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http://www.diva-portal.org

This is the published version of a paper published in Energy Procedia.

Citation for the original published paper (version of record):

Freitas, I., Zhang, X. (2018)

Green building rating systems in Swedish market - A comparative analysis between LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad

Energy Procedia, 153: 402-407

Access to the published version may require subscription.

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper.

Permanent link to this version:

http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-29023

(2)

ScienceDirect

Available online at www.sciencedirect.comAvailable online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.

The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling

Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast

I. Andrić

a,b,c

*, A. Pina

a

, P. Ferrão

a

, J. Fournier

b

., B. Lacarrière

c

, O. Le Corre

c

aIN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal

bVeolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France

cDépartement Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France

Abstract

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period.

The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.

The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).

The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.

Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change

Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 402–407

1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.066

10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.066

© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

1876-6102 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018

Green building rating systems in Swedish market - A comparative analysis between LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and

Miljöbyggnad

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas*, Xingxing Zhang

Department of Energy, Forest and Built Environments, Dalarna University, Falun, 79188, Sweden

Abstract

In Sweden, there are four most commonly used green building rating systems, which are LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad. In this study, each of them is analyzed under the aspects of certification process, implementation cost, educational needs and the variety of categories. SWOT method is further applied to extract the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each of the rating system in a direct and indirect manner, making it clearer to choose among various options when considering the individual needs of each project in practice.

© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

Keywords: LEED; BREAM SE; GreenBuilding; Miljöbyggnad; Green buildings; Rating

1. Introduction

Nowadays, new concepts of sustainable building are becoming more and more attractive. To ensure quality from social, environmental and economic point of view of the buildings, different stakeholders seek today's certification systems that can prove and improve besides helping them to develop the sustainability. Four certification systems are

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 76 255 5935.

E-mail address: iuri_abreu@hotmail.com

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018

Green building rating systems in Swedish market - A comparative analysis between LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and

Miljöbyggnad

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas*, Xingxing Zhang

Department of Energy, Forest and Built Environments, Dalarna University, Falun, 79188, Sweden

Abstract

In Sweden, there are four most commonly used green building rating systems, which are LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad. In this study, each of them is analyzed under the aspects of certification process, implementation cost, educational needs and the variety of categories. SWOT method is further applied to extract the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each of the rating system in a direct and indirect manner, making it clearer to choose among various options when considering the individual needs of each project in practice.

© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

Keywords: LEED; BREAM SE; GreenBuilding; Miljöbyggnad; Green buildings; Rating

1. Introduction

Nowadays, new concepts of sustainable building are becoming more and more attractive. To ensure quality from social, environmental and economic point of view of the buildings, different stakeholders seek today's certification systems that can prove and improve besides helping them to develop the sustainability. Four certification systems are

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 76 255 5935.

E-mail address: iuri_abreu@hotmail.com

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

widely used in Sweden, which are LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad. Each of these four building rating systems has its own characteristics and may be applied in different scenarios. However, it is usually very hard in practice for project owners to make a decision on which rating system should choose, due to the lack of the integrated comparison among these rating systems. This article aims to tackle this challenge, in which a comparison study will be conducted among these four systems through a combined method of evaluating prevailing aspects (i.e.

processes/procedures, implementation costs, educational requirements and a SWOT analysis. Through extensive academic research, including sources such as surveys, scientific articles, and official sites, a knowledge matrix is assembled with information on origin, development, current status and future updates on the four certifications. In addition, the research results may allow readers to find the most optimal certification in dedicated situation, and avoiding extra expenses of time, money and effort.

Nomenclature

LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

BREEAM SE Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method adapted to Sweden SGBC Sweden Green Building Council

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats

2. Methodology

Extensive review has been done on the assessment documentations of the four Swedish certification systems (Miljöbyggnad, Green Building, BREEAM SE and LEED), in order to understand how each of them works and operates. To enable the comparison, three conditions of different scales of buildings are considered. One smaller building condition in the size of < 5 000 m², one condition of mid-size buildings in the size of ≥ 5 000 m2 and < 50 000 m², and one for larger projects in the size of ≥ 50 000 m² [1][2]. This wide range scale of projects thus allows a comprehensive comparison among the different certifications in terms of process, education, cost and categories accordingly.

A SWOT analysis is further carried out in order to know how each of the four building rating systems positions itself in relation to the rest of the sector. SWOT analysis is a widely used matrix in marketing to evaluate and design strategies. In a simple way, it shows how a business has positioned itself in relation to the rest of the industry and on its own. The framework is composed of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

3. Comparison

The analysis of these building certificates is implemented by comparing the four options in order to quantify and qualify the difference. In each one of them, we will carefully consider the requirements regarding the processes considered from the application to get the certification, the costs for the building to obtain the certification, the requirements related to the educational qualification of the certified evaluators, as well as the categories that these rating systems check to give their scores.

3.1. Processes

The processes for the certification bodies have one or more similar steps, while some bodies have more steps which does not really mean that it takes more time to get an assessment. For Miljöbyggnad [3][4] and GreenBuilding [5][6], they have review, clarification and certification in the same following orders, while they also have verifications and reports accordingly which are required after the certifications have been completed to ensure that the buildings meet the post construction requirements. All the systems in general then require that registration is done for the project to the specific bodies that handles the certifications. Table 1 summarizes the main processes of each type of the certification systems.

(3)

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 402–407 403 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018

Green building rating systems in Swedish market - A comparative analysis between LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and

Miljöbyggnad

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas*, Xingxing Zhang

Department of Energy, Forest and Built Environments, Dalarna University, Falun, 79188, Sweden

Abstract

In Sweden, there are four most commonly used green building rating systems, which are LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad. In this study, each of them is analyzed under the aspects of certification process, implementation cost, educational needs and the variety of categories. SWOT method is further applied to extract the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each of the rating system in a direct and indirect manner, making it clearer to choose among various options when considering the individual needs of each project in practice.

© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

Keywords: LEED; BREAM SE; GreenBuilding; Miljöbyggnad; Green buildings; Rating

1. Introduction

Nowadays, new concepts of sustainable building are becoming more and more attractive. To ensure quality from social, environmental and economic point of view of the buildings, different stakeholders seek today's certification systems that can prove and improve besides helping them to develop the sustainability. Four certification systems are

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 76 255 5935.

E-mail address: iuri_abreu@hotmail.com

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018

Green building rating systems in Swedish market - A comparative analysis between LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and

Miljöbyggnad

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas*, Xingxing Zhang

Department of Energy, Forest and Built Environments, Dalarna University, Falun, 79188, Sweden

Abstract

In Sweden, there are four most commonly used green building rating systems, which are LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad. In this study, each of them is analyzed under the aspects of certification process, implementation cost, educational needs and the variety of categories. SWOT method is further applied to extract the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each of the rating system in a direct and indirect manner, making it clearer to choose among various options when considering the individual needs of each project in practice.

© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018.

Keywords: LEED; BREAM SE; GreenBuilding; Miljöbyggnad; Green buildings; Rating

1. Introduction

Nowadays, new concepts of sustainable building are becoming more and more attractive. To ensure quality from social, environmental and economic point of view of the buildings, different stakeholders seek today's certification systems that can prove and improve besides helping them to develop the sustainability. Four certification systems are

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 76 255 5935.

E-mail address: iuri_abreu@hotmail.com

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

widely used in Sweden, which are LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad. Each of these four building rating systems has its own characteristics and may be applied in different scenarios. However, it is usually very hard in practice for project owners to make a decision on which rating system should choose, due to the lack of the integrated comparison among these rating systems. This article aims to tackle this challenge, in which a comparison study will be conducted among these four systems through a combined method of evaluating prevailing aspects (i.e.

processes/procedures, implementation costs, educational requirements and a SWOT analysis. Through extensive academic research, including sources such as surveys, scientific articles, and official sites, a knowledge matrix is assembled with information on origin, development, current status and future updates on the four certifications. In addition, the research results may allow readers to find the most optimal certification in dedicated situation, and avoiding extra expenses of time, money and effort.

Nomenclature

LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

BREEAM SE Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method adapted to Sweden SGBC Sweden Green Building Council

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats

2. Methodology

Extensive review has been done on the assessment documentations of the four Swedish certification systems (Miljöbyggnad, Green Building, BREEAM SE and LEED), in order to understand how each of them works and operates. To enable the comparison, three conditions of different scales of buildings are considered. One smaller building condition in the size of < 5 000 m², one condition of mid-size buildings in the size of ≥ 5 000 m2 and < 50 000 m², and one for larger projects in the size of ≥ 50 000 m² [1][2]. This wide range scale of projects thus allows a comprehensive comparison among the different certifications in terms of process, education, cost and categories accordingly.

A SWOT analysis is further carried out in order to know how each of the four building rating systems positions itself in relation to the rest of the sector. SWOT analysis is a widely used matrix in marketing to evaluate and design strategies. In a simple way, it shows how a business has positioned itself in relation to the rest of the industry and on its own. The framework is composed of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

3. Comparison

The analysis of these building certificates is implemented by comparing the four options in order to quantify and qualify the difference. In each one of them, we will carefully consider the requirements regarding the processes considered from the application to get the certification, the costs for the building to obtain the certification, the requirements related to the educational qualification of the certified evaluators, as well as the categories that these rating systems check to give their scores.

3.1. Processes

The processes for the certification bodies have one or more similar steps, while some bodies have more steps which does not really mean that it takes more time to get an assessment. For Miljöbyggnad [3][4] and GreenBuilding [5][6], they have review, clarification and certification in the same following orders, while they also have verifications and reports accordingly which are required after the certifications have been completed to ensure that the buildings meet the post construction requirements. All the systems in general then require that registration is done for the project to the specific bodies that handles the certifications. Table 1 summarizes the main processes of each type of the certification systems.

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404 Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 402–407 Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Table 1. The processes of each type of certification [1][2]

Miljöbyggnad GreenBuilding BREEAM SE LEED

Registration Registration Employ assessor Registration Pre-notification Application Pre-Assessment Verify

Application Verification Registration Submit application

Review Review Application Review

Clarification Clarification Pre-Certification Certification

Certification Certification Review

Verification Reports Certification

3.2. Costs

Similar as the processes, there has been selection of three buildings with different size to be compared and the cost of certifying them. According to the available data, Miljöbyggnad [3][4] is the cheapest one while LEED [7] in the present day seems to be cheap for smaller buildings but they are almost four times as expensive as Miljöbyggnad for larger buildings. The GreenBuilding costs indicated are only for registration and certification. All costs regarding design and documentation are excluded. In Table 2, the cost for each building rating system in different building scales is present.

Table 2. Cost for certification in different areas (square meters) [1][2]

< 5000 m² SGBC members

≥ 5000 m2 and

< 50000 m² SGBC members

≥ 50000 m²

SGBC members < 5000 m² Non- SGBC members

≥ 5000 m2 and <

50 000 m² Non- SGBC members

≥ 50000 m² Non- SGBC members

Miljöbyggnad (New construction), in Euros (€)

3.180,00*

(Small houses)

6.825,00*

(Local construction small)

8.270,00*

(Local construction large)

For non- members 43%

will be added to the listed prices below.

BREEAM SE,

in Euros (€) 5.260,00* 8.925,00* 13.080,00* 7.520,00* 12.750,00* 18.680,00*

LEED, in

Euros (€) Registration and certification fees are subject to change and are calculated on the dates of registration and certification submission

Existing building

New building New complex building GreenBuilding,

in Euros (€) 1.265,00* 1.632,00* 2.160,00* These fees include:

Registration and Review minus Additional charges

*Approximate values after conversion of Swedish Krona to Euro 3.3. Education

The education in building rating system varies among the certifying bodies, as indicated in Table 3. In BREEAM [8] and LEED, the certifying bodies offer both online and offline courses, while Miljöbyggnad has two different courses offered by SGBC. In addition, SGBC also offers courses in BREEAM and LEED, but they are just basic courses and not for assessors and/or accredited professionals. However, BREEAM is the only system where it is

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

required to have an assessor in the building project, but LEED and Miljöbyggnad recommends the use of a certified person in the project to overlook the process from the design phase until the review. According to SGBC (2018), most of the projects with a certified person have a higher success rate.

Table 3. Education steps with the different systems [1][2]

Miljöbyggnad GreenBuilding BREEAM SE LEED

Title Certified

Environmental Building Coordinator

AG Assessor, Accredited

Professionals (AP). Green Associates (GA), Accredited Professionals (AP)

Duration 2 days course N/A 3-4 days course Online course

Cost, in Euros

(€) 945,00** for SGBC

members, and 1.350,00* for non- SGBC members

N/A 1.880,00* (732,00***) for SGBC members, and 2.505,00* for non- SGBC members (1.060,00*)

Subscription at approx. 1.330,00* (Courses from 300,00* – 1.540,00*)

Mandatory Yes Yes Yes Yes

*(AP Assessor Top-up).

**Approximate values after conversion of Swedish Krona to Euro 3.4. Categories

Each certificate system frames the rating categories in different areas. For this study, 25 categories are listed for the four building rating systems as below Table 4. Scoring is applied in all the certifications that has requirements as to the related category.

Table 4. Different categories of the certification systems [1][2]

Miljöbyggnad BREEAM SE LEED GreenBuilding Energy

Energy use X X X X

Energy impact X X X

Water

Use X X

Recycling/waste water X X

Indoor environment and health

Sound X X

Light X X X

Air quality X X X

Moisture X X

Thermal climate X X X

Legionella X X

Radon X X

Material

Recycling X X

Purchase and source X X

Dangerous substances X X

Innovation X X

Transport X X

Geographical consideration X

Waste disposal X X

Land and ecology X

Impurities X

Management and steering X X

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Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 402–407 405 Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Table 1. The processes of each type of certification [1][2]

Miljöbyggnad GreenBuilding BREEAM SE LEED

Registration Registration Employ assessor Registration Pre-notification Application Pre-Assessment Verify

Application Verification Registration Submit application

Review Review Application Review

Clarification Clarification Pre-Certification Certification

Certification Certification Review

Verification Reports Certification

3.2. Costs

Similar as the processes, there has been selection of three buildings with different size to be compared and the cost of certifying them. According to the available data, Miljöbyggnad [3][4] is the cheapest one while LEED [7] in the present day seems to be cheap for smaller buildings but they are almost four times as expensive as Miljöbyggnad for larger buildings. The GreenBuilding costs indicated are only for registration and certification. All costs regarding design and documentation are excluded. In Table 2, the cost for each building rating system in different building scales is present.

Table 2. Cost for certification in different areas (square meters) [1][2]

< 5000 m² SGBC members

≥ 5000 m2 and

< 50000 m² SGBC members

≥ 50000 m²

SGBC members < 5000 m² Non- SGBC members

≥ 5000 m2 and <

50 000 m² Non- SGBC members

≥ 50000 m² Non- SGBC members

Miljöbyggnad (New construction), in Euros (€)

3.180,00*

(Small houses)

6.825,00*

(Local construction small)

8.270,00*

(Local construction large)

For non- members 43%

will be added to the listed prices below.

BREEAM SE,

in Euros (€) 5.260,00* 8.925,00* 13.080,00* 7.520,00* 12.750,00* 18.680,00*

LEED, in

Euros (€) Registration and certification fees are subject to change and are calculated on the dates of registration and certification submission

Existing building

New building New complex building GreenBuilding,

in Euros (€) 1.265,00* 1.632,00* 2.160,00* These fees include:

Registration and Review minus Additional charges

*Approximate values after conversion of Swedish Krona to Euro 3.3. Education

The education in building rating system varies among the certifying bodies, as indicated in Table 3. In BREEAM [8] and LEED, the certifying bodies offer both online and offline courses, while Miljöbyggnad has two different courses offered by SGBC. In addition, SGBC also offers courses in BREEAM and LEED, but they are just basic courses and not for assessors and/or accredited professionals. However, BREEAM is the only system where it is

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

required to have an assessor in the building project, but LEED and Miljöbyggnad recommends the use of a certified person in the project to overlook the process from the design phase until the review. According to SGBC (2018), most of the projects with a certified person have a higher success rate.

Table 3. Education steps with the different systems [1][2]

Miljöbyggnad GreenBuilding BREEAM SE LEED

Title Certified

Environmental Building Coordinator

AG Assessor, Accredited

Professionals (AP). Green Associates (GA), Accredited Professionals (AP)

Duration 2 days course N/A 3-4 days course Online course

Cost, in Euros

(€) 945,00** for SGBC

members, and 1.350,00* for non- SGBC members

N/A 1.880,00* (732,00***) for SGBC members, and 2.505,00* for non- SGBC members (1.060,00*)

Subscription at approx. 1.330,00*

(Courses from 300,00* – 1.540,00*)

Mandatory Yes Yes Yes Yes

*(AP Assessor Top-up).

**Approximate values after conversion of Swedish Krona to Euro 3.4. Categories

Each certificate system frames the rating categories in different areas. For this study, 25 categories are listed for the four building rating systems as below Table 4. Scoring is applied in all the certifications that has requirements as to the related category.

Table 4. Different categories of the certification systems [1][2]

Miljöbyggnad BREEAM SE LEED GreenBuilding Energy

Energy use X X X X

Energy impact X X X

Water

Use X X

Recycling/waste water X X

Indoor environment and health

Sound X X

Light X X X

Air quality X X X

Moisture X X

Thermal climate X X X

Legionella X X

Radon X X

Material

Recycling X X

Purchase and source X X

Dangerous substances X X

Innovation X X

Transport X X

Geographical consideration X

Waste disposal X X

Land and ecology X

Impurities X

Management and steering X X

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406 Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 402–407 Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

4. SWOT analysis

SWOT analysis has been widely used as the basis of management and strategic planning in several areas of activity, and the case of the construction and energy efficiency sectors is no exception. The companies and professionals use this analysis to make an environmental analysis, since it consists of making a complete diagnosis about the business and the environment that surrounds. It can be used for any type of scenario analysis, from the creation a new project to the management of a multinational. This is an example of a simple system to position or verify the strategic position of the company/institution in the environment in question.

In summary, the information collected previously will be arranged in the form of topics defining as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to the green building rating systems operating in the Swedish market, in order to clarify the comparison between the different types of certification, as seen in Figures 1 (a and b) and 2 (a and b).

Fig. 1. SWOT Analysis of Miljöbyggnad (a) and GreenBuilding (b) rating system.

Fig. 2. SWOT Analysis of BREEAM SE (a) and LEED (b)rating system.

(a) (b)

(a) (b)

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5. Conclusion

Nowadays it becomes fundamental to be aware of the differences and advantages of one certificate for another since the many differences can bring advantages when it comes to the certification of a building. For each client, for each project, a careful evaluation should be made to understand which of the certificates available in the market can bring more benefits, both for the building itself, for investors, and for local society and daily users. It will not then be possible to state which of the four certificates evaluated in this article is the best for Swedish constructions, since the prism on this decision brings us innumerable possibilities. It remains only to confirm what had been proposed at the beginning, where the individual need of the project must be considered for each situation, avoiding extra expenses of time, money and effort.

Acknowledgements

To my dear classmates in the Master Program in Energy Efficient Built Environment Adeyemi Kazcem, Alaa Khadra, Fabiana Landi, Jane Dias, and Liv Johansson which helped me a lot with the data collected in previous work.

References

[1] Malmberg C. Miljöcertifiering av byggnader med Miljöbyggnad, GreenBuilding, BREEAM och LEED - Genomgång av metoderna med övergripande jämförelse . dissertation. Lund University, 2015.

[2] Bauer K, Johansson V. Environmental certifications in the Swedish construction industry - For small to mid-sized construction companies considering to implement environmental certifications. dissertation. Chalmers University of Technology, 2013.

[3] Council SGB. Miljöbyggnad. SGBC. https://www.sgbc.se/var-verksamhet/miljoebyggnad (accessed March 10, 2018).

[4] SGBC. Dokument och manualer för Miljöbyggnad 2.x. SGBC. http://www.sgbc.se/index.php/dokument-och-manualer (accessed March 10, 2018).

[5] GREENBUILDING - Intelligent Energy Europe - European Commission. Intelligent Energy Europe.

https://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/projects/en/projects/greenbuilding (accessed March 10, 2018).

[6] EU Buildings Database - Energy - European Commission. European Commission - Energy. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/eu-buildings- database (accessed March 10, 2018).

[7] USGBC. LEED Certification Fees. LEED Certification Fees | USGBC. https://new.usgbc.org/cert-guide/fees (accessed March 10, 2018).

[8] Fridén C-F. Avgifter i BREEAM-SE. SGBC. https://www.sgbc.se/avgifter-i-breeam-se (accessed March 10, 2018).

(7)

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 402–407 407 Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

4. SWOT analysis

SWOT analysis has been widely used as the basis of management and strategic planning in several areas of activity, and the case of the construction and energy efficiency sectors is no exception. The companies and professionals use this analysis to make an environmental analysis, since it consists of making a complete diagnosis about the business and the environment that surrounds. It can be used for any type of scenario analysis, from the creation a new project to the management of a multinational. This is an example of a simple system to position or verify the strategic position of the company/institution in the environment in question.

In summary, the information collected previously will be arranged in the form of topics defining as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to the green building rating systems operating in the Swedish market, in order to clarify the comparison between the different types of certification, as seen in Figures 1 (a and b) and 2 (a and b).

Fig. 1. SWOT Analysis of Miljöbyggnad (a) and GreenBuilding (b) rating system.

Fig. 2. SWOT Analysis of BREEAM SE (a) and LEED (b)rating system.

(a) (b)

(a) (b)

Iuri Abreu Saraiva Freitas and Xingxing Zhang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5. Conclusion

Nowadays it becomes fundamental to be aware of the differences and advantages of one certificate for another since the many differences can bring advantages when it comes to the certification of a building. For each client, for each project, a careful evaluation should be made to understand which of the certificates available in the market can bring more benefits, both for the building itself, for investors, and for local society and daily users. It will not then be possible to state which of the four certificates evaluated in this article is the best for Swedish constructions, since the prism on this decision brings us innumerable possibilities. It remains only to confirm what had been proposed at the beginning, where the individual need of the project must be considered for each situation, avoiding extra expenses of time, money and effort.

Acknowledgements

To my dear classmates in the Master Program in Energy Efficient Built Environment Adeyemi Kazcem, Alaa Khadra, Fabiana Landi, Jane Dias, and Liv Johansson which helped me a lot with the data collected in previous work.

References

[1] Malmberg C. Miljöcertifiering av byggnader med Miljöbyggnad, GreenBuilding, BREEAM och LEED - Genomgång av metoderna med övergripande jämförelse . dissertation. Lund University, 2015.

[2]Bauer K, Johansson V. Environmental certifications in the Swedish construction industry - For small to mid-sized construction companies considering to implement environmental certifications. dissertation. Chalmers University of Technology, 2013.

[3] Council SGB. Miljöbyggnad. SGBC. https://www.sgbc.se/var-verksamhet/miljoebyggnad (accessed March 10, 2018).

[4] SGBC. Dokument och manualer för Miljöbyggnad 2.x. SGBC. http://www.sgbc.se/index.php/dokument-och-manualer (accessed March 10, 2018).

[5] GREENBUILDING - Intelligent Energy Europe - European Commission. Intelligent Energy Europe.

https://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/projects/en/projects/greenbuilding (accessed March 10, 2018).

[6] EU Buildings Database - Energy - European Commission. European Commission - Energy. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/eu-buildings- database (accessed March 10, 2018).

[7] USGBC. LEED Certification Fees. LEED Certification Fees | USGBC. https://new.usgbc.org/cert-guide/fees (accessed March 10, 2018).

[8] Fridén C-F. Avgifter i BREEAM-SE. SGBC. https://www.sgbc.se/avgifter-i-breeam-se (accessed March 10, 2018).

References

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