

"… Although some perpetrators have been brought to justice, many more are still at large. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) is nearing the end of its mandate, but domestic courts in the region have been slow to abide by their responsibility to seek out, identify and prosecute the remaining perpetrators."

--- sid.7 [11]

"One of the more controversial parts of the coalition agreement involves interpretation of the amnesty law.73 Several

DUI grandees felt vulnerable to war crimes charges, and the party pressed hard to have their cases put under the provisions of that law. Closing the books on the 2001 conflict may relax inter-party relations, but at some expense:

DUI allegedly dropped demands on language and

other issues important to their electorate in order to obtain amnesty for a small number of senior party officials. Ethnic Macedonians may also be unhappy with this deal, but Gruevski claims to have wanted the issue closed, “because the courts have not resolved those cases previously;

they would have remained a ‘hot chestnut’”.74"

74 “Груевски: Македонија ќе стане модерна европска земја”

[Gruevski: Macedonia will become a modern European country], Dnevnik, 28 July 2011.

---

sid 25 [27]

"230 Crisis Group Europe Briefing N°21, Macedonia: War on Hold, 15 August 2001, p. 8."

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Specialförband i den makedonska militären, Tigrarna och Lejonen

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),

Small Arms Survey, Special Report No. 4, A Fragile Peace: Guns and Security in Post-conflict

Macedonia, June 2004:

Sid. 19 [11]

“Ministry of Interior: Police, Tigers, and Lions

As the governmental authority responsible for policing and maintaining security within Macedonia, the Ministry of Interior presides over a police force of some 6,000 uniformed police officers and 1,500 detectives serving in various special police units.35 Two special forces units, the Tigers and the Lions, have also been numbered among the ranks of the MOI’s forces. The Tigers were first created under the previous SDSM government and serve as a special tactics police taskforce. They are specially outfitted

for their role with combat weapons and armoured personal carriers.

The unit consist of roughly 200 members.36 During the 2001 conflict the Tigers were used as frontline combat troops in

engagements with rebel forces and rebel-held villages. Today they are the special operations and counter-terrorism unit of the MOI.

A unit known as the Special Task Force is also among the ranks of the MOI’s police force. Police officers selected for this unit are drawn from the best of the uniformed career police found in Macedonia’s municipal police stations. The several hundred members of the Special Task Force are called upon for complex police actions such as riot and crowd control, rescue operations, and hostage or siege situations.

37 While the Special Task Force is typically comprised of outstanding career police officers, this was not the case during the 2001 crisis, when the unit also accepted reservists and regular police officers.

In order to complement the work of the Tigers during the crisis, the VMRO-DPMNE Interior Minister, Ljube Boskovski, created the Rapid Reaction Police Battalion, the Lions, as a quick reaction force of police reservists. The purpose of the Lions was to provide back-up and logistics support to the Tigers. In July and August of 2001 a list was compiled, consisting of volunteers from the government’s police reservists and some military reservists. The roughly 7,000 names of police reservists on the list…”

Romernas situation

Information om att romer som stridit för Makedonien år 2001 skulle vara särskilt utsatta av någon grupp har inte kunnat beläggas.

Om romers utsatta situation i Makedonien under och efter konflikten 2001

redogörs bland annat i nedanstående källa.

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Europäische Akademie (EURAC), Country Specific Report on Actors and Processes of Ethno-Mobilization, Violent Conflicts and Consequences:

Macedonia, March 2007:

sid. 19

" … data shows that the percentage of persons that are economically active, but unemployed closely matches the percentage of that ethnic group (except for Roma) in the overall population, indicating the similarly difficult economic situation that all of them are facing. The UNDP Early Warning Report from 2001 confirms this situation –

“the unemployment rate among the ethnic groups in Macedonia was approximately proportional to the respective percentages of the ethnic groups in the total population. The one exception was the Roma ethnic group, which had an unemployment rate that was twice their percentage share of the total population.35

The data presented shows that there are no elements of ethnic discrimination in the economic status of different ethnic groups in Macedonia, except for the Roma.

This data, together with the UNDP opinion polls from 2001 is indeed very important for the proper analysis of the Macedonian ethnic conflict."

Denna sammanställning av information/länkar är baserad på informationssökningar gjorda under en begränsad tid. Den är sammanställd utifrån noggrant utvalda och allmänt tillgängliga informationskällor. Alla använda källor refereras. All information som presenteras, med undantag av obestridda/uppenbara fakta, har dubbelkontrollerats om inget annat anges.

Sammanställningen gör inte anspråk på att vara uttömmande och bör inte tillmätas exklusivt bevisvärde i samband med avgörandet av ett enskilt ärende.

Informationen i sammanställningen återspeglar inte nödvändigtvis Migrationsverkets officiella ståndpunkt i en viss fråga och det finns ingen avsikt att genom sammanställningen göra politiska ställningstaganden.

Refererade dokument bör läsas i sitt sammanhang.

Källförteckning

Amnesty International, The Right to Know: Famlilies Still in the Dark in the Balkans, 2012-08-29 (Lifos 28371)

https://doc.es.amnesty.org/cgi-

bin/ai/BRSCGI/eur050012012en?CMD=VEROBJ&MLKOB=31864943207

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Balkan Insight, Controversial Military Law Tests Macedonia Coalition, 2012-08-27

http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/controversial-military-law-tests- macedonia-coalition

BBC, Albanian guerrilla group surfaces in Macedonia, 2001-01-26 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1138609.stm

Europäische Akademie (EURAC), Country Specific Report on Actors and Processes of Ethno-Mobilization, Violent Conflicts and Consequences:

Macedonia, March 2007

http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/MacedoniaRep ort.pdf

International Crisis Group (ICG), Macedonia: Ten Years after the Conflict, 2011-08-11 (Lifos 26625)

http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/europe/balkans/macedonia/212- macedonia-ten-years-after-the-conflict.aspx

Minorities at Risk, Chronology for Albanians in Macedonia (February 1990 - November 2006), [12010-07-16 ]

http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=34301

Southeast European Times, Macedonia's Special Army Unit Closer to NATO Standards, 2003-10-21

http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2 003/10/031021-MARIJA-001

Tyskland. Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF), Texthandbuch Mazedonien, 2012-08-01 (Lifos 28642)

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),

Small Arms Survey, Special Report No. 4, A Fragile Peace: Guns and Security in Post-conflict

Macedonia, June 2004

http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/C-Special-reports/SAS-

SR04-Macedonia.pdf

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