Innovation analysis of the adoption of BIM using Innovation theories

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Innovation analysis of the adoption of BIM using Innovation theories

ANAND CHINNAPANDIAN MOHAMMAD BABAEI

KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT DEGREE PROJECT IN INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT, SECOND CYCLE, 15 CREDITS

STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020

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Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:201

Innovation analysis of the adoption of BIM using Innovation theories

Anand Chinnapandian Mohammad Babaei

Approved 2020-07-02

Examiner

Kristina Nystrom

Supervisor

Vladimir Kutcherov Commissioner

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Contact person --

Abstract

When compared to other industries, the construction industry has been slow to adopt digital technologies. BIM stands for Building Information Modeling (hereon referred to as BIM) and it represents a turning point when it comes to digitalization in the AEC sector. Despite BIM’s proven potential to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of construction projects, widescale adoption, and implementation of construction projects using BIM hasn’t happened yet. This research aims to conduct an innovation analysis of adoption of BIM in Europe using innovation theories such as Rogers’s diffusion theory and Crossing the Chasm by Moore. We hope the reader will have an understanding of the various adoption barriers for BIM in Europe after reading this research paper.

Key-words

BIM, BIM adoption, EU, DOI, BIM Adoption in EU, Moore, Rogers, Diffusion of Innovation

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Examensarbete TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:201

Innovationsanalys av antagandet av BIM med hjälp av Innovationsteorier

Anand Chinnapandian Mohammad Babaei

Godkänt 2020-07-02

Examinator Kristina Nystrom

Handledare

Vladimir Kutcherov Uppdragsgivare

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Kontaktperson --

Sammanfattning

Jämfört med andra branscher har byggbranschen varit långsam med att använda digital teknik.

BIM står för Building Information Modeling (nedan kallad BIM) och representerar en vändpunkt när det gäller digitalisering inom AEC-sektorn. Trots BIM: s beprövade potential att minska kostnaderna och förbättra effektiviteten i byggprojekt, har vidsträckt antagande och genomförande av byggprojekt med BIM ännu inte hänt. Denna forskning syftar till att göra en innovationsanalys av antagandet av BIM i Europa med hjälp av innovationsteorier som Rogers diffusionsteori och Crossing the Chasm av Moore. Vi hoppas att läsaren kommer att ha en förståelse för de olika adoptionsbarriärerna för BIM i Europa efter att ha läst detta forskningsdokument.

Nyckelord

BIM, BIM adoption, EU, DOI, BIM Adoption in EU, Moore, Rogers, Diffusion of Innovation

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When compared to other industries, the construction industry has been slow to adopt digital technologies. BIM stands for Building Information Modeling (hereon referred to as BIM) and it represents a turning point when it comes to digitalization in the AEC sector. Despite BIM’s proven potential to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of construction projects,

widescale adoption, and implementation of construction projects using BIM hasn’t happened yet. This research aims to conduct an innovation analysis of adoption of BIM in Europe using innovation theories such as Rogers’s diffusion theory and Crossing the Chasm by Moore.

We hope the reader will have an understanding of the various adoption barriers for BIM in Europe after reading this research paper.

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1. Introduction 1.1 Background

Bill Alen, CEO at EvolveLab.io in his famous Autodesk University speech said that “The Future of BIM is NOT BIM, and it's coming faster than you think” and also added that the future growth in the construction industry is predicted to be much faster than our expectations.

He gave credit to the advancement in technologies such as improvement in generative design, software algorithms, and robotic construction. Current methods of construction processes are undergoing a rapid transformation. An increasing number of tasks are being done by computers through automation and robots than we have ever seen before. He also stressed that BIM will transform into Building Information Optimization.

Roland Berger believes BIM could be the most disruptive digital instrument in the industry.

(Schober, 2017) Based on the project management concept of the iron triangle Time, Cost, and Quality, 40-50 Percentage of the projects in the construction industry do not meet their planned deadlines (Thomsen et al., 2010). Productivity and efficiency of the overall projects suffer because of bad project planning and execution. To increase productivity and efficiency within the project, the cost of raw material, cost of labor, and traditional methods of project management are the components that need to be controlled. The construction industry has been immensely influenced by new technologies and methods like BIM. Large complexes and companies still try to reach more efficiency and productivity in the projects, and this is a critical issue for their competition within the market.

Various research on using BIM technology within the construction sector shows that projects using BIM technology are more sustainable and increase the productivity of the projects than non-BIM projects. On a global scale, countries that first used BIM technology for their projects are Finland, Norway, the UK, the USA, Germany, France, Singapore, and Australia.

(Khosrowshahi & Arayici, 2012)

In this research, we will conduct an innovation analysis of adoption of BIM in Europe using innovation theories such as a diffusion of innovation theory by Rogers and Crossing the Chasm by Moore.

1.2 Research Aims and Objectives

This thesis aims to conduct an innovation analysis of adoption of BIM using innovation theories such as Rogers’s diffusion of innovation theory and Crossing the Chasm by Moore.

1.3 Research Question

BIM is a transformative technology and the potential it holds for impacting a very traditional industry such as the AEC sector has piqued our interest to analyze the adoption of BIM in Europe. The research gap was identified because the concept of BIM has been around since the 1980s (Bjork,1989) despite which, widespread adoption and implementation of BIM in Europe hasn’t peaked yet and this has created a curiosity for us to explore this topic through the lens of Innovation theories. So, our research question is :

”What are the barriers for the adoption of BIM in Europe? ” Sub questions which we want to answer are :

• Has BIM overcome the “Innovation chasm?”

• What results do we get when we analyze BIM adoption using diffusion theory?

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1.4 Delimitations

BIM adoption for this thesis will only focus on Europe. Due to the vastness of the topic, performing an analysis of global BIM adoption is not feasible in the short duration of our thesis and hence the research will focus only on analyzing BIM adoption in the European market.

Also due to the recent pandemic, our access to first-hand data which we intended to collect through questionnaires was affected since the companies didn’t respond to our emails which impacted the study and limited it to a systematic literature review of secondary data obtained from different sources such as peer-reviewed scientific publications and journal articles. We believe we would have had more well-rounded research with up to date data on this topic, however, we aim to capture and summarize the adoption barriers which BIM faces in 2020.

There also may be references to the UK, which was a part of the EU before the BREXIT, so please keep that in mind as some of our literature reviews discuss the UK in our paper despite the UK not being a part of the EU anymore in June 2020.

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2.Theoretical Framework and Literature Review

In this chapter, we will cover the innovation theories which we have chosen to base our analysis on. We will be using Diffusion theory introduced by Everett Rogers in 1962 and also analyze BIM on the type of innovation it represents and apply “Crossing the chasm” theory by Geoffrey A. Moore to the adoption of BIM in Europe.

2.1 Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI Theory)

One of the most well known and widely cited references in many innovation studies is the DOI theory by Everett M. Rogers. The reason why we chose DOI theory as one of the frameworks for this research is because this theory provides a well-defined and systematic framework that aids in explaining crucial elements and processes of innovation diffusion.

“ In Rogers’ book, “Diffusion of Innovations” (first published in 1962), innovation is defined as an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or a unit of adoption.

According to Rogers (2003), one reason why the diffusion of innovations has received so much interest is because “getting a new idea adopted, even when it has an obvious advantage, is often very difficult”(p.1). Diffusion, as defined by Rogers, is “the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system” (Rogers, 2003, p.5).” ( Panuwatwanich, K. & Peansupap, V., 2013 p.2).

“The time variable allows researchers to classify adopter categories and to plot diffusion curves. Past research has generally shown that the adoption of an innovation follows a normal, bell-shaped curve when plotted overtime on a frequency basis. If the cumulative number of adopters are plotted, the result is an s-shaped curve” (Rogers,2003 p.247)

Roger stated that innovation adopters fell into the following 5 categories depending on their place in the figure as shown below.

Figure 1: Rogers’s Bell Curve – Diffusion of Innovation in the technology adoption lifecycle.

(Rogers,2003 p.247)

• Innovators make 2.5% of the market shown in the bell curve. These are innovators and enthusiasts who are always the first to try out the newest and latest technologies.

• Early adopters make 13.5% of the market shown in the bell curve. These are people who enjoy innovations and are comfortable taking the social risk but they are mainly

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motivated by its potential to drive their success. They are usually very influential in the marketplace, acting as trendsetters.

• The early majority makes 34% of the market shown in the bell curve. These are people who adopt new technologies only after they have been tried and tested. They are risk- averse and represent a large segment of the market.

• The late majority also makes 34% of the market shown in the bell curve. These are people who are extremely cautious, and they only tend to adopt new technologies only after they have been tried and tested thoroughly and proven to have almost no risk at all. They also represent a large segment of the market.

• Laggards make 16% of the market shown in the bell curve. They are the last ones to adopt any technology and they only use new technology because they do not have a choice.

2.2 The Adoption Chasm of Technological Innovation & “Valley of Death”

Taking Rogers’s concept further, Moore argues that due to the inherent difference in psychographic profiles between early adopters and majority adopters, there is a chasm between these two adopters of technologies called the “Valley of death” which every technology startup must cross in order to succeed.

Figure 2 : The Adoption Chasm of Technological Innovation & “Valley of Death”

Source : https://towardsdatascience.com/the-golden-ai-glacier-rethinking-rogers-bell-curve-for-healthcare- c6280e522e12

In this research, we will analyze BIM adoption in Europe though these two frameworks mentioned above.

Our systematic literature review leads us to two research papers which we believe have covered in-depth the topic of our interest:

1. B Charef, R., Emmitt, S., Alaka, H., and Fouchal, F., 2019. Building Information Modelling adoption in the European Union: An overview. Journal of Building Engineering, 25, p.100777.

2. Ullah, K., Lill, I., and Witt, E., 2019. An Overview of BIM Adoption in the Construction Industry: Benefits and Barriers. 10th Nordic Conference on Construction Economics and Organization, pp.297-303.

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These two papers individually covered more than 187 and 88 research papers and have analyzed the adoption of BIM in Europe. We believe that data from these two papers lay a good foundation for the foundation of our research.

2.3 BIM

2.3.1 What is BIM?

BIM is a collaborative software tool used by AEC professionals which enables them to create a complete digital description of a building project. From this description, a digital model is made, built up from a standardized object library. A standardized object library is a dictionary of definitions of all items which are used in a construction project, for example:

-what exactly do we mean by a door?

-what are the functions of a door?

-what are the properties of a door and their performance -what must a door be able to do?

New objects can easily be added to the standardized object library and everything is updated in real-time and made available to all stakeholders.

Figure 3: BIM is used in the complete lifecycle of a construction project

Source : https://cpmconsulting.rs/bim-building-information-modelling-and-lcm-lean-construction-management/

Companies can use BIM for constructing a bridge, a road, a tunnel, or a complete infrastructure also with a building or a complex of buildings. BIM is available for the entire lifecycle of a construction project; from design through construction, management, maintenance, even demolition as shown in the above figure 1.

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2.3.2 Who works with BIM?

With BIM each party makes its contribution to the virtual structure viz the architect, the contractor, the Builder, the consultant, the installer, the glazier, everyone involved in the construction project. All the relevant stakeholders are shown in the figure below.

Figure 4 All the stakeholders who work with BIM Source : https://www.scan2cad.com/cad/benefits-of-bim/

BIM works well as long as all components satisfy everything agreed upon in the object library.

BIM allows all the stakeholders to study the project and see the library components before construction begins. Information about construction maintenance costs and safety all comes from the same source BIM. Since not everyone needs access to all the information all the time, BIM also contains an agreement about who can look at what, and who is allowed to input to which sections.

2.3.3 Why BIM?

BIM exists to enhance the performance of a construction project or network infrastructure. This is possible because the information is standardized and available for the entire lifecycle of the structure. With BIM you get better cooperation and decisions are easier to make. Everyone can carry on working with the system they prefer but that system must be able to exchange information based on an open standard. You just need a new piece of free software to enable you to input your data into BIM. One open standard for all.(Bimplicity, 2015)

BIM delivers many advantages because the information is standardized, the cost of getting quotes and making deals is greatly reduced. Data is input just once but reused many times.

Using BIM saves time, reduces confusion, and saves money.

Besides, far fewer mistakes are made before a shovel even hits the ground because BIM shows you where things can go wrong which is obviously better than discovering something during the project. Currently, correcting mistakes during the project phase costs six billion euros per year in the construction industry. With BIM this amount is rapidly and greatly reduced. That's a profit for all partners and good for the image of the industry.

Virtual construction also enhances quality not just within a specific building or infrastructure project but also within the entire environment. You can establish relationships between a

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building and its functions, the roads around it, and its performance. The possibility of creating a more sustainable environment is brought considerably closer. Building with BIM is above all, smart. BIM works if everyone participates. For this reason, it will in the future be a requirement of contracting authorities that information is exchanged according to open standards administered by and for the industry both national and international so everyone will participate and everyone will work together. With BIM, aspects and elements are connected to everything, design, price, timetable, and the effect on maintenance.

For example, let’s say a contractor decides to move all dividing walls in a virtual construction by one meter, not only he but also the Installer, the planner and the financial team can immediately see the effect of this change. So, BIM is a new way of working together by speaking one language.

2.3.4 Advantages of BIM

These days a huge number of architects, engineers, and contractors use BIM technology, and that’s why experts are interested in BIM. Global trends making AEC projects more complex and advances in technology are helping industry professionals to work more efficiently and effectively. This where BIM comes in. BIM is an intelligent, model-based process that connects AEC professionals and they can more efficiently design, build, and operate buildings and infrastructures through BIM. With BIM designers create digital 3D models that include data associated with physical and functional characteristics. The power of BIM is how it allows our architects and engineers and contractors to collaborate on coordinated models. Giving everyone better insights to have their work fit the overall project, ultimately helping them to work more efficiently. The data in the model finds the design elements and establishes behavior and relationships between components, so when an element in the model is changed, every view is updated. With the new changes appearing in a section and elevations, you can use the information in the model to improve your design before its built.

BIM enables faster buying and approvals with realistic visualizations. It allows you to convey design changes to the field in real-time and most importantly, retain model intelligence from concept to construction. BIM provides insights into the constructability of design, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the construction phase, and also provides a better understanding of the building’s future operations and maintenance.

Owners can use BIM for predictive maintenance like asset tracking, facilities management, and future renovation or construction projects. When you work with BIM, you experience

• reduced project risk,

• improved timeliness,

• cost-saving,

• better project outcomes,

• and the power of BIM is growing with cloud-connected technologies that project teams work together in all-new ways driven by global trends.

The AEC industry is in a time of transformation. Businesses want to win more work, deliver projects more efficiently, and design better buildings, need a powerful solution and that solution is BIM.

After reviewing the literature, we have summarized the benefits of using BIM in the various phases of construction projects in the table below.

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Table 1. BIM Benefits through the Building Life Cycle (Ullah, Lill, and Witt, 2019)

The benefits of using BIM in the whole construction project lifecycle is clear, yet we see barriers to its adoption. We will have a look at the various factors which affect BIM adoption in the 4.Findings and Discussionsection.

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3.Methodology 3.1 Research Method

3.1.1 Philosophical considerations

Wilson explained that it is of utmost importance for a researcher to understand the research philosophy because it lays the foundation for how the researcher will approach their research (Wilson, 2014). Denzin and Lincoln believe that researchers will be able to select a philosophical paradigm only when there is a deep understanding of ontology, epistemology, and paradigm choices (Denzin & Lincoln, 1998). Yasir Rashid et.al 2019 mentioned that before beginning research in any domain, all researchers must familiarize, understand, and develop a stance that will eventually reflect in the mechanics of the research method which they choose.

Typically researchers begin their research process by estimating what type of methodology they would employ, either a quantitative research methodology, which makes use of numerical data (Maree, 2010), or a qualitative research methodology that employs descriptive data (Brynard, Hanekom, & Brynard, 2014).

For our research we have chosen a qualitative research methodology, however, we will also mention, highlight, and discuss some relevant data and statistics and try to interpret them and build a theory based on that.

3.2 Research Strategy

We have conducted our research by adopting a systematic literature review. The systematic literature review was conducted using results of the search of relevant keywords such as BIM, BIM adoption, EU, DOI, BIM Adoption in EU, Moore, Rogers, Diffusion of Innovation. We used several different combinations for our search. We searched from a mix of scientific databases sources such as Scopus, Researchgate, Wiley Online, Elsevier, KTH Library Diva, and Primo as well as Google scholar and reviewing official documents published by the European Union. Credibility from these sources is high and easily found if further research needs to be reproduced. We selected the articles which had an EU focus on barriers to adoption.

Our SLR also led us to watch online videos from Autodesk University so that we could understand completely the different terminologies used in the BIM and the AEC sector. While reviewing the literature, we also noted several papers that did not fulfill our criteria for analyzing the EU BIM adoption barriers, but we did scan the abstract and conclusion and noted some of the more repetitive nature of adoption barriers which we will discuss in our research in the findings in the discussions section. Lastly, we read trend reports from the leading companies that work with BIM in the EU. Our SLR has resulted in what we believe is a good understanding of the barriers to BIM adoption in Europe.

3.3 Research Ethics

We have conducted our research by adhering to research best practices laid out by KTH Royal Institute of Technology and the Swedish Research Council guidance on research ethics.

• Credit : We have taken care to give credit to past work carried out by researchers, cited sources used, and ethically conducted ourselves during our research work.

• Reliability : We have given thoughtful consideration to our research design, method, analysis, and used high-quality resources in our work.

• Honesty : We believe we have carried out our research honestly and with integrity.

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3.4 Sustainability

Our topic BIM has multiple layers of sustainability associated with it. The UN mentioned that

“Globally, buildings are responsible for 40% of annual energy consumption and up to 30% of all energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The building sector has also been shown to provide the greatest potential for delivering significant cuts in emissions at low or no-cost with net savings to economies. Collectively the building sector is responsible for one-third of humanity's resource consumption, including 12% of all freshwater use, and produces up to 40% of our solid waste. The sector also employs, on average, more than 10% of our workforce.

With urbanization increasing rapidly in the world's most populous countries, building sustainability is essential to achieving sustainable development. " (Ingram, 2020, p.233) Also, BIM helps the AEC sector work towards the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals number 9,11,12,15 which are highlighted in the figure below.

Figure 5 : BIM works with the following UN SDG’s highlighted in purple boxes.

Source : https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300

BIM aids sustainable construction by supporting various factes of green buildings during their lifecycle as shown in the figure below.(Lu, Wu, Chang and Li, 2017)

Figure 6 : BIM-supported lifecycles of green projects. (Lu, Wu, Chang and Li, 2017, p.139) Literature has shown that BIM technology can contribute to construction waste reduction which is an important aspect of sustainable construction (Sacks R. et al., 2009)(Mahalingam A. et al., 2015). BIM has also been used as a tool to monitor the sustainability performance of buildings during its operation phase (Bernstein, H., Jones, S. and Russo, M., 2015) thereby

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establishing the fact that BIM is an invaluable monitoring tool for the sustainability performance of buildings.

Literature also suggests that BIM software provides four major functions on energy performance analyses and evaluations, namely :

1) a whole building energy analysis, (Shoubi, Shoubi, Bagchi and Barough, 2015) 2) detailed analyses for different energy conservation measures, (Hirsch, n.d.)

3) a feasibility evaluation of renewable energy (Autodesk, E.A., 2012) (Autodesk, n.d.) and 4) a more effective detection and diagnostics of energy faults.(Dong, O'Neill and Li, 2014) The figure below gives an overview of the main BIM functions for sustainability analyses.

Figure 7 : main BIM functions for sustainability analyses (Lu, Wu, Chang and Li, 2017, p142) The benefits of the use of BIM for achieving sustainable construction project lifecycles have been established in the literature. Therefore, as the next step in this direction, we want to explore why BIM hasn’t been able to be widely adopted in the whole construction project lifecycle despite clear cost savings, building project time reduction, and positive environmental benefits.

We will explore in-depth more about the barriers for the BIM adoption through Rogers’s theory of Diffusion of Innovation and Moore’s Crossing the Chasm Theory in the coming chapters.

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4.Findings and Discussion

4.1 Milestones in BIM Adoption in Europe

To give some perspective to our discussion we will adopt the following definition to discuss different BIM levels as adopted in the UK (see level 0-5,left bottom corner of the figure shown below). From Figure 5 we can see the BIM adoption in Europe is quite scattered. After analyzing the countries in Europe we have found that while some countries like Austria and Norway, clearly have been Innovators and have established open BIM standards and an open BIM mandate which makes all public projects tenders to have level 3 BIM requirements, other countries are like Portugal still don’t have any planned BIM mandates.

Figure 8 : BIM Adoption in Europe (MagiCAD, 2020, p.5)

Other Nordic countries, France, UK, and even Russia also have level 2 BIM in place and are planning to move to level 3 though their schedules to do so, is different. This makes Finland, Denmark, and Sweden Early Adopters as per Figure 1: Rogers’s Bell Curve – Diffusion of Innovation in the technology adoption lifecycle. (Rogers,2003 p.247). Finland started working on the use of BIM technology since 2002 and around 2007, the Confederation of Finnish Construction Industries had mandated that all design software packages need to pass Industry Foundation Class (IFC) Certification. (Singh, 2017)

Germany, Czech Republic, and Spain (see figure above) have active BIM programs with varying schedules for implementation. Portugal, Belgium, Switzerland are Laggards as per Figure 1: Rogers’s Bell Curve – Diffusion of Innovation in the technology adoption lifecycle.

(Rogers,2003 p.247).

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Supporting our conclusion, Charef et.al (2019) also have come to a similar conclusion as can be seen in Table 2 : BIM implementation mandatory date in EU countries and their classification according to BIM adoption level (Charef, Emmitt, Alaka and Fouchal, 2019, p.14) below where they have also classified and found and classified EU member states based on DOI theory.

Table 2 : BIM implementation mandatory date in EU countries and their classification according to BIM adoption level (Charef, Emmitt, Alaka and Fouchal, 2019, p.14)

In the figure below, we can see that Finland, Denmark, Netherlands, UK, Latvia, Czech Republic are early adopters of BIM though they are in different phases of BIM mandates.

Overall, it is observed that 25% of the EU has mandated use of BIM while 25% have planned a date for BIM adoption and more than 25% of the EU has shown no signs of BIM adoption.

The reason for this can be seen in the next chapter.

Figure 9 : State of the Art of BIM adoption across Europe according to their research questionnaire . (Charef, Emmitt, Alaka and Fouchal, 2019, p.15)

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4.2 BIM Awareness Gap :

Figure 10 : Awareness of the European gap in BIM implementation from the questionnaire (adopted for this thesis because of relevance) (Charef, Emmitt, Alaka and Fouchal, 2019, p.17)

Charef et. Al (2019 ) conducted a market awareness research through their questionnaire and found that there is a clear awareness gap between EU countries.

• 63% of the respondents believe that differences in BIM adoption in the EU will have an impact on the EU economy.

• 88% of the respondents believe EU BIM standardization would help in bridging the gap between different EU countries

• 94% of the respondents strongly advocate for the standardization of BIM across the EU.

Taking this into account let us now see the various efforts which are being taken to combat this lack of awareness issue in the next section.

4.3 National BIM Programs in Europe :

In the table below we have summarized some of the national BIM Programs which have been initiated by the various member states in Europe.

Table 3 : National Bim Programs in Europe (data from MagiCAD, 2020, p.6)

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As we can see, using the DOI theory, we can make our observation that diffusion of BIM is scattered, but the EU and its member states are actively working towards a common vision to adopt BIM in their national long term strategy. EU level initiatives will be introduced next.

4.4 European Union Initiatives for the adoption of BIM :

There have been various initiatives by the EU to promote the adoption of BIM throughout the EU. We have curated a list of initiatives in the table below, though these are not exhaustive, still provide a good overview of top initiatives taken by the EU for the harmonization and adoption of BIM.

Table 4 : European Union Initiatives for the adoption of BIM. (Data obtained from Charef, Emmitt, Alaka and Fouchal, 2019, p.11-12)

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4.5 Barriers of BIM adoption :

Our SLR resulted in finding the top barriers for BIM adoption. They are shown below :

Table 5 : Barriers of BIM adoption (Ullah, Lill and Witt, 2019, p.301)

We have classified them based on 3 types: People, Process, and Technology because we feel that every technology has these 3 components in common for mass adoption and use.

Example: When the iPhone was launched, Apple kept these 3 things in mind while developing the iPhone and made it simple to use(process), for everyone(people) and it had effectively communicated its benefit(technology).

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During our SLR, despite focusing on the EU mainly, we came across similar BIM adoption barriers globally during our research which were repetitive and had many common threads:

• Ismail et al., 2017 mentioned that BIM comes with high initial costs, and implementing BIM as a process takes a longer time to implement apart from cultural resistance.

• Latiffi et al., 2016 , Gerges et al., 2017, Ullah et al., 2019 all have indicated a lack of awareness is among the top reason for the slow adoption rate of BIM.

• Ahmed et al., 2014 highlighted that there is an absence of contractual requirements for BIM implementation and also presented that the BIM model is complex to use.

• Park and Kim, 2017 stated that interoperability between software programs and data ownership issues are the barriers to BIM adoption.

• McAuley et al., 2017 found that lack of standardized tools and protocols and lack of BIM experts contribute to the barriers for BIM adoption.

• Hosseini et al., 2016 pointed out that subcontractors are not interested in using BIM.

• Sahil, 2016 noted that there is a lack of interest from clients to adopt and use BIM.

• Bosch-Sijtsema et al.,2017 brought to light the legal issues that BIM adoption creates.

• Enhassi et al., 2016 mentioned in their research that there is a lack of governmental support for the adoption of BIM, and Ganah and John, 2015 said that BIM lacked support from top management.

This goes to show that there are several challenges that need to be addressed for BIM’s pan- EU adoption to become a reality. The construction sector is a pre-dominantly a traditional industry and despite several advancements in technology, the AEC sector is a laggard in adopting these new technologies. The AEC sector in Europe is witnessing its greatest change and BIM holds the potential to digitize this sector, as many industry experts have already mentioned this.

As with any technology, BIM too is facing barriers to adoption and as per Rogers’s DOI theory, BIM’s early adopters are paving the way for the early majority to uptake this technology.

In the next chapter, we will summarize our findings and draw conclusions based on our findings. We will also cover recommendations for faster BIM adoption and present some ideas which we believe are hidden opportunities in the barriers for adoption of BIM.

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5. Conclusion

Despite several successful BIM implementations around the world in different countries, we see that the pace of adoption of BIM methodology is vastly slow and varies a lot for countries around the world. Notably, a clear observation that has been made is that many countries are quite reluctant to cooperate and take part in the national BIM program initiatives. Several key challenges to BIM adoption in different countries were mentioned in The European construction industry’s 2019 Trend paper, published by the European Construction Sector Observatory.

We have summarized and highlighted the main Barriers to adoption of BIM below :

5.1 Fragmented Implementation

BIM is not being implemented and utilized in the entire value chain of the construction project.

It is mostly seen to be used in the design phase and sometimes used in the construction phase.

The implementation of BIM in the operation phase and maintenance phase is also rarely seen.

This was observed in the UK when a study was conducted by McGraw Hill Construction. It showed that 90% of architectural design teams in the UK were using BIM despite it not being formally requested by the client. On the other hand, only 25% of trade contractors were noted to use BIM in their projects (Harvey M. Bernstein, 2014). Interestingly, in France, 44% of engineers have adopted BIM which is slightly more than the architects’ in France (MagiCAD, 2019).

This number is indicative of the peculiar environment of the French building industry where there are many large engineering companies compared to architectural firms that possess much larger resources which enables these engineering companies to find new avenues for business development with BIM implementation.

5.2 Company Size and Market Structure

Larger companies are observed to adopt and implement BIM methodologies in their projects whereas small to medium-sized firms often struggled to make the move. There are several clear explanations for this, like money, personnel, type of project, and demand from the client-side.

The introduction of a full BIM process can entail significant resources in terms of staff preparation and capital expenditure. Larger organizations are best prepared to take care of the capital demands of the transformation. Larger organizations are therefore more likely to be participating in vast and complicated building projects where the rigorous teamwork and collaboration criteria allow the advantages of BIM to be more visible and better realized. Large- scale projects such as public projects are the ones that are seen to include official BIM requirements. Due to this, small to medium size companies are left out which further reduces their experience and exposure to projects involving BIM which adds to their inability to part- take in future large-scale project bids.

5.3 Lack of Demand From Project Owners And Lack of Awareness

Since the project owners of the construction, operation, and maintenance phases lack awareness of the benefits of using BIM, they don’t demand BIM as a requirement. Due to the current increase in the number of public procurements projects which have included BIM requirements in their tenders, and due to the various national BIM initiatives which are being undertaken, different stakeholders have now been forced to investigate the benefits of using BIM. This marks a shift in the demand for BIM, both in the public as well as the private sector.

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5.4 Lack of International BIM Standardization

BIM was created by industry professionals in the private sector after which the local government directive started to follow at a later stage. Because of this we can witness multiple interpretations and expressions of BIM and lack a standard that guides international adoption and implementation of BIM standards. This has caused different countries to create their own BIM standards and best practices which have made it next to impossible to create and implement one international standard which would be globally implemented and accepted.

Another point to note is that there has not been a single international authority or initiative to oversee the development and standardization of BIM which has allowed different governments of the different countries to have the flexibility and leverage to guide policy and define standards as per the local AEC industry’s needs and business climate. We can hope that this will not be the case and that BIM will be standardized in the near future.

5.5 DOI of BIM

Using the DOI framework we believe that BIM, despite being around for more than 50 years is still in its early stages of adoption. The European Union is on the right track to make this happen, but more investments from the private sector as well as, competence growth of all the stakeholders in the value chain will play a key role in making BIM a global standard for the entire construction lifecycle. Data analyzed in section 4.1- 4.5 support our conclusion that BIM has seen its adoption in Europe at varying rates. In order for the EU and the AEC sector as a whole to adopt BIM as a standard practice will take time, resources, knowledge dissemination, and collaboration which is in alignment with Moore’s DOI theory.

Regardless of individual country timelines, it is evident from an overview into BIM adoption that BIM will help shape and define the construction of today and tomorrow throughout Europe.

5.6 BIM : Crossing the chasm

Moore’s’ analogy fits perfectly for BIM because, despite clear benefits in terms of cost and efficiency, there still seems to be a lack of awareness which we believe can be overcome through Public-Private partnerships, corporate investments into marketing and promotion of adoption of BIM. Also, our analysis from 5.1 Fragmented Implementation 5.2 Company Size and Market Structure 5.3 Lack of Demand From Project Owners And Lack of Awareness 5.4 Lack of International BIM Standardization clearly indicates that BIM has, like every other technology, has indeed faced the difficulties in “crossing the chasm”.

Thereby, we conclude our research with the conclusion that BIM, according to Rogers’s DOI model is still in its early stages of adoption, and as per Moore’s theory, BIM hasn’t

“crossed the chasm”.

We do believe that with the advancements in digital marketing technologies and other AEC sector trends such as AI and robotic construction which are already supported by BIM, it will enable its rapid growth and increase the chances of BIM’s pan EU adoption within the next decade.

In the next section we present some recommendations for better and faster BIM adoption and also present in the chapter after that some opportunities which adoption of BIM has created.

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5.7 Recommendations for better and faster BIM adoption

Our recommendation for better, faster BIM adoption is shown in the figure below.

Figure 11 : Recommendations for better and faster BIM adoption

For a faster BIM adoption, we believe that the following measures need to be taken :

• Create more awareness through more funding from the public sector

• Create better policies for BIM adoption

• Work towards creating more ISO standards

• Educate all stakeholders about BIM benefits

• Create more Public-Private Partnerships

• Collaborate and share BIM implementation lessons from other actors who have implemented BIM projects

We believe that these can be a starting point for realizing faster BIM adoption in the EU.

5.8 Barriers? or Opportunities for Innovative Products and Services

We believe that BIM adoption barriers are not just barriers, they are opportunities for innovative products and services. Innovative products and services are needed to help accelerate the adoption of BIM and the role of entrepreneurs in creating startups that enable digitization, knowledge dissemination, and creation of new services that tackle the barriers to adoption is crucial.

Startups like Kreo, Avvir, BIMSPOT, Ipsum, Plannerly are some of the startups which work with BIM.

• Kreo is using Artificial Intelligence to increase speed in the BIM design phase.

• Avvir provides inspection services for construction sites, updating automatically the BIM model

• BIMSPOT is a BIM oriented collaboration platform that brings transparency and quality while planning, constructing, and operating a building project

• Ipsum provides an all-in-one platform for managing construction projects based on Lean BIM methodology

• Plannerly provides a BIM management platform for architects, engineers, contractors, and owners.

BIM ADOPTION CREATE AWARENESS

CREATE EU BIM POLICY

CREATE ISO STANDARDS

EDUCATE ALL STAKEHOLDERS CREATE PULBIC

PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS COLLABORATE AND SHARE LEARNINGS

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Tons of data is generated during BIM project implementations and this creates opportunities for data scientists, engineers, and IT companies to leverage the power of cloud computing, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning to create technologies which can harness the power of Big data and utilize this data to generate accurate, actionable data for the AEC professionals and stakeholders.

Companies like Amazon, Google, Microsoft are already at the forefront of cloud computing innovations and some companies like Autodesk have also experimented with using Amazon Alexa for interacting with BIM software using only voice.

European Union is motivated by the fact that EU adoption of BIM will result in a saving of more than 130 Billion Euros, as the EU market is valued at nearly 1.3 Trillion Euros as per a study conducted by BCG in 2016 and a similar study conducted by McKinsey in 2017 for the AEC sector.

Apart from the potential savings of close to 130 Billion Euros for the EU, we also observed some more benefits behind their strategy for funding EU level initiatives as can be seen in the table shown below :

Table 6 : Benefits of EU level BIM initiatives.

Source : http://www.eubim.eu/handbook/

BIM presents a unique opportunity for the public sector to become the driver for innovation.

BIM also offers multiple benefits spanning from Social, Environmental, Societal and Economic benefits but only time will tell, how soon and how effective a complete BIM adoption would result in, thereby concluding our final remarks by saying that “BIM is still in its early stages of adoption as per Rogers’s DOI theory and it hasn’t crossed Moore’s Innovation Chasm.”

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5.9 Future Research

Our research was limited by the current global coronavirus pandemic which didn’t allow us to conduct surveys in person as we had originally planned. So, for any person who is interested to continue this research, should start with a legal, geopolitical and international outlook to gather enough data which can act as a sound source of the information and will hopefully provide the researcher more depth and a better understanding of the adoption of BIM in EU using DOI theory. The researchers can also apply for EU funding and study BIM adoption in EU in more depth over a period of 5-7 years to truly capture the benefits and be able to apply the DOI theory in more detail to BIM adoption.

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Innovation analysis of the adoption of BIM using Innovation theories