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FAT DIGESTION IN THE NEWBORN INFANT with special reference to the bile salt-stimulated

lipase and the milk fat globule

av

LARS BLÄCKBERG med. kand.

Institutionen för medicinsk och fysiologisk kemi, Umeå Universitet, 901 87 Umeå

Akademisk avhandling som med vederbörligt tillstånd av medicinska fakulteten vid Umeå Universitet för avläggande av medicine doktors­ examen kommer att offentligen försvaras i sal B, LU 0, Umeå Uni­ versitet, fredagen den 2 oktober 1981, kl. 09.15.

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FAT DIGESTION IN THE NEWBORN INFANT. With s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e and t h e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e .

L ar s B l ä c k b e r g , D e p a r t m e n t o f P h y s i o l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Umeå, S - 9 0 1 87 Umeå, Sweden.

T h i s t h e s i s d e a l s w i t h t h e enzym es and p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n l i p i d d i ­ g e s t i o n i n t h e new born i n f a n t . The s o u r c e o f d i e t a r y t r i g l y c e r i d e s f o r t h e b r e a s t - f e d newborn i s t h e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s . Such g l o b u l e s a r e h y ­ d r o l y z e d v e r y s l o w l y by p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e , t h e m ain l i p o l y t i c enzyme i n t h e a d u l t . T h i s i s m o s t l y l i k e l y due t o t h e p r o t e i n s and p h o s p h o ­ l i p i d s t h a t c o v e r s t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e s on t h e g l o b u l e s . A r t i f i c i a l em u l­ s i o n s c o v e r e d w i t h p r o t e i n o r p h o s p h o l i p i d s a r e a l s o p o o r s u b s t r a t e s f o r p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e . T h i s i n h i b i t i o n o f l i p a s e a c t i v i t y c a u s e d by p r o t e i n s and p h o s p h o l i p i d s ca n b e r e v e r s e d . The a d d i t i o n o f t h e l i p a s e c o f a c t o r , c o l i p a s e , e n h a n c e s h y d r o l y s i s o f b o t h t h e a r t i f i c i a l em u l­ s i o n s and t h e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s . The h y d r o l y s i s o f m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s was f u r t h e r e n h a n c e d by b i l e s a l t s . E f f i c i e n t h y d r o l y s i s o f m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s was a l s o a c h i e v e d i f p h o s p h o l i p i d s had b e e n h y d r o l y z e d by p a n c r e a t i c p h o s p h o l i p a s e A2 p r i o r t o a d d i t i o n o f l i p a s e . I n t h i s s y s t e m b i l e s a l t s w e r e a p r e r e q u i s i t e and i n c r e a s i n g b i l e s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n e n h a n c e d t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e h y d r o l y s i s f u r t h e r a l s o i n t h e a b s e n c e o f c o ­ l i p a s e . T h i s s u g g e s t s a p h y s i o l o g i c a l r o l e f o r p h o s p h o l i p a s e A2 as w e l l a s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t c o l i p a s e can a f f e c t t h e c a t a l y t i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f l i p a s e . E v i d e n t l y , t h e d i g e s t i o n o f m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s i s a c o m p le x p r o ­ c e s s i n v o l v i n g s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . A l s o t h e l i n g u a l l i p a s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r an i n i t i a l t r i g l y c e r i d e d i g e s t i o n i n t h e sto m a c h s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d .

The end p r o d u c t s o f l i p o l y s i s c a t a l y z e d by p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a r e mono­ g l y c e r i d e s and f a t t y a c i d s . Under c o n d i t i o n s o f lo w i n t r a d u o d e n a l b i l e s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , s u c h as i n n e w b o r n s , i t w o u ld b e a d v a n t a g e o u s t o h y d r o l y z e a l s o t h e m o n o g l y c e r i d e s , t h u s y i e l d i n g g l y c e r o l and f a t t y a c i d s . T h i s can b e a c c o m p l i s h e d by t h e b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e s e c r e t e d w i t h t h e m i l k , s i n c e t h i s enzyme l a c k s p o s i t i o n a l s p e c i f i c i t y . The b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e i s i n a c t i v e i n t h e m i l k s i n c e i t r e q u i r e s p r im a r y b i l e s a l t s f o r a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e s . T h i s enzyme i s u n i q u e as a m i l k enzyme i n t h e h i g h e s t p r i m a t e s . I t i s n o t fo u n d i n m i l k from R h e su s m onkey, n o r i s t h e r e any p r o t e i n w h i c h r e s e m b l e s i t immuno­ c h e m i c a l l y o r m o l e c u l a r l y . W ith a n t i b o d i e s t o t h e p u r e enzyme i t was shown t h a t human p a n c r e a t i c c a r b o x y l e s t e r h y d r o l a s e c r o s s r e a c t s i m m u n o l o g i c a l l y . T h e s e two enzym es w e r e shown t o b e v e r y s i m i l a r i f n o t i d e n t i c a l b o t h k i n e t i c a l l y and on t h e m o l e c u l a r l e v e l , i n d i c a t i n g a common o r i g i n . The b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e was p u r i f i e d t o h o m o g e n e i t y from human m i l k . I t i s a s i n g l e - c h a i n g l y c o p r o t e i n w i t h a Mr o f ^ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 . I t h a s p r o ­ p e r t i e s v e r y d i f f e r e n t from e . g . p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e . I t i s i n h i b i t e d by d i i s o p r o p y l f l u o r o p h o s p h a t e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t i t i s a s e r i n e - h y d r o l a s e . The p r o p e r t i e s o f t h i s enzyme makes i t w e l l s u i t e d t o a c t i n t h e i n ­ t e s t i n e o f t h e newborn i n f a n t . I can add t o t h e o v e r a l l c a p a c i t y o f t r i ­ g l y c e r i d e h y d r o l y s i s i n t h e duodenum b u t , more i m p o r t a n t i t s m ain f u n c ­ t i o n w o u ld b e t o d r i v e l i p o l y s i s t o w a r d s c o m p l e t i o n l e a d i n g t o t h e form a­ t i o n o f g l y c e r o l and f a t t y a c i d s as end p r o d u c t s . I t s a p p e a r a n c e i n t h e m i l k i s an e x a m p le o f a b i o l o g i c a l a d a p t a t i o n e n s u r i n g e f f i c i e n t u t i l i ­ z a t i o n o f d i e t a r y l i p i d s by t h e newborn i n f a n t . Key w o r d s : L i p i d d i g e s t i o n , n e w b o r n s , m i l k f a t g l o b u l e , b i l e s a l t - s t i m u ­ l a t e d l i p a s e , p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e , c a r b o x y l e s t e r h y d r o l a s e . ISSN 0 3 4 6 - 6 6 1 2

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FAT DIGESTION

IN THE NEWBORN INFANT

with special reference to

the bile salt-stimulated lipase

and the milk fat globule

by

LARS BLÄCKBERG

Umeå Universitet 1981

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IJtan t v U v o l ä r man i n t e rn-kt/mjt k l o k

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CONTENTS LIST OF PAPERS...7 ABSTRACT...8 INTRODUCTION... 9 G e n e r a l v i ew o f l i p i d d i g e s t i o n and a b s o r p t i o n ... 9 S p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e n e w b o r n ... 12

DIGESTION OF THE HUMAN MILK FAT GLOBULE... 15

P a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e . S u b s t r a t e r e q u i r e m e n t s and l i m i t a t i o n s . . . 1 5 E f f e c t o f c o l i p a s e ...17

E f f e c t o f p h o s p h o l i p a s e A^ ...20

E f f e c t o f l i n g u a l l i p a s e ... 21

C o n c l u d i n g r e m a r k s ...22

BILE SALT-STIMULATED LIPASE...23

P u r i f i c a t i o n and m o l e c u l a r p r o p e r t i e s ... 24 E v o l u t i o n a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ... 27 C o m p a r i s o n w i t h p a n c r e a t i c c a r b o x y l e s t e r h y d r o l a s e ... 29 P h y s i o l o g i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e ...32 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS... 37 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... 39 REFERENCES... 41 PAPER I ... 55 PAPER I I ... 61 PAPER I I I ... 67 PAPER I V ... 73 PAPER V ... 77 PAPER V I ...89

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7 T h i s t h e s i s i s b a s e d on t h e f o l l o w i n g p u b l i c a t i o n s , whi c h w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e t e x t by t h e i r Roman n u m e r a l s . I C o l i p a s e e n h a n c e s h y d r o l y s i s of d i e t a r y t r i g l y c e r i d e s i n t h e a b s e n c e o f b i l e s a l t s . L. B l ä c k b e r g , 0. H e r n e l l , G. B e n g t s s o n and T. O l i v e c r o n a . J . C l i n , i n v e s t . 64: 13 0 3- 1 30 8 ( 1 9 7 9 ) . I I H y d r o l y s i s o f human m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s by p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e : r o l e o f c o l i p a s e , p h o s p h o l i p a s e and b i l e s a l t s . L. B l ä c k b e r g , 0 . H e r n e l l and T. O l i v e c r o n a . J . C l i n . I n v e s t . 6 7 : 1 7 4 8 - 1 7 5 2 ( 1 9 8 1 ) . I I I The b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e i n human m i l k : p u r i f i c a t i o n and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . L. B l ä c k b e r g and 0. H e r n e l l . E u r . J . Bi oc he m. 1 1 6 : 2 2 1 - 2 2 5 ( 1 9 8 1 ) . IV The b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e i n human m i l k i s an e v o l u ­ t i o n a r y newcomer d e r i v e d from a n o n - m i l k p r o t e i n . L. B l ä c k b e r g , 0 . H e r n e l l , T. O l i v e c r o n a , L. D o m e l l ö f and M.R. Mali now.

FEBS L e t t . 1 1 2 : 5 1 - 5 4 ( 1 9 8 0 ) . V B i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e and c a r b o x y l e s t e r h y d r o l a s e : a r e t h e y i d e n t i c a l enzymes? L. B l ä c k b e r g , D. Lombardo, 0 . H e r n e l l , 0 . Guy and T. O l i v e c r o n a . S u b m i t t e d . VI D i g e s t i o n o f human m i l k l i p i d s : p h y s i o l o g i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f s n - 2 m o n oa cy l g l y c e r o l h y d r o l y s i s by b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e . 0 . H e r n e l l and L. B l ä c k b e r g . S u b m i t t e d .

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FAT DIGESTION IN THE NEWBORN INFANT. With s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e and t h e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e .

Lars B l ä c k b e r g , D e p a rtm e n t o f P h y s i o l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Umeå, S - 9 0 1 87 Umeå, Sweden.

T h i s t h e s i s d e a l s w i t h t h e enzym es and p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n l i p i d d i ­ g e s t i o n i n t h e newborn i n f a n t . The s o u r c e o f d i e t a r y t r i g l y c e r i d e s f o r t h e b r e a s t - f e d newborn i s t h e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s . Such g l o b u l e s a r e h y ­ d r o l y z e d v e r y s l o w l y by p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e , t h e m ain l i p o l y t i c enzyme i n t h e a d u l t . T h is i s m o s t l y l i k e l y due t o t h e p r o t e i n s and p h o s p h o ­ l i p i d s t h a t c o v e r s t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e s on t h e g l o b u l e s . A r t i f i c i a l em ul­ s i o n s c o v e r e d w i t h p r o t e i n o r p h o s p h o l i p i d s a r e a l s o p o o r s u b s t r a t e s f o r p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e . T h i s i n h i b i t i o n o f l i p a s e a c t i v i t y c a u s e d by p r o t e i n s and p h o s p h o l i p i d s can b e r e v e r s e d . The a d d i t i o n o f t h e l i p a s e

c o f a c t o r , c o l i p a s e , e n h a n c e s h y d r o l y s i s o f b o t h t h e a r t i f i c i a l em u l­ s i o n s and t h e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s . The h y d r o l y s i s o f m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s was f u r t h e r en h a n c e d by b i l e s a l t s . E f f i c i e n t h y d r o l y s i s o f m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s was a l s o a c h i e v e d i f p h o s p h o l i p i d s had b e e n h y d r o l y z e d by p a n c r e a t i c p h o s p h o l i p a s e A2 p r i o r t o a d d i t i o n o f l i p a s e . In t h i s s y s t e m b i l e s a l t s w e r e a p r e r e q u i s i t e and i n c r e a s i n g b i l e s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n e n h a n c e d t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e h y d r o l y s i s f u r t h e r a l s o i n t h e a b s e n c e o f c o ­ l i p a s e . T h i s s u g g e s t s a p h y s i o l o g i c a l r o l e f o r p h o s p h o l i p a s e A2 as w e l l as a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t c o l i p a s e can a f f e c t t h e c a t a l y t i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f l i p a s e . E v i d e n t l y , t h e d i g e s t i o n o f m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s i s a co m p lex p r o ­ c e s s i n v o l v i n g s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . A l s o t h e l i n g u a l l i p a s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r an i n i t i a l t r i g l y c e r i d e d i g e s t i o n i n t h e stom ac h s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d .

The end p r o d u c t s o f l i p o l y s i s c a t a l y z e d by p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a r e mono­ g l y c e r i d e s and f a t t y a c i d s . Under c o n d i t i o n s o f low i n t r a d u o d e n a l b i l e s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , su c h as i n n e w b o r n s , i t w ou ld b e a d v a n t a g e o u s t o h y d r o l y z e a l s o t h e m o n o g l y c e r i d e s , t h u s y i e l d i n g g l y c e r o l and f a t t y a c i d s . T h i s can b e a c c o m p l i s h e d by t h e b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e s e c r e t e d w i t h t h e m i l k , s i n c e t h i s enzyme l a c k s p o s i t i o n a l s p e c i f i c i t y . The b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e i s i n a c t i v e i n t h e m i l k s i n c e i t r e q u i r e s p r im a r y b i l e s a l t s f o r a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e s . T h i s enzyme i s u n i q u e as a m i l k enzyme i n t h e h i g h e s t p r i m a t e s . I t i s n o t foun d i n m i l k from R h e su s m onkey, n o r i s t h e r e any p r o t e i n w h ic h r e s e m b l e s i t immuno­ c h e m i c a l l y o r m o l e c u l a r l y . With a n t i b o d i e s t o t h e p u r e enzyme i t was shown t h a t human p a n c r e a t i c c a r b o x y l e s t e r h y d r o l a s e c r o s s r e a c t s i m m u n o l o g i c a l l y . T h e s e two enzym es w e r e shown t o be v e r y s i m i l a r i f n o t i d e n t i c a l b o t h k i n e t i c a l l y and on t h e m o l e c u l a r l e v e l , i n d i c a t i n g a common o r i g i n . The b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e was p u r i f i e d t o h o m o g e n e i t y from human m i l k . I t i s a s i n g l e - c h a i n g l y c o p r o t e i n w i t h a Mr o f ^ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 . I t h a s p r o ­ p e r t i e s v e r y d i f f e r e n t from e . g . p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e . I t i s i n h i b i t e d by d i i s o p r o p y l f l u o r o p h o s p h a t e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t i t i s a s e r i n e - h y d r o l a s e . The p r o p e r t i e s o f t h i s enzyme makes i t w e l l s u i t e d t o a c t i n t h e i n ­

t e s t i n e o f t h e newborn i n f a n t . I can add t o t h e o v e r a l l c a p a c i t y o f t r i ­ g l y c e r i d e h y d r o l y s i s i n t h e duodenum b u t , more i m p o r t a n t i t s main f u n c ­ t i o n w o u ld be t o d r i v e l i p o l y s i s to w a r d s c o m p l e t i o n l e a d i n g t o t h e form a­ t i o n o f g l y c e r o l and f a t t y a c i d s as end p r o d u c t s . I t s a p p e a r a n c e i n t h e m i l k i s an e x a m p le o f a b i o l o g i c a l a d a p t a t i o n e n s u r i n g e f f i c i e n t u t i l i ­ z a t i o n o f d i e t a r y l i p i d s by t h e newborn i n f a n t . Key w o r d s : L i p i d d i g e s t i o n , n e w b o r n s , m i l k f a t g l o b u l e , b i l e s a l t - s t i m u ­ l a t e d l i p a s e , p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e , c a r b o x y l e s t e r h y d r o l a s e . ISSN 0 3 4 6 - 6 6 1 2

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9 INTRODUCTION G e n e r a l v i e w o f l i p i d d i g e s t i o n a n d a b s o r p t i o n The a v e r a g e d a i l y i n t a k e o f f a t i s a b o u t 125 g; t h i s r e p r e s e n t s a b o u t 40 p e r c e n t o f t h e e n e r g y i n t a k e ( 1 ) . The d i e t a r y f a t c on ­ s i s t s m a i n l y o f l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e s . T he s e e n t e r t h e g a s t r o ­ i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t as w a t e r - i n s o l u b l e d r o p l e t s . T he s e t r i g l y c e r i d e s n e e d t o be h y d r o l y z e d b e f o r e t h e y can be a b s o r b e d . The p r o c e s s o f d i g e s t i o n and a b s o r p t i o n i s i n t h e a d u l t v e r y e f f i c i e n t ; more t h a n 95 p e r c e n t o f i n g e s t e d t r i g l y c e r i d e s a r e a b s o r b e d . The e n ­ zymes r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d i g e s t i o n o f t h e l i p i d d r o p l e t s a r e t h e l i p a s e s ( 2 ) . R e g a r d i n g t h e d i g e s t i o n o f d i e t a r y t r i g l y c e r i d e s t h e i n t e r e s t h a s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y f o c u s e d on t h e p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e . The p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e i s a w e l l c h a r a c t e r i z e d m o l e c u l e w h i c h h a s a o f a b o u t 4 0 , 0 0 0 ( 2 ) . I t h a s b e e n p u r i f i e d f r om a number o f s p e c i e s , e . g . p i g , man, and r a t ( 3 - 6 ) . The p o r c i n e enzyme, w hi c h i s t h e enzyme u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y , i s t h e most w e l l s t u d i e d . T h e r e a r e , h o w e v e r , a number o f o t h e r l i p o l y t i c enzymes p r e s e n t i n t h e g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t w h i c h a l s o may be o f p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t t o t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e d i g e s t i o n . S e c r e t e d w i t h p a n c r e a t i c j u i c e i s a p h o s p h o l i p a s e ( 7 ) . T h i s enzyme i s w e l l c h a r a c t e r i z e d b o t h on t h e m o l e c u l a r l e v e l and k i n e t i c a l l y ( 2 , 8 ) . As t o i t s e x a c t p h y s i o ­ l o g i c a l r o l e i n l i p i d d i g e s t i o n v e r y l i t t l e i s known. A t h i r d enzyme o f i n t e r e s t i n t h i s c o n t e x t i s t h e p a n c r e a t i c c a r b o x y l e s t e r h y d r o l a s e . Thi s enzyme h a s g e n e r a l l y b e e n d e s c r i b e d as an e s t e r a s e , p r e f e r e n t i a l l y h y d r o l y z i n g s u b s t r a t e s s u c h as c h o l - e s t e r y l e s t e r s , r e t i n y l e s t e r s o r s i m p l e r w a t e r - s o l u b l e e s t e r s , e . g . p - n i t r o p h e n y 1 a c e t a t e ( 9 - 1 2 ) . The p h y s i o l o g i c a l r o l e and im­ p o r t a n c e o f t h i s enzyme i s as y e t u n c l e a r .

The p a n c r e a t i c j u i c e i s n o t t h e s o l e s o u r c e o f l i p o l y t i c e nz yme s. I t h a s b e e n known f o r many y e a r s t h a t g a s t r i c c o n t e n t s f rom v a r i ­ ous s p e c i e s c o n t a i n l i p o l y t i c a c t i v i t y ( f o r r e v i e w s e e 1 3 , 1 4 ) .

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An enzyme o f p r e d u o d e n a l o r i g i n t h a t c a t a l y z e s t h e h y d r o l y s i s o f d i e t a r y t r i g l y c e r i d e s i n t h e s t o m a c h was f i r s t d e m o n s t r a t e d i n r u m i n a n t s (15) and i n t h e dog ( 1 6 ) . L a t e r i t was shown a l s o i n man t h a t d i g e s t i o n o f t r i g l y c e r i d e s o c c u r s i n v i v o a l r e a d y i n

t h e s t o m a c h ( 1 7 - 1 9 ) . A l i p a s e i s p r e s e n t i n e s o p h a g e a l a s p i r a t e f rom b o t h a d u l t s (20) and i n f a n t s (21) i n d i c a t i n g a p r e g a s t r i c o r i g i n . I t h a s b e e n shown i n r a t ( 22) and l a t e r a l s o i n man (23) t h a t t h e t i s s u e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e s e c r e t i o n o f t h i s enzyme i s t h e von E b n e r g l a n d s s i t u a t e d a t t h e d o r s a l r e g i o n o f t h e t o n g u e . The enzyme h a s t h e r e f o r e b e e n c a l l e d t h e l i n g u a l l i p a s e . I t i s n o t c l e a r i f t h i s enzyme i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a l l o f t h e l i p o l y t i c a c t i v i t y p r e s e n t i n g a s t r i c c o n t e n t . A g a s t r i c l i p a s e s e c r e t e d by m u c o s a l c e l l s i n t h e s to m a c h h a s a l s o b e e n s u g g e s t e d (24) . The p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t s o f t h e s e enzymes w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l The p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e e x e r t s i t s a c t i o n a t t h e i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n w a t e r and l i p i d . The t y p i c a l r e a c t i o n c a t a l y z e d by t h i s enzyme i s

t h e f o l l o w i n g :

The enzyme s p l i t s t h e e s t e r b on d s i n t h e 1 and 3 p o s i t i o n ( t h e p r i m a r y e s t e r b o n d s ) w i t h t h e same r a t e b u t t h e f a t t y a c i d

e s t e r i f i e d i n t h e 2 - p o s i t i o n i s h y d r o l y z e d v e r y s l o w l y . Th us , t h e l i p a s e h a s a p o s i t i o n a l s p e c i f i c i t y ( 2 , 2 5 ) b u t i t l a c k s s t e r e o s p e c i f i c i t y ( 2 ) . The same p a t t e r n i s s e e n when m i c e l l a r s o l u t i o n s o f m o n o g l y c e r i d e s a r e u s e d as s u b s t r a t e ; 2 - m o n o g l y c e r i d e s a r e v i r ­ t u a l l y u n t o u c h e d ( 2 6 ) . T h u s , t h e p r e d o m i n a n t end p r o d u c t s o f l i p o - l y s i s c a t a l y z e d by p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e w i l l be 2 - m o n o g l y c e r i d e s and f a t t y a c i d s . Some f r e e g l y c e r o l ca n be formed due t o i s o m e r i z a t i o n o f 2 - m o n o g l y c e r i d e s t o 1 ( 3 ) - m o n o g l y c e r i des w h i c h a r e h y d r o l y z e d . b e 1 ow.

T r i g l y c e r i d e D i g l y c e r i d e M o n o g l y c e r i d e

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11 I n some i n v i t r o s y s t e m s p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e r e q u i r e s t h e p r e s e n c e o f a c o f a c t o r f o r o p t i m a l a c t i v i t y ( f o r r e v i e w s e e 2 7 , 2 8 ) . T h i s c o f a c t o r , c o l i p a s e , i s a low m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t p r o t e i n a l s o s e c r e ­ t e d by t h e p a n c r e a s ( 28) . The e f f e c t s and p h y s i o l o g i c a l s i g n i f i ­ c a n c e o f c o l i p a s e w i l l be d i s c u s s e d on p ag e 17. R e c e n t l y , e v i d e n c e o f a r o l e f o r b i l e l i p o p r o t e i n s f o r o p t i m a l p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e f u n c t i o n h a s b e e n p r e s e n t e d ( 2 9 ) . M o n o g l y c e r i d e s and f a t t y a c i d s , t h e p r o d u c t s f or me d by t h e a c t i o n o f p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e h a v e a low s o l u b i l i t y i n w a t e r ; h e n c e t h e y w i l l a c c u m u l a t e a t t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e l i p i d d r o p l e t s . Such an a c c u m u l a t i o n h a s b e e n shown t o i n h i b i t l i p o l y s i s by d e n y i n g t h e l i p a s e f u r t h e r a c c e s s t o t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e s ( 3 0 ) . T h us , f o r e x t e n ­ s i v e h y d r o l y s i s and a s u b s e q u e n t e f f i c i e n t a b s o r p t i o n , t h e p r o d u c t s n e e d t o b e t r a n s p o r t e d f rom t h e l i p i d - w a t e r i n t e r f a c e t o t h e muco­ s a l c e l l . T h i s i s a c h i e v e d by t h e b i l e s a l t s . T h e s e a r e a m p h i p h i l i c m o l e c u l e s w h i c h above a c e r t a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( t h e c r i t i c a l m i - c e l l a r c o n c e n t r a t i o n = CMC), f or m a g g r e g a t e s c a l l e d m i c e l l e s ( 3 1 ) . T h i s c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s w e l l d e f i n e d i n v i t r o . I t i s , h o w e v e r , n o t c l e a r w h a t t h i s c o r r e s p o n d s t o i n t h e d u o d e n a l c o n t e n t s w i t h i t s c o mp le x c o m p o s i t i o n . The m i c e l l e s f or me d w i l l i n c l u d e t h e l i p o l y t i c p r o d u c t s , i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r a p p a r e n t s o l u b i l i t y , and p h o s p h o l i p i d s . The c l a s s i c a l mo d el w i t h a l i p i d p h a s e and a m i c e l l a r p h a s e may be o v e r s i m p l i f i e d . A r e c e n t s t u d y by P a t t o n and C a r e y ( 32) h a s c h a l l e n g e d t h i s v i e w . By m i c r o s c o p y , t h e y c o u l d d e t e c t s e v e r a l p r o ­ d u c t p h a s e s . They s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e c l e a r m i c e l l a r p h a s e i s o l a t e d i n o t h e r s t u d i e s was n o t a homogenous p h a s e p r o d u c e d i n v i v o b u t r a t h e r a t w o - p h a s e s y s t e m i n c l u d i n g a l s o w h a t t h e y c a l l t h e v i s c o u s i s o t r o p h i c p h a s e ( 3 2 ) . As m ix e d m i c e l l e s w i t h b i l e s a l t s , t h e m o n o g l y c e r i d e s and f a t t y a c i d s a r e t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e u n s t i r r e d l a y e r o f w a t e r e x t e n d i n g 0 . 5 - 2 mm o u t f ro m t h e m u c o s a l c e l l membrane ( 3 3 ) . I n mo no me r ic f o r m t h e l i p o l y t i c p r o d u c t s d i f f u s e o v e r t h i s l a y e r and t h e c e l l

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membrane i n t o t h e c e l l ( 3 3 ) . Once i n t h e c e l l t h e m o n o g l y c e r i d e s and f a t t y a c i d s w i l l u n d e r g o r e e s t e r i f i c a t i o n ( 33 ) p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c h y l o m i c r o n s . I n t h i s f orm t h e y a r e t r a n s p o r t ­ ed i n t o t h e b l o o d . The m ai n p a t h w a y s o f t h e d i g e s t i o n o f d i e t a r y t r i g l y c e r i d e s as i t i s d i s c u s s e d h e r e i s shown i n f i g . 1. F i g . 1 PANCREATIC COLIPASE AND LIPASE 50 0 - 1000 nm 2-MG + FA MIXED MICELLE 3 - 4 n m BILE SALT FA = f a t t y a c i d MG = m o n o g l y c e r i d e TG = t r i g l y c e r i d e S p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e n e w b o r n The n e w b o r n i n f a n t f a c e s o n e o f t h e m o s t v u l n e r a b l e p e r i o d s o f l i f e . I t h a s t o a d j u s t t o a h i g h - f a t d i e t i n s t e a d o f t h e h i g h - c a r b o h y d r a t e

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13

d i e t o f t h e f e t u s . I t h a s a h i g h demand o f e n e r g y and n u t r i a n t s e s s e n t i a l f o r n o r m a l g r o w t h , and t h i s i s f u r t h e r e m p h a s i z e d i f t h e i n f a n t i s p r e m a t u r e l y b o r n . Newborn b r e a s t - f e d i n f a n t s c on­ sume 5 - 7 . 5 g o f f a t p e r day and kg body w e i g h t ; f o r a d u l t s t h i s wo u l d c o r r e s p o n d t o a b o u t 3 5 0 -5 2 5 g p e r d a y . I n v i e w o f t h i s h i g h i n t a k e i t i s p a r a d o x a l t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n s we g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r i m p o r t a n t f o r l i p i d d i g e s t i o n and a b s o r p t i o n , i . e . p a n c r e a t i c and h e p a t i c f u n c t i o n s , a r e n o t f u l l y d e v e l o p e d a t b i r t h ( 3 4 ) . I t i s w e l l known f ro m s e v e r a l s t u d i e s t h a t human n e o n a t e s u t i l i z e d i e t a r y f a t l e s s e f f i c i e n t l y t h a n do a d u l t s ( 3 5 - 3 9 ) . T h i s h a s n o t b e e n c o n c l u s i v e l y a t t r i b u t e d t o any s i n g l e f a c t o r . A c o m b i n a t i o n o f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s i s more l i k e l y . The i n t r a d u o d e n a l l e v e l s o f s e v e r a l p a n c r e a t i c s e c r e t o r y e n z yme s , i n p a r t i c u l a r a m y l a s e and l i p a s e , a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y l o w e r d u r i n g t h e f i r s t months t h a n l a t e r i n l i f e ( 4 0 - 4 2 ) . The a b i l i t y t o r e s p o n d t o h o r m o n a l s t i m u l a t i o n , i . e . p a n ­ c r e o z y m i n , i s a l s o d e p r e s s e d ( 4 2 , 4 3 ) . The c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s was w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d when t h e i n t r a d u o d e n a l l e v e l s o f p a n c r e a t i c l i ­ p a s e was m e a s u r e d b e f o r e and a f t e r f o o d i n t a k e . B e f o r e t h e m ea l t h e l i p a s e a c t i v i t y i n ne wb or n s was a b o u t h a l f o f t h a t i n a d u l t s . I n s h a r p c o n t r a s t t o t h e s i t u a t i o n i n a d u l t s , t h e a c t i v i t y d e ­ c r e a s e d f u r t h e r d u r i n g t h e d i g e s t i o n ( 4 4 ) . T h e r e a r e no s i m i l a r d a t a on t h e c o l i p a s e l e v e l s , b u t t h e g e n e r a l i m m a t u r i t y o f t h e p a n ­ c r e a s and t h e f i n d i n g t h a t l i p a s e and c o l i p a s e v a r y i n p a r a l l e l (45) makes i t p l a u s i b l e t h a t a l s o t h e p o s t p r a n d i a l c o l i p a s e l e v e l s a r e low i n t h e duodenum o f t h e n e wb or n . A n o t h e r f a c t o r i s t h e i n t r a d u o d e n a l b i l e s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . I n t h e a d u l t t h e l e v e l s p r e s e n t e d i n d i f f e r e n t s t u d i e s v a r y , b u t a r e g e n e r a l l y b e t w e e n 5 - 1 5 mmol/1 ( 4 6 - 4 8 ) . T h e se c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e w e l l above t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s n e e d e d f o r m i c e l l e f o r m a t i o n ( a b o u t

2 mmol/1 i n a p u r e s y s t e m ) . I n t h e newbor n t h e l e v e l s a r e much l o w e r r a n g i n g f rom 1 t o 5 mmol/1 b e f o r e a mea l ( 4 9 - 5 3 ) and s t i l l l o w e r d u r i n g d i g e s t i o n ( 4 1 ) . The c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s i s o f c o u r s e t h a t l e s s m i c e l l e s , i f a n y, a r e f orme d l e a d i n g t o a m a r k e d l y r e d u c e d

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c a p a c i t y t o s o l u b i l i z e t h e p r o d u c t s o f l i p o l y s i s . T h i s may a f f e c t b o t h t h e c o n t i n u e d h y d r o l y s i s due t o an a c c u m u l a t i o n o f p r o d u c t s and t h e a b s o r p t i o n due t o r e d u c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( V I ) . A p a r t from t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n t o t a l b i l e s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h e r e i s a l s o a d i f f e r e n c e i n b i l e s a l t p a t t e r n . The newbor n h a s a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y p r i m a r y b i l e s a l t s , i . e . c h o l a t e and c h e n o d e o x y c h o l a t e ( 5 4 ) . The f o r m a t i o n o f s e c o n d a r y b i l e s a l t s , i . e . d e o x y c h o l a t e , by t h e i n ­ t e s t i n a l b a c t e r i a l f l o r a w i l l be v e r y l i m i t e d . A t h i r d f a c t o r w h i c h i s o f t e n o v e r l o o k e d i s t h e n a t u r e o f t h e l i ­ p i d s u b s t r a t e . The s o u r c e o f d i e t a r y t r i g l y c e r i d e s f o r t h e b r e a s t - f e d newbor n i s t h e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s . T he s e c o n s i s t o f a c o r e o f t r i ­ g l y c e r i d e s e n v e l o p e d by a s u r f a c e l a y e r o f p r o t e i n and p h o s p h o l i p i d ( 5 5 ) . T h i s l a y e r i s a t r i l a y e r w i t h t h e o u t e r two l a y e r s b e i n g d e ­ r i v e d f r om t h e p l a s m a membrane o f t h e g l o b u l e p r o d u c i n g c e l l . S e v e ­ r a l p r o t e i n s a t t a c h e d t o t h e g l o b u l e membrane h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d ( 5 5 ) . W h e t h e r t h e s e h a v e any i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e d i g e s t i o n o f t h e g l o b u l e t r i g l y c e r i d e s i s t o t a l l y unknown. Cohen e t a l . h a v e shown, u s i n g human p a n c r e a t i c j u i c e as enzyme s o u r c e , t h a t b o v i n e and human m i l k f a t a r e v e r y p o o r s u b s t r a t e s f o r p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e ( 1 7 ) . T h i s

f i n d i n g p o i n t s t o t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a l s o c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s u b s t r a t e when d i s c u s s i n g f a t d i g e s t i o n .

Ver y l i t t l e i s known c o n c e r n i n g t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e n ewbor n t o

t r a n s p o r t t h e p r o d u c t s o f t r i g l y c e r i d e h y d r o l y s i s o v e r t h e u n s t i r r e d l a y e r and t h e m u c o s a l c e l l membrane as w e l l as c o n c e r n i n g t h e c a p a ­ c i t y o f i n t r a c e l l u l a r r e e s t e r i f i c a t i o n . From a v a i l a b l e d a t a t h e s e f u n c t i o n s seem t o be r e l a t i v e l y w e l l d e v e l o p e d a l r e a d y i n t h e new­ b o r n ( 33) . I n summary, t h e l e v e l s o f t h e f a c t o r s i m p o r t a n t f o r e f f i c i e n t l i p i d d i g e s t i o n , as i t i s g e n e r a l l y d i s c u s s e d i n t h e a d u l t , a r e d e p r e s s e d i n t h e n e w b o r n . I n v i e w o f t h e s e f a c t s i t i s s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e n e w bo r n s d i g e s t and a b s o r b as much f a t as t h e y do. P e r h a p s t h e

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15 e m p h a s i s p u t on p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e f o r t h e a d u l t i s n o t j u s t i f i e d i n t h e s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n i n t h e n e wb or n . T h e r e may be a l t e r n a t e enzymes o f p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e u n d e r t h i s p e r i o d . T h i s i s f u r ­ t h e r i m p l i e d by t h e f a c t t h a t n e i t h e r p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e , c o l i p a s e n o r b i l e s a l t s a r e i n d i s p e n s a b l e f o r l i p i d d i g e s t i o n . I s o l a t e d d e f i c i e n c y s t a t e s o f any o f t h e s e f a c t o r s i s s t i l l c o m p a t i b l e w i t h a s u b s t a n t i a l d e g r e e o f f a t a b s o r p t i o n ( 5 6 - 5 9 ) . L i n g u a l l i p a s e i s p r e s e n t i n h i g h a mo un ts a l r e a d y i n t h e 2 6 t h g e s t a t i o n a l week ( 6 0 ) . L i k e p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e , l i n g u a l l i p a s e l e v e l s a r e low b e f o r e a m e a l b u t , i n c o n t r a s t , t h e y i n c r e a s e a f t e r f e e d i n g ( 6 1 ) . P a t i e n t s w i t h c y s t i c f i b r o s i s r e s e m b l e n e o n a t e s i n as much as t h e y h a v e low l e v e l s o f b o t h p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e (62) and b i l e s a l t s ( 6 3 ) . L i n g u a l l i p a s e i s v i r t u a l l y u n a f f e c t e d by t h i s d i s e a s e ( 6 2 ) . The f a c t t h a t t h e s e p a t i e n t s a b s o r b 4 0 - 5 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e d i e t a r y f a t (62) i s an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f l i n g u a l l i p a s e a l s o i n t h e new­ b o r n . U n l i k e p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e , l i n g u a l l i p a s e c a n r e a d i l y h y d r o l y z e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e t r i g l y c e r i d e s (17) .

DIGESTION OF THE HUMAN MILK FAT GLOBULE

The t r i g l y c e r i d e s o f i s o l a t e d human m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s a r e h y d r o l y z e d t o a v e r y l i m i t e d e x t e n t by p u r e p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e ( I I ) . Such g l o ­ b u l e s a r e o f c o u r s e r e a d i l y d i g e s t e d i n v i v o . T h i s r a i s e s two q u e s t i o n s w h i c h w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s . F i r s t l y , why i s m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s s u c h a p o o r s u b s t r a t e f o r p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e ? S e c o n d l y , how i s t h e e f f i c i e n t h y d r o l y s i s o f t h e g l o b u l e t r i g l y c e r i d e s a c c o m p l i s h e d i n v i v o ? P a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e . S u b s t r a t e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d l i m i t a t i o n s P a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i o n i n g e n e r a l and t h e e f f e c t s o f c o l i p a s e and b i l e s a l t s h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d w i t h many d i f f e r e n t s u b s t r a t e s , e . g . e m u l s i o n s o f l o n g - o r s h o r t - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e s o r m o n o m o l e c u l a r f i l m s ( 2 , 2 7 , 2 8 ) . W it h l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e e m u l s i o n s d i f f e r e n t

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s t a b i l i z e r s ha ve b e e n c h o s e n , e . g . b i l e s a l t s , gum a r a b i c o r p h o s ­ p h o l i p i d s . When a r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e s y s t e m i s u s e d i t may be d i f f i c u l t t o e x t r a p o l a t e t h e r e s u l t s t o a p h y s i o l o g i c a l s i t u a t i o n ; on t h e o t h e r h a n d , w i t h a more compl ex s y s t e m t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e d a t a i s d i f f i c u l t and a s s o c i a t e d w i t h u n c e r t a i n t y . I t i s q u i t e c l e a r t h a t p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e h a s c e r t a i n demands on t h e s u b s t r a t e s u r f a c e . F o r i n s t a n c e , a c e r t a i n o r d e r e d h y d r o p h o b i c s u r f a c e i s r e q u i r e d . An e m u l s i o n o f t r i b u t y r i n i s r e a d i l y a t t a c k e d w h i l e t h e more h y d r o p h i l i c d i b u t y r i n e m u l s i o n w i l l be h y d r o l y z e d

t o a much l e s s e r e x t e n t , due t o u n a b i l i t y o f t h e enzyme t o b i n d t o s u c h a s u r f a c e ( 6 4 ) . Wit h m o n o m o l e c u l a r f i l m s as s u b s t r a t e t h e a c t i v i t y o f l i p a s e v a r i e s b o t h w i t h t h e s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e ( 65) and t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e l i p i d m o n o l a y e r ( 6 6 ) . A s u b j e c t o f many s t u d i e s on p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e i s t h e e f f e c t s o f d e t e r g e n t s i n g e n e ­ r a l and b i l e s a l t s i n p a r t i c u l a r . B i l e s a l t s i n h i b i t l i p o l y s i s ( 2 7 ) . The amount n e e d e d and t h e d e g r e e o f i n h i b i t i o n v a r i e s w i t h t y p e o f b i l e s a l t u s e d and n a t u r e o f t h e s u b s t r a t e . Wi th a t r i b u t y r i n e mul ­ s i o n , c o n j u g a t e d d i h y d r o x y b i l e s a l t s , e . g . t a u r o d e o x y c h o l a t e , a r e t h e m o s t p o t e n t i n h i b i t o r s ; above a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 mM v i r t u a l l y no p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i v i t y i s r e c o r d e d ( 6 7 ) . A l s o , c o n j u g a t e d t r i h y d r o x y b i l e s a l t s as w e l l as n o n c o n j u g a t e d d i h y d r o x y b i l e s a l t s w e r e e f f e c t i v e i n h i b i t o r s ( 67) . One e x p l a n a t i o n t o t h e i n ­ h i b i t i o n i s t h a t t h e b i l e s a l t s b i n d t o t h e l i p i d s u r f a c e , t h u s c h a n g i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e i n t e r f a c e l e a d i n g t o a l o s s o f b i n d ­ i n g o f l i p a s e t o t h e s u b s t r a t e ( 6 8 ) . A l s o o t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n s h a v e b e e n o f f e r e d ; e . g . t h e l i p a s e b i n d s t o b i l e s a l t i n t h e w a t e r p h a s e f o r m i n g a compl ex w h i c h i s u n a b l e t o a b s o r b t o t h e s u b s t r a t e s u r f a c e ( 6 9 , 7 0 ) . A g r e a t v a r i e t y o f d e t e r g e n t s b o t h i o n i c and n o n ­ i o n i c w i l l i n h i b i t t h e enzyme ( 6 7 , 7 1 , 7 2 ) w h i c h r u l e s o u t t h e p o s s i ­ b i l i t y t h a t t h e i n h i b i t i o n i s c a u s e d by a c h a r g e b a r r i e r f orme d by t h e a n i o n i c b i l e s a l t s on t h e s u r f a c e . When p r o t e i n s a r e a dd ed t o an e m u l s i o n o f t r i g l y c e r i d e s t h e y a t t a c h

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t o t h e h y d r o p h o b i c l i p i d s u r f a c e and u n f o l d ( 7 3 ) . T h i s p r o c e s s i s known as s u r f a c e - d e n a t u r a t i o n . A l s o l i p a s e i t s e l f u n d e r g o e s s u c h a d é n a t u r a t i o n , i n many c a s e s g i v i n g n o n l i n e a r k i n e t i c s ( 7 4 , 7 5 ) . I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t when d i e t a r y l i p i d d r o p l e t s r e a c h t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l s i t e o f l i p a s e a c t i o n , i . e . t h e i n t e s t i n e , t h e y w i l l , t o a l e s s e r o r g r e a t e r e x t e n t , be c o v e r e d w i t h p r o t e i n s . I f a s y n ­ t h e t i c s u b s t r a t e o f e m u l s i f i e d l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e i s c o v e r e d w i t h p r o t e i n s , p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i v i t y w i l l be s e v e r e l y im­ p e d e d ( I ) . Such an i n h i b i t i o n h a s b e e n shown w i t h a v a r i e t y o f p r o ­ t e i n s b o t h w i t h e m u l s i o n s o f l o n g - and s h o r t - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e s ( 7 4 , 7 6 , 1 ) . B o r g s t r ö m and E r l a n s o n , u s i n g a t r i b u t y r i n e m u l s i o n and b o v i n e s e ru m a l b u m i n , f o u n d t h a t i n c r e a s i n g amount s o f a l b u m i n l e d t o d e c r e a s e d b i n d i n g o f l i p a s e t o t h e e m u l s i o n d r o p l e t s ( 7 6 ) . P h o s ­ p h o l i p i d s i s a l s o p r e s e n t on t h e s u r f a c e o f d i e t a r y l i p i d d r o p l e t s . I t h a s b e e n shown t h a t l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e s e m u l s i f i e d w i t h p h o s p h o l i p i d s , e . g . l e c i t h i n , i s a v e r y p o o r s u b s t r a t e f o r p a n ­ c r e a t i c l i p a s e ( 7 7 , 1 , 7 8 ) . I t i s o f c o u r s e i m p o s s i b l e t o s a y i f t h e i n h i b i t i o n o f p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i v i t y by d i f f e r e n t d e t e r g e n t s , p r o t e i n s and p h o s p h o l i p i d s r e p r e s e n t s one and t h e same p r o c e s s . I t i s , h o w e v e r , c l e a r t h a t t h e y a l l a f f e c t t h e s t r u c t u r a l a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e l i p i d - w a t e r i n t e r f a c e . M i l k f a t g l o b u l e s h a v e , as a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d , b o t h p r o t e i n s and p h o s p h o l i p i d s on t h e s u r f a c e . The v e r y low p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i v i ­ t y r e c o r d e d w i t h s u c h g l o b u l e s i s m o s t l i k e l y due t o an u n f a v o u r ­ a b l e s u b s t r a t e s u r f a c e . E f f e c t o f c o l i p a s e The e f f e c t s and p h y s i o l o g i c a l r o l e o f c o l i p a s e h a v e b e e n t h e s u b j e c t o f a g r e a t number o f s t u d i e s i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e s ( f o r r e v i e w s e e 2 7 , 2 8 ) . The m o st c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p r o p e r t y o f c o l i p a s e i s i t s a b i l i t y t o r e v e r s e t h e i n h i b i t i o n o f p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e c a u s e d by b i l e s a l t s . T h i s e f f e c t h a s b e e n s t u d i e d i n many l a b o r a t o r i e s u s i n g enzyme and

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c o f a c t o r f ro m v a r i o u s mammalian s p e c i e s , d i f f e r e n t b i l e s a l t s , and s h o r t - o r l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e s ( 2 7 , 2 8 ) . The d e t a i l s o f t h i s p r o c e s s a r e n o t known b u t t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l m o d e l s p r o p o s e d . Co­ l i p a s e c an b i n d t o l i p a s e as w e l l as t o b i l e s a l t s . I t f orms a s t o i c h i o m e t r i e 1 : 1 compl ex w i t h l i p a s e w i t h a d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t o f a b o u t 10 ^ M ( 7 9 ) . Gel f i l t r a t i o n s t u d i e s show t h a t c o l i p a s e c an b i n d a number o f b i l e s a l t m o l e c u l e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o one b i l e s a l t m i c e l l e ( 8 0 ) . I t i s n o t c l e a r w h e t h e r c o l i p a s e b i n d s a c o m p l e t e m i c e l l e o r i f t h e b i l e s a l t s as monomers a s s o c i a t e w i t h c o l i p a s e f o r m i n g a m i c e l l e w i t h c o l i p a s e as a c o r e . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e b i l e s a l t b i n d i n g domai n o f c o l i p a s e i s a l s o r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e b i n d i n g o f c o l i p a s e t o a b i l e s a l t c o v e r e d s u r f a c e . U n l i k e l i p a s e , t h e b i n d i n g o f c o l i p a s e t o an i n t e r f a c e i s e n h a n c e d by t h e p r e s e n c e o f b i l e s a l t s a t t h e i n t e r f a c e ( 8 1 ) . Two m o d e l s h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d as t o t h e s e q u e n c e o f r e a c t i o n s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i r s t m o d e l , c o l i p a s e a d s o r b s t o t h e b i l e s a l t c o v e r e d s u b s t r a t e s u r f a c e . L i p a s e i s t h e n a b l e t o b i n d t o c o l i p a s e t h u s r e a c h i n g i t s s u b s t r a t e ( 2 8 ) . I n t h e s e c o n d mo de l c o l i p a s e and l i p a s e f orm a c ompl ex i n t h e w a t e r p h a s e , p o s s i b l y a l s o i n c l u d i n g b i l e s a l t m i c e l l e s and b i l e l i p o p r o t e i n . T h i s compl ex i s t h e n a b l e t o a d s o r b t o t h e i n t e r f a c e ( 2 9 , 8 2 ) . The e s s e n c e o f b o t h m o d el s i s t h a t c o l i p a s e a c t s as an a n c h o r e n a b l i n g l i p a s e t o come i n c o n t a c t w i t h i t s s u b s t r a t e . Not o n l y b i l e s a l t s b u t a l s o n o n i o n i c d e t e r g e n t s , p r o t e i n s , and p h o s p h o l i p i d s i n h i b i t p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i v i t y . I t i s a s su m ed , t h a t a t l e a s t t h e i n h i b i t o r y n o n i o n i c d e t e r g e n t s a c t i n t h e same way as b i l e s a l t s , by h i n d e r i n g t h e i n t e r f a c i a l a b s o r p t i o n o f l i ­ p a s e . T h i s h a s , h o w e v e r , n o t b e e n e x p e r i m e n t a l l y p r o v e n . I n t h e p r e s e n c e o f some d e t e r g e n t s , b o t h a n i o n i c and n o n i o n i c t h e a b i l i t y o f c o l i p a s e t o ov erc ome t h e i n h i b i t i o n i s a b s e n t o r a t l e a s t d r a s t i c a l l y r e d u c e d ( 6 7 , 7 1 , 7 2 ) . T h i s e f f e c t i s e x p l a i n e d by a h i n d ­ r a n c e o f t h e a d s o r p t i o n o f c o l i p a s e . I n c o n t r a s t , c o l i p a s e c o u l d r e a d i l y r e s t o r e p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t an e m u l s i o n o f l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e c o v e r e d w i t h p r o t e i n s . The r e s u l t i n g

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19 a c t i v i t y was s i m i l a r t o o r i n some c a s e s e v e n h i g h e r t h a n t h e a c ­ t i v i t y o b t a i n e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f p r o t e i n s on t h e s u r f a c e ( I ) . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d by B o r g s t r ö m and E r l a n s o n u s i n g t r i - b u t y r i n e m u l s i o n s ( 7 6 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e same p r i n c i p a l phenomena w e r e s e e n w i t h a l e c i t h i n s t a b i l i z e d e m u l s i o n o f l o n g - c h a i n t r i ­ g l y c e r i d e ( I ) . C o l i p a s e , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f b i l e s a l t s , e n h a n c e d h y d r o l y s i s o f s u c h a s u b s t r a t e m a n y - f o l d . B o r g s t r ö m r e p o r t e d i n a r e c e n t s t u d y t h a t p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e c o u l d n o t i n i t i a l l y h y d r o l y z e s u c h an e m u l s i o n e v e n i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f c o l i p a s e w i t h o r w i t h o u t b i l e s a l t s ( 7 8 ) . A f t e r a l a g t i m e t h e h y d r o l y s i s s t a r t e d and r e a c h e d max ima l r a t e s p r o v i d e d c o l i p a s e was p r e s e n t . The l e n g t h o f t h e l a g

t i m e v a r i e d f r om l e s s t h a n a m i n u t e up t o h o u r s d e p e n d i n g on a number o f f a c t o r s e . g . pH, Ca + c o n c e n t r a t i o n and b i l e s a l t c on­ c e n t r a t i o n ( 7 8 ) . Unde r p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , h o w e v e r , t h e l a g t i m e was o n l y 1-2 m i n . I n o u r s t u d i e s we saw l i t t l e o r no i n d i c a t i o n o f a l a g p h a s e a t t h i s pH. T h u s , t h e two s t u d i e s a r e i n a c c o r d a n c e . Wi th a p h y s i o l o g i c a l s u b s t r a t e , i . e . human m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s , s i m i ­ l a r b u t n o t i d e n t i c a l d a t a w e r e o b t a i n e d . A l s o i n t h i s c a s e c o l i p a s e a l o n e i n c r e a s e d p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i v i t y ( I I ) . I n c o n t r a s t t o w h a t was o b s e r v e d w i t h t h e l e c i t h i n s t a b i l i z e d e m u l s i o n , t h e h y d r o l y s i s was i n c r e a s e d f u r t h e r by i n c r e a s i n g b i l e s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( I I ) . T h i s p o t e n t i a t i n g e f f e c t o f b i l e s a l t s was s e e n up t o v e r y h i g h c o n­ c e n t r a t i o n s ( a t l e a s t 20 mM) ( I I ) . Wi th s i m p l e r s u b s t r a t e s , e . g . t r i b u t y r i n , s u c h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n w o ul d be i n h i b i t o r y a l s o i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f c o l i p a s e , p r e s u m a b l y by d i s p l a c i n g t h e c o l i p a s e f rom t h e i n t e r f a c e . B i l e s a l t s a l o n e h a d no e f f e c t a t a l l on t h e l i p a s e c a t a l y z e d h y d r o l y s i s o f m i l k f a t g l o b u l e t r i g l y c e r i d e s . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t e f f e c t o f c o l i p a s e i s t h a t i t p r o t e c t s l i p a s e f r o m s u r f a c e d é n a t u r a t i o n . Un d e r many c o n d i t i o n s l i p a s e a c t i v i t y w i l l d e c r e a s e w i t h t i m e . I n t r o d u c t i o n o f c o l i p a s e i n t o t h e s y s t e m y i e l d s l i n e a r k i n e t i c s and a s t a b l e enzyme ( 4 , 8 3 ) . The s u r f a c e i n ­ a c t i v a t i o n was n o t s e e n w i t h p r o t e i n o r p h o s p h o l i p i d c o a t e d e m u l

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-s i o n -s . The -same r a t e o f h y d r o l y -s i -s wa-s r e c o r d e d r e g a r d l e -s -s o f i f c o l i p a s e was a dd e d b e f o r e o r 8 min a f t e r t h e l i p a s e ( I ) . The c o l i p a s e e f f e c t s s e e n w i t h t h e s e s u b s t r a t e s c o u l d t h u s n o t be due to a s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f t h e enzyme. E f f e c t o f p h o s p h o 1 i p a s e P a n c r e a t i c j u i c e a l s o c o n t a i n s a p h o s p h o l i p a s e A^. T h i s enzyme s e ­ l e c t i v e l y h y d r o l y z e s t h e e s t e r bond i n t h e s n - 2 p o s i t i o n o f a g l y c e r o p h o s p h o l i p i d , f o r m i n g a l y s o p h o s p h o l i p i d and a f a t t y a c i d . The e f f e c t s o f p h o s p h o l i p a s e A^ on h y d r o l y s i s o f t r i g l y c e r i d e s i n p h o s p h o l i p i d s t a b i l i z e d e m u l s i o n s h a s n o t b e e n s u b j e c t t o s t u d i e s u n t i l r e c e n t y e a r s . Such e m u l s i o n s a r e as d i s c u s s e d a bove p o o r s u b ­ s t r a t e s f o r p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e . I f p h o s p h o l i p a s e was a dde d p r i o r t o p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e , t r i g l y c e r i d e h y d r o l y s i s was m a r k e d l y e n h a n c e d

( I ) . The l i p o l y s i s was f u r t h e r e n h a n c e d by b i l e s a l t s ( I ) . Under s u c h c o n d i t i o n s p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e c o u l d r e a d i l y h y d r o l y z e t h e t r i ­ g l y c e r i d e s a l s o i n t h e a b s e n c e o f c o l i p a s e ( I ) . E v i d e n t l y t h e l i ­ p a s e was a b l e t o a b s o r b t o t h e i n t e r f a c e a l t h o u g h a m p h i p h i l i c s u b ­ s t a n c e s s u c h as b i l e s a l t s and l y s o p h o s p h o l i p i d s f or me d by t h e a c t i o n o f p h o s p h o l i p a s e w e r e p r e s e n t . B o r g s t r ö m s howe d, w i t h a s i m i l a r s u b s t r a t e , t h a t h y d r o l y s i s o f p h o s p h o l i p i d s d e c r e a s e d t h e l a g t i m e s e e n p r i o r t o t r i g l y c e r i d e h y d r o l y s i s ( 7 8 ) . T h i s was done i n i n c u b a t i o n s a l s o i n c l u d i n g c o l i p a s e . The e f f e c t o f b i l e s a l t may be e x p l a i n e d by t h e v e r y low a c t i v i t y o f p h o s p h o l i p a s e A^ i n t h e a b s e n c e o f b i l e s a l t s (78) a n d / o r by r e m o v a l o f t h e l y s o p h o s ­ p h o l i p i d s f o rm ed i n t o m ix e d m i c e l l e s . Wit h i s o l a t e d m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s no e f f e c t o f p h o s p h o l i p a s e A^ was s e e n u n l e s s b i l e s a l t s a l s o w er e p r e s e n t . The more b i l e s a l t a d de d t o g e t h e r w i t h p h o s p h o l i p a s e t h e h i g h e r r a t e o f t r i g l y c e r i d e h y d r o ­ l y s i s by p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e was r e c o r d e d , a t l e a s t up t o a b i l e s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 10 mM ( I I ) . A g a i n , l i p a s e was a b l e t o b i n d t o and h y d r o l y z e a t r i g l y c e r i d e e m u l s i o n i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f h i g h c o n c e n t r a

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-21 t i o n s o f b i l e s a l t s i n t h e a b s e n c e o f c o l i p a s e . One p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n o f p h o s p h o l i p a s e may t h u s be t o f a c i l i t a t e p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e c a t a l y z e d l i p o l y s i s o f t r i g l y c e r i d e d r o p l e t s c o n t a i n i n g p h o s p h o l i p i d on i t s s u r f a c e , e . g . m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s . E f f e c t o f l i n g u a l l i p a s e The l i n g u a l l i p a s e , as d i s c u s s e d on p a g e 15, p l a y s a r o l e i n f a t d i ­ g e s t i o n j u s t by i n c r e a s i n g t h e o v e r a l l c a p a c i t y o f l i p o l y s i s . The r o l e o f t h e enzyme may, h o w e v e r , a l s o be d e s c r i b e d i n a q u a l i t a t i v e m a n n e r . P a r t i a l d i g e s t i o n o f t r i g l y c e r i d e s a l r e a d y i n t h e s to m a c h may f a c i l i t a t e f u r t h e r h y d r o l y s i s c a t a l y z e d by p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e . T h i s ca n be a c c o m p l i s h e d i n a t l e a s t two w a y s . F i r s t l y , t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f a m p h i p h i l i c l i p o l y t i c p r o d u c t s , i . e . m o n o g l y c e r i d e s and f a t t y a c i d s , i m p r o v e s t h e d i s p e r s i o n o f t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e d r o p l e t s , t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e " a v a i l a b l e s u b s t r a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n " . S e c o n d l y , t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e s e p r o d u c t s on t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e f a t d r o p l e t s may c l e a r t h e s u r f a c e o f p r o t e i n and p h o s p h o l i p i d w h i c h o t h e r w i s e i n ­ h i b i t s t h e p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e as d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . To e l u c i d a t e i f t h i s i s t h e c a s e i n v i v o i s o f c o u r s e v e r y d i f f i c u l t b u t t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l i n v i t r o r e s u l t s w h i c h s u p p o r t t h i s v i e w . I n a s y s t e m u s i n g c r u d e p r e p a r a t i o n s o f l i n g u a l and p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e f rom r a t and w i t h r a t m i l k l i p i d s a s s u b s t r a t e O l i v e c r o n a e t a l . showed t h a t p a n ­ c r e a t i c l i p a s e a c t i v i t y was p o t e n t i a t e d by a p a r t i a l h y d r o l y s i s by l i n g u a l l i p a s e (84) . Hamosh l a t e r o b t a i n e d t h e same p r i n c i p a l r e ­ s u l t s , w i t h an e v e n more d r a m a t i c p o t e n t i a t i o n by u s e o f c r u d e r a t t o u n g e and p a n c r e a s p r e p a r a t i o n s and i s o l a t e d b o v i n e m i l k f a t d r o p ­ l e t s as s u b s t r a t e (85) . No s i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e n made w i t h t h e p u r e enzymes s i n c e l i n g u a l l i p a s e i s n o t y e t p r e s e n t i n p u r e f orm f rom any s p e c i e s . U s i n g a l i p a s e o f b a c t e r i a l o r i g i n w i t h p r o ­ p e r t i e s v e r y s i m i l a r t o l i n g u a l l i p a s e and p u r e p o r c i n e p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e we o b t a i n e d t h e same p r i n c i p a l r e s u l t s ( I ) . P a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e

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a l o n e c o u l d n o t h y d r o l y z e an a r t i f i c i a l e m u l s i o n o f l o n g - c h a i n t r i ­ g l y c e r i d e s c o v e r e d w i t h ß - l a c t o g l o b u l i n , b u t i f t h e e m u l s i o n was p r e i n c u b a t e d w i t h b a c t e r i a l l i p a s e a s u b s t a n t i a l h y d r o l y s i s was t h e n o b t a i n e d w i t h p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e ( I ) .

C o n c l u d i n g r e m a r k s

Some comments as t o t h e f u n c t i o n o f c o l i p a s e . The q u e s t i o n i f t h e a n c h o r i n g e f f e c t and t h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n a r e t h e s o l e e f f e c t s o f co­ l i p a s e c an be r a i s e d b a s e d on some o f t h e r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d . F i r s t ­ l y , t h e f i n d i n g t h a t c o l i p a s e ca n e n h a n c e h y d r o l y s i s a l s o i n t h e a b s e n c e o f b i l e s a l t s , an e n h a n c e m e n t w h i c h i s f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d e v e n by v e r y h i g h b i l e s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (up t o 20 mM) ( I I ) . S e c o n d l y , t h e f i n d i n g t h a t , p r o v i d e d p h o s p h o l i p a s e i s p r e s e n t , b i l e s a l t s a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a t l e a s t up t o 10 mM s t i m u l a t e d l i p o l y s i s i n t h e a b s e n c e o f c o l i p a s e ( I I ) . T h e r e a r e s t u d i e s i n d i ­ c a t i n g t h a t c o l i p a s e ca n i n c r e a s e t h e i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e l i p a s e c a t a l y z e d r e a c t i o n ( 4 , 6 7 , 8 3 , 8 6 ) . T h i s h a s b e e n a t t r i b u t e d t o a c h a n g e i n c a t a l y t i c a l e f f i c i e n c y (83) as w e l l as t o a c ha n ge i n t h e e q u i l i b r i u m b e t w e e n a c t i v e and d e n a t u r e d l i p a s e a t t h e i n t e r f a c e ( 7 5 ) . A c h a n ge i n c a t a l y t i c a l e f f i c i e n c y w ou l d f i t i n t o t h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d a b o v e , i t wo u l d a l s o be a n a l o g o u s t o t h e e f f e c t o f a p o - l i p o p r o t e i n C I I on t h e a c t i v i t y o f l i p o p r o t e i n l i p a s e (87) . Such an i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e c a t a l y t i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e by c o l i p a s e h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d on a m ix e d m o n o m o l e c u l a r f i l m o f t r i ­ g l y c e r i d e s / l e c i t h i n ( 6 6 ) . I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t t r i g l y c e r i d e d i g e s t i o n i n t h e i n t e s t i n e i s a c ompl e x p r o c e s s d e p e n d i n g on t h e i n t e r p l a y o f a number o f e n d o g e n o u s f a c t o r s . T h i s i s e x e m p l i f i e d by t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d w i t h p h o s p h o ­ l i p i d - s t a b i l i z e d l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e s as w e l l as w i t h i s o l a t e d human m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s . The h i g h e s t r a t e o f t r i g l y c e r i d e h y d r o ­ l y s i s was r e c o r d e d i n c o m p l e t e s y s t e m s i n c l u d i n g l i p a s e , c o l i p a s e , p h o s p h o l i p a s e A^ as w e l l as b i l e s a l t s ( I , I I ) . Ho we ver , none o f

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23

t h e s e f a c t o r s a l o n e seems t o be c o m p l e t e l y i n d i s p e n s a b l e , as i n ­ d i c a t e d by t h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h d e g r e e o f f a t a b s o r p t i o n i n i s o ­ l a t e d d e f i c i e n c y s t a t e s ( 5 6 - 5 9 ) . Newborn i n f a n t s h a v e low l e v e l s o f b o t h p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e and b i l e s a l t and p o s s i b l y a l s o o f co­ l i p a s e and p h o s p h o l i p a s e . They a l s o f a c e a d i f f i c u l t t r i g l y c e ­ r i d e s u b s t r a t e i . e . t h e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p a n ­ c r e a t i c enzymes t h e n ewb or n i n f a n t h a s an a d d i t i o n a l s o u r c e o f l i p o l y t i c a c t i v i t y , n a me l y t h e m i l k w i t h i t s b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e .

BILE SALT-STIMULATED LIPASE

A l r e a d y i n 1901 i t was shown by M a r f a n t h a t human m i l k c o n t a i n s l i p o l y t i c a c t i v i t y ( 8 8 ) , b u t i t was n o t u n t i l 1953 t h a t a more d e ­ t a i l e d s t u d y o f t h i s l i p a s e a c t i v i t y was p r e s e n t e d by F r e u d e n b e r g ( 8 9 ) . He showed t h a t skimmed m i l k c o n t a i n e d l i p o l y t i c a c t i v i t y w h i c h was d e p e n d e n t on b i l e s a l t s f o r h y d r o l y s i s o f m i l k l i p i d s . He a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e l i p a s e c o u l d be o f p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t f o r t h e l i p i d d i g e s t i o n d u r i n g t h e n e o n a t a l p e r i o d . S i n c e t h e n , v e r y few s t u d i e s on l i p o l y t i c a c t i v i t y i n human m i l k h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d ( 8 4 , 9 0 - 9 2 ) . Most o f t h em d i d , h o w e v e r , f a i l t o r e a l i z e t h e i m p o r t ­ a n c e o f b i l e s a l t s , as p o i n t e d o u t by F r e u d e n b e r g . The enzyme was r e d i s c o v e r e d by H e r n e l l and c o w o r k e r s i n t h e m i d s e v e n t i e s . They s howed t h a t human m i l k c o n t a i n e d n o t one b u t two l i p a s e s ( 93) . One enzyme was s t i m u l a t e d by s e r u m o r a p o l i p o p r o t e i n C I I and was i d e n t i ­ f i e d as a l i p o p r o t e i n l i p a s e , an enzyme f o u n d i n m i l k f ro m many o t h e r s p e c i e s . The amount o f t h i s enzyme i s low i n human m i l k , i t a l s o v a r i e s b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t m i l k s a m p l e s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t i t s p r e ­ s e n c e i n m i l k i s n o t due t o any p h y s i o l o g i c a l n e e d ( 9 3 , 9 4 ) . T h i s e n ­ zyme p r o b a b l y h a s no r o l e i n t h e m i l k b u t m e r e l y l e a k s o u t f r om t h e mammary g l a n d w h i c h h a s a h i g h l i p o p r o t e i n l i p a s e c o n t e n t d u r i n g m i l k p r o d u c t i o n . The o t h e r l i p a s e was p r e s e n t p r e d o m i n a n t l y i n skimmed m i l k (95) , i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e l i p o p r o t e i n l i p a s e w h i c h was f o u n d i n t h e c re a m f r a c t i o n a f t e r c e n t r i f u g a t i o n . T h i s enzyme was

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i n h i b i t e d by s erum b u t s t i m u l a t e d by b i l e s a l t s . I t was t h e r e f o r e d e s i g n a t e d t h e b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e ( 9 5 ) . I t i s p r e s e n t i n h i g h a mount s i n human m i l k and t h e l e v e l s a r e n o t i n f l u e n c e d by

t i m e a f t e r p a r t i t u r i t i o n o r by t h e s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s o f t h e m o t h e r ( 9 3 , 9 6 ) . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t i t i s a t r u e s e c r e t o r y component o f human m i l k . I t i s i n a c t i v e i n t h e m i l k s i n c e t h e b i l e s a l t r e ­ q u i r e m e n t i s a b s o l u t e when e m u l s i f i e d l o n g - c h a i n t r i g l y c e r i d e s ( a s i n t h e m i l k f a t g l o b u l e s ) i s u s e d as s u b s t r a t e . Only t h e p r i ­ mary b i l e s a l t s ( b i l e s a l t s c o n t a i n i n g t h e 7 a - h y d r o x y l g r o u p ) a r e e f f e c t i v e as a c t i v a t o r s w h e r e a s s e c o n d a r y b i l e s a l t s a r e n o t a b l e t o a c t i v a t e t h e enzyme (97) . The enzyme can s p l i t w a t e r - s o l u b l e as w e l l as e m u l s i f i e d e s t e r s u b s t r a t e s w i t h s i m i l a r r a t e s ( 9 5 ) . No " s u r f a c e a c t i v a t i o n " as i s s e e n w i t h p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e was o b s e r v e d . I t was a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e l a c k e d p o s i t i o n a l s p e c i f i c i t y , i . e . i t s p l i t s a l l t h r e e e s t e r b on d s i n a t r i g l y c e r i d e (95) . B i l e s a l t s do n o t o n l y a f f e c t t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e enzyme, t h e y a l s o p r o t e c t t h e enzyme f rom h e a t i n a c t i v a t i o n as w e l l as f rom p r o t e o l y s i s by e . g . t r y p s i n ( 9 7 ) . A s p e c i f i c i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e enzyme and p r i m a r y b i l e s a l t s i s s u p p o r t e d by k i n e t i c d a t a (95) b u t a l s o by t h e f i n d i n g t h a t t h e enzyme b i n d s t o g l y c o - c h o l a t e i m m o b i l i z e d on S e p h a r o s e ( 9 4 ) . No i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e on t h e s t o i c h i o m e t r y o f t h e b i n d i n g . The amount o f b i l e s a l t bound i s , h o w e v e r , n o t e nou gh t o c a u s e any c ha n ge i n e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c m o b i l i t y ( 9 8 ) . T h i s i s an i n t e r e s t i n g a s p e c t o f t h e l i p a s e w h i c h m e r i t s f u r t h e r s t u d y . P u r i f i c a t i o n a n d m o l e c u l a r p r o p e r t i e s Two m e t h o d s f o r p u r i f i c a t i o n o f b i l e s a l t - s t i m u l a t e d l i p a s e h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n p u b l i s h e d . Wang u s e d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y on C o n c a n a v a l i n - A S e p h a r o s e and g l y c o c h o l a t e i m m o b i l i z e d on S e p h a r o s e as t h e e s s e n ­ t i a l s t e p s ( 9 9 ) . S i n c e p r i m a r y b i l e s a l t , e . g . g l y c o c h o l a t e , i s a c o f a c t o r o f t h e enzyme o u r i n t e n t i o n was t o d e v e l o p a p u r i f i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e w h i c h d i d n o t i n c l u d e b i l e s a l t s . The p r e s e n c e o f t h e

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