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(5) A GRAMMAR OF THE. SOMALI LANGUAGE.

(6) CAMBKIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, C.. F.. fLonUon: ©laBuoto:. CLAY, Manager.. AVE MARIA LANE, 50,. TLtijjjifl:. F.. A.. BROCKHAUS.. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd.. fleto gorfe:. Bombas. ant). E.C.. WELLINGTON STREET.. [All Rights reserved.].

(7) A GRAMMAR OF THE. SOMALI LANGUAGE WITH EXAMPLES IN. PROSE AND VERSE AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE. YIBIR. AND MIDGAN DIALECTS BY J.. W.. C.. KIRK,. B.A.,. KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, LIEUTENANT, DUKE OF CORNWALL'S LIGHT INFANTRY, AND 6TH (SOMALILAND) BATTALION, KING'S AFRICAN RIFLES. CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY 1905. PRESS.

(8) PT. 'JOS'. Qtantbrftge. PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.. S.B.N.. — GB: 576.11490.1. in 1969 by Gregg International Publishers Limited Westmead, Farnborough, Hants., England. Republished. Printed in Holland.

(9) PREFACE. ri^HERE J-. of the. are but few people. many and. who have made any. Continent in which the Somali race has grown up. of the Somali language. is. Larajasse and Sampont. praise. is. due. to those. due. As who. Our knowledge and. to the labours of Rigby, Hunter,. this is not a written language, great first. reducing the speech to writing factorily that I. serious study. interesting tongues of that part of the African. grappled with the difficulty of. This has now been done so satis-. myself have lately carried on a successful corre-. spondence with an educated Somali in his native tongue, using the spelling. and orthography of the present book.. Schleicher's. work. is. rather a philological treatise on the language, gathered largely from. and not from practical acquaintance but he is to be congratulated on having collected a number of stories which are a useful and important foundation to a Somali literature. Paulitschke's work is isolated individuals of the people,. with the race in their own country. ;. a purely comparative treatise on the three dialects, Somali, Gala,. and Danakil, written from an ethnological point of. view.. While serving with Somali troops during the campaigns of 1902 -1904 against the Mullah, Mohammed Abdallah, I had the most favourable opportunities for a practical and wholesale study of the colloquial dialect of this people ; and it seemed only right that results obtained from so intimate an acquaintance should not be left. many imperfections which must still The work done by others hitherto has been. unrecorded, in spite of the. exist in the record.. largely confined to the coast. and. to the. assembles at the sea-port towns; and. mixed population which but recently that any. it is. strangers except a few sportsmen have been able to dwell in the. and so to know and converse with the natives in their own homes and natural surroundings. The result is that it has now. interior,.

(10) PREFACE. VI. been possible to correct and add to our knowledge, hitherto incomplete,. on certain grammatical points, and to give their proper. value to certain variations of speech. Verbs, Concord of Nouns, and. I. refer especially to. Syntax of the. peculiarities of the language as the. Compound. such. Suffixes, Particles,. Sentences.. It is generally. found to follow very clear and defined, though unwritten,. rules,. which are disturbed by very few exceptions. In regard to Orthography, where. and from Larajasse and Sampont, sponding signs in the Alphabet.. I. have differed from Schleicher have given the. I. latters' corre-. In the spelling of words. I. have in. most cases (subject to the orthographical variations) followed that used by Larajasse in his Dictionary, which leaves little room for improvement or addition. This book is indispensable to the student of Somali, or to anyone who wishes to examine the stories and songs given by Schleicher or myself.. have therefore not included a. I. vocabulary, as such are necessarily deficient and frequently misleading.. In 1903 I published a small practical hand-book, Notes on the Somali Language, but this was written on lines totally different. from those of the present Grammar.. It was a compilation of notes and was intended to serve as an elementary guide to beginners, who had not the time to digest a more lengthy work. The orthography, the spelling, and the few grammatical rules, have since been entirely revised and corrected.. which. I. I. had found. useful to myself,. desire to express. rendered. me by Mr H.. my J.. grateful appreciation of the assistance. Edwards, Fellow and Assistant Tutor of. Peterhouse, Cambridge, and by. Mr. R. R. Marett, Fellow and Tutor. of Exeter College, Oxford, in revising the whole of the present work,. and proof Professor E. G. Browne kindly suggested acknowledge with some improvements in the Introduction. I gratitude and admiration the promptness shown by the officials and staff of the Cambridge University Press, in completing against time a work involving unusual difficulties of composition and proofin manuscript. :. reading. J.. Sevenoaks, December, 1904.. W.. C.. K..

(11) CONTENTS. PART. I.. ORTHOGRAPHY. PAGE 1. The Alphabet. 2. Vowels Diphthongs ... Vowel changes Consonants .... 4 5 6. PART. II.. ACCIDENCE. 10. THE PARTS OF SPEECH A.. Substantives. 12. .... Classes of. Nouns. 12. 1.. Gender. 15. 2.. Nouns. 3.. The. of. 16. Suffixes. (a). Linking Consonants. 17. 18. (6). Definite Article. (c). (d) (e). ... Demonstrative Adjective Possessive Pronominal Adjectives Interrogative Adjective. 19. 20 21. 22. Nouns. 4.. Plural of. 5.. Cases of Nouns. 25. 6.. Numerals. 27. 7.. Pronouns. 29. (a). Simple Personal Pronouns. (6). Possessive. „. (c). Demonstrative. „. (d). Relative. „. (e). -Interrogative. „. (/) Indefinite. „. .... 29. 32 33. 33 33 34.

(12) vm. CONTENTS. B.. Adjectives 1.. 2.. Classes of Adjectives («). Radical. (b). Derivative. (c). Compound. Inflexions of Adjectives (a). 3 C.. Radical. (b). Derivative. (c). Compound. Comparison of Adjectives. Verbs 1.. 2.. Conjugation (a). Moods and Tenses. (b). Affirmative Conjugation. .... (c). Negative. (d). Interrogative. (e). Negative-Interrogative Conjugation. Peculiarities. „ „. and Irregular Verbs. Conjugation. (a). 1st. (6). 2nd Conjugation. Irreg. Verb, oil. Irreg. Verbs, (c). 3.. I).. ..... imo, ogho, oclo. 3rd Conjugation. (rf). Irreg. Verbs, aho, laho,. (e). The Passive Voice. wah. .... Derivative Verbs (a). Intensive. (6). Reflexive. (c). Attributive. (d). Causative. Particles 1.. 2.. Verbal (a). Adverbial. (b). Prepositional. Conjunctive (a). Introductory. (b). Conjunctive. E.. Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions. F.. Interjections, and Salutations.

(13) CONTENTS. PART. III.. IX. SYNTAX OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. PAGE. A. B.. Structure of a Simple Sentence Order of Words. 2.. The. 3.. Simple Interrogative and Negative Sentences. 86. 4.. Verbs of Existence. 88. Particles. 81. wa, ba, ya. 2.. 3.. 90. The Article The Noun. 90 92. (a). Cases. 92. (b). Number. 94. (c). Concord. 95. The Adjective (a) Order Comparison (b) (c). Similarity. 98 98 99 101. .. 4.. The Numerals. 102. 5.. The Pronouns and Pronominal Adjectives. 103. (a). Persons. 103. (b). Simple Personal Pronouns. 103. (c). Suffixes. 106. (d). Impersonal Pronouns. 107. (e). Possessive Adjective. 107. (/) Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives (g) Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives 6.. 7.. The Verb Moods and Tenses (a) (b). Persons. (c). Negative Tenses. The. PART. 108. 109 111 111. 114 115. Particles. 117. Order Uses. 117. (6) (c). Adverbial Particles. 118. (d). Prepositional. 119. (a). B.. 82. The Parts of Speech 1.. A.. 81. 1.. IV.. 117. „. SYNTAX OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.. Co-ordinate Sentences. 123. Conjunctive Particles. 123. Subordinate Sentences 1.. General rules. .... 124 125.

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(15) BIBLIOGRAPHY. P., "On Bombay Geographical. Rigbt, Lieut. C.. Hunter, Capt. Cust, R., The. F. M.,. the Somauli Language"; Society,. VoL. ix,. A Grammar of the Somali. Modern Languages. of Africa. Schleicher, A. W., Die Somali-Sprache. ;. ;. Transactions of the. 1849.. Language. ;. Bombay,. London, Triibner. &. 1880.. Co., 1883.. Berlin, 1892.. Paulitschke, Dr Philipp, Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas. ;. Berlin, 1896.. Larajasse and Sampont, Practical Grammar of the Somali Language London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., 1897. Larajasse, Somali-English and English-Somali Dictionary Paul, Trench, Triibner. &. ;. ;. London, Kegan. Co., 1897.. Schleicher, Dr A. W., Somali-Texte (edited by Leo Reinisch); Vienna. and Leipzig,. 1900.. These are the most important works upon the language, though other writers are also quoted by Paulitschke..

(16) ERRATUM. §. 15. (b).. for warm,. warming read warn, warning..

(17) INTRODUCTION.. Somali. is. the language spoken by the inhabitants of the square. tract of country,. known. of the ancients), which. as the lies. Cape Guardafui and the inhabited by a people, driven inland by Somali.. Horn. of Africa (Regio Aromatifera. between the French port of Djibouti, This country was formerly. river Juba.. now known. Mohammedan. The neighbours. as Gala. 1. ,. who have been steadily who call themselves. propagandists,. of the Somali are the Danakil on the. north, the Abyssinians, speaking Amharic, on the north-west,. the retreating Gala on the west and south-west.. and. The languages of. the Somali and the Gala are quite distinct, and mutually unintelligible,. but possess so. many fundamental. characteristics in. common,. ample evidence of their close relationship, even if it can not be proved that modern Somali is actually derived from Gala. There has always been considerable trade between the inhabitants of Aden and Southern Arabia and those of the Somali coast, and that there. is. the Semitic element in Somali. is sufficient. tion that the present Somali race. had. proof of the local tradi-. its origin in. a. Mohammedan. colonisation from Southern Arabia. If. we compare the vocabularies. Gala and Somali, we find. three, such as the Somali words,. The majority. of words. aba. common. to be technical or legal terms, or. commerce not native 1. i.e.. those. who. are not. a root. common. wil boy, faras. father,. to Arabic. names of. to the country.. Gal (of which the plural. infidels,. of the three languages, Arabic,. many words having. to all horse.. and Somali are found utensils or articles of. These are obviously borrowed. Galo) is the name used generally to denote Mohammedans, and may be used by Somalia,. is. without any disrespect, to include English, Abyssinians or others as well as those former inhabitants. Mohammedan. who would not embrace whom the name. missionaries, and to. the faith preached by the is. now. specially applied..

(18) INTRODUCTION. XIV direct from the Arabic. But. the languages.. recognised, such as,. and have no bearing on the relationship of. in a few. ghad. Somali verbs the Arabic root can be. take, carry. ;. akhri read. ;. Ibi. sell,. buy. gajo be hungry.. On the other hand a large number of words in ordinary use are common to Gala and Somali, but are not of Arabic origin. These have simple and elementary meanings, and include many verbs. Such. are,. arag eg. see. nin. man.

(19) :. INTRODUCTION The Semitic element. is. also exemplified in the guttural. XV and. aspirate sounds, which correspond to the Arabic letters Ghain, 'Ain,. and. Ha and ;. in the form. and concord. of plural nouns, which largely. resemble the Arabic broken plurals.. The Bantu languages, which are prefix languages, seem to have nothing in common with Somali, either in construction or vocabulary.. There are certain slight variations in the speech of different which almost constitute different dialects. The most. tribes,. notable are the Ishhak, Dolbohanta, Mijjertein and the Esa and Gadabursi.. For instance.

(20) INTRODUCTION. XVI. Finally, with regard to speaking the language, the is. that of. are split. all. up. of speech. Sentences. numerous "and then,". into strings of short simple remarks, with. copulative particles, and expressions meaning, " he said," etc.. when the. mode. Eastern people, like the language of the Bible.. "and. so,". In a narrative, after each remark the speaker pauses,. listener is expected to. answer with some suitable expression. of assent, such as Kodi, or Haiye.. Correct pronunciation. is. most important, and as there are no have had to use. definite rules for the accentuation of syllables I. accents freely. all. through the book.. The Somali. person, and though extremely good-natured he. and has no hesitation that. is. is. is. not a polite. quite outspoken,. in ridiculing one's false quantities or concords,. to say, if one's efforts are at all recognisable to him.. expects a high standard of accuracy, chiefly because he. is. He. unaccus-. tomed to hearing a European endeavour to grapple with his language, but this has the advantage of not allowing the stranger to form too favourable an idea of his. own. skill..

(21) PART. ORTHOGRAPHY.. I.. In reducing the Somali language to writing, we are faced. 1.. by the. fact that there is. no written language.. Somalis write Arabic, but, so far as the writer. is. Many. educated. aware, they have. never attempted to write their own language either in Arabic or. any other. Nor would. characters.. it. be possible to employ the. Arabic characters to represent Somali sounds. consonants sufficient,. is. The. list. of Arabic. too elaborate, whilst the three vowel-signs are in-. a great variety of vowel sounds being an important. peculiarity of the Somali language.. According to Hunter the alphabetical signs the necessary elements, but he and. the. Roman characters,. all. for. Urdu contain. all. others have agreed to adopt. for obvious reasons.. The alphabet that is used here, so far as it is applicable, is that recommended by the Royal Geographical Society in "Hints to Travellers," with the addition of two extra signs for the Arabic. Aine (c) and the cerebral d (Sanskrit ^), which are represented respectively. by the inverted comma. published by Larajasse and Sampont. to represent the Arabic. Ha. (*-).. ',. and d, as in the grammar The double hh is employed. Accents are also employed freely. to express the different values of the vowels.. The Alphabet a, a,. d,. - Arabic. b. d d. "fatha," or. ». V. „. >, J. Sanskrit. ^5". (half d, half r) e,. /. £ as in. Latin languages. = Arabic \J. t.

(22) k. =.

(23) :. VOWELS &. long as in " father," " mast ". is. san dar e. pronounced. is. Before cerebral. skin. "pen," "fell". like e in. &. d. a certain. short as in. i is. man. tell. tie.. "weight," "fare". like the vowels of "fate,". is. :. has almost the value of u, as in English. this. Example, hed. :. stone building. hebel sheg. "fur.". o. adSr. uncle. habSn gdnyo. night. g&d. tree. "pin". :. mare. :. mid. one. illin. entrance. Care must be taken to pronounce i with exactly this value before as y in " tyranny," and not as in English "fir". 1 is. O. 6. is. is. bir. iron. jir. be. like ee in " feel," ". seem. ". :. 'Id. sand. dlr. trees. lln. orange. short as in "on,". "cot". :. kol. time. 'oil. army. ghor. write. quite long as in " foal," " sole ". ddn. 6 This. is. :. wish. gdb. a kind of fruit. g61. lioness. represented by Larajasse and. however, seems liable to. r,. Sampont by ow, which,. confusion with the English diphthong. 1—2.

(24) ORTHOGRAPHY. 4. «. a very long drawn out hollow sound like a gasping. It has. ou.. !. Ohh. u. is. dd. near. ild. forget. mado. black. pronounced as in "full," "put". Before. r it. must retain. :. same value and not be pronounced. the. like. the English "fur.". ti is. long and. full. gur. pick. kun. thousand. kulul. warm. as oo in " fool," " rule " gilr. start to. fiid. soup. fid. ride. is. sort, 'kind. In. i is. sometimes. :. weidi samei Note.. :. pronounced like " feign," but in this case the. almost heard. is. march. pronounced as in "aisle," or "fire". ain ei is. :. Diphthongs.. 5.. ai. up. many words. ask. make. hard to distinguish whether the diphthong common a, or " fatha," and e being so. it is. the one or the other of these, the. much. alike. when preceding another. vowel.. Thus. this. work. differs. from. that of other writers in that the past terminations of verbs, and the. Continuative tense inflexions are spelt with an. instead of a, the former. e,. being to the writer's ear distinctly the sound produced by the tribes he has been in contact with.. au round. is like. full. the English diphthong in " how," "hour," but with a like " ao ". sound almost. :. aur. camel. oi very seldom occurs, but where as in English. it. does. it is. :. hoi. !. an exclamation. exactly the same.

(25) VOWEL CHANGES Note.. The above diphthongs may occur before another vowel, and u becomes w. case i becomes y,. :. laya. 5 in. which.

(26) orthography 7.. The consonants. Consonants.. are sounded as follows. Faucals. (',. :. h, hh)..

(27) :. CONSONANTS. dehh. middle (dehh(e)) (libahh(a)). libahh. lion. lehhda. the six (lehh(e)da). hhun. bad. Gutturals. g. gh, k, kh).. most nearly resembles the Arabic. gh. is. ga'an. hand. gel. camels. the Arabic " ghain,". ghad ghor ghanso k. (g,. always hard as in "go.". is. It. is. kh. 7. like the English. is. k. 6,. J>. :. and must be learned by ear. :. carry write. bow. :. kali. come here. hakama. bridle. a softer guttural-aspirate than the ghain or gh, and more. nearly corresponds to the Scotch. ch,. as in "loch," but. is. harder. than this. sandukh. box. akhal. house. Note. It is often difficult to distinguish between gh and kh, the former oeing softer, and the latter harder than in the true Arabic forms.. Palatals 1 j is. sh. 2 a hard,/, as in English "journey," " John. is like. ja'al. like. j6g. stand. the English, as in " shoot ". shimbir sheg 1. 2. (j, sh, y).. ". :. bird tell. These are not found at the end of a word in Somali. There is no sound ch, as in "church," iu Somali; the English sound. reproduced by the native as. j.. is.

(28) ORTHOGRAPHY. 8. y. is like. the English, as in " you ". yer blyo Dentals t as in English. d. as in English. Note.. At. is. water. (t,. d, d, r, s,. 1,. n).. :. tuka. crow. tehh. shower of rain. :. wadan. skin pail. durug. move. the end of a word. d ia sounded. mid. d. :. small. a cerebral. letter,. nearly like. t. :. one.. and, as mentioned above,. is. of Sanskrit. origin.. In the middle of a word. it. It is. has almost the sound of. r,. more nearly approaches d. formed by curling the tongue back and bringing. beginning, or end, of a word. along the roof of the mouth. but at the. it. it. forward. :. adi fadi. hed dan. sheep sit. tie all,. complete. r is always pronounced distinctly, like the r of Latin languages, as in " arrow " :. accompany. ra'. s as in English. bir. iron. shimbirtu. the bird. :. san. 1. skin. so'o. go on. hes. song. as in English. libahh. lion. lln. orange. filfil. pepper.

(29) CONSONANTS. n. as in English. 9. :. nag woman mindi knife Note.. 1. and. where they occur in inflexions or. t,. become sh.. hashi. the camel, for hal-ti. wa yesha. thou doest, for yel-ta. Labials (b,. b. as in English. f,. :. m as in English f as in English. m,. barbar bilawa. dagger. albab. door. m6d. think. dambe. behind. youth. :. :. af. w as in English. mouth. iftin. light. afar. four. :. wiyil. rhinoceros. walal. brother. w).. suffixes,.

(30) PART. ACCIDENCE.. II.. THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 8.. All languages cannot be arranged. on exactly the same. system, and, in the Somali Language, the arrangement and definitions. which are applicable to the grammar of well-known tongues, such as English or Arabic, will not altogether hold good.. Somali. is. undoubtedly a simple and elementary language, in. which the only true and fundamental parts of speech are Substantive,. and. it is. Verb, Adjective, Particle,. by various combinations or forms of these that the other. generally recognised parts of speech are formed. 9.. which. A Substantive is a word or. exists,. some object. describing, or referring to, something. of thought,. either material or im-. material.. A. Verb. is. a word expressing thought, being, action, or the. suffering of action,. and. affirms or predicates. something of some. person or thing.. These two parts of speech are complementary and essential one and in any form of speech both these elements must. to the other,. necessarily occur, unless. it. is. tacitly agreed, to save unnecessary. verbiage, that one or the other. the context, and. An. Adjective. may is. may. be obviously understood from. be omitted from actual expression.. a word which describes or qualifies the object or. thought represented by a substantive, according to any known idea of quality, such as colour, size, nature, etc.. A Particle is. a word which has no meaning in. occur in conjunction with other parts of speech.. itself. It. and can only. may. qualify the.

(31) ;. 11. PARTS OF SPEECH meaning of a. verb, or it. may. be " Conjunctive," that. is,. it. may. connect, or act as a link between, two expressions or parts of speech.. Other. 10.. languages. are,. parts. speech. of. Somali,. in. all. that. occur. derived from. in. more. advanced. substantives, or are. represented by suffixes. Substantives. may. be qualified. according to place, context, possessor,. (i). etc.,. by. 'Definite Article,. Demonstrative Adjective, Suffixes,. known. as. -. Possessive Pronominal Adjective, Înterrogative Adjective. according to number, by. (ii). Inflexions.. They. include,. (i). Nouns. (ii). Numerals 1 (expressing the abstract idea of a number),. (iii). Pronouns (words used to. (actually descriptive of an object or idea),. refer to. a noun or numeral. already expressed, or understood, to avoid lengthy and unnecessary repetition).. Note to. All substantives are recognisable by the fact that they are able. a.. have attached to them the. suffixes. mentioned above, and may stand alone. as Subject or Object to a Verb.. Note. b.. Nouns and numerals have no. inflected in the plural.. declension, nouns alone being. Personal pronouns have an Objective (or Accusative). form as well as the Subjective (or Nominative).. In addition to the above, there are formed, by the use of a noun alone, or a. noun combined with any of the other. substantives, with. or without suffixes or inflexions, and with or without an adjective,. Adverbs (words expressing time, place or manner,. (iv). relative. to the action of a verb).. Relative Conjunctions (words introducing expressions of. (v). the same value as the above). Prepositions (words expressing the relationship of one. (vi). substantive to another). 1. These are undoubtedly treated as Substantives in Somali..

(32) ACCIDENCE. 12. Substantives.. A.. These. 11.. fication above, its. be dealt with in the order given in the classinecessary first to describe the Noun itself,. will. but. it is. Forms, and Gender, after which will follow the Suffixes, to be. followed again by the Plural Inflexions.. The reason following. of this. pages,. as. order will be seen on a perusal. the. questions. gender. Nouns. Suffixes.. Nouns.. Classes of. 1.. of the. and number are. mixed with those concerning the form of the. inextricably. 12.. of. are classified into Proper and. Common.. nouns are names of people or places. The commoner and typical Somali men's names are, Jama, Farah, Hassan, Hussein, Mohammed, Mahhmud, Ahhmed, Ali, Omar, Nur, Liban, Egal, Dualeh, Abdallah, Abdi, Proper. '. '. Robleh. Nicknames are very common in fact nearly everyone, whether is always known by his friends by some nickname, ;. Somali or English, such. as,. Gurreh. left-handed,. active or " cute,". one-eyed, Galds,. Bulali. fair,. Farurah hare-lipped, Timo-wein long hair,. Delowein, etc., always referring any idea of disrespect.. Dunjog. Awarah. some feature. to. or eccentricity, but without. 13. their. Common nouns. are classed in various ways. :. according to. Nature they are Concrete, or Abstract, according to their Derivation they are Radical, Derivative,. or Borrowed,. according to their Gender they are or. Masculine,. Feminine,. Common. 14.. Concrete. Nouns include the names. of. all. animate or. inanimate objects, or parts of them.. Nearly. all. of these are Radical words, or else are borrowed. entirely from another language.. nin (i) Animate gabad girl, libahh shimbir bird. :. man, lion,. nag faras. woman, horse,. wil. aur. boy,. camel,.

(33) :. ABSTRACT NOUNS They include. collective words, as. 13. :. dad people, rag men, dumar women, artir gel camels, bdlo flocks, ghalab, alabo baggage, kit. Names aba fnan. of relations. hill,. mlyi. jungle,. brother or. sister,. dagahh. stone,. uncle.. :. ghori wood,. bir iron,. thing,. walal. mother,. adSr. Inanimate objects are. wahh bur. hoyo. father,. son, or daughter, (ii). children,. akhal house.. Abstract Nouns.. 15. (a). Many. abstract nouns of action and sense are radical, in. which case they are also used as intransitive verbs.. hadal talk, yab wonder, bandn pain, harad thirst, ado rage. (b). dagal ai. 'ur. fight,. gabei. curse,. smell,. chant,. Verb-nouns, describing the action of a verb, are formed. from the verb-root by the addition of certain terminations 1st Class (ending in a consonant). 2nd Class. (. „. 3rd Class. (. „. add -nin,. „. -o. ). „. -d.. „. -i. ). „. -s,. :. or -in.. or -n..

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(35) GENDER OF NOUNS kdd. (coat),. ketli (kettle),. sord. tfcbel (table),. kob. 15 drabel. (sword),. (trouble),. (cup).. Gender of Nouns.. 2.. 17. There are no rules determining the gender of a Radical Noun, either according to its meaning or form. It must therefore be learned by practice in the case of each word. This however is not so difficult as it would appear, as the definite article is so much a part of the noun, and the gender is so clearly marked by it, that it is I. noun in each case. when quoting a noun, give the definite article,. best to learn the definite article with the. shall, therefore,. separated by a hyphen, as in. nin-ki. man. nag-ti. woman.. This will imply that. nin. nag. = a woman nagti = the woman.. =a man. ninki = the man. Feminine nouns are those. It will suffice here to say that all. which take the dental. While. all. article,. i.e.. or -di. -ti. ;. Masculine nouns are those which take a guttural. article, i.e. -ki, -gi, -hi, or in. some cases the vowel. -i,. In both cases the Suffix consists of two parts. is. the Article Suffix, the consonant 18.. alone.. The" final vowel. the Linking Consonant.. is. The Derivative and Borrowed Nouns do. follow. certain. determinate rules in respect of gender.. Borrowed words are masculine. :. mes-ki, kursi-gi, hukum-ki, sandukh-i, albab-ki, t^bel-ki, kod-ki,. etc.. Exceptions,. sa'ad-di .. ,. .. .. .. warkhad-di 19.. hour. ). ,. >. ,. letter. ,.. .. .. are feminine.. j. Of Derivative Nouns,. Verbal Nouns in -in (1st and 3rd Classes) are Feminine. :. dignin-ti, sugnin-ti, samein-ti, etc.. Verbal Nouns in -d,. -s. (2nd and 3rd Classes) are Masculine. so'od-ki, idlad-ki, gois-ki, etc.. :.

(36) ACCIDENCE. 16 Adjectival. Nouns. in. -nimo -an. are Feminine.. 'ajisnfmo-di, weinan-ti. Adjectival. Nouns. of other forms are Masculine,. derer-ki, 'uleis-ki, etc.. 20.. Names. each gender. of. men and. animals. may have. special forms for.

(37) LINKING CONSONANTS. ninku. ninki, ninka, or. ninkan ninkas. man man that man. the. this. or. ninka. ninkai, ninka, ninkis, &c.. ninke. 17. my, thy, his, what man ?. ?. The above forms. etc.. noun. are constant, whether the. man. qualified is in. the Singular or Plural.. (a). Linking Consonants.. The Linking Consonants. 24.. conform to. 25.. its. gender and the. the word.. Masculine words take the gutturals, k,. Nouns ending. in. any consonant, except. g,. h.. or a gutt. aspirate, take. g,. or g. -i. and. are peculiar to each noun,. final letter of. g. „. h. -a. Note. Nouns ending. i.. k. in -h, hh, or a guttural aspirate,. would. logically. be followed by h, but this additional aspirate is hardly to be detected by the ear, and need not therefore be written. Note ii. With nouns ending in no linking consonant is required, unless '. it. be another. Note form of u, it. iii.. Where the noun ends vowel which follows,. suffix. becomes. but this again the ear cannot detect.. ',. in a, -ah, the -a is assimilated to the. i.e. if. the suffix. is -i,. the a becomes. i,. if. u.. Examples, (The that. it. suffix is is. examples. here separated by a hyphen, but. it. must be remembered. not spoken as a separate word, and will not be so written in later.). albab-ki. the door. harag-gi. shabel-ki. the leopard. ilig-gi. the tooth. sul-ki. the. libahh-i. the lion. (i). san-ki. the nose. sandukh-i. the box. (i). maga'-i muda'-i. the fork. thumb mouth. af-ki. the. mlyi-gi. the jungle. askari-gi. the soldier. kbra. a saddle. the saddle. dayah. a moon. the. the sheep-skin,. the. name. (ii). (ii). kdri-hi, kdra-ha, or. kdru-hu moon. dayu-hu K.. (iii). dayi-hi, daya-ha, or. 2. (iii).

(38) 18 ;.

(39) ;. DEFINITE ARTICLE " The horse ". may. The. place ". „. (i). -i. ". 29.. be, faraski,. meshi,. 19. faraska, or farasku.. mesha,. the most general form, and. is. or is. meshu. used when. -a,. or. not required.. -u, are. (ii). -a. when. (1). used in the following cases. is. :. referring to a person or thing actually present in front. of the speaker,. and. adjective (this), but. is. very nearly equivalent to the demonstrative. must not be confounded with the demonstrative. suffix -a (that). when the noun. (2). is. used possessively, adjectivally or ad-. verbially.. Examples, (1). (but,. (2). sandukha ghad ninka ba 6g ninka ad arkesa ninki ad araktei. take the box (which you see). akhalki sirkalka nin magaloda. the house of the. galabta. this evening. -u. (iii). is. the the. the. a. man (i.e. he that is man thou seest man thou sawest). man. of the. present). knows. officer. town. used when referring to a well-known, or already. mentioned, object or person.. Any definition not employed. if. is. supposed to be unnecessary, and therefore -u is is qualified by an adjective, nor is it used. the noun. with the object of a sentence. It. may. be represented in English by the use of. "The". or. capital letters.. Examples,. The. Sirkalku. Officer (as a soldier. his. Wadadku. company. The Mullah. officer or. (i.e.. would. refer to. Commandant). Mohammed. Abdallah. Hassan). ghorahhdu dayuhu rbbku (c). 30.. The. the sun the. moon. the rain. The Demonstrative. Adjective.. suffixes are,. -an. this. -as, or -a. that. 2—2.

(40) ACCIDENCE. 20 Examples,. 31.. faras-kan faras-kas nag-tan gSd-kas. this. sandukh-an. this. that blanket. ha-shan magalo-dan. this. camel. this. town. The Demonstrative may be. The. woman. that tree. busta-has. the definite article in two ways (i). this horse. that horse. (cf. §. box. intensified. 198). by the addition of. :. and demonstrative adjective both. definite article -a. require linking consonants.. In this case the linking consonant used with the Demonstrative k for masculine words, and t for feminine words.. Suffix is always. Examples,. woman. nfnkakan. this. man. nagtata. that. gh6rigakan. this. wood. that place. dagahhakan. this stone. mSshatas sanadukhdatan. (ii). The. these boxes. definite article is suffixed to the demonstrative without. any linking consonant. Examples, that girl. these mei. gabaddasu gddkasa. this rain. inantasi. that daughter. ninkasa. that. nimankani rdbkanu (d). 32.. man. Possessive. Pronominal. my. -ai- (-gi, or -di). thy. -a- (-gi, or -di). his. -is- (-i). her. -Sd- (-i). our. -fcn- (-i). our. -aya-. your. -in- (-i). their. -6d-. that tree. Adjectives.. (including " you "). (-gi, or -di). (excluding " you "). (-i). Except when qualifying terms of relationship, as "father," "mother," "husband," etc., the above suffixes require the definite Only -ai, -a, article as well, as given in brackets after each person. -aya, however, require the linking consonant, the remainder taking the article without any link..

(41) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE. The for. linking consonant to the article,. when. masculine words, -d- for feminine words.. Example,. aur-ki. 21 used,. is. always.

(42) ACCIDENCE. 22. wa (is),. This form is most commonly used alone, or with the word and usually repeats some noun already mentioned.. ninki yimi. Examples,. ninke. P or. 4.. 34.. The only. the. wa ninke P. man. has come. what man. ?. The Plural of Nouns.. inflexion. which nouns undergo occurs in the. formation of the Plural.. the. There are six methods of forming the Plural, and in all except first (Masculine Monosyllables) the gender is reversed in the. process, is. and the linking consonant, required with the. suffixes,. altered from guttural to dental, or vice versa.. 35.. (i). Masculine Monosyllables repeat the. The masculine,. or guttural, linking consonant. is. last. ending in -n, the -n becomes -m, while the inflexion. Examples,. dab-ki. two. retained. is. letters.. In words. always -an..

(43) :. PLURAL OF NOUNS tuka-hi bilawa-hi. crow. hakama-hi. bridle. odei-gi. old. fCilei-gi. coward. tukyal-shi bilawyal-shi. plural. dagger. „. hakamyal-shi. „. man. 23. ,,. odyal-shi. ,,. fulyal-shi. Exceptions. These plurals are used with the masculine, or guttural, linking consonant, by Dolbohanta, and other eastern tribes. bustyalki, kdryalki, hakamyalki,. 37.. (iii). Nouns ending. in -o (all Feminine). :. etc.. add. -in,. and take. the masculine, or guttural, linking consonant.. Examples,. day mother. 'asho-di. hoyo-di. ûdimo-di. 38. If. plural. 'ashoin-ki. ,,. hoyom-ki. „. gudimoin-ki. dero-di. gazelle. „. d£roin-ki. ghanso-di. bow. „. ghansoin-ki. (iv). native axe. Masculine Polysyllables (except those under. the final letter. is. an aspirate or. ',. -yo. is. ii). add. -o.. added.. These plurals take the feminine, or dental linking consonant, the -o being then usually changed to -a.. Examples, fandal-ki.

(44) ACCIDENCE. 24 guri-gi. enclosure. Yibir-ki. Yibir. plural. Midgan-ki Midgan. gurio-hi. „. Yibro-hi. „. Midgo-hi. Foreign words often add -yo in other cases than those given in the rule above. rakab-ki stirrup kitab-ki. 39.. (v). book. plural. rakabyo-di. „. kitabyo-di. Words borrowed from. the Arabic usually form their. plurals after the fashion of the broken plurals of that language,. take the feminine linking consonant.. Examples,. sandukh-i. and.

(45) CASES OF NOUNS There exist the following plural nouns,. 25. all. of which end in. o and. take the masculine article hi, and therefore belong to this class.. blyo-hi. An. 41.. water. 'ano-hi. milk. g£do-hi. grass. timo-hi h61o-hi. hair flocks,. property. Intensive Plural, ending in -al, -yal,. is. used in poetic. phraseology.. Example,. 42.. Idinku baneyal...dftlan ma bulaten P Have ye over plains and plains gone to war ? Gerar wa bogholal. Songs are in hundreds.. After Numerals the plural form of a noun. except in the case of Feminine Nouns of class is. added. 2. men. d. laba nin. sandukh sadehh busta todbba 'asho afar. 4 boxes 3 blankets 7. but,. days. 5 she-camels. shan halod. 2 places. laba melod afar joniadod. 4 bags 9. sagal bilod. months. Cases of Nouns.. 5.. There are no inflexions of the noun to represent the. Declension. ;. and context.. the cases must therefore be distinguished by position. This. is. not an easy matter, and requires a knowledge. of other parts of speech not yet described to be discussed. 44.. not used. to the inflexion.. Examples,. 43.. is. In this case. (vi).. under Syntax. The usual order (i). An Adverb may. :. it will. (ii). first. of. therefore be left. 155).. of a simple sentence. Subject,. be placed. (cf. §. Object, all,. (iii). is,. Verb.. or before the Verb..

(46) ACCIDENCE. 26 Examples,. Object. Verb. sandukh. la kali. a box. bring. Subject. sirkalku. faraska. the officer. the horse. galabta. an. Burao. this evening-. I. Burao. fuleya is. \. riding. J. Adv.. The. 45.. harudki. faraska. the jowaree. (to) the horse. Possessive Case. may be. The common method. (i). is. ghobon dona am going to reach. | J. give. } J. expressed in two ways.. by the use of the Possessive. suffix.. Examples, a. the Officer his horse. nagti bokhorkeda. the. The Noun. (ii). man. nin akhalklsu sirkalku farasklsa. his house. woman. her sash. in the possessive case is placed after the. noun. possessed.. This can only be done where the Possessor definite article.. defined by the. is. The Possessor always takes the. suffix a.. Example, not. akhalki ninka akhalki ninki. (nor. is it. the house of the. possible to say, for " the. The. akhalki nin. house of a. following are the typical forms. The horse. of the officer. man. man ").. :. faraski sirkalka. sirkalka farasklsu. or. The horse. A A. of an officer. far as sirkalka. horse of the officer. fardaha sirkalka mid. has died (literally, of. A. nin sirkal farasklsu. horse of the officer. horse of an officer. ba dintei the horses of the officer one has died).. sirkal farasklsi.

(47)

(48) ACCIDENCE. 28 48. noun. (i). K6. is. only used in counting, and. is. never used with a. :. mid. is. not used to qualify a noun, but. is. used as an Indefinite. Impersonal Pronoun.. nin. one man one (thing) one (man) (ii). (iii). The numerals. is. bad. bad. is. 19, 29, 39, etc., are usually translated by,. labaton midla. 20 minus one = 19. sdddon midla b6ghol midla. 30 minus one = 29 100 minus one = 99. The numerals over 100 (iyo. Time. bogh<51-iyo laba. 130. bogh61-iyo s6ddon bogh61-iyo 16hhyo-afarton hours. translated by the Cardinal numerals (sa'adod = hours, may be used.). is. 3 o'clock. sadehhda (sa'adod). 1 o'clock. kddi labada iyo badki. half-past 2. 50.. mid. 102. in. Fractions,. :. = and). bogh61-iyo. with the Definite Article,. 49.. are translated as follows. 101. 146 (iv). mid ba hhun nin ba hhun.

(49) ;. PERSONAL PRONOUNS These are used. like adjectives. 29. and follow the nouns they. qualify,. but are not inflected. a second. nagti afrad. the fourth. ki 16hhad. the sixth. Distributive Numbers.. 51.. man woman. nin labad. No. special. forms are used for. these,. each = kasta. every. = walba. (see § 68). but distributive numbers are usually expressed by the (S. 143. («)).. 52.. give 10 each. nin ba tdban. one by one. mid mid. in tens. tdban tdban. si. particle. ba.

(50) ACCIDENCE. 30 Examples,. gortas-u yidi 'had'-an 1. then-he said. imado. Burao-einu nil lmis'-ad dbnesa. if-I '. ?. ninki-an ddneya 54.. Very. come. at Burao-we lived. how-many-do-you want ? the man-(whom)-I want. often, however, these simple. forms are combined with. the letters w-, b-, or y- (which represent certain particles, wa, ba,. ya) and are then used as separate words.. wan, wad, wu,. etc.. are. forms which. may. be used at the. beginning of a sentence, but are never used in any other position.. ban, bad, bu, , yan, yad, yu,. etc.] \. etc.. r synonymous forms, and are interchangeable. J J .. ,. are. ,. ,. ,. J. b-. is. preferred by Eastern and Southern Somalis.. y-. is. preferred by the Coast,. Western and Central. tribes.. These forms usually occur immediately before the verb or particles, but never at the beginning of a sentence (cf. § 236).. its. 55. There are two ways of emphasising the Personal Pronouns, which may be uêd disjunctively, like the French " moi," " toi," etc. This. is. done by the addition of the Definite. Article.. In both cases the simple form for the third person singular. masculine. is. The. (i). is.. article suffix is. added to the simple form without any. linking consonant, thus. ani. adi. I. Thou. (isi). ada. ana arm. adu. isu. These are the only persons which are found. The. (ii). article suffix. He. (isa). in this form.. and linking consonant. is. added to the. last. or to the Enclitic forms of the plural.. The. 1. A. -a and -u suffixes only are used in this case, thus. final. vowel. iB. anigu, aniga. I. adigu, adiga. Thou. isagu, fsaga. He. iyadu, iyada. She. :. usually dropped before the personal pronoun, as. here by an apostrophe. '.. is. shown.

(51) PERSONAL PRONOUNS fnnagu,. 31.

(52) ACCIDENCE. 32 59.. These two forms are used very frequently in introducing. questions and answers.. Examples,. mahhad ddnesa P what do you want ? hagg'eidin takten where did you go. muhhuyidi? what did he say (2). 60.. ?. ) |. wahhan doneya, dbneya,. f. I. ?\ J. | ?. J. want,. etc.. etc.. wahhannu. tagnei,. etc.). we went to, etc. wuhhuyidi... he. \. J. said.... J. y J. Objective.. The. objective, or oblique, case of the Personal. Pronouns. has special forms, which are used independently as separate words..

(53) 33. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS hers. k£d-i. -a -u. tfcd-i. -a -u. ours. k£n-i. -a -u. t&n-i. -a -u. ours. kaya-gi -ga -gu. taya-di -da -du. yours. kln-i. -a -u. tln-i. -a -u. theirs. k6d-i. -a -u. t6d-i. -a -u. In the Plural, the above prefix ku, tu, instead of k, suffix,. kuaigi, tuaidi, kuagi, tuadi,. to the. etc.. Demonstrative Pronouns.. (c). 63. (§. t,. as,. These also have the same forms as the adjectival. suffixes. 30), and are used with consonants as above. Plur.. Sing.. this i. ,. that. kan, tan. these. kas, tas. those. intensified. by the. kani, kana, kanu, kasa, tasu,. plur.. ktiakan, tiiatan, kiiakas, or. kuani, tuani, kuasi,. etc.. etc.. etc.. ko, to. that yonder. kuo, tu6. those yonder. article is. used independently as a pronoun in the. ki, ka,. ku. ki kaleh. ta plur.. :. is,. The definite same way.. The. definite article, as follows. sing,. Another form. Fem.. kuan, tuan kuas, tuas. ka ta. 1. They may be. Masc.. Fem.. Masc.. form. ;. ti,. ta, tu.. the other one. wein. the big one.. is. kuer, tuer. kuer 'ad'ada. Example, 64.. (e?). the white ones. Relative Pronouns.. None. 65. (i). K.. Subjective. (e). Interrogative Pronouns.. who. ?. :. what. ?. ya P (sing.) kue ? (plur.) 3.

(54) 34. ACCIDENCE ke. P te ? are also used disjunctively in this sense, as the other. suffixes.. Objective. (ii). The. 66.. adjective, but. ya. mahha. -ma. suffix is. whom ? what?. used as an interrogative pronominal. is. wa is. also. suffixes, as it. really the interrogative particle. is. ninma P gonna P -ma. ? (§ 58). not included among the other. the typical form, but. definite article,. P. what man. (cf. §. has not 94).. ?. when ?. sa'adma. ?. what hour. is it ?. used suffixed to the simple personal pronouns, and. meaning "which of?". kuma P tuma P. which one. irmama. which of us. P. annama ?. (indefinite). ?. ?. „. idinma P iyama P. which of you two which of them. ?. ?. These are used both subjectively and objectively.. The. possessive case. is,. yaleh ? kumaleh P. la. (similar to the French. This pronoun. is. ?. Indefinite Pronouns.. (/). 67.. whose. one, they, people. pronoun "on," in meaning and construction).. used in construction. like. any simple personal. pronoun.. The. following euphonic alterations take place. pronoun or. particle follows. la. i. la. u ku. la. :. la idin la. ka. becomes. lei. „. lo. „. lagu. „. leidin. „. laga. when any simple.

(55) ADJECTIVES 68.. The. following are. definite article suffix. wahh-i. when. substantival. 35. and are used with the. necessary.. something, anything. gidi-gi.

(56) 36.

(57) 37. RADICAL ADJECTIVES didid-badan af-badan adeig-run. sweaty (didid sharp (af. hardy (adeig. The 3rd person. (ii). sweat,. badan. plenty). edge) hardness,. run. right). singular Present Perfect Indicative of. a verb, being really an adjectival Relative Clause.. nin ghora. arka an la arkin. la. interpreter, eloquent visible. invisible. Inflexions of Adjectives.. 2.. 75.. lit. a man who writes knowing how to ride. clerk,. yaghan af yaghan. fuli. Adjectives are inflected to agree with the nouns they. qualify in the following cases. :. (i). in the plural number,. (ii). when the noun. defined by the article suffix. is. -i. (and in. certain cases -a), in case. (iii). and. fern,. (ii). the inflexion. is. (dental) linking consonants (a). 76.. The. |. Radical Adjectives.. Reduplicate the. ("Article -ki, -gi, -hi.. (iii)J. [Article. (iv). If the. only agrees with. The. Note.. 34).. following general rules are followed Plural.. (i) (ii). different for masc. {guttural),. (cf. §. -ti, -di.. noun. is. :. first syllable,. Add Add. -a.. -eid.. defined with article, -a, the adjective. it in. number.. rule. for. the inflexions. -a,. -eid,. (ii. and. iii). is. invariable.. But when qualifying plural nouns with the definite article (other than the Reduplicated Plurals, as niman), adjectives may or may Thus, not take the plural inflexion (cf. § 164). nagihi waweina, or nagihi weina the big women, askarrti. When. hhunhhumeid,. or askarrti. hhumeid. the bad soldiers.. qualifying the Reduplicated Plurals, and. plurals, the plural inflexion of the adjective is. Examples,. nimanki waweina nago wawein askarr. hhunhhun. all. indefinite. always required..

(58) ACCIDENCE. 38. ««-S -a-SS 3S2S:22 B iil*&lil?l 1*1111 is. d.a 5 S -a rl «3. I. d>. di "!^. 5. silo's v<. 2 ?. »».a'm'io. BJ. 2 bo3 d^. I. ^. I. 2. s3§. d. fe2«. S. &?"SSI. eS. 1. "3 -3. FP <°. <°. ii. * h 5 S. 1p* t g. «2s 55. o. i. 5P£I. If. s5 §5. -. -3. «. i* •?. *. h. ?3\*lls3F&iiafcSsa3:3?g&. 12 02. 2 C'2. +3. ^. bp. a. to. d. E. 23. 2 3-9. *3. 3,3.2 " 5 2. £. •. ^. bog '£• «. ««. a *. 3P i1 fi. d *. S3. 1. a. 3. "2 CO. 5§. 3. £.5. a>. .2p-3ô«-Ss*Sa.

(59) :. :. :. 39. DERIVATIVE ADJECTIVES Derivative Adjectives.. (b). These are not usually inflected (except some Verbal adjecwhen qualifying a plural noun, the inflexion entirely depending. 77. tives). on the. and linking consonant.. definite article, suffix,. Verbal Adjectives.. (i). same as for Radical Adjectives, reduplicated in the plural are some except that only. The. 78.. Inflexions are the. sing,. good. plur. sing,. broad. plur. sing,. stout. plur. sing.. empty. plur. sing.. absent. plur. sing.. tied. plur. sing.. clean. \. Indefinite, orDef. Art. -ka, -ta. Def. Art. -ki. wanaksan. wanaksana. wanaksaneid. baladan balbaladan. baladna balbaladna. baladneid balbaladneid. buran burburan. burra burburra. burreid burburreid. madan madmadan. madaneid madana madmadana madmadaneid. maghan. maghana. maghaneid. hedan hedhedan. hedna hedhedna. hedneid hedhedneid. safeisan. safeisana. safeisaneid. Def. Art.. -ti. plur.) (ii). 79.. Noun. Adjectives.. These are not altered in the Plural.. Classes. (i),. (ii),. and. (iii). (adjectives in -leh, -la, -ah), obey. the following rules 1.. If the qualified. noun. is. defined by. -a, or. -i,. the noun portion. of the adjective takes its proper article suffix -a. 2.. After Article -a (guttural or dental) there. is. no further. inflexion. 3.. After Article. -i. the terminal portion of the adjective. inflected (a). After Masc. (Gutt.) Link. Cons. -ki, -gi, -hi. (b). -a. is. added. After Fern. (Dent.) Link. Cons. -ti,. -di. -aid. is. added. is. also.

(60) ACCIDENCE. 40. Inflexions of Art. -ka, -ta. Indefinite. Adjectives Art.. Art. -ki. -ti. garadkaleh. garadkalaha. garadkalahaid. akhligaleh. akhligalaha. akhligalahaid. oghdntaleh. oghdntalaha. oghontalahaid. uskaggaleh. uskaggalaha. uskaggalahaid. barahaleh. barahalaha. barahalahaid. blyahaleh. blyahalaha. blyahalahaid. garadkala. garadkalaa. garadkalaaid. indahala. indahalaa. indahalaaid. lugtala. lugtalaa. lugtalaaid. haulla unemployed. haushala. haushalaa. haushalaaid. farldah. farldkaah. farldkaaha. farldkaahaid. birtaah. birtaaha. birtaahaid. ghorigaah. ghorigaaha. ghorigaahaid. garadleh. (i). Noun. sensible. akhlileh sensible. oghonleh knowing. uskagleh dirty. baraleh spotted. blyoleh. containing water (ii). garadla senseless. indala blind. lugla legless. (iii). clever. birah of iron. ghoriah wooden. The. following have special plural forms. :. 'ajisah. (sing,. 'ajiskaah. 'ajiskaaha. 'ajiskaahaid. lazy. \plur.. 'ajisintaah. 'ajisintaaha. 'ajisintaahaid. gesiah. (sing,. brave. \plur.. gesigaahaid gesigaaha gesigaah gesiyintaah gesiyintaaha gesiyintaahaid. 80.. The. last class of. Noun. Adjectives, in -ed, have only one. inflexion.. When qualifying a noun with number they take -a. The e is usually dropped.. article suffix. -i. of any gender or.

(61) :. :. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES Somalied Arabed. Examples,. Somalida Arabta. biladki Somalida. the Somali country. Arabta. afki. Compound. (c). 41. the Arab language Adjectives.. It is impossible to give rules for the inflexions of these,. 81.. since as far as possible the necessity is avoided,. by a separation into. the component parts, and the natives themselves are by no means. unanimous on the question. The following examples, however, are given, being the few types that I have satisfied myself about af. badan sharp mindi af badan :. sharp knife. ;. a sharp knife. or,. mindida af ka badan. ;. the. mindidi af ka badneid. mindiyo afaf badbadan sharp knives mindiyaha afafka badbadan, or, mindiyihi afafka badbadna the sharp knives hog wein strong nin, ninka, nag, nagta, hog wein a, or the, strong man, or woman ninki or nimanki, hog weina the strong man, or men nagihi hog nagti hog weineid the strong women weina the strong women. af yaghan eloquent :. ;. ;. In adjectives like this the verb agrees in. is. conjugated and therefore. number and gender. nin af yaghan nag af taghan ninki. ninka. ). ^ a Y agnan. woman. „. the eloquent. man. I. nagti. nagta. a. an eloquent man. a fka taghan. woman. ,,. I. niman. af yaghanin nago af yaghanin nimanki nimankal a ^^ a yagbanin. eloquent ,,. men women. i. nagihi. ). nagahaf. afka y a £han. the eloquent. ». men women.

(62) ACCIDENCE. 42 This. adjective. may. derivative adjectives. it is. inflected regularly like such. :. afyaghankaaha,. afyaghanah, afyaghankaah, afy aghank aah aid.. Comparison of Adjectives.. (3). 82.. There. This want. than. ;. u,. is. no inflexion. comparison of Adjectives.. for the. supplied by the use of the particles. is. ugu. is. bigger than that house. mid ka wein la kali ki u wanaksana. bring a bigger one. The best Which is. ya ugu horeya ?. first. that. sadehhdas kan ba wein. of those three this. C.. The Verb has. is. best is. the biggest. Verbs.. Moods and. (a). four. moods. Tenses.. :. Imperative,. Indicative,. Infinitive,. Subjunctive.. Also, Verbal Adjective, or Past Participle,. and Verbal Noun.. There are three Regular Conjugations, distinguished by the. form of the Verb root, and the formation of the. The Verb. root. is. the 2nd person singular. 1st Conjugation.. The. ?. Conjugation.. 1.. 84.. of all. usually translated by ba, sa.. is. kas sa wanaksan. 83.. more, more. akhalkan akhalkas ka wein This house. in. ka. most,. Examples,. "is most,". and take the. be treated as one word,. termination -ah, in which case. Root ends. in. a consonant.. 2nd. „. „. „. -o.. 3rd. „. „. „. -i.. Infinitive is. Infinitive.. of the Imperative.. formed. 1,. 2 and. 3,. by adding -i to the root. by adding -n to the root..

(63) VERBS The. 85.. following. is. 43. a paradigm of the verb sheg. (tell),. a. regular verb of the 1st Conjugation.. There are four terminations -a. for the. Tense. used in the Present Indicative tenses.. is. -e. „. -o. „. ,,. rast. ,,. Potential tense.. „. Subjunctive mood.. ,,. Imperative. sheg. tell. Verb Adjective. told.. Verb Noun. shegan shegnin. Infinitive. shegi. to tell. Indicative. inflexions,. thou,. telling,. :. l. Aorist Preterite. Continuative Present. Continuative Past. Future Definite Habitual Present. Habitual Past Conditional. wa shega wa shSgei wa shSgeya wa shSgeyei wa shegi d6na wa shegi jira wa shegi jirei wa sh&gi laha. am. I (usually) tell, I. have. I. told,. I. am. I. was. I I. am am. I. used to. I. would,. to. had. told,. tell.. told.. intend to. telling,. tell.. telling.. going to. tell.. in the habit of telling. tell.. should. or. tell,. would have, or should have told.. I. an shege. Potential. Subjunctive. I. may, might. tell.. :. (hadi)an sh£go (hadi)an shSgeyo. Aorist. Continuative. (If) I tell, told,. (If). I. had. were to. told.. tell,. were. telling.. (hadi)an shegi ddno. Future. (If). I. were,. about to. (hadi)an shegi jiro. Habitual. (If). I. had. were,. had. accustomed to. The. 86. (i). The. tenses. fall. been,. tell.. been,. tell.. into three classes,. Aorist, Preterite,. and Potential Indicative, and the. Aorist Subjunctive, are simple or radical, and the terminations are added directly to the root. 1. wa. is. a particle used frequently with the verb, and. a personal pronoun.. may. take the plaoe of.

(64) 44. ACCIDENCE In the Continuative tenses the terminations are,. (ii). -eya. (or -aya,. or -ahaya),. -eyei (or -ayei, or -ahayei),. -eyo (or -ayo,. or -ahayo).. These are suffixed, in the 1st Conjugation apparently but in the 2nd and 3rd Conjugations to the Infinitive.. The. syllable. (iii). The. ey. is. short. and. is. to the root,. not accented.. third class consists of Auxiliary tenses, formed by. the Infinitive with an auxiliary verb.. 87.. In the 2nd Conjugation (verbs ending in. often changed to -a in the Infinitive. -o),. the -o. is. and other moods.. In the Simple tenses of this Conjugation,. d. is. inserted between. the root and tense termination.. Examples,. 88.. baro jdgso. learn. Infinitive. stop. wan jbgsoda. baran I. stop. There are three persons in the Singular and Plural, and. two genders in the 3rd person singular.. The. following are the variations in the four tense terminations. for the different persons.. Sing.. 1.. 2..

(65) AFFIRMATIVE CONJUGATION. 45.

(66) ACCIDENCE. 46. Confirmative Past. was. I. Sing.. I. 3 m. 3f. 1.. shdgeyei shegesei shegenei. 3.. gilrsanenei. gursanesen gtirsaneyen. Future. am. I. going. I. shegi. 1.. Plur.. was making. sameineyei sameinesei sameineyei sameinesei samdinenei. sameinesen sameineyen. Definite.. going. am. I. marry. to. going. make. gursan dona samein dona donta ddnta „ ,,. d6na donta. 2.. am. to. to tell Sing.. I. gtirsanesei. shegesen shSgeyen. 2.. was marrying. gursaneyei gursanesei gursaneyei. shegeyei hegeyei shegesei. 1.. 2.. Plur.. telling. 3 m.. d6na. 3f.. dbnta. 1.. donna. etc.. etc.. ddntan ddnan. 2. 3.. Habitual Present. I. am. accustomed. I. am accustomed. to tell. to. ddna. am. accustomed. to. make. samein. gursan jira. shegi jira declined like ". I. marry. jira. " above.. Habitual Past. I. Sing.. Plur.. used to. tell. 1.. shegi jirei. 2.. shegi jirtei. 3 m.. shegi jirei. 3f.. shegi jirtei. 1.. shegi jirnei. 2.. shegi jirten. 3.. shegi jiren. I. used to marry. gursan etc.. jirei. I. used to make. samein etc.. jirei.

(67) AFFIRMATIVE CONJUGATION. 47.

(68) 48. ACCIDENCE Future.. Sing.. ddno. 1.. shdgi. 2.. shSgi ddnto etc. as ". gursan dbno etc.. samein d6no etc.. shSgo." Habitual.. shegl jiro etc.. 90.. The. gursan jiro etc.. jiro. etc.. following table gives all the types necessary for the. formation of the tenses of a regular verb Conjugation. samSin. :.

(69) NEGATIVE CONJUGATION Subjunctive. 49.

(70) 50. ACCIDENCE Indicative.. Aorist.. {Conjugated like Aorist Subj. Affirmative.).

(71) THE CONTINUATIVE TENSES Habitual Present.. 51.

(72) ACCIDENCE. 52. with the Infinitive of the principal verb, as in the case. q.v.) is used,. of. compound. tenses.. In the Negative tenses this 1st Conjugation retains the. The negative. or. an. more. In the past tenses the. mahain. (for. yeli. I. ma-ahain)]. I. J. or, I. These are contracted by Ishhak. main,. The Subjunctive Mood or,. and here the. am. not telling. ma may be separated. ma yeli aham. or,. clearly seen,. :. mahayo, or shdgi mayo (for ma-ahayo). shSgi. yeli. is. of the Infinitive.. ahai are used as a separate word with. tenses of. ma,. the particles. -i. is. or. was not doing, would not do. tribes into. ma yelinin. similarly formed. hadanu yeli ahain) hadanu yelinin J. 93.. (d). The. Interrogative particle. ^ he. :. will. not do.. Interrogative Conjugation. is. ma,. which,. when combined with. Personal Pronouns, becomes mi.. The Conjugation. is. otherwise the same as the Affirmative.. Indicative. mian shSga P mian gursada P mian sameya P mian shSgei P etc. etc. mian shSgeya P mian shdgeyei P mian sh§gi ddna P mian shegi jira P mian shegi jirei P mian shSgi laha P. Aorist Preterite. Contin. Pres.. Past. „. Future Def. Habit.. Pres.. Past. „. Conditional. (e). 94.. No. Negative- Interrogative Conjugation.. Here the negative tense. is. particle used. is. an.. declined except the Conditional, which. as in the simple Negative form.. is. the same.

(73) :. FIRST CONJUGATION. 53. Indicative. mianan shSgin ?\ mianan shegin ?J mianan shdginin ?\ mianan sheginin ?J mianan shegi dbnin. Aorist Preterite. Contin. Pres. Contin. Past. Fut. Def.. mianan. mianan. gursan. sameln. ?. mianan. gursaninin ? samdininin P P. mianan. mianan samSin ddnin ?. gursan ddnin ?. mianan shegi jirin P mianan shegi jirin ?. Habit. Pres.. Past. „. mianan shegen. Conditional. mianan I. I. mianan. gursan. sam£in. jirin ?. jirin P. mianan. ?. ?. mianan. mianan. gursaden? sameyen?. Peculiarities. 2.. and Irregular Verbs of the Three 1st Conjugation.. (a). 95.. These. verbs have. aspirate, guttural aspirate. The. Conjugations.. the root ending in any consonant,. (gh or kh), or. "aim". or 6.. following changes take place in certain letters. when they. occur together 1. followed by t become sh.. n, after t,. after. or. 1. r, is. often assimilated to either of the latter.. gh, kh, hh,. ',. and. 6,. i,. becomes d.. Examples, dil. kill.. hel. get,. yel. do,. dagal. fight. Aorist. Sing.. „ Plur.. „. 1.. dila. hela. yela. dagala. 2.. disha. hesha. yesha. dagasha. 1.. dilla. hella. yella. dagalla. 2.. dishan. heshan. yeshan. dagashan. dirra, or dirna. dir. send... 1st Plur. Aorist. dirir. fight.... dirirra, or dirirna. jir. be. jirra, or jirna.. ....

(74) 54.

(75) :. FIRST CONJUGATION. 55. Aorist Indicative. Sing.. arka arakta aragna araktan. 1.. „. 2.. Plur.. 1.. 2.. hadla. dulma. hadasha. dulunta. makhla makhasha. dulunna makhalla hadashan duluntan makhashan. hadalla. Present Continuative Indicative. Sing.. „. arkeya arkesa arkena arkesan. 1.. 2.. Plur.. 1.. ,,. 2.. The. 97. into e or. i. dulmeya. makhleya. diilmesa. 'makhalesa. hadlena hadlesan. diilmena makhalena dulmesan makhalesan. following verbs. in the Infinitive. Root.. 2. hadleya hadlesa. (all. containing the vowel a) change a. and the Continuative Tenses. tag. go. tegi. gal. enter. geli. ka'. get up. ke'i. da'. fall,. na'. hate. ni'i. gama'. sleep. gam'i bihhi. or rob. di'i. bahh go dahh travel nahh be astounded tahh Exc. nahh. dagh. put in. :. Aorist Indie.. Infin.. dihhi nihhi tihhi. line. be fat. nahhi. save. dighi. daba' imprint. dabi'i. make. The. following. da. leave. dein. daya. deineya. la. slay. lein. laya. leineya. 98.. Infinitives like the 3rd Conjugation. Verbs ending in. 6, require. b. after the root in all inflexions,. except those beginning with a consonant.. d. is. used for t in the inflexions. Infin.. 'ato. gabo be ghabo be hallo. 'atobi. be tired. gabobi ghabobi. old. cold. hallabi. be lost. 1. makhal. 2. Participle. 8. The forms. a. retains the. gama'san. in these persons.. asleep.. of the Contin. tenses of these verbs. must be. noticed.. Cf § 92. ..

(76) 56.

(77) :. OLL The verb. 100.. and Past Perfect. oil. be. in, dwell), is. irregular in the Present. Indicative.. dwell. Imperative. oil. Infinitive. olli. Indicative. (lie,. 57. :. (Neg.. ma al) ma ollin). Aorist. al. I dwell. Preterite. il. I. dwelt (Neg.. 611eya. I. am. dlleyei. I. was dwelling. Contin. Pres.. „. Past. ddna. dwelling, I intend to dwell. Fut. Def.. olli. Habit. Pres.. olli jira. I. am am. Past. olli jirei. I. used to dwell. Conditional. 611i lalaa. I. would. „. I. going to dwell. accustomed to dwell dwell, or. would have dwelt. Subjunctive Aorist. Continuative. inan olio inan 611eyo. that. I. that. I. Aorist Indie.. Sing.. Plur.. may may. al. il. 2.. tal. til. 3 m.. yal. yil. 3. tal. til. nal. nil. 1.. dwell. Preterite Indie.. 1.. f.. dwell. 2.. talin. tillen. 3.. yalin. yillen. Note that the consonants denoting the persons are prefixed. to. the verb, and that there are no personal endings in these tenses (except in 2nd and 3rd plur.).. The Negative form. of the Present. ma al ma tal etc.. (b). 101. is. I. is. the same as the Affirmative.. do not dwell etc.. 2nd Conjugation.. In this Conjugation the root ends in o, and the Infinitive. formed by adding n, but in a great many cases the o. is. changed. to a.. This change tinuative tenses.. may. also. take place in both Simple and Con-.

(78) ACCIDENCE. 58. d. added to the root, before adding the pers. and 3rd pers. fern. sing, the 2nd tense terminations, but t of the termination, and in into the assimilated d is lost, being d before the n. dropped is the plur. 1st pers. the In the Simple tenses. is. in the. Table. 102.. The o. in. the. I.. Simple tenses. is. long,. or at. accentuated as the preceding syllable.. The consonant. before the. o. is,. h, sh, k, g,. j,. or. ',. or y.. least. as.

(79) SECOND CONJUGATION. 59. Table III.. 104. Verbs ending in so, which is preceded by a consonant, or hho, have the vowel of the Simple tenses short, but it may or may not be changed to a. in.

(80) ACCIDENCE. 60. A wist Sing.. buy. Ibso. Example,. Indicative.. 1.. wa. 1.. wa. 2.. ,,. Ibsota. 2.. ,,. Ibsona Ibsotan. 3 m.. „. Ibsha. 3.. .,. Ibshan. 3f.. .,. Ibsota. Ibsha. buy. I. Plur.. Preterite.. Aorist. Similarly,. badso. makes. badsha, ghaibsha, bahhsa,. badshei ghaibshei bahhsei. ghaibso. „. „. bahhso. „. „. gtirso. „. gursa,. gCirsei. „. bukso. „. buksa,. buksei. ,,. Table IV. is preceded by, b, d, d, f, gh, These drop the o in the Simple tenses, except in 2nd pers. and 3rd fem. sing, and 1st plur., in which the vowel usually appears as short a in 2nd and 3rd fern., and as o in 1st plur.. 105.. kh,. 1,. In. In the following verbs o. n,. r, s.. all. persons the. d. of the Simple tenses becomes. gh, kh. It,. as usual, becomes sh.. haiso. Example,. have got. Aorist Indicative.. wa ha'ista. I. have got. wa. haisona. t,. except after.

(81) SECOND CONJUGATION. 61.

(82) 12.

(83) THIRD CONJUGATION. 63.

(84) ACCIDENCE. 64 109. tion,. Certain verbs in. adding. the 2nd and 3rd. Root. i. are conjugated like the. -yi in the Infinitive. fern, persons.. first. Conjuga-. These take -d instead of. -t in.

(85) AHO Habit. Pres.. Past. ,,. Conditional Potential. Subjunctive 111.. It. is. 65. wan wan wan. ahain jira ahain jirei ahain laha an ahade inan ahado only irregular. in. usually. used to be. I. should be. I. may. that. the. am. I I. I. be. may. Infinitive. be. and. Indicative.. There are no Continuative tenses. Past. I. am. wan aha wad ahaid. I. was. wu aha wei ahaid weinu ahain weidin ahaiden wei ahayen 112.. When aho. is. the Present Indicative.. conjugated negatively,. it is. only irregular in.

(86) ACCIDENCE. 66. Present Indicative Affirmative. Sing.. wa hSdnahai. 1.. wa weinahai. tied. I. am large. ,,. „. weinyahai weintahai. 1.. „. hedhedannahai. „. waweinnahai. 2.. „. „. 3.. „. hedhedantihin hedhedanyihin. waweintihin waweinyihin. „. 3 m.. 3 Plur.. am. I. hedantahai hedanyahai hedantahai. 2.. ,,. f.. weintahai. „ ,,. „. Present Indicative Negative. Sing.. 3.. ma hedni I am ma hednid ma hedna ma hedna ma hednin ma hednidin ma hedna. 1.. wa hedna. 1.. 2.. 3 m. 3 Plur.. f.. 1.. 2.. not tied. ma weini I am not ma weinid ma weina ma weina ma weinin ma weinidin ma weina. large. Past Indicative Affirmative. Sing.. 2.. Plur.. „. 3 m.. „. 3. ,,. f. 1.. „. 2.. ,,. 3.. „. I. was. wa weina. tied. hednahaid hedna hednahaid hedhednahain hedhednahaiden hedhednahayen. „ „. .. „ „ „ „. I. was big. weinahaid weina weinahaid. waweinahain waweinahaiden waweinahayen. Past Indicative Negative. Sing.. maan hednahain. 1.. I. maan weinahain. was not tied. I. was not big etc.. etc.. 114.. The. adjectival roots,. 6g (knowing),. ja'al (liking), ogdl. (agreeing), are similarly conjugated with aho, in the Present. Past tenses. Past Affirm.. Pres. Affirm.. wa. dgahai. I. „. ja'alahai. I like. „. ogblahai. I. know agree. wa dgaha. I. knew. „. ja'alaha. I. liked. „. ogdlaha. I. agreed. and.

(87) '. LAHO. 67. Pres. Negative. ma dgi ma ja'alihi ma ogdlihi. Past Negative. I. do not know. I. do not like. I. do not agree. maan bgahain maan ja'alahain maan ogblahain. know. I. did not. I. did not like. I. did not agTee. Other tenses are formed according to the 2nd conjugation from the verbs,. ogho. know. ja'alo. like. ogdlo. agree. After adjectives ending in flexions is. a, h,. 6, the t of the. Personal in-. changed to d.. wa lugoladahai wa garadl§hdahai wa dddahai 115.. (q.v.). The verb laho. (possess), is. she. is. legless. she. is. sensible. it is. near. conjugated like aho..

(88) 68.

(89) WAH It. may. 69. also govern substantival sentences, introduced. by in. :. malihi inan ku ra'o, it is not my business to go with you. inad berrl takto bad lehdahai, you ought (have) to go to-morrow.. wan.. 117.. The verb. root. wan. is. conjugated as an irregular defective verb,. and is used as an auxiliary "cannot find.". verb, meaning,. It is only conjugated in the Present in. one tense of the Subjunctive.. "fail,". and Past. "be unable,". Indicative,. and.

(90) 70. ACCIDENCE 118.. (e). There. The Passive Voice.. no Passive Voice in the conjugation of the Somali. is. verb.. two ways. It is translated in. :. (i). by the Past Participle and the verb aho,. (ii). by the Indefinite pronoun. la,. cf. §. 113. with the 3rd pers. masc. sing,. of the Active voice of the verb.. Here la is identical in meaning and construction with the French pronoun on, and means "they," "people," "one." Examples,. wahha la yidi wahhba lagu ma lei. la. shegei. it is. falo. I. na ghobs6neya. said. nothing. is. done with. it. was told. we. shall be. caught. In neither case can the Instrument be expressed.. If required,. the Instrument must be expressed as the Subject. ninkan igu. diftei. I. was struck by. 3.. this. Derivative. man. (this. man. struck me).. Verbs.. These are, Intensive, Reflexive, Attributive, Causative, and may be formed from either nouns, adjectives, or verbs. 119.. 120.. (a). Intensive verbs express an emphatic,. intensified or. repeated action, and are formed by reduplication of the simple radical verb.. Examples, lab. These. all. belong to the 1st Conjugation..

(91) DERIVATIVE VERBS 121. or. may. -so to a. (b). These are Examples, fadl. Reflexive verbs imply doing something to or for oneself,. be passive in meaning.. noun. 71. They. or verb (words ending in all. of the. are formed by adding -o or i. 2nd Conjugation.. always take -so)..

(92) 72.

(93)

(94) ACCIDENCE. 74 Examples,. wada kena wada ghadei. fardihi. bring. la. they are. kala durka kala dufo kala goi. move. all. removed. apart, separate. stretch out. cut apart. go on. so so'o. come on. si. j&so. turn that way. turn this. si. gal. go in. so jSso so gal. si so'o. so. wada kahhai. bring. Other Adverbial Particles are ha, yan,. ma.. ma, an.. come. way. in. all. :. Negative Particles.. Interrogative Particle.. wa, ba, ya.. si. §§91, 145.. Cf.. Cf. §§ 94, 145.. Affirmative Particles.. Further idiomatic meanings of si. the ponies. all. Cf. §§. 138. — 144.. and so should be noticed. "continue" an action. means si shakhei si baro. so means. " begin " to. continue to work. continue to learn. do something, or " go and. " do.... so ardri hdlaha so Ibso. go and water the flocks. so safei. go and clean. 126.. (6). go and 'buy. for yourself. Prepositional Particles (ku, u, ka, la).. ku at, in, by means blyo galaska ku snub. of,. for. pour some water into the glass. ged bu ku hedna. he was tied to a tree. 'el. bu ku da'ei ku ghobo hadig ku hed gel bannu ku dlrirra. he. ga'anta. hold with your hand. u. on account of: taktei P. mahhad u. fell. into a well. tie. with a rope. we. fight for camels. what did you go. to (a person). sirkalki. u. Farah u. gei. tag. go to the. officer. take to Farah. for?.

(95) :. :. :. :. 75. PARTICLES. ka. from, across, concerning. mdsha ka kali mSsba ka taga ka ghob ka goi debbda ka talab muska ka bdd wanbas wabhba ka garan. come from that place go away from there pour away cut off. go across the nullah. jump I. mayo. that. together with. la. na. over the fence. understand nothing about. come with us. la ra'. wa ku. badleya. la. I. (a). s6, or. sbo. Introductory Particles.. perhaps. :. magaladu jdga so garan maysid P. perhaps he. so. mala, malaba. mala wa. is. in the. town. don't you understand. (lit.. thought). ?. probably. he has probably run away. ararei. The meaning. bal.. talking with you. Conjunctive Particles.. 2.. 127.. am. of this. is. impossible to express.. It is. used. in the following constructions,. With Imperative. (i). With the. (ii). :. bal kali. well,. bal an 6go. let. particle in, introducing. weidi bal inei fdgtabai (b). ask. come. me. look,. then. an indirect question. if it is far. Conjunctive Particles.. and (coupling two substantives) o and (coupling two clauses). -na and, also, (a suffix, usually introducing a. iyo. -se. but. (a suffix).. ama, mise, a. badi. fresh sentence). .„. I. if. J. either, or. these usually require the Subjunctive mood,. Examples,. Farab iyo aniga,. Farah and I. 6rod o s6 ghad, run and fetch it. wa adagyahai o lagu goin kari mayo,. it is. hard and cannot be. cut..

(96) ACCIDENCE. 76. adiguna mahhad ddnesa isna. wa t6gei,. dabed6dna,. and what do you want. P. ?. he too has gone.. and afterwards.. wa jdgei, ninkuse ararei, 1 was there, but the man ran am a tag am a j6g, either go or stay. ma shegtei mise ilddei P did you tell or forget?. away.. inad takto ban ddneya, I want you to go. hadu yimado, i kali, if he comes, come to me.. E.. 128.. Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions.. With the exception. last section, these parts. of the radical particles given in the. of speech are represented in Somali by. substantival expressions.. Adverbs of Quality and Manner. 129.. ain-ki. kind, sort. ainkan, ainkas. like this, like that. si-di. manner. sida, sidas, or sas si is also. so,. thus. used with an adjective, forming an abstract substantive. si. wanaksan. si. hhun. good manner. si 'ajis. Such expressions with the. bad. „. lazy. „. particle. u become. adverbial.. Examples, si. wanaksan u samei make properly 'ajis u shakheineya he is working lazily. wa si The. ad. following nouns are. commonly used. in this. way with u:.

(97) :. ADVERBS 130.. Adverbs of Time and Place. Time. :. gor-ti, kol-ki,. Place. :. mel-shi, hal-ki, hag-gi.. mar-ki, had-di, wa-tfi. b6ri-gi, gelin-ki.. Time. this time. 77.

(98) 78. ACCIDENCE 131.. of. Interrogative Adverbs.. what. sort. how ? how much why ? when ? at. side P. often. mahha u P gonna P ?. ?. long. where. how. inte P. ?. what time. how how. ainma P. ?. ?. far. ?. (cf. §. 195). hadma P Imisa gor P halkyo gonna P halke? hagge P melma inte?. 132.. P. me P. meyei. P. medei. P. Prepositions.. The simple prepositions by the Particles (cf. § 126).. (to, for,. from, with, etc.) are represented. Other prepositions are represented by Adverbial Nouns, the word governed being placed in the possessive. (cf.. This. § 201).. may. done by using the adverb alone, with the governed word following in the possessive position, as. Or the adverb. as, like. sidi na's. like a fool. gorti dagalki. at the time of battle. is. used with the possessive adjective, as. akhalka hortlsi. in front of the house. jbniad gudaheda. inside a bag. sidi. before. dibaddlsi. outside. at the time of gorti, kolki,. hortlsi. marki. beside. gestisi. around. harerodlsi. among dehhdlsi. after. dabadlsi. between,. until. hadyo. opposite. hortlsi. since. halkyo gorti. beyond on this side of. ka shish6i ka sdkei. fdgtlsi. instead of. over, on. dushlsi. for the sake of. under. hdstlsi. behind. in front of. hortlsi. within. meshlsi awadlsi damblsi gudahlsi. near to far. from. inti. agtlsi. and,. except. mahai. without. laan. be it.

(99) 133..

(100) ACCIDENCE. 80 135.. Salutations.. Nabad. Peace Beply. Greeting 1. ma nabad ba ? or. sd nabad. \. \. mlya P. i. is it. peace. ?. wa nabad. \. or. it is. nabad weiye I wa nabad ghobta. ]. ma nabad gh6botaP have you mahhad. sh6gta P. have. I. peace. peace ? a. peace. what do you nabad ban shega. I tell. peace. tell? 3. ma bariden P. are you safe. ba, barinei. ?. yes,. safe. sid6 tahai P. how. ka warran mesha ka warran. give news of yourself. 'ss. are you. ?. give news of the place. ma bukta P ma buksanesa P ma ladantahai P. are you getting better. wa ka si. I. dara 1. 2 8. are you sick. are you well. am. ?. ?. worse. The formal salutation. The colloquial, informal Corresponds to. ?. greeting,. "Good morning.". ". How. do you do. ?. ". we. are.

(101) PART. SYNTAX OF SIMPLE SENTENCES.. III.. The Structure of a Simple Sentence.. A.. Order of Words.. 1.. of a simple sentence, such as a. The usual order. 136.. or statement,. command. is. Subject.. 1.. Object.. 2.. 3.. Verb.. Examples, V.. O.. sor. na. give us fond.. si, V.. 0.. faraska korei,. nin ba libahh. Time. man. a. dilei,. has killed a. lion.. Adverbs may be placed anywhere except. 137. of. saddle the horse. l\. 0.. S.. are usually placed. «.. 0.. haddatan aurta. first.. rera,. load the camels at once. v.. faraska dakhso u so kahhai, a.. s.. markasa ninki. Adverbs. V.. a.. o.. last,. fetch the horse quickly.. v.. yidi,. then the. man. said. v.. o.. a.. s.. habarti ba habenki dambe akhalki Suldanka so ag martei, the old woman on the following night passed near the Sultan's house. a.. s.. o.. v.. 'ashodi dambe ya habarti barlyo donatei, on the following day the old woman begged alms. o.. s.. a.. v.. ninka holihlsi Burao bu gSineya, the. man. is. taking his flocks to Burao..

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