1
Role of Heparan sulfate in initiation and propagation of Islet amyloid polypeptide aggregation
Kailash Singh
Degree Project in Biology, Master of Science (2 years), 2011 Examensarbete i biologi 45 hp till materexamen , 2011
Biology Education Center and Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University
Supervisor: Professor Gunilla T. Westermark
2
Table of Contents
Abbreviation……….4
Summary……….5
Introduction………l6-10 1.1. Islets of Langerhans ... 6
1.2. IAPP ... 6
1.3. Biological Function of IAPP ... 7
1.4. Amyloid and Amyloidosis ... 7
1.4.1. Amyloid ... 7
1.4.2. Amyloidosis ... 7
1.5. Diabetes and IAPP ... 7
1.5.1. Diabetes ... 7
1.5.2. Role of IAPP in Type 2 Diabetes ... 8
1.6. Amyloid Aggregation Hypothesis ... 8
1.7. Heparan Sulfate (HS) ... 8
1.8. Biosynthesis of HS ... 8
1.9. Different families of Proteoglycans (PGs) ... 9
1.10. Our hypothesis ... 9
1.11. Aims ... 10
2. Materials and methods... 11-15 2.1. Cell lines ... 11
2.2. Animal strains... 11
2.3. Isolation of secretory granules from endocrine cells ... 11
2.3.1. Islet isolation ... 11
2.3.2. Metabolic labeling and homogenization of islet cells ... 12
2.3.3. Slot Blot analysis of insulin content... 12
2.3.4. Electron microscopy (EM) ... 12
2.4. HS isolation and characterization ... 12
2.4.1. DEAE ... 12
2.4.2. Chondroitinase ABC digestion ... 13
2.4.3. Alkaline treatment ... 13
3
2.4.4. Nitrous acid (HNO
2) treatment ... 13
2.4.5. HS chain length analysis. ... 13
2.5. HS isolation from B-TC-6 cells cultured in normal (11 mM) or high glucose (22 mM) ... 13
2.5.1. Metabolic labeling of B-TC-6 ... 13
2.5.2 Nitrocellulose-filter trapping assay ... 14
2.6. Proteoglycan gene expression ... 14
2.6.1. Design of primers ... 14
2.6.2. RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis ... 14
2.6.3. PCR analysis ... 14
2.6.4. DNA separation on agrose gel ... 14
2.7. Inhibition of islet amyloid formation in vivo ... 14
2.7. 1. Islet transplantation ... 14
2.7.2 Implantation of osmotic pump... 14
2.8. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assay ... 15
2.8.1. Cell transfection ... 15
2.8.2. Production of recombinant peptides ... 15
3. Results...16-26 3.2. Analysis of cellular and secreted HS from B-TC-6 cultured at 11 mM and 22 mM glucose ... 16
3.3. Interaction of isolated HS and HSPGs with hIAPP and rIAPP ... 17
3.4. Proteglycans gene expression ... 17
3.5. Islet transplantation ... 17
3.7. Transfection of CHO and pgsD-677 cell line for FRET analysis ... 17
3.8. Figures of results………..19-26 4. Discussion...27-28 5. Acknowledgement ... 29
6. References ... 30
7. Appendix ... 34
4
Abbreviations
ATCC: American Type Culture Collection B-TC-6: Beta-TC-6
BSA: Bovine serum albumin CHO: Chinese hamster ovary cpm: Counts per minute CS: Chondroitin sulfate DEAE: Diethylaminoethyl
ECL: Enhance Chemiluminescence ECM: Extra cellular matrix
EM: Electron microscope EXT: Exotosin enzymes FBS: Fetal bovine serum
FRET: fluorescence resonance energy transfer
GAGs: Glycosaminoglycans GlcA: Glucuronic acid GlcNAc: N-acetylated GlcNS: N-sulfated GPC: Glypican HG: High glucose
HGM: High glucose cell medium hIAPP: Human IAPP
HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography
HRP: horseradishperoxidase HS: Heparan sulfate
HS2ST: 2-O-sulfotransferase
HS3ST: 3-O-sulfotransferase HS6ST: 6-O-sulfotransferase
HSPGs: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans IAPP: Islet amyloid polypeptide IdoA: Iduronic acid
Mt pellet: Mitochondrial pellet NDST: N-deacetylase/N- sulfotransferase
NG: Normal glucose
NGM: Normal glucose cell medium PBS: Phosphate buffered saline PC: Prohormone convertase PCR: Poly chain reaction PGs : Proteoglycans pgsD-677: Mutant of CHO PI: Propidium iodide rIAPP: Rat IAPP RT: Room temperature SDC: Syndecan
SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SG pellet: Secretory granules pellet SGs: Secretory granules
SRG: Serglycin
T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TBS: Tricine buffered saline
5
Summary
Introduction : Islet amyloid poly peptide (IAPP) is a β-cell hormone produced and secreted together with insulin in response to glucose. Under normal condition, IAPP participates in the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis. Under certain circumstances such as type 2 diabetes IAPP can misfold and form cell toxic amyloid. A lot is known about islet amyloid toxicity but the islet amyloid initiation process still remains to be solved. Amyloid and proteoglycans have been shown to co-localize and with this work I have studied if proteoglycans has any role in IAPP amyloidogenesis.
Material and Methods: Pancreatic β-cells and isolated islets were metabolically labeled with
35