How to succeed with energy efficient refurbishment measures

TVE 15 067

Examensarbete 30 hp

Oktober 2015

How to succeed with energy efficient

refurbishment measures

A study of the CONCERTO initiative, BEEM-UP

project and EPC model

Maja Wennerberg Fåhraeus

Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper

Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten Besöksadress: Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 Hus 4, Plan 0 Postadress: Box 536 751 21 Uppsala Telefon: 018 – 471 30 03 Telefax: 018 – 471 30 00 Hemsida: http://www.teknat.uu.se/student

Abstract

How to succeed with energy efficient refurbishment

measures

Maja Wennerberg Fåhraeus

Buildings consume 40 % of Europe’s total energy consumption and causes 33 % of the CO2 emissions. (Pol and Lippert, 2010) Existing old buildings, especially those constructed with limited energy standards before 1960, are in need of refurbishment and energy efficiency. (Economidou, 2011)

The thesis is a part of the EU project GrowSmarter, where smart solutions for sustainable cities are to be implemented in the lighthouse cities Stockholm, Cologne and Barcelona. (European Commission, 2014) The purpose of this thesis is to look into the

experiences, success factors and barriers from the CONCERTO initiative, BEEM-UP project and EPC model, focusing on energy efficient refurbishment. The intent is that e.g. authorities, municipalities, companies and building owners, who are planning on performing energy efficient refurbishment measures, can access identified success factors and barriers in previous projects of different scale and methods.

The conclusions of this study are that the

communication and cooperation between stakeholders in a project, knowledge transfer and training of installers are important factors for successful projects. Information and involvement of tenants facilitates work execution, improves results after refurbishment and increases energy knowledge and awareness. The data quantity and quality is another influencing factor on building performance and the difference between calculated and measured energy savings. Stakeholder approach, energy performance regulations, ownership structure and financial status/possibilities for the building owner can affect project results.

Refurbishment''

Table'1'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Hannover' demonstration'buildings.''

'

( Before(renovation( After(renovation( Walls( Bricks'and'mortar' 10'–'20'cm'insulation''

U'='0.18'–'0.244_'[W/m2_K]'

Roof( 8'cm'mineral'wool' 16'–'30'cm'insulation'' U'='0.12'–'0.195'[W/m2K]'

Cellar( Not'specified' 4'–'10'cm'insulation' U'='0.25'–'0.616'[W/m2K]'

Windows( Single'glazing' Low'energy'windows' U'='0.75'–'1.85'[W/m2K]'

Heating( Individual'heating'systems' Centralised,'all'apartments'

connected'to'district'heating'(large' existing'or'small'new'system)''

Energy(source(for(heating(

and(DHW( Gas' Coal'+'wooden'biomass

7_''

Wood'pellets8''

Heat'pump'(heating'only)9' Gas'boilers'+'solar'collectors10_'

Targets'vs.'results'

EU'approval'of'the'project'was'delayed,'some'of'the'project'parts'removed'and'others'added.' Therefore,'a'comparison'of'targeted'and'achieved'savings'is'not'presented'in'project'reports.' (The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'But'as'shown'in'table'2,'the'initial' targets'of'the'CONCERTO'site'of'Hannover'were'from'an'overall'perspective'reached.'Energy' savings'of'50c70'%'indicate'that'these'buildings'are'performing'better'than'buildings'refurbished' according'to'BAU'(Business'as'usual)'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10).' ' ( Target(savings(( Results(savings(

Primary(energy( Approx.'3'000'MWh/y12'' 2'630'MWh/y13''

Final(heating(

energy14( >2'000'MWh'through'energycefficient'thermal'insulation9'' 3'950'MWh

15_''

50c70'%16''

Heating(+(DHW( Not'specified' 35c55'%17''

Electricity( Not'specified' 15c20'%'(300c400'kWh/year)18''

CO2Wemissions19( 500't' 580't'

Comfort20( All'apartments'in'line'with'comfort'

Refurbishment'

Table'3'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Ajaccio' demonstration'buildings.'' ' ( Before(renovation( After(renovation( Walls( Brick'or'concrete'from'the' look'of'pictures' U'='0.32'[W/m 2_K]24_{'(regulation'0.5)''} U'='0.52'[W/m2_K]25_'

Roof( Not'specified' U'='0.28'[W/m2K]26'(regulation'0.4)' U'='0.33'[W/m2K]27'

Ground(floor( Not'specified' U'='0.37/0.42'[W/m2K]28'(reg.'0.5)' U'='0.93'[W/m2K]29'

Windows( Not'specified' U'='1.81'[W/m2K]30' U'='3.26'[W/m2K]31'

Heating( Individual'heating' Individual'heating'

Energy(source(heating(

and(DHW( Gas' Gas'+'solar'collectors

32_'

Gas33'

Ventilation( Not'specified' 1.4'air'changes/hour'(installation'of' mechanical'ventilation)' '

Targets'vs.'results'

The'primary'energy'savings'compared'to'BAU'are'concluded'as'”comparatively'modest'but' significant”'for'the'Ajaccio'site.'Variations'of'a'factor'of'10'in'heating'demand'were'found.' (Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'The'overall'targets'and'results'are'presented'in'table'4.'

'

Energy( Target(savings(( Results(savings(

Hannover'and'Ajaccio'

The'main'differences'between'the'sites'of'Hannover'and'Ajaccio'are'presented'in'table'5'below.' '

Category(

Hannover(

Ajaccio(

History(

Energy'efficiency'of'buildings' a'key'consideration'also' before'CONCERTO.' Low'environmental' awareness'before'CONCERTO,' involvement'grew'during'the' project.'

Climate(shell(and(

installations(

Building'envelope'Ucvalues' lower'than'regulations.'Switch' to'district'heating'(biomass).' Building'envelope'Ucvalues' mostly'in'line'with' regulations.'(

Targets(and(results(

After'refurbishment'all' buildings'have'an'energetic' standard'considerably'higher' than'regulation'demands.'In' line'with'overall'CONCERTO' targets.' The'primary'energy'savings' compared'to'BAU'are' comparatively'modest'“but' significant”.'Below'overall' CONCERTO'targets.(

Data(quality(and(quantity(

High' Low'

Involvement(of(tenants(

High'priority' Low'priority'

Measures'

The'BEEMcUP'project'targets'the'following'measures:' • Improvement'of'building'envelope'–'site'specific'(static'measure)' • ICTc'and'HVACcsystems'(active'measure)' • Involvement'of'tenants'(social'measure)' • Innovative'financial'instruments'(economic'measure)' (Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)' ' Individual'measures'implemented'in'each'site'are'described'in'the'separate'site'sections.' '

Targets'vs.'results'

The'overall'targets'for'the'BEEMcUP'project'and'results'for'the'three'sites'are'shown'in'table'6.' '

MONITORED'SAVINGS'(%)' Alingsås' Delft' Paris' Objectives'of'the'

3.2.1.Alingsås.

Site'facts'

Alingsås'was'chosen'as'the'successful'site'in'BEEMcUP.' ' Alingsås'is'situated'in'the'western'part'of'Sweden.'The'municipal'housing'corporation' Alingsåshem'AB'owns'an'area'called'Brogården,'which'was'built'in'1971c1973'as'a'part'of' Sweden’s'Million'Homes'Program.'The'area'has'a'culturalchistorical'value'that'Alingsåshem'need' to'preserve.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)' ' The'buildings'in'Brogården'before'refurbishment'had'poor'standards'on'insulation,'electricity' and'plumbing'system.'The'buildings'were'draughty'and'contained'many'thermal'bridges.'The' use'of'DHW'was'high,'soundproofing'is'poor'and'kitchens,'bathrooms'and'common'areas' needed'to'be'renewed.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)' ' In'line'with'policy'on'social,'economical'and'environmental'sustainability,'Alingsåshem'decided' to'use'passive'house'technique.'This'means'comprehensive'external'and'internal'reconstruction.'' (Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)' '

Refurbishment'

Table'7'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Alingsås' demonstration'buildings.'' ' ( Before(refurbishment( After(refurbishment( Walls( Curtain'brick'facade''

U'='0.34c0.58'[W/m2K]' Well'insulated'passive'house'walls'U'='0.10'[W/m2K]'

Basement( Concrete,'no'insulation'

U'='1.13'[W/m2K]' Extra'insulation'of'ground'floors''U'='0.17'[W/m2K]'

Roof( Wooden'rood,'thin'mineral'wool' insulation'on'roof'slab' U'='0.20'[W/m2K]' Attic:'300'mm'mineral'wool'' Roof:'100'mm'mineral'wool' U'='0.11'[W/m2K]' Windows( One'glass'windows'

U'='3.40'[W/m2_K]' Cryptone'filled'low'emission'threec_{glass'windows''}

U'='0.85'[W/m2K]'

Heating( District'heating'(central,'

waterborne,'bio'fuels)'' District'heating'combined'with'exhaust'air'heat'recovery'

DHW( District'heating'(centralised'system)'' District'heating''

Water'saving'taps'

Ventilation( Mechanical'exhaust'air'' Balanced'with'heat'recovery'

ICT((incl.(smart(

meters)( No'individual'measurements'' Electricity'individually'measured'DHW'measured'per'dwelling''

Heating'measured'per'building' Individual'invoices'and'feedback' introduced'

RES( District'heating'(98'%'RES)' District'heating'(98'%'RES)'

Other(energy(

savings( ' Tenants'receive'energy'saving'pointers''

Table'7.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'for'buildings'in'Alingsås.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,' D.2.7)''

Refurbishment'

Table'8'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Ajaccio' demonstration'buildings.'' ' ( Before(refurbishment( After(refurbishment( Walls( Brick'facades,'supplement'insolation'for' cavities' U'='1.62'[W/m2K]( Repaired,'cleaned'and' hydrophobic;'' U'='0.22'[W/m2K]' Basement( Not'insulated''

U'='1.68'[W/m2K]' Insulation'with'reflective'foil;'U'='0.20'[W/m2K]'

Roof( Tiled,'not'insulated' ' U'='1.39'' Extra'insulation:'200'mm' graphite'enhanced'EPS;'' U'='0.25'[W/m2K]' Windows( Double'glass'in'living'rooms'only,' aluminium'frames'on'wood' U'='6.17c6.75'[W/m2K]' HR++'argon'filled'with' reflecting'layer;'' U'<'1.2'[W/m2K]' Heating(

( Different'types'of'old'gas'heaters.''No'insulated'distribution.'' Fossil'gas.'Individual'choice'of'new'condensing'boilers' and'solar'collectors.'

Waterborne'radiator'system,' individually'controlled'

DHW( Decentralised'system,'fossil'gas'heating.''

No'energy'saving'measures.'' Water'saving'showers'

Ventilation( Natural'' Mechanical'

ICT((incl.(smart(

meters)( None'' Eneco'TOON'Display'–'Home'Management'system'

Lighting( Incandescent' Not'specified'

RES( None'

'

Solar'heating'on'roof'(DHW' and'heating)'

Other(energy(

savings( None'' Tenant'behaviour'focus;'increased'awareness''

3.2.3.Paris.

Site'facts'

Paris'was'chosen'as'a'less'successful'site'in'BEEMcUP.' ' The'refurbishment'site'in'Paris'in'owned'by'ICF'Habitat'Novedis,'which'is'part'of'one'of'the' largest'housing'companies'in'France.'The'site'consists'of'87'dwellings'in'one'building'that'was' built'in'1950.'The'building'was'refurbished'in'1993'(boilers,'double'glass'windows'and' insulation)'but'strongly'needed'of'improvement'regarding'HVAC'system'and'windows.'(Zietara,' Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)' ' The'flawed'heating'system'led'to'high'energy'consumption,'there'were'thermal'bridges'and'risk' of'mould'and'moisture'damages.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'A'new'boiler'was' needed'and'HVAC'system,'electricity'and'plumping'needed'improvement.'Kitchens'and' bathrooms'needed'to'be'renewed.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'Some'tenants'had'to'be'removed' temporarily'during'the'refurbishment,'but'most'tenants'stayed'in'dwellings'the'work'execution' period.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'' '

Refurbishment'

Table'9'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Paris' demonstration'buildings.'' ' ( Before(refurbishment( After(refurbishment( Walls( Concrete'structure,'sandwich'insulation'

U'='1.40'[W/m2K]'! 180'mm'graphite'EPS;''U'='0.30'[W/m2K]'

Basement(( Concrete''

U'='2.24'[W/m2K]'(basement'ceiling)' 110'mm'slag'wool''U'='0.21'[W/m2K]'

Roof( Concrete' ' U'='3.86'[W/m2_K]' +200'mm'PUR'on'roof' 120'mm'PUR'on'terrace' U'='0.16'[W/m2_K]'

Windows( PVC'double'glass,'20'years'old54' Street'façade:'Wood'

double'glazing' Courtyard'side:'PVC' double'glass'' Balcony'bow'windows:' Aluminium'double'glazing'' (Umean=1.25'[W/m2K])' Heating( Common'gas'boilers''

Floor'heating'' New'gas'condensation'boilers'for'heating'and'

DHW.' Radiators'with'individual' thermostats' DHW( Individual'electric'boilers'' Centralized'system,' combined'heat'pump'with' heat'recovery'from' wastewater'

Ventilation( Natural'ventilation'till'' Centralized'system,'

mechanical'exhaust'air'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''

ICT((incl.(smart(

meters)( None'' SYNCO'living'system'(expected'savings'11'%)''

RES( None'' Heat'recovery'from'grey'

water'and'sewage''

Other(energy(

savings( None' Focus'on'tenant'behaviour'and'increased'awareness''

4..Final.Conclusions.and.Discussion.

4.1.Success.factors.and.barriers.

Identified'key'factors'for'energy'efficient'refurbishment''

• The'communication'and'cooperation'between'stakeholders'in'a'project'is'identified'as' an'important'factor'for'successful'projects.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'Dalenstam,'2009;' Mattson,'2015)'Try'not'to'change'stakeholders,'project'leaders'or'staff'during'the' project'process.' • Training'of'e.g.'installers'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014' (2))'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1)),'secure'knowledge'transfer'(Dalenstam,'2009;' Mattson,'2015;'Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012).'' • Inform'and'involve'tenants'to'facilitate'work'execution,'improve'results'after' refurbishment'and'to'increase'energy'knowledge'and'awareness.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;' BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8;'The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013;' CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))' • The'data'quantity'and'quality'has'an'impact'on'the'final'energy'performance'and'the' difference'between'calculated'and'measured'energy'savings.'Make'sure'to'establish'a' good'contact'with'energy'data'providers;'companies,'tenants'etc.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;' Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)' • Stakeholder'approach'and'energy'performance'regulations'may'affect'performance' results'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1)).'Ownership'structure'and'financial'