© 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall
This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning.
Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to
Lecture Outlines Chapter 5
Physics, 3rd Edition James S. Walker
Chapter 5
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Units of Chapter 5
• Force and Mass
• Newton’s First Law of Motion
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• The Vector Nature of Forces: Forces in Two Dimensions
• Weight
Chapter 5 (p.107)
The description of motion: kinematics
The study of causes of motion: dynamics
Newton’s laws must be modified for objects moving at speeds near that of light
(relativitetsteori) and for objects comparable in size to atoms (kvantfysik).
In the world of everyday experience,
however, Newton’s laws still reign supreme.
5-1 Force and Mass
Force: push or pull
Force is a vector – it has magnitude and direction
5-1 Force and Mass
Mass is the measure of how hard it is to
change an object’s velocity.
Mass can also be thought of as a
measure of the quantity of matter in an object.
5-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
If you stop pushing an object, does it stop moving?
Only if there is friction! In the absence of any net external force, an object will keep moving at a constant speed in a straight line, or
remain at rest.
This is also known as the Law of Inertia (“Tröghetslagen”).
Photo 5-1
An air track provides a nearly frictionless environment for experiments
involving linear motion.
Figure 5-1 The air track
An object at rest remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it.
An object moving with constant velocity continues to move with the same speed and in the same direction as long as no net force acts on it.
If the net force on an object is zero, its velocity is constant.
5-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
In order to change the velocity of an object – magnitude or direction – a net force is required.
An inertial reference frame (“inertialsystem”) is one in which the first law is true.
The surface of the earth is to a very good approximation an inertial reference system.
(Hastighet vid ekvatorn? Acceleration?)
Accelerating reference frames are not inertial.
5-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
5-3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Two equal weights exert twice the force of one;
this can be used for calibration of a spring:
5-3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Now that we have a calibrated spring, we can do more experiments.
Acceleration is proportional to force:
5-3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass:
5-3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Combining these two observations gives (En naturlag som kommer från jämförelse med experiment)
Or, more familiarly,
5-3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
An object may have several forces acting on it;
the acceleration is due to the net force:
(5-1)
5-3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Conceptual Checkpoint 5-1(p.112) Tightening a Hammer/Your height
Figure 5-5
Constructing and using a free-body diagram
5-3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Free-body diagrams:
A free-body diagram shows every force acting on an object.
• Sketch the forces
• Isolate the object of interest
• Choose a convenient coordinate system
• Resolve the forces into components
• Apply Newton’s second law to each coordinate direction
5-3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Example of a free-body diagram:
Example 5-1 (p.115)
Three Forces (80,5 N each, mboat = 752 kg)
Figure 5-7
An astronaut using a jet pack to push a satellite (m=655 kg) that moves 0,675 m in 5,00 seconds
Photo 5-3
A technician inspects the landing gear of an airliner in a test of Foamcrete, a solid paving material that is just soft enough
to collapse under the weight of an airliner. A plane that has run off the runway will slow safely to a stop as its wheels
plow through the crumbling Foamcrete.
Active Example 5-1 (p.116/117)
The Force Exerted by Foamcrete (m=175 000 kg)
Example 5-2
Pitch Man: Estimate the Force on the Ball (ignoring gravity, OK?) (Δx = 2,0 m, m = 0,15 kg, v = 90 mi/h = 40,225 m/s)
5-4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Forces always come in pairs, acting on different objects:
If object 1 exerts a force F on object 2, then object 2 exerts a force –F on object 1.
These forces are called action-reaction pairs.
Example 5-3 (p.119)
Tippy Canoe, m1= 150 kg, m2 = 250 kg, F2 = 46 N a1 = ? a2=?, What is the separation after 1,2 s?
5-4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Although the forces are the same, the
accelerations will not be unless the objects have the same mass.
Contact forces:
The force exerted by
one box on the other is different depending on which one you push.
Example 5-4a
When Push Comes to Shove
Example 5-4b (p.112, fundera och diskutera nästa gång) When Push Comes to Shove
5-5 The Vector Nature of Forces: Forces in Two Dimensions (m=940kg, F
1=26N, F
2=41N)
The easiest way to handle forces in two dimensions is to treat each dimension separately, as we did for kinematics.
Example 5-5 (p.122)
Jack and Jill (m = 1,3 kg, F1 = 7,0 N, F2 = 11 N, θ =? för att accelerationen endast skall vara i y-led)
Active Example 5-2
Find the Speed of the Sled
(m= 4,60 kg, F= 6,20 N, θ= 35,0° , t = 1,15s)
5-6 Weight
The weight of an object on the Earth’s surface is the gravitational force exerted on it by the Earth.
Figure 5-10 Weight and Mass
Example 5-6 (p.125)
(m= 97 kg, starting from rest, acceleration = const, t = 1,2 s, F=?) Where’s the Fire?
5-6 Weight
Apparent weight:
Your perception of your weight is based on the contact forces between your body and your
surroundings.
If your surroundings are accelerating, your apparent weight may be more or less than your actual weight.
Example 5-7 (p.127)
How Much Does the Salmon (m=5,0 kg) Weigh?
a) a = 0 b) a = 3,2 m/s2 uppåt c) a = = 3,2 m/s2 nedåt
5-7 Normal Forces
The normal force is the force exerted by a surface on an
object.
5-7 Normal Forces
The normal force may be equal to, greater than, or less than the weight.
5-7 Normal Forces
The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface.
Figure 5-15
Components of the weight on an inclined surface
Example 5-9 (p.131)
Toboggan to the Bottom (a) Vad blir ax? (b) N = ?
Summary of Chapter 5
• Force: a push or pull
• Mass: measures the difficulty in accelerating an object
• Newton’s first law: if the net force on an object is zero, its velocity is constant
• Inertial frame of reference: one in which the first law holds
• Newton’s second law:
• Free-body diagram: a sketch showing all the
Summary of Chapter 5
• Newton’s third law: If object 1 exerts a force F on object 2, then object 2 exerts a force –F on object 1.
• Contact forces: an action-reaction pair of forces produced by two objects in physical contact
• Forces are vectors
• Newton’s laws can be applied to each component of the forces independently
• Weight: gravitational force exerted by the Earth on an object
Summary of Chapter 5
• On the surface of the Earth, W = mg
• Apparent weight: force felt from contact with a floor or scale
• Normal force: force exerted perpendicular to a surface by that surface
• Normal force may be equal to, lesser than, or greater than the object’s weight