Historical Urban Agriculture: Food Production and Access to Land in Swedish Towns before 1900

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Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2010 Distributor: eddy.se ab, Visby, Sweden

Cover illustration: Uppsala from the east, around 1840-1850. Present- day Waksalagatan leading out from the town. Lithograph by Carl von Scheele after an original by Elias Fredrik Martin, and edited by Annika Björklund. Reproduction: Uppsala University Library.

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1. Introduction – setting the scene...15

1.1 Elaborating the area of research...16

1.2 Theoretical points of departure ...27

1.3 Methods and sources...54

2. The establishment of town land...61

2.1 The origin of urban agricultural land...61

2.2 The establishment of town land in Uppsala ...76

2.3 Concluding discussion ...81

3. Geographical extent and use of town lands...87

3.1 The size of the town land in 1862 ...88

3.2 The ownership of the town land...95

3.3 Concluding discussion ... 100

4. Urban grain production and levels of urban self-sufficiency ... 103

4.1 Measuring levels of urban self-sufficiency ... 104

4.2 Urban grain production in Swedish towns in the 17^th-18^th centuries... 113

4.3 Urban agriculture in the 19^th century... 136

4.4 Concluding discussion ... 151

5. Local organisation of historical urban agriculture in Uppsala... 155

5.1 Urban agriculture at the local level... 156

5.2 Organisation and distribution of town land ... 159

5.3 Changing use of town land in the 19^th and 20^th centuries... 192

5.4 Concluding discussion ... 199

6. Consequences of urban agriculture - conclusions and final discussion... 203

6.1 Urban agriculture from feudalism to capitalism ... 206

6.2 Why urban agriculture?... 213

7. Summary (written in Swedish)... 223

8. References ... 235

9. A

I ... 257

9.1 Maps from the Ljunggren Atlas ... 257

10. A

II... 271

11. A

III ... 283

11.1 Inventory of historical records concerning the town lands (written in Swedish).... 283

= List of figures

Figure 2. Ownership structures of town land... 34

Figure 3. Swedish towns established in medieval times and early modern times ... 40

Figure 4. Population in Sweden 1770-2005... 47

Figure 5. Von Thünen’s model... 50

Figure 6. A simplified model of town land ... 53

Figure 7. Number of royal resolutions and documents concerning town land ... 65

Figure 8. Uppsala in 1858 ... 78

Figure 9. Land donations and purchase of new town land... 80

Figure 10. The town land in 1636 ... 84

Figure 11. The town land in 1699 ... 85

Figure 12. The town land area in Swedish towns in 1862 ... 89

Figure 13. Map of the town lands in Swedish towns in the 1860s... 91

Figure 14. Correlation between town land size... 94

Figure 15. No significant correlation in early modern towns ... 94

Figure 16. Correlation between inbye land 1862 and population size... 95

Figure 17. The arable fields of the town land in Uppsala... 99

Figure 18. Population size in the 1770s for the towns studied ... 114

Figure 19. Average per capita food consumption ... 123

Figure 20. Distribution of grain consumption... 132

Figure 21. Grain production in twelve Swedish towns... 140

Figure 22. Number of barrels of grain per normal consumer ... 141

Figure 25. Barrels of potatoes per normal consumer in 1828 and in 1875 ... 146

Figure 26. The population in Uppsala 1570-1890... 158

Figure 27. Livestock in Uppsala ... 159

Figure 28. Garden patches outside Svartbäck’s custom gate ... 163

Figure 29. Location of arable plots ... 171

Figure 30. Number of vacant arable plots in Uppsala 1800-1807... 178

Figure 31. Distributed arable plots in 1804 ... 180

Figure 32. Distribution of grain support ... 187

Figure 33. Land received by the town in the land reform in 1858... 194

Figure 34. The Mariedal farm... 197

Figure 35. A model of factors encouraging and discouraging urban agriculture... 215

= = List of tables

Table 2. Differences in average total size of the town land ... 92

Table 3. Various types of land, arable fields in Uppsala in 1699 ... 98

Table 4. Comparison of sowed area of arable fields ... 111

Table 5. Urban grain production in twelve towns... 112

Table 6. Yield/seed ratio 1747 and 1828... 118

Table 7. Population figures, grain production and barrels per normal consumer ... 121

Table 8. Weight of various types of grain... 126

Table 9. Levels of energy required for various types of work ... 128

Table 10. Yearly consumption of grain per person... 128

Table 11. Energy from yearly grain consumption ... 130

Table 12. Barrels of grain produced and levels of urban self-sufficiency ... 134

Table 15. Barrels of grain and kcal from grain per normal consumer ... 145

Table 16. Kcal per normal consumer per day from potatoes and grain... 147

Table 17. Potato consumption 1828 and 1875 ... 149

Table 18. Share of energy from grain and potatoes ... 150

Table 19. Access to urban arable land in Uppsala 1699, 1772 and 1813. ... 168

Table 20. Distribution of arable plot sizes ... 169

Table 21. People with more than 10 hectares of urban arable fields ... 170

Table 22. Estimated grain production in four households in Uppsala 1772... 173

Table 23. Estimated grain production in five households in Uppsala 1772. ... 175

Table 24. Applicants for arable plots in 1804... 182

Table 25. People who received arable plots in 1804 ... 182

Table 26. Applicants for grain support in 1804... 188

Table 27. People delivering and receiving grain support in 1804 ... 188

Table 28. Lease contract holders for the farm Mariedal ... 198

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