This is the published version of a chapter published in Swedish Urban Demography during Industrialization.
Citation for the original published chapter:
Brändström, A., Ericsson, T. (1995)
Social mobility and social networks. The lower middle class in late nineteenth century Sundsvall..
In: Anders Brändström and Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Swedish Urban Demography during Industrialization (pp. 251-283). Umeå: Umeå universitet
N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.
Permanent link to this version:
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132411
CROUX_OZVSNNUOMUK[[SW UK\O WSWO\OOW\RMOW\]Za
B]WN[^KUU
"912<=#<B91=><C8.91,:8%<60==:9
cdn\mod^g`dnk\moja\g\mb`mkmje`^oaj^pndibjinj^d\gi`orjm*
fdib di oc` ojri jaOpi_nq\gg _pmdiboc`n`^ji_c\gajaoc`
idi`o``ioc ^`iopmt+ Pc` kmje`^o \oo`hkon oj nop_t oc` r\t di
rcd^c _daa`m`io nj^d\g bmjpkn di Opi_nq\gg \nnj^d\o`_ ocmjpbc
h\mmd\b`) cjr oc`t äi`orjmf`_ã ocmjpbc k\mod^dk\odib \n rdo*
i`nn`n \o h\mmd\b` ^`m`hjid`n \i_ \n bj_a\oc`mn,hjoc`mn \o oc`
]dmoc ja\ijoc`ma\hdgtçn ^cdg_+ Pc`kmje`^ordgg \gnj gjjf\ooc`
nj^d\g hj]dgdot ja_daa`m`io bmjpkn di oc` kjkpg\odji \o q\mdjpn
no\b`n dioc`di_pnomd\g\i_pm]\icdnojmtjaOpi_nq\gg+ Sc`ir`
gjjf \o nj^d\g hj]dgdot) jpm kmdh` ^ji^`mi dn ijo oj h`\npm`
nj^d\g ^c\ib`n ji \ cd`m\m^cd^\g n^\g`) ]po m\oc`mgjjf \o ^RRd_P$
cX^]P[ RWP]VTb m`npgodib amjh nj^d\g i`orjmfdib) jm cjr nj^d\g
i`orjmfdib diagp`i^`_ oc` r\t di rcd^c k`jkg` ^c\ib`_ j^^p*
k\odjin+ Hdf` Fjci Cjg_ocjmk` \i_ Nj]`mo Amdfnji r` ]`gd`q`
oc\o ^g\nn dn ijo jigt diagp`i^`_ ]t kjgdod^\g jm _dn^pmndq` km\^*
od^`n) ]po ]t _`hjbm\kcd^ ^g\nn ajmh\odji+ Pcdn h`\in oc\o da\
bdq`i nj^d\g ^g\nn dn m`^mpdo`_ amjh _dq`mn` nj^d\g jmdbdin) don
^pgopm`) gda`notg`n \i_kjgdod^\g jmd`io\odjin \m`gdf`gtoj ]`am\b*
h`io`_ndi^`oc`trdggm`ag`^ooc`_dq`mb`ioajmhnjanj^d\gdu\odji
jadon _daa`m`io jmdbdin+ >po) da\ ^g\nn dn g\mb`gtn`ga*m`^mpdo`_) don
h`h]`mn rdgg c\q` hjm` pidajmh `sk`md`i^`n+ Eo rdgg g`\_ oj \
bm`\o`m _`bm`` ja _`hjbm\kcd^ ^g\nn ajmh\odji+ Pc` m`npgo rdgg
) . 1 - )
]` oc\o ]`^jhdib \ ^jc`ndq` nj^d\g \i_ kjgdod^\g ajm^` dn hjm`
gdf`gt+. Cjg_ocjmk` \mbp`n oc\o oc` cdbc _`bm`` ja_`hjbm\kcd^
^g\nn ajmh\odji rdocdi oc` Aibgdnc rjmfdib ^g\nn hdbco ]` ji`
m`\njirctdor\nnpnkd^djpnjajpond_`hd__g`*^g\nndiagp`i^`n+/
Eiocdn\mod^g`r`rdgggjjf\odio`m*\i_diom\b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdot
ajmnjh`^`iom\gnj^d\gbmjpkndi\idi_pnomd\g\i_pm]\i`iqdmjih`io+
@d_oc`t%dijpm^\n`oc`^jm`jaoc`hd__g`^g\nn&h\i\b`ojh\dio\di
oc`dm^g\nnkjndodjidi]joc_`hjbm\kcd^\i_^pgopm\go`mhnjm_d_oc`t
]`^jh`am\bh`io`__p`oj^c\ib`ndiqjf`_]tdi_pnomd\gdu\odji<S`
rdggaj^pnjioc`gj^\g`^jijhtdioc`ojrijaOpi_nq\ggdiijmoc`mi
Or`_`i_pmdiboc`n`^ji_c\gajaoc`idi`o``ioc^`iopmt+Bjmdino\i^`)
^\ir`adi_otkd^\g ähd__g`^g\nnã om\_`n \i_j^^pk\odjinoc\or`m`
^gjn`gt gdif`_) d+`+ oc\o am`lp`io j^^pk\odji\g `s^c\ib`n j^^pmm`_
]`or``ioc`h<S`m`joc`mk\monjaoc`gj^\g`^jijhtojo\ggt^gjn`_
\i_\q\dg\]g`jigtoj`s^gpndq`bmjpkn<@d_oc`n`k\oo`min^c\ib`jq`m
odh`<
Pc` \mod^g` dn k\mo ja \ km`gdhdi\mt \i\gtndn+ Eo kjdion \o njh`
h`ocj_jgjbd^\g_daad^pgod`noc\or`\m`a\^dibrdocjpmnjpm^`h\o`md\g+
Eo rdgg \gnj jigtaj^pn ji oc` hd__g` ^g\nn kjkpg\odji jaOpi_nq\gg+
Odi^`oc`hd__g`^g\nnr`ioocmjpbc^jind_`m\]g`nomp^opm\g^c\ib`n
_pmdiboc`n`^ji_c\gajaoc`idi`o``ioc^`iopmt)r`cjk`oj^\kopm`
njh`h\diom`i_noc\oj^^pmm`_dipm]\iOpi_nq\gg+Kpm\kkmj\^cdn
hjm` _`n^mdkodq` oc\i \i\gtod^\g \i_ oc` h`ocj_n oc\o r` pn` \m`
oc`m`ajm`hjm`om\_dodji\g+
9W\ZXN]M\SXW
@pmdiboc` g\no o`i t`\mn oc`m` c\n ]``i \ bmjrdib dio`m`no \hjib
cdnojmd\inajmoc`cdnojmtjaoc`hd__g`^g\nn+ Pcdn_`q`gjkh`ioc\n
]``ik\mod^pg\mgtnomjibdi^jpiomd`ngdf`C`mh\it)Bm\i^`\i_Cm`\o
>mdo\di)]po\gnjdioc`Jjm_d^^jpiomd`n+Pc`m`\m`_daa`m`iom`\njin
ajmocdndio`m`no+Pc`hjnodhkjmo\iodnoc`kjgdod^\gmjg`kg\t`_]toc`
hd__g`^g\nndiidi`o``ioc*^`iopmtApmjk`\icdnojmt+I\iti`rkjgd*
od^\g k\mod`n \kk`\m`_ di oc` \m`i\) rcd^c omd`_oj ^m`\o` \kjgdod^\g
kg\oajmhrdococ`hd__g`^g\nn)jm\k\mojaoc`hd__g`^g\nn)\ndonnj^d\g
]\n`+=ijoc`mdnoc`^gjn`m`g\odjincdk]`or``idi_pnomd\gdu\odji\i_
oc` mjg` kg\t`_ ]t _daa`m`io hd__g` ^g\nn bmjpkn+ = ocdm_ m`\nji dn
) .1.)
m`g\o`_ojlp`nodjin^ji^`midiboc`ajmh\odjijaoc`rjmfdib^g\nn\i_
oc`mjg`kg\t`_]toc`gjr`mhd__g`^g\nnjmoc`k`odo`]jpmb`jdnd`+0
Djr`q`m) ji`dhkjmo\io\nk`^o)rcd^cc\n\oom\^o`_g`nn\oo`iodji)dn
oc`mjg`janj^d\ghj]dgdotdioc`ajmh\odjijaoc`hd__g`^g\nn+1 EiOr`_`i)j^^pk\odji\g\i_nj^d\ghj]dgdotc\n]``igdoog`nop_d`_
_pmdiboc`g\noadao``it`\mn)\og`\no\hjibcdnojmd\in+Ki``skg\i\odji
dnoc\oOr`_dnccdnojmd\inc\q`opmi`_oc`dmdio`m`noamjhlp\iodo\odq`
ojlp\gdo\odq`nop_d`njanj^d\g^c\ib`+Kioc`joc`mc\i_)oc`m``sdnon
\ gjib `no\]gdnc`_ om\_dodji ja nop_tdib nj^d\g hj]dgdot) `nk`^d\ggt
\hjibnj^djgjbdnongdf`C}no\?\mgnnji\i_Nj]`moAmdfnji) \n`gn`*
rc`m`diS`no`miApmjk`\i_QO=+Pc`m`n`\m^cc\nh\digt`hkc\*
ndu`_ocm``b`i`m\g\nk`^on7oc`m`g\odjincdk]`or``idi_pnomd\gdu\odji
\i_nj^d\g hj]dgdot) oc` kjgdod^\g m`npgon janj^d\g hj]dgdot) \i_oc`
`h`mb`i^`ja`gdo`n+3EiOr`_`i)cdnojmd\inc\q`h\digt_dn^pnn`_oc`
admno\i_oc`ocdm_\nk`^on+Oop_d`njaoc`nj^d\ghj]dgdotjaoc`hd__g`
^g\nn)rcd^cdnoc`np]e`^ojajpm\mod^g`)\m`m\m`diOr`_dnccdnojmd^\g
m`n`\m^c+ Ok`^dad^ j^^pk\odji\g bmjpkn rdocdi oc` hd__g` ^g\nn c\q`
]``inop_d`_)]pog`nn\oo`iodjic\n]``ik\d_ojoc`hd__g`^g\nn\n\
rcjg`+4
= hjm` b`i`m\g _dn^pnndji ji nj^d\g hj]dgdot \i_ oc` Or`_dnc
k`odo` ]jpmb`jdnd`)oc\o dnncjkf``k`mn\i_h\no`m\modn\in) c\n]``i
^\mmd`_jpo]tPjhAmd^nnji+Ddn\mbph`iodnoc\ooc`k`odo`]jpmb`jd*
nd`r\nkmj]\]gthjm`diagp`i^`_]toc`^jin`lp`i^`njanj^d\g\i_
j^^pk\odji\g ^c\ib`n oc\i \it joc`m^g\nn di nj^d`ot+ Ij]dgdotr\n
rd_`nkm`\_ ]`or``i _daa`m`io k`odo ]jpmb`jdn j^^pk\odjin \i_ ]`*
or``ioc`k`odo`]jpmb`jdnd`\i_joc`m^g\nn`n+Bdmno)oc`m`r\n\no`\_t
nom`\hjak`jkg`hjqdibdi\i_jpojaoc`j^^pk\odjinoc\oajmh`_
oc` ^jm` ja oc` k`odo` ]jpmb`jdnd`+ I\it h\i\b`_ oj n\q` \ nh\gg
\hjpio ja^\kdo\g)rcd^c h\_`dokjnnd]g`ajmoc`hojjk`i\nh\gg
rjmfncjk jm \ m`o\dg ncjk+ Koc`mn m`opmi`_ oj oc` no\opn jar\b`
`\mi`m)jmrjmn`)dioc`r\f`ja]pndi`nna\dgpm`+O`^ji_gt)k`jkg`rcj
ji^`r`m`h\no`m\modn\in\i_jri`mnjanh\ggrjmfncjkn)hdbcog\o`m
g`\q`kmj_p^odjiajmm`o\dg) ocpn `aa`^odq`gtom\inajmhdiboc`hn`gq`n
diojncjkf``k`mn+ Pcdm_)oc`m`r`m`ocjn`rcjh\i\b`_ojdi^m`\n`
oc`dm^\kdo\g \i_`sk\i_oc`dm]pndi`nn+ Pc`nh\ggncjk bm`r]dbb`m
\i_ ]`^\h` k\mo ja \ g\mb`m ^jhkg`s ja ncjkn) \ ^c\di nojm` jm \
_`k\moh`io nojm`) jmoc` nh\gg rjmfncjk bm`r \i_ ]`^\h` \nh\gg
a\^ojmt+ Pc`n` k`jkg` jao`i g`ao oc` m`nomd^o`_ rjmg_ ja oc` k`odo`
) . 1 / )
]jpmb`jdnd` ajm oc` nj^d\g hdgd`p jaoc` ]jpmb`jdnd` kmjk`m) jm oc`
r`\goct hd__g` ^g\nn+5 Pc`n` \m` \gg `s\hkg`n jadiom\*b`i`m\odji\g
hj]dgdot) cjr j^^pk\odji\g ^c\ib`n ajm \i di_dqd_p\g ^jpg_ j^^pm
rdocdicdngda`nk\i+Djr`q`m)r`\m``lp\ggtdio`m`no`_dioc`ncdaoja
nj^d\g no\opn amjh ji` b`i`m\odji oj oc` i`so â dio`m*b`i`m\odji\g
hj]dgdot+ I\it cdnojmd\in \i_ nj^djgjbdnon \mbp` oc\o k`jkg` hjq`
hjnoam`lp`iogtQTcfTT]ej]ndioc`dmgdq`n\i_oc`m`ajm`)\^jhk\mdnji
]`or``ioc`j^^pk\odjija\a\oc`m\oji`kjdiodiodh`\i_oc`nji\o
\ijoc`mkjdiodiodh`hdnn`noc`_ti\hdnhjak`jkg`çn\^op\gej]n\i_
^g\nnhj]dgdot+ Pjnjh``so`io) jpm_`n^mdkodji\]jq`npkkjmonoc\o
qd`râam`lp`ioj^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`nj^^pmm`_rdocdioc`gda`nk\ija
\idi_dqd_p\g+Djr`q`m)\^^jm_dibojAmdfnji\i_Cjg_ocjmk`)daoc\o
_ti\hdnh kg\t`_ np^c \i dhkjmo\io mjg` ajm ^g\nn ajmh\odji) oc`
dio`m*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdotncjpg_\gnjc\q`ncjri\bm`\o`mq\md\odji)
rcd^c_j`nijon``hojc\q`]``ioc`^\n`+Pc`tnpbb`nooc\odio`m*b`*
i`m\odji\ghj]dgdotm`ag`^ooc`a\^ojmnoc\objq`mim`g\odq`hj]dgdot)jm
änj^d\gagpd_dotã \noc`to`mhdo) \i_oc\odiom\*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdot
jigtnpbb`nonoc`r\tndircd^ck`jkg`Z`odiojoc`dm^g\nngj^\odji]t
`_p^\odji\g)nj^d\g\i_^pgopm\ga\^ojmn+
CRO\X_WXPB]WN[^KUU SW\ROWSWO\OOW\R MOW\]Za
=ooc`]`bdiidibjaoc`idi`o``ioc^`iopmtOpi_nq\ggr\n\q`mtnh\gg
ojri+Oodgg)\ooc``i_jaoc` .52-n)oc`iph]`mjak`jkg`di hd__g`
^g\nnj^^pk\odjindiOpi_nq\ggr\n\]jpo02-k`mnjin\^^jm_dibojoc`
^`inpn ja oc` jg_ ?`iom\g >pm`\p ja Oo\odnod^n %P\]`ggq`mf`o&+ Pc`
]dbb`nondibg`j^^pk\odjir\nh\no`m\modn\i)ajggjr`_]tncjkf``k`m
\i_adnc`mh\i+ Pc`iph]`mjaa\^ojmtjri`mn\i_rcjg`n\g`mn) \i_
cdbc`m\i_gjr`m^dqdgn`mq\ionr\nq`mtgjr+Pc`^`inpnja.522ncjrn
oc\ooc`nj^d\gnomp^opm`jaOpi_nq\ggr\nq`mthp^cgdf`oc`om\_dodji\g
\bm\md\iojri+Ocjkf``k`mn)h\no`m\modn\in\i_adnc`mh`i_jhdi\o`_
oc`nj^d\gnomp^opm`\i_kjgdod^\g\i_`^jijhd^gda`+ Pc`\nnj^d\odjin
ajpi_`_]toc`n`nj^d\gbmjpkn_pmdiboc`.5oc\i_`\mgt.6oc^`iopmd`n
_jhdi\o`_^pgopm\ggda`+
Sdococ``h`mb`i^`jaoc`n\rhdggdi_pnomtOpi_nq\ggbm`rq`mt
m\kd_gt+>`or``i .52-\i_.56-oc`kjkpg\odjidi^m`\n`_amjh/)504
oj .0)/.2+.- Opi_nq\gg\i_donnpmmjpi_dibk\mdnc`n]`^\h`oc`hjno
) .10)
_ti\hd^\i_a\no`nobmjrdib di_pnomd\g \m`\diijmoc`miApmjk`+Pc`
dhkjmo\i^`jaoc`ojridioc\o^jio`so^\i]`dggphdi\o`_din`q`m\g
r\tn+Opi_nq\ggr\noc`admnonojkajmoc`rjmf`mn]`ajm`oc`thjq`_
apmoc`m oj oc` n\rhdggn+ Pc` i`r rjmfdib ^g\nn _dnomd^o _`h\i_`_
\^^`nn oj bjj_n \i_ n`mqd^`n) rcd^c nh\gg mpm\g k\mdnc`n ^jpg_ ijo
npkkgt+ Ki`jaoc`hjnodhkjmo\io^jin`lp`i^`nr\n)oc`m`ajm`)oc`
nomjibdi^m`\n` dioc` m`o\dg ]pndi`nn dioc`ojri+ Kg_ncjkn b\di`_
i`rgda`\i_i`rji`nr`m``no\]gdnc`_+ >`or``i .532\i_.56-oc`
iph]`mjancjkf``k`mnbm`ramjh6-oj/2/)rcd^c^jhk\m`_ojjoc`m
ojrindiOr`_`ir\n\q`mtnomjibdi^m`\n`+..Pc``sk\indjijaoc`
m`o\dgom\_`\gnj^c\ib`_oc`nj^d\g\i_b`i_`mnomp^opm`\hjibncjk*
f``k`mn+>`ajm`.532q`mta`rrjh`ir`m`]pndi`nnjri`mn)]pooc`t
njji]`^\h`\idhkjmo\io`g`h`io\hjib gj^\gncjkf``k`mn+Pc`dm
]pndi`nn`nr`m`jao`inh\gg\i_oc`t`no\]gdnc`_oc`hn`gq`n di\m`\n
rcd^com\_dodji\ggt\oom\^o`_rjh`i)`+b+ UPbWX^]+Eioc`m`o\dgom\_`
ncjknb`i`m\ggt\gnj]`^\h`hjm`nk`^d\gdu`_+
Eioc`joc`mom\_dodji\gom\_`)oc`c\i_d^m\aon)oc`_`q`gjkh`ior\n _daa`m`io+Pc`di^m`\n`jah\no`m\modn\inr\ngdhdo`_)amjh63di.532 oj ..1di.56-+-. J`q`moc`g`nn)oc`nomp^opm\g^c\ib`nr`m`j]qdjpn+
Pc`rjmfncjkn]`^\h`]dbb`m\i_oc`iph]`mja`hkgjt``ndi^m`\*
n`_) k\mod^pg\mgt \ao`m oc` _`nomp^odq`ojriadm` di .555) rc`ig\mb`
\m`\nc\_oj]`^jhkg`o`gtm`]pdgo+Pc`_daa`m`i^`]`or``i\ncjkf`*
`k`m\i_\h\no`m\modn\ir\njao`iq`mtnh\gg+I\ith\no`m\modn\in
^c\ib`_amjhoc`kmj_p^odjijabjj_nojoc`n`ggdib\i_m`k\dmdibja
di_pnomd\g kmj_p^on) `bncj`h\f`mn njg_ i`rncj`n \i_m`k\dm`_ jg_
ji`n+.0
Pc``h`mb`i^`jaoc`n\rhdggdi_pnomt\gnja\qjpm`_oc`bmjroc
jahd__g` ^g\nn j^^pk\odjin oc\o r`m` _dm`^ogtdiqjgq`_di _jh`nod^
\i_dio`mi\odji\g om\_`+ Pc` iph]`mjancdkjri`mn) ^jhhdnndji`mn
\i_ncdkkdib\b`iondi^m`\n`_+ Pc`i`rmjg`jaoc`ojri\gnj_`h\i*
_`_ \ m`jmb\idu\odji ja oc` gj^\g ^jhhpidot) rcd^c h`\io i`r
jkkjmopidod`ndigjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mj^^pk\odjin+Pc`i`rmjg`jaoc`
ojri]`^\h`^g`\m\gm`\_tdioc`hd__g`jaoc`.54-n+Sdocdioc`pkk`m
hd__g` ^g\nn) oc` kjmodji ja rcjg`n\g`mn \i_ a\^ojmt jri`mn r`io
_jri)rcdg`oc`kjmodjijacdbc`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn`hkgjt`_di
gj^\g bjq`mih`io)oc`LjnoKaad^`)oc`P`g`bm\kc?jhk\it\i_oc`
?pnojh O`mqd^` di^m`\n`_+ Djr`q`m) oc`m` r\n \gnj \i di^m`\n` ja
k`jkg`rdocnpk`mqdnjmtapi^odjinrdocdioc`n\rhdggdi_pnomt+Pc`
) . 1 1 )
n\h` o`i_`i^tr\n \gnj `qd_`io di joc`mkmdq\o` `io`mkmdn`n np^c \n
]\ifn+
U`o)oc`hjno_m\h\od^kjkpg\odji^c\ib`r\noc`di^m`\n`jagjr`m
rcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn+Eioc`hd__g`jaoc`^`iopmtOpi_nq\gg^jpio`_
jigt\a`r]jjff``k`mn`hkgjt`_]toc`ojriçnrcjg`n\g`mn) \a`r
o`\^c`mn\i_\c\i_apgja^g`mfndioc`gj^\gbjq`mih`io+Pc`di^m`\n`
jagjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn \kk`\m`_ di gj^\g \_hdidnom\odji) oc`
LjnoKaad^`) oc`P`g`bm\kc\i_oc`?pnojhO`mqd^`) \i_di_daa`m`io
kmdq\o`]pndi`nn`nnp^c\nrcjg`n\gdib)oc`n\rhdggdi_pnomt)_jh`nod^
om\_`\i_]\ifn)rc`m`oc`iph]`mjaej]n^c\m\^o`mdu`_]tmjpodi`
bm`ra\no+
CRO[X]ZMO[XP[XMSKU VXLSUS\a
Eiocdn\mod^g`r`c\q`pn`_jigtji`n`ojanjpm^`najmoc`nop_tja
nj^d\ghj]dgdotâoc`k\mdncm`bdno`mnajmoc`ojrijaOpi_nq\gg+Pc`n`
^jindnojaoc`]dmoc\i_]\kodnhm`bdno`mn)oc`hdbm\odjim`bdno`mn)oc`
m`bdno`mnajm]\iin\i_h\mmd\b`n)oc`_`\oc\i_]pmd\g m`bdno`mn) \i_
oc` pidlp` Or`_dnc ^cpm^c `s\hdi\odji m`bdno`m+ Sc`i ^jh]di`_
oc`n`njpm^`nnpkkgtpnrdoc\g\mb`q\md`otjaj^^pk\odji\godog`n)]po
oc`r\tdircd^coc`t\m`jmb\idu`_oc`t\gnj^m`\o`kmj]g`hn+E_`\ggt)
\it nop_t ja nj^d\g hj]dgdot rjpg_ ]`i`ado amjh c\qdib \^^`nn oj
j^^pk\odji\g_\o\rcd^cdnh`\npm`_\oads`_kjdiondiodh`jm)`q`i
]`oo`m)\oads`_\b`njaoc`di_dqd_p\gn+
Djr`q`m)ocdndnijoomp`rdococ`k\mdncm`bdno`mn+Pc`diajmh\odji
dioc`hdidno`md\ggdnondnnjg`gt_`k`i_`iojiqdo\g`q`ion\i_hdbm\odji+
=k`mnjirjpg_jigt\kk`\mdinp^cgdnonXUc`jmnc`hdbm\o`_)h\mmd`_)
jmb\q`]dmocoj^cdg_m`i+ Kigt\ooc`odh`janp^c`q`ionrjpg_oc`
hdidno`mc\q`\ijkkjmopidotoj äpk_\o`ãoc`j^^pk\odji\gdiajmh\*
odji+=gnj)ndi^`r`\m`rjmfdibrdoc\ndibg`k\mdnc)r`jigtb`onp^c
diajmh\odji da oc` qdo\g `q`io c\n j^^pmm`_ fXcWX] cWT_PaXbW% =gg
di_dqd_p\gnrdgg\onjh`kjdiodiodh`\kk`\mdioc`]dmocm`bdno`mn\i_
oc`_`\oc*\i_]pmd\gm`bdno`mn) ]po\b\di)r`rdgg jigtb`ooc\odiajm*
h\odjidaoc``q`ioojjfkg\^`diOpi_nq\gg+Pc`^cpm^c`s\hdi\odji
m`bdno`mdn_daa`m`io+Ojh`jadon^jio`iodnpk_\o`_\iip\ggt)]po\i`r
qjgph`dnijojk`i`_piodgoc`admnoji`dn^jhkg`o`_+Pc\oh`\inoc\o
m`bdno`mn^jpg_^jq`m\odh`nk\ijan`q`m\gt`\mn+=b\di)\itpk_\o`n
) . 1 2 )
jaj^^pk\odji\gdiajmh\odjirjpg_]`_`k`i_`iojiqdo\g`q`ion)]po
P[b^jioc`]`c\qdjpmjajoc`mn+Sc`i\k\b`dnadgg`_rdocdiajmh\odji)
k`mc\kn _p`oj oc` iph]`mja`q`ion c\kk`idibdijoc`ma\hdgd`n) \
i`rk\b`rdgg]`jk`i`_\i_\ggdi_dqd_p\gnm`rmdoo`iâ\^c\i^`ajm
j^^pk\odji\gpk_\o`n+ Ka^jpmn`) oc`n\h`ocdibc\kk`i`_rc`i\i
`iodm`gti`rqjgph`r\njk`i`_+
Pc`ojo\giph]`mjaj^^pk\odji\godog`noc\o^\i]`\nndbi`_oj\i
di_dqd_p\g rdgg ^jin`lp`iogt ]` _`k`i_`io ji oc` ojo\g iph]`m ja
_`hjbm\kcd^`q`ionoc\ooc`k`mnji`sk`md`i^`_+=gnj)oc`odhdibja
oc`n``q`ionrdggq\mt^jind_`m\]gt]`or``idi_dqd_p\gn)]joc\nojoc`
ojo\g _pm\odji ja odh` ]`or``i ]dmoc \i_ jpo*hdbm\odji,_`\oc) ]`*
or``i`q`ion)\i_oc`\b`\orcd^c`\^cjaoc`n``q`iono\f`kg\^`+Eo
\gnjdiomj_p^`n\]d\n7oc`g\mb`no\hjpiojaj^^pk\odji\gdiajmh\odji
rdgg]`\nndbi`_ojoc`di_dqd_p\gnrdochjnoqdo\g`q`ionâdijpm^\n`)
pnp\ggtoc`g`nnhdbm\ojmtkjmodjijaoc`kjkpg\odji+Bjmoc`hd__g`
^g\nndiOpi_nq\ggocdndn`nk`^d\ggtomjp]g`njh`+Eor\npnp\ggt\cdbcgt
hj]dg`bmjpk)rcd^c^\i]`dggpnom\o`_]tgjjfdib\orc\or`^jpg_
^\gg_TabXbcT]RT aPcTb \hjib di*hdbm\ion+ =hjib hd__g` ^g\nn di*hd*
bm\ion g`nnoc\i 22 k`m^`ior`m`nodggm`nd_`iondioc`ojri\ao`madq`
t`\mn ^\g^pg\o`_ amjh oc`dm `iomt dioj oc` ojri ajm oc` k`mdj_
.5-2*.536)jigt/-k`m^`io_pmdibOpi_nq\ggçnk`mdj_jaoc`hjnom\kd_
kjkpg\odjibmjroc\i_di_pnomd\gdu\odjiâ.54-*.546)\i_/2k`m^`io
_pmdibno\]dgdu\odji\i_m`^`nndji.55-*.562+.1
=ijoc`mkjnnd]g`njpm^`ajmoc`nop_tjanj^d\ghj]dgdotrjpg_]`
oc`_^[[cPgaTVXbcTab% Pc`tapgadggoc`^mdo`mdjijabdqdibj^^pk\odji\g
odog`n\oads`_kjdiondiodh`+BjmOpi_nq\gg)oc`tc\q`]``i^jhkpo`*
mdu`_ ajm `q`mt o`ioc t`\m ]`or``i .5-- \i_ .56-+ Djr`q`m) oc`t
pnp\ggtm`bdno`mj^^pk\odji\godog`najmnk`^dad^n`bh`ionjaoc`kjkpg\*
odji) otkd^\ggt c`\_n jacjpn`cjg_n jm jri`mn jakmjk`mot+ Bjmoc`
odh`]`dib)r`c\q`_`^d_`_ijoojpn`ocdnnjpm^`+
Pc`m`dn\gr\tnoc`kjnnd]dgdotjaR^\QX]X]Vj^^pk\odji\gdiajmh\*
odjiamjh]jocnjpm^`nâoc`k\mdncm`bdno`mn\i_oc`kjggo\sm`bdno`mn+
Ki` ^jpg_ \gnj di^gp_` joc`m fdi_n jah\o`md\g â cjnkdo\g m`^jm_n)
^`inpn*otk` h\o`md\g) `o^+) oj h\sdhdu` \q\dg\]g` j^^pk\odji\g diajm*
h\odji+ Djr`q`m)ocdnm\dn`nnjh`dhkjmo\ioh`ocj_jgjbd^\gdnnp`n+
=itnjpm^`^jio\didibj^^pk\odji\gdiajmh\odjim`ag`^on)dinjh`r\t
jm oc` joc`m) \ ndop\odji ja ]TV^cXPcX^] ]`or``i oc` f``k`m ja oc`
m`bdno`m\i_oc`diajmh\io+ Pcdni`bjod\odibkmj^`_pm`diqjgq`norj
) .13)
k\mod`nrdoc_daa`m`iokjr`mnjadiagp`i^`+Pc\okjr`m)jmi`bjod\odib
nom`iboc)rdggq\mtamjhndop\odjiojndop\odji\i_amjhodh`ojodh`+
Eiji`ndop\odjioc`diajmh\io^\ikmj]\]gt^jiomjgoc`kmj^`_pm`\i_
ndhkgto`gg oc` m`^jm_f``k`mrc\oodog`oj `io`mrdocjpo c\qdiboj
npkkjmocdnjmc`m^g\dhrdocapmoc`m`qd_`i^`+ Ei\ijoc`mndop\odji
oc` m`^jm_ f``k`m hdbco `io`m \ odog` rdocjpo `q`m ^jiamjiodiboc`
diajmh\io+
>thdsdib_daa`m`ionjpm^`nrdocj^^pk\odji\gdiajmh\odjir`\gnj
hds j^^pk\odjin m`^jm_`_di _daa`m`iondop\odjin jai`bjod\odji+ S`
hdbco]`o`hko`_ojocdifoc\or`c\q`PSSTSdiajmh\odjijaoc`n\h`
fdi_+ Eino`\_) r` c\q` \__`_diajmh\odji jaP]^cWTaZX]S% Pc\o di*
ajmh\odjihdbco ]`q`mtpn`apg_`k`i_dibjioc`lp`nodjinoc\or`
\m` omtdib oj \inr`m) ]po ajm nop_tdib nj^d\g hj]dgdot do ^\iijo ]`
om`\o`_\nepnodi^m`\ndiboc`iph]`mjakjdionrc`m`r`h`\npm`oc`
nj^d\g kjndodji+ =gnj) do ^\iijo ]` om`\o`_ \n npk`mdjm diajmh\odji+
Sc\odnoj]`m`b\m_`_\n\ä^jmm`^oãj^^pk\odji\godog`diji`^jio`so)
hdbco]`m`b\m_`_di\ojo\ggt_daa`m`ior\tdi\ijoc`mnj^d\g^jio`so+
Eiji`ndop\odjidohdbco]`n\odna\^ojmt)`doc`mojoc`di_dqd_p\gjmoc`
m`^jm_f``k`m)oj]`m`^jm_`_\n\bW^_ZTT_Ta%Eijoc`m^dm^phno\i^`n)
\hjm`r`gg*_`adi`_odog` dn m`b\m_`_\n i`^`nn\mt) ajmdino\i^`oj ]`
^\gg`_\Va^RTa%Pc`dhkjmo\ioocdibdnoc\odaoc`t^jh`amjh_daa`m`io
njpm^`njmndop\odjinjai`bjod\odji)oc`t^\iijo]`pn`_ajm^c\ibdib
oc`nj^d\gnom\odad^\odjijaoc`di_dqd_p\g+J\opm\ggt)r`^\i\gnj`sk`^o
ojadi__daa`m`iondop\odjinjai`bjod\odjirc`ir`_`\grdococ`bP\T
ZX]Sjanjpm^` h\o`md\g+ Pc` kmjg`o\md\i dn g`nn gdf`gtoj ]` \]g` oj
\^odq`gt diagp`i^` oc` diajmh\odji `io`m`_ ]t oc` m`^jm_ f``k`m di
^jhk\mdnjirdococ`h\no`m\modn\i+
=^gjn`mgjjf\ooc`^RRd_PcX^]P[[P]VdPVT\i_cjrdodn^ji^`dq`_
di_daa`m`iondop\odjinrjpg_]`\q`mtdio`m`nodibojkd^ajm\itnop_t
janj^d\ghj]dgdot+Djr_j`n\idi_dqd_p\g^cjjn`oj_`n^md]`cdhn`ga
di_daa`m`ionj^d\g^jio`son<Sc\odhk\^ordggoc\oc\q`jijpm_`n^mdk*
odjinjaoc`nj^d\gnom\odad^\odjirdocdi\nj^d`ot<Pc`n`\m`dhkjmo\io
lp`nodjin)]pooc`trdggijo]`oc`kmdh\mtji`najmocdn\mod^g`+
=h\ejmkmj]g`hdinop_tdibnj^d\ghj]dgdot\i_oc`hd__g`^g\nn
dnoc`rd_`m\ib`jaj^^pk\odjinoc\o^jpg_]`STUX]TS\nhd__g`^g\nn
j^^pk\odjin+Pc`j^^pk\odjinjaoc`k`odo`]jpmb`jdnd`)oc`ncjkf``*
k`mn) oc` h\no`m \modn\in \i_ joc`m nh\gg `iom`km`i`pmn ajmh ji`
dhkjmo\iok\mojaoc`nomp^opm`jaoc`hd__g`^g\nn+=ijoc`mk\modnoc`
) .14)
`h`mbdibj^^pk\odji\g^g\nnjarcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mndikmdq\o``hkgjt*
h`io \i_oc`^dqdgn`mqd^`+ Pc` ]pm`\p^m\odu\odjijaoc`kmdq\o`\i_
^dqdgn`^ojm^m`\o`_ocjpn\i_njai`rej]najm^g`mfn+Bjmh\itjaoc`h
gdqdib^ji_dodjin_d_ijo_daa`mq`mthp^camjhoc`rjmfdib^g\nn)]po
oc`dmnj^d\gno\opn_d_+Pc`dmej]nr`m`ijo\P]dP[[PQ^da%Kioc`joc`m
`som`h`) cjrncjpg_r`om`\ooc` pkk`m`^c`gjin janj^d`ot) `b]db
^\kdo\g jri`mn\i_kmja`nndji\gnrdoc\i \^\_`hd^]\^fbmjpi_)gdf`
kctnd^d\in<
Ei jpm _dn^pnndji r` c\q` _`adi`_oc` hd__g` ^g\nn ]joc amjh \
nj^d\g \i_ \i `^jijhd^ kjdio ja qd`r \i_ amjh don nk`^dad^ ^g\nn
^jin^djpni`nn+Pc`_daa`m`ionj^d\gbmjpkn)rcd^c\m`di^gp_`_dijpm
ijodjiäoc`hd__g`^g\nnãn`k\m\o`_oc`hamjhjoc`m^g\nn`ndinj^d`ot)
]joc nj^d\ggt \i_ `^jijhd^\ggt+ Pc`m`ajm`) r` c\q` ijo di^gp_`_
j^^pk\odjinjmnj^d\gbmjpknrcd^c\m`ijmh\ggt\nnj^d\o`_rdococ`
rjmfdib^g\nnjmocjn`\]jq`) ijmh\ggtm`b\m_`_\noc`pkk`m]jpm*
b`jdnd`)np^c\na\^ojmtjri`mn)rcjg`n\g`mn\i_\^\_`hd^n+Pc`^g\nn
^jin^djpni`nndnijok\mod^pg\mgtkmjijpi^`_diocdn\mod^g`+Djr`q`m)
r`]`gd`q`oc\orc`ir`nop_tnj^d\gi`orjmfdibhjm`^gjn`gtg\o`m
di jpmkmje`^or`rdgg adi_oc\o j^^pk\odji\g äagjrnãrdgg kmj]\]gt
ajggjr^`mo\di^pgopm\g\i_h`io\gk\ocn+Op^cadi_dibnrdgghjnogdf`gt
ajm^`pnojm`^jind_`mjpm^g\nndad^\odji+
Eiocdn\mod^g`r`c\q`^ji^`iom\o`_jpm\oo`iodjijiocm``h\ejm
bmjpkn7 .&ncjkf``k`mn) /&h\no`m\modn\in\i_ 0&gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\m
rjmf`mn+Pc`kjkpg\odji\omdnf^jindnonja\ggh\g`n\]jq`\b`adao``i)
m`nd_`iodioc`ojrijaOpi_nq\gg)d+`+oc`tc\q`]``i`io`m`_diojoc`
^cpm^c `s\hdi\odjim`bdno`m\onjh`kjdiodiodh`+ =gnj) oc`thpno
c\q`]``i]jmi\ao`m.51-)ndi^`r`g\^f\ggjoc`mk\mdncm`bdno`mn`s^`ko
oc`^cpm^c`s\hdi\odjim`bdno`mndiOpi_nq\gg]`ajm`.53-%\m`npgoja
oc` ojri adm` ja .555&+ Kpm kjkpg\odji \o mdnf ^jindnon ja 1).1-
di_dqd_p\gn+
Eijpmkmje`^o)r`c\q`omd`_oj h\sdhdu`oc`iph]`mjakjdion
rc`i\^c\ib`dij^^pk\odji\godog`n^\i]`\oomd]po`_oj\idi_dqd_p\g+
Bjm`\^ck`mnji)r`c\q`m`^jm_`_a\oc`mnçj^^pk\odji\ooc`odh`ja
]dmoc)oc`admnoj^^pk\odji\godog`ja\idi_dqd_p\g\nc`jmnc`g`\q`noc`
cjpn`cjg_%_`adi`_c`m`\nrc`ioc`di_dqd_p\g\kk`\mnji\_daa`m`io
k\b`oc\ioc`jmdbdi\ga\hdgtdioc`^cpm^c`s\hdi\odjim`bdno`m&)\gg
odog`n _pmdiboc` admno ajpmdi*jmjpo hdbm\odjin oj,amjh oc`k\mdnc)
j^^pk\odjin\o\ggh\mmd\b`n)\ooc`]dmocnjaoc`admnoajpm^cdg_m`i)\o
) . 1 5 )
`\^codh`\i`r^cpm^c`s\hdi\odjim`bdno`mdnjk`i`_)\i_\o_`\oc
jm\ooc`g\noj]n`mq\odjidioc`k\mdnc+Pc`g\noj]n`mq`_j^^pk\odji
ja\idi_dqd_p\gdnpnp\ggt`lpdq\g`iordococ`cdbc`nonj^d\gkjndodji
ji \ cd`m\m^cd^\g n^\g`) pig`nnr` aj^pn \oo`iodji jitjpib jpo*hd*
bm\ion+Ei\ghjno62k`m^`ioja\gg^\n`noc`g\noj^^pk\odji\gnjm`^jm_n
oc` cdbc`nonj^d\gkjndodjidiOpi_nq\gg+ Djr`q`m) diocdn\mod^g`r`
c\q`jigtpn`_orjkjdiondiodh`ajmh`\npmdibnj^d\g\i_j^^pk\odj*
i\g^c\ib`n+Bjmdio`m*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdotr`c\q`pn`_oc`j^^pk\*
odji jaoc` a\oc`m \kkmjsdh\o`gt \o oc` odh` rc`i oc` nji g`ao oc`
cjpn`cjg_\i_oc`njiçn]`noj^^pk\odji+Bjmdiom\*b`i`m\odji\ghj*
]dgdotr`c\q`pn`_oc`k`mnjinadmnojrij^^pk\odji\ao`mg`\qdiboc`
cjpn`cjg_jaoc` k\m`ion \i_cdn ]`no j^^pk\odji+ Pc` hd__g` ^g\nn
kjkpg\odji c\n ]``i _`adi`_pndiboc`n\h`orjkjdion jah`\npm`*
h`io+.2Pc`admno_`adi`_kjkpg\odjirdgg]`pn`_ojaj^pnjioc`^\m``m
jak`mnjin ]jmioj hd__g`^g\nnk\m`ion) oc`n`^ji_kjkpg\odjirdgg
o\^fg`oc`lp`nodjija^\m``m)jmm`^mpdoh`iohj]dgdotrdocdihd__g`
^g\nndiOpi_nq\gg+
O`q`m\g h`ocj_jgjbd^\g ^jind_`m\odjin \mdn` rc`i r` pn` oc`n`
njpm^`n)]`nd_`noc`a\^ooc\ooc`t\m``q`iojmd`io`_+Pc`hjnoj]qdjpn
\m`oc`orj h\dimjg`nkg\t`_]t\XVaPcX^]%Bdmno) hdbm\odjih`\in
oc\or`gjn`dhkjmo\iodiajmh\odji7r`^\ijigtj]n`mq`oc`di_dqd*
_p\gnrcdg`oc`t\m`m`nd_`iodioc`ojrijaOpi_nq\gg+Pc`ompi^\odji
ja_\o\dn`nk`^d\ggtn`q`m`rc`ir`gjjf\o dio`m*b`i`m\odji\ghj]d*
gdot+ Pc`^\n`nrc`m`]jococ`a\oc`mçnP]Soc`njiçnj^^pk\odji\m`
\q\dg\]g`j^^pmdijigt02/^\n`njpoja\kjnnd]g`1).1-+Idbm\odji\gnj
kjn`nkmj]g`hnajmnop_tdibdiom\*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdot+
) . 2 , )
IPQ[T(% IX\T^U^QbTaePcX^]U^acWT\XSS[TR[Pbb_^_d[PcX^]^UHd]Sb$
eP[[#P__a^gX\PcT[h(/-'$(/0,+
T[Whi K[hY[djh[cW_d_d]
8- -,,*,,
-)0 35*3,
1)5 00*/,
-,)-5 .-*3,
.,).5 0*.,
/,)/5 ,*1,
: 0 , ,*,3
P\]g` . _dnkg\tn oc` odh` _pmdibrcd^coc`kjkpg\odjidn pi_`m
j]n`mq\odji+=ghjno\adaocja\ggdi_dqd_p\gnnk`iog`nnoc\i\t`\mdi
oc`k\mdnc)h`\npm`_\noc`_dno\i^`]`or``ioc`dmadmno\i_oc`dmg\no
m`^jm_`_ j^^pk\odji+ Bjm j]qdjpn m`\njin oc`dm ^c\i^`n ja nj^d\g
\_q\i^`h`iorcd^cr`^\ij]n`mq`rdgg]`lpdo`_daa`m`ioamjhocjn`
rcjno\t`_ajm\i`so`i_`_k`mdj_+Pc`kmj]g`h^\i\gnj]`_`n^md]`_
di\ijoc`mr\t7oc`iph]`mjaj^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`ndijpmh\o`md\g
c\n]``ih`\npm`_pndibP[[PePX[PQ[Tj^^pk\odji\gdiajmh\odjidioc`
k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+ S` c\q` oc`i pn`_ ocdn ^jhkdg`_ diajmh\odji oj
^\g^pg\o` oc` iph]`mjacadT^c\ib`n di j^^pk\odji\g odog`n ajm`\^c
di_dqd_p\g+Pc`]js*kgjodiBdbpm`.]`gjr_dnkg\tnoc`_dnomd]podjija
oc`n`j^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`ndim`g\odjiojoc`ojo\godh`oc\ooc`tc\q`
]``ikjnnd]g`ojj]n`mq`dioc`ojri+
Pc`kd^opm`diBdbpm` . dnlpdo`^g`\m7Ijnoj^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`n
j^^pm\hjibocjn`oc\or`^\ij]n`mq`ajm\i`so`i_`_k`mdj_+ =i
\q`m\b`jaorjomp`j^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`nc\kk`injigtojdi_dqd_p\gn
rcjnk`i_\og`\noo`it`\mnjmhjm`dioc`k\mdnc+ Ka^jpmn`)oc`m`
\m`ocjn``som`h`noc\oc\q`pkojadq`jmnds^c\ib`nocjpbcm`h\didib
dioc`ojriajm\q`mtncjmoodh`+S`^\i\gnjj]n`mq`amjhoc`adbpm`
oc\ooc`h\sdhphiph]`mja^c\ib`n\hjibjpmhd__g`^g\nnkjkp*
g\odjidno`iomp`^c\ib`n+Bjmjpmnop_tjadiom\*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdot
r`c\q`m`nomd^o`_oc`\i\gtndnojocjn`oc\onk`i_adq`t`\mnjmhjm`
diOpi_nq\gg+ Pc`ompi^\odjijadiajmh\odjiocmjpbchdbm\odjirdgg
\gnj]d\noc`kjkpg\odji\omdnf+Ojinrcd^c\gm`\_tc\q`oc`dmhd__g`
) . 2 - )
^g\nn a\oc`mn di oc` ojri) ]`gjib oj oc` iji*hdbm\ojmt k\mo jaoc`
kjkpg\odji+Op^ck`mnjinhpnoc\q`c\_]`oo`m^c\i^`noj]`\]g`oj
ajggjrdioc`n\h`om\_`\noc`dma\oc`mnocmjpbcdic`mdo\i^`\i_oc`
\q\dg\]dgdotja\i`no\]gdnc`_nj^d\gi`orjmf+Eodnq`mtgdf`gtoc\ooc`
j^^pk\odji\g^\m``mnjaoc`di*hdbm\ionr`m`lpdo`_daa`m`io+
<XVdaT(%Dd\QTa^ U^RRd_PcX^]P[RWP]VTbP]ScX\T^U^QbTaePcX^]X]
Hd]SbeP[[(/+'$(/0,+
./ *
. -*
J 4 )
/9
05. /20
02/ 352
<O[[\RKW % aOKZ )!-aOKZ[ &$!&-aOKZ[ =XZO\RKW ($aOKZ[
%!(aOKZ[ %$!%-aOKZ[ '$!'- aOKZ[
O_c[ X[jm [[d \_hijWdZ bWij eYYkfWj_ed
Pc`r\tdircd^chdbm\odjiompi^\o`noc`kjkpg\odji\omdnf_j`n
ijoq\mtojjhp^crdocnj^d\g^g\nn%Bdbpm`/&+Ocjkf``k`mn\i_h\no`m
\modn\indiOpi_nq\gg\m`hjm`no\]g`oc\igjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn
=kkmjsdh\o`gt42k`m^`iojaoc`h\no`m\modn\inm`h\di`_dioc`ojri
\ao`m 6 t`\mn+ Pc` ^jmm`nkji_dib adbpm` ajm oc` gjr`m rcdo` ^jgg\m
rjmf`mndn \kkmjsdh\o`gt22k`m^`io+ .3
) .2.)
L`m^`iom`h\didib
<XVdaT)%H^RXP[R[PbbP]Scad]RPcX^]cWa^dVW\XVaPcX^]P]SSTPcW%
9j )j?\ROZMUK[[O[ j !Gj <X_OZ_RS\OMXUUKZ j p j BRXYTOOYOZ[ =K[\OZKZ\S[KW[ b
.--+-- 5,*,,
; +- - * X
3,*,, * X X
2,*,, *
1,*,, * *
0,*,, *
/,*,, *
.,*,, * . - + - - *
,*,,
8- -)0 1)5 -,)-5 .,).5 /,)/5 :0,
4+)1 4+)12 4+)12 4+)12 4+)12 4+)12 4+)12
U`\mndik\mdnc
).2/)
CROZO[]U\[
Eijpmnop_tjaOpi_nq\ggr`c\q`di^gp_`_`q`mtdic\]do\iogdqdibdi
oc`ojri\ao`m.53-\]jq`\b`.2rcj]`gjib`_ojoc`hd__g`^g\nn)\
ojo\gja1).1-+=nr`n\d_`\mgd`mr` ^ji^`iom\o`_jpm\i\gtndnojocm``
h\ejmj^^pk\odji\g bmjpkn .& ncjkf``k`mn /& h\no`m\modn\in \i_0&
gjr`m rcdo`*^jgg\m rjmf`mn+ Pc` ajggjrdib P\]g` / bdq`n oc` ojo\g
iph]`m\i_k`m^`io\b`di`\^c^\o`bjmt+
IPQ[T/+CXSS[TR[Pbb^RRd_PcX^]bX]Hd]SbeP[[)P__a^gX\PcT[h
(/-'$(/0'
JYYkfWj_ed I !
Gem[hm^_j[)YebbWhmeha[hi -(1.4 /2*5
N^efa[[f[hi 132 -/*5
HWij[hWhj_iWdi .(,/2 05*.
OejWb 0(-0, -,,*,
9W\OZ!QOWOZK\SXWKUVXLSUS\a
Ear`no\mo]tgjjfdib\odio`m*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdot)oc\oamjha\oc`m
ojnji)r`c\q`h`\npm`_oc`njiçnnj^d\g]`gjibdib]tpndibcdng\no
m`^jm_`_ j^^pk\odji %Bdbpm` 0 \*^ ]`gjr&+ S` c\q` ^c`^f`_ oc`
h\o`md\g\i_dihjm`oc\i62k`m^`ioja\gg^\n`noc`g\noj^^pk\odjidn
\gnj oc` cdbc`no ji \ cd`m\m^cd^\g n^\g`+ Ea r` gjjf \o oc` njin ja
ncjkf``k`mnjigt ./+6k`m^`ioh\i\b`_ojdic`mdojmjk`i\ncjkja
oc`dm jri+ Pcdn dn c\m_gt npmkmdndib) ndi^` m`o\dgdib r\n ijmh\ggt
^jind_`m`_\n\q`mtdin`^pm`]pndi`nn+/2+5k`m^`io`sk`md`i^`__jri*
r\m_nj^d\g hj]dgdot) ]po \n h\it\05+4k`m^`io h\i\b`_oj \qjd_
) . 2 0 )
nj^d\g_`bm\_\odji]topmidibojoc``sk\i_dibn`^ojmjagjr`mrcdo`*
^jgg\m`hkgjth`io+Pcdndn\kd^opm`oc\o`h`mb`ndihjnoApmjk`\i
nj^d`od`n\ooc``i_jaoc`idi`o``ioc^`iopmt+.4 Kigt./+6k`m^`ioja
oc`njin jancjkf``k`mn ]`^\h`h\no`m\modn\in) pnp\ggto\fdibpk\
om\_` rdocdi oc` c\i_d^m\aon di njh` r\t m`g\o`_ oj oc` a\oc`mçn
m`o\dgdib]pndi`nn+J\opm\ggt)oc`\b`\orcd^coc`njija\ncjkf``k`m
^jpg_jk`ijmdic`mdo\ncjkkg\t`_\idhkjmo\iomjg`+Eac`dic`mdo`_
cdna\oc`mçnncjk)dopnp\ggth`\iooc\oc`c\_ojr\doajmn`q`m\gt`\mn
piodgcdna\oc`mm`odm`_jm_d`_+ D`^jpg_\gnj ^cjjn`ijoojr\donj
gjib\i_hdbm\o`) jk`ipk `doc`m\ncjk jacdnjrircd^cr\n ijo
m`g\o`_ojcdna\oc`mçn]pndi`nn)jm^c\ib`oj\ijoc`mj^^pk\odji+Pc`
admno\i_oc`ocdm_nom\o`btr`m`pnp\ggtoc`^\n`diOpi_nq\gg+Pc`h`\i
\b`\orcd^c\nji]`^\h`\ncjkf``k`mr\nq`mtcdbcâ/6+6t`\mn+
Pc`n`m`npgonnpkkjmooc`\i\gtn`njardoi`nn`n\o]\kodnhnç\hjib
ncjkf``k`mn+Hdf`ijjoc`mhd__g`*^g\nnbmjpkoc`ncjkf``k`mno`i_`_
ojdiqdo`k`jkg`\nrdoi`nn`namjhoc`cdbc`no`^c`gjindiOpi_nq\gg)
d+`+\]jq`oc`dmjri^g\nn+Pcdnr\nkmj]\]gt\nom\o`bd^^cjd^`]`^\pn`
diodh`n ja`^jijhd^^mdndn dor\n\bm`\onj^d\g\nn`oojc\q`amd`i_n
rcj^jpg_bdq`njh``^jijhd^npkkjmo\i_^jiomd]po`ojej]jkkjm*
opidod`n+.5
=hjiboc`njin jah\no`m\modn\in 0.+6k`m^`io`i_`_pk dioc`
n\h`]pndi`nn\noc`dma\oc`m)jm\og`\noh\i\b`_oj]`^jh`\ejpmi`t*
h\iâ5+1k`m^`io+ Pcdndn\a\hdgd\mkd^opm`rcd^cr`adi_dihjno
nop_d`njah\no`m\modn\in+Eor\n`nk`^d\ggtndbidad^\iodikm`*di_pnomd\g
nj^d`ot) m`ag`^odib oc` kjr`m ja oc` om\_dodji\g bpdg_ ntno`h+.6 Ei
Opi_nq\ggnjinjah\no`m\modn\in^jhhjigtajggjr`_dioc`dma\oc`mnç
ajjono`kn) ]po oc`t _d_ ijo i`^`nn\mdgt ^jiodip` rdoc oc` b_TRXUXR
j^^pk\odjioc\ooc`dma\oc`mnc\_c\_+Eino`\_)oc`tjao`i^cjn`\ijoc`m
]m\i^c rdocdi oc` c\i_d^m\aon+ Ea oc`t ^jpg_ ijo h\f` do di oc`
c\i_d^m\aon)oc`tpn`_oc`n\h`nom\o`bt\noc`ncjkf``k`mn+Ijm`oc\i
\adaoc%//+4k`m^`io&]`^\h`gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn+Pc`om\_dodj*
i\gc\i_d^m\aon]`^\h`\q`mtqpgi`m\]g``^jijhd^n`^ojm_pmdiboc`
g\o`idi`o``ioc^`iopmt+ Pc`\]jgdodjijaoc`bpdg_ntno`h\i_m\kd_
di_pnomd\gdu\odji h\_` do q`mt _daad^pgo oj ^jiomjg oc` ndop\odji \i_
\modn\in ajpi_oc`hn`gq`n c\qdiboj ^jhk`o` ji \i äjk`iã h\mf`o+
=ghjno \ ocdm_ %/6+1 k`m^`io& ja oc` njin ja oc` h\no`m \modn\in
`sk`md`i^`_\_jrir\m_nj^d\ghj]dgdotdiojoc`rjmfdib^g\nnkjkp*
g\odji+ Eic`mdo\i^` kmj]\]gt kg\t`_ \ g`nn`m mjg` di oc` ^c\i^`n ja
) . 2 1 )
]`^jhdib\h\no`m\modn\i+Ki`^jpg_jk`ipk\]pndi`nnjaji`çnjri
rdocjpoc\qdibojr\doajmoc`a\oc`mçnm`odm`h`iojm_`\oc)rcd^cdn
npbb`no`_]toc`gjr`mh`\i\b`\oadmnoj^^pk\odji\godog`â/3+1t`\mn+
Oodgg)ji`c\_oj]`a\dmgth\opm`oj]`^jh`\h\no`m\modn\i)ndi^`nfdgg
kg\t`_\idhkjmo\iomjg`+=k`mnjic\_ojg`\mi\nk`^dad^om\_`]`ajm`
c`^jpg_no\mocdnjri]pndi`nn)]podi^jhk\mdnjirdococ`ncjkf``*
k`mn) oc` h\no`m \modn\in ^jpg_ nodgg `no\]gdnc oc`hn`gq`n hjm` oc\i
ocm``t`\mn`\mgd`mdigda`+
<XVdaT*P$R%?]cTa$VT]TaPcX^]P[\^QX[XchX]Hd]SbeP[[+<a^\UPcWTac^
b^]+ BRXYTOOYOZ[
=K[\OZKZ\S[KW[
-.+5 "
7S[ROZVOW / +. "
?\ROZMUK[[O[
. 1 +4 "
BRXYTOOYOZ[
-.+5 "
7KM\XZa X_WOZ[
2 +1"
<X_OZ_RS\O MXUUKZ
/ 4 +3"[[[[[[[[[[[
) . 2 2 )
:X]ZWOaVOW O\M
,"(
?\ROZMUK[[O[
&-"(
=K[\OZKZ\S[KW[
' % "-+i
7KM\XZa X_WOZ[
%!!
BRSYVK[\OZ[
%"+ <X_OZ_RS\O MXUUKZ
&&"+f#/
BRXYTOOYOZ[
("&
<X_OZ!_RS\OMXUUKZ
:X]ZWOaVOW O\M
.-*5!
=K[\OZ KZ\S[KW[
S"%
?\ROZMUK[[O[
&("'
7KM\XZaX_WOZ[
5*.!
<X_OZ_RS\O MXUUKZ
('"& JJJJJJJJJJJ
) . 2 3 )
Ear`opmijpm\oo`iodjiojoc`gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn)r`adi_
oc\odor\n\gnjq`mt^jhhjiajmoc`hoj^jiodip`dioc`n\h`n`^ojm
jaoc``^jijht\noc`dma\oc`mn+=nh\it\n10+/k`m^`iom`^jm_`_oc`dm
]`noj^^pk\odjirdocdioc`n\h`m\ifn+Ojh`jaoc`h\gnjh\i\b`_oj
`no\]gdnc \ nh\gg ncjk ja oc`dm jri â 2+1 k`m^`io â jm `no\]gdnc
oc`hn`gq`ndioc`c\i_d^m\aonâ5+.k`m^`io+Fpnogdf`oc`ncjkf``k`mn
\ghjno\ajpmoc%/1+0k`m^`io&`i_`_pkdirjmfdib^g\nnj^^pk\odjin)
]pooc`jq`m\ggndop\odjir\nhp^chjm`a\qjpm\]g`ndi^`njinjagjr`m
rcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mnc\_bm`\o`mjkkjmopidod`noj^gdh]jioc`nj^d\g
g\__`m+ Pc`h`\i\b`\oadmnoj^^pk\odjiâ/2+.t`\mnâ\gnjm`ag`^on
oc`a\^ooc\ooc`gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn^jpg_adi_`hkgjth`io
_`nkdo`oc`dma\oc`mnçgda`*^jpmn`+J\opm\ggt)oc`nj^d\gi`orjmfjaoc`
k\m`ionkg\t`_\idhkjmo\iomjg`)]pooc`t_d_ijodi\itr\tc\q`oj
np^^``_oc`dma\oc`mn\o^`mo\dikjndodjindigj^\gnj^d`ot+ Eoh`\iooc\o
oc`gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn^jpg_`sk`md`i^`\hp^cgjib`mj^^p*
k\odji\g^\m``moc\incjkf``k`mn\i_h\no`m\modn\in+Eojao`im`npgo`_
di `s^`gg`io jkkjmopidod`n ajm nj^d\g \_q\i^`h`io rdocdi oc` gj^\g
]pm`\p^m\^t â i`\mgt ji` di o`i %5+. k`m^`io& ]`^\h` cdbc`m ^dqdg
n`mq\ion+
S`^\i_m\r\idhkjmo\iob`i`m\g^ji^gpndjiamjhBdbpm`n0\*^+
Pc`ocm``gjr`mhd__g`^g\nnbmjpkndiOpi_nq\ggr`m`q`mtnp^^`nnapg
di h\dio\didib oc`dm nj^d\g kjndodjin ]`or``i b`i`m\odjin+ Ei4-*42
k`m^`ioja\gg^\n`noc`njinjagjr`mhd__g`^g\nna\oc`mnh\i\b`_oj
m`h\didioc`n\h`^g\nn+Eiocdnm`nk`^o)oc`ndop\odjidiOpi_nq\ggr\n
^c\m\^o`mdu`_]t\cdbc_`bm``jabcPQX[Xch%
=ijoc`mr\tjagjjfdib\odio`m*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdotdn]taj^pn*
ndibjigtjioc`caPSTbdiOpi_nq\gg+Qndibnp^c\i\kkmj\^c)^g\nndn
jigth`\npm`_ocmjpbcoc`]`gjibdiboj\^`mo\di`^jijhd^nkc`m`di
gj^\gnj^d`ot) _`nkdo`änj^d\gno\opnãjmcd`m\m^ct+ Pc`^j_`njaj^^p*
k\odjin\ooc`@`hjbm\kcd^@\o\>\n`\ggjrpnoj_dqd_`oc`odog`ndioj
_daa`m`ioom\_`njm`^jijhd^n`^ojmn+1._daa`m`ioom\_`n\m`m`^jbidu`_)
\i_ 1 _daa`m`io pink`^dad`_ bmjpkn+ Ei ocdn \mod^g` oc`t c\q` ]``i
^jgg\kn`_diojn`q`in`^ojmn7<Pa\X]VP]SU^aTbcah#X]SdbcahP]SRaPUcb#
caPST#caP]b_^acP]SR^\\d]XRPcX^]b#_dQ[XRbTaeXRTb#_aXePcTbTaeXRTb#\i_
d]b_TRXUXTSom\_`n+Pc`kpmkjn`jajpmnop_tdnojdiq`nodb\o`rc`oc`m
^`mo\diom\_`n\m`^jii`^o`_dinjh`r\t)d+`+rc`oc`mdio`m*b`i`m\odj*
i\ghj]dgdotajggjrn^`mo\dik\ocn)_`nkdo`nj^d\gno\opn+Bjmdino\i^`)
daoc`a\oc`mdn`hkgjt`_dioc`kmdq\o`n`mqd^`n)_j`ncdnnjiadi_cdn
) . 2 4 )
ajmopi`dioc`n\h`n`^ojmjanj^d`ot)`q`idac`hpno]`^jio`iordoc
\hp^cgjr`mb^RXP[kjndodji<Pc\orcd^coc`cdnojmd\ihdbco^jind_`m
\n_jrir\m_nnj^d\ghj]dgdotjmij hj]dgdot\o\ggji\cd`m\m^cd^\g
n^\g`)hdbcoq`mtr`ggc\q`]``ik`m^`dq`_\n\bm`\ojkkjmopidotdi
^jio`hkjm\mtnj^d`ot+ Pj ]` \]g`oj c\q`tjpmnji `hkgjt`_ ]t\
ncjkf``k`m \n \i \nndno\io) ^jpg_ kjdio oj \ apopm` rc`m` c` ^jpg_
`no\]gdnc\ncjkjacdnjri+ Pc`dhkjmo\ioocdibr\nojb`ooc`nji
diomj_p^`_diojoc`m`\ghjancjkf``k`mn+
=oocdnkjdio)oc`\mod^g`c\njigt_`\gordococ`j^^pk\odjinjaoc`
a\oc`mn \i_ oc`dm njin+ Djr`q`m) oj b`o \ ^g`\m`m kd^opm` ja oc`n`
äj^^pk\odji\gi`orjmfnã)\i_oc`gdifn]`or``ioc`h\i_oc`j^^pk\*
odji\g^\m``m\i_nom\o`bd`njaoc`gjr`mhd__g`^g\nn)r`rdggnjji\gnj
]`\]g`ojdi^jmkjm\o`oc`j^^pk\odji\gdiajmh\odjiamjhrdoi`nn`n\o
]\kodnh\i_h\mdo\gdiajmh\odji)d+`+rdoi`nn`nkm`n`io_pmdiboc`\^o
jah\mmd\b`\i_oc`nj^d\g]\^fbmjpi_jaoc`nkjpn`n+Pc`ajggjrdib
\i\gtndndnoc`m`ajm`q`mtdi^jhkg`o`)]ponodggr`ocdifoc\odom`q`\gn
njh`dio`m`nodibnomp^opm`n+
P\]g`0_`n^md]`noc`om\_`gdifnoc\o`sdno`_dig\o`idi`o``ioc*^`i*
opmtOpi_nq\gg\nm`g\odq`nj^d\ghj]dgdotamjha\oc`mojnji+Pc`T*\sdn
dn oc` a\oc`m$n `^jijhd^ n`^ojm \o oc` odh` rc`i oc` nji g`ao oc`
cjpn`cjg_\i_oc`U*\sdndnoc`k`m^`io\b`jaoc`njinoc\oajpi_oc`dm
]`noj^^pk\odjidi^`mo\din`^ojmn+Pc`d]b_TRXUXTS^\o`bjmtdioc`P\]g`
ncjpg_) b`i`m\ggt) ]` dio`mkm`o`_ \n ä_jrir\m_ã hj]dgdot) ndi^` do
h\digt ^jindnon ja j^^pk\odji\g odog`n gdf` ärjmf`mã rdocjpo \it
\oo\^ch`io oj \nk`^dad^ `^jijhd^ n`^ojm+ P\]g` 0 dn \gnj ^\g^pg\o`_
amjhoc``iodm`h\g`kjkpg\odjijaOpi_nq\ggrc`m`r`c\q`]jococ`
j^^pk\odjijaoc`a\oc`m\i_oc`j^^pk\odjijaoc`nji+
) . 2 5 )
IPQ[T*%?]cTa$VT]TaPcX^]P[\^QX[XchX]Hd]SbeP[[PRR^aSX]Vc^TR^]^$
\XRbTRc^ab# (/-'$(/0,%8^cWUPcWTa bP]Sb^] b^RRd_PcX^]X]cWT_PaXbW
aTVXbcTab!D:.''"
N[Yjeh A_i^_d] DdZkijho OhWZ[ OhWdifehj KkXb_Y Kh_lWj[ Pdif[Y WdZ\Whc_d] WdZYhW\j i[hl_Y[i i[hl_Y[i A_i^_d] WdZ\Whc_d] /.*0 -2*. 3*0 0*0 0*0 -*1 //*4
DdZkijhoWdZYhW\j 0*- 0,*5 1*1 5*1 1 -*4 //*.
OhWZ[ -3*. --*4 /1*1 /*. 5*3 .*. .,*0
OhWdifehj 0*0 -/*/ 4*5 .2*3 0*0 4*5 /1*0
KkXb_Yi[hl_Y[i 0*5 -/*0 5*4 -.*. ./*. -*. /1*0
Kh_lWj[i[hl_Y[
Pdif[Y 2*/ ..*5 1*. 4*/ 2*4 - 05*1
Eioc`ajggjrdibr`rdggjigt^jhh`iojioc`ocm``h\dibmjpkn
oc\o \m`pi_`mnop_tdiocdn \mod^g`+ ?]SdbcahP]SRaPUcrcd^ch\digt
di^gp_`oc`c\i_d^m\aonâh\no`mn)ejpmi`th`i)\kkm`iod^`n\i_rjmf*
`mnândi^`oc`ojrii`q`mc\_\g\mb`di_pnomtjadonjri)dn\i`s\hkg`
ja\om\_`oc\or\nhjm`ä^gjn`_ãoc\ioc`joc`mocm``+1-+6k`m^`ioja
oc`njinm`h\di`_dioc`n\h``^jijhd^n`^ojm\noc`dma\oc`m+Odi^`
oc`c\i_d^m\aondiqjgq`_c\qdibnk`^dad^nfdggn)ocdndndigdi`rdocrc\o
r`c\q`km`qdjpngtj]n`mq`_+Pc`joc`mn`^ojmoc\om`^`dq`_njinamjh
a\oc`mndidi_pnomt\i_^m\aondi\m`g\odq`gtcdbc_`bm``r\ncaP]b_^ac
P]S R^\\d]XRPcX^]b) rcd^c di \ kjmo ojri gdf` Opi_nq\gg h\digt
di^gp_`_j^^pk\odji\godog`ngdf`nfdkk`mn)n`\*^\ko\din\i_ncdknjaad*
^`mn+ 6+2 k`m^`io adi\ggt h\_` oc`dm gdq`gdcjj_dioc\o n`^ojm+ Pc`m`
`sdno`_\^g`\mgdif]`or``iocjn`orjn`^ojmn+Ear`o\f`\]md`agjjf
\ocaP]b_^acP]SR^\\d]XRPcX^]b#oc`njinamjhocdn^\o`bjmtam`lp`io*
gt`io`m`_X]SdbcahP]SRaPUcb% Pc`joc`mn`^ojmn janj^d`otm`h\di`_
m`g\odq`gt^gjn`_ojnjinamjhdi_pnomt\i_^m\ao+=a`rjaoc`hr`io
diojcaPST\i__dQ[XRbTaeXRTbâ2+2\i_2k`m^`io)m`nk`^odq`gt+Kioc`
joc`m c\i_ oc`n` orj n`^ojmn ^jiomd]po`_ oj \ g\mb`m `so`io rdoc
di_pnomt\i_^m\aon+ .0+1k`m^`iojanjinamjhkp]gd^n`mqd^`n\i_..+5
k`m^`ioamjhoc`om\_`nr`iodiojdi_pnomt\i_^m\aon+D`m`r`c\q`
\i`s\hkg`jahjm`ji`*r\tm`g\o`_gdifn+ Djr`q`m)hjnojaoc`njin
rcj^jpg_ijom`h\didioc`n\h``^jijhd^n`^ojm\noc`dma\oc`mc\_
) . 3 , )
_jrir\m_nj^d\g hj]dgdot\i_`i_`_pkdioc`d]b_TRXUXTS^\o`bjmt)
00+5k`m^`io+
Ear`opmijpm\oo`iodjiojoc`om\_`n)r`^\iji^`\b\di^jiadmh
oc\odor\n\iäjk`iãn`^ojm)ndi^`dodi^gp_`_]jocncjk*jri`mn\i_
c\rf`mn\i_nom``o*n`gg`mn+Djr`q`m)dor\njk`ijigtdiji`_dm`^odji) d+`+ amjhoc`om\_`noj joc`mn`^ojmndigj^\gnj^d`ot+Oodgg)h\itnjin
m`h\di`_ di oc`dm a\oc`mçn n`^ojm â 02+2 k`m^`io+ Pc`dm _jrir\m_
hj]dgdotr\noc`gjr`no\hjib\gg`^jijhd^n`^ojmndiOpi_nq\gg)jigt
/-+1 k`m^`io `i_`_ pk di oc` d]b_TRXUXTS^\o`bjmt+ Pc` ^gjn`no gdif
`sdno`_ rdocUXbWX]V P]SUPa\X]V %.4+/ k`m^`io&) ]po \b\di do r\n
]\nd^\ggt\ji`*r\t^jhhpid^\odjiâ'jigt4+1k`m^`iojaoc`njinja
adnc`mh`i \i_ a\mh`mn ]`^\h` diqjgq`_ di oc` om\_`n+ Pc` joc`m
m`g\odq`gtnomjibgdifn]`or``ioc`om\_`n\i_oc`joc`mn`^ojmnr`m`
rdocX]SdbcahP]SRaPUcbâ..+5k`m^`ioâ\b\dijigtdiji`_dm`^odji)
\i__dQ[XRbTaeXRTb %6+4 k`m^`io&+ Djr`q`m) dioc` n`^ji_^\n`oc`m`
`sdno`_ \ hpop\g `s^c\ib`7 6+5 k`m^`io jaoc`njin jaa\oc`mn dioc`
kp]gd^n`mqd^`n \gnj r`io dioj om\_`+ Pm\inkjmo \i_^jhhpid^\odji
\i_kmdq\o`n`mqd^`nm`h\di`_^gjn`_\^odqdod`nojoc`njinjaom\_`nh`i)
rc`m` jigt \ nh\gg am\^odji ajpi_ oc`dm gdq`gdcjj_+ Djr`q`m) 5+6
k`m^`iojanjinamjhom\inkjmo\i_^jhhpid^\odjinr`iodiojom\_`)
njdor\nijo^gjn`_di]joc_dm`^odjin+
Bdi\ggt)r`rdgggjjf\odio`m*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdot]`or``i`^j*
ijhd^n`^ojmnajmoc`_dQ[XRbTaeXRTb)rc`m`r`adi_oc`h\ejmdotoc`
rcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mndiOpi_nq\gg+Pjo\ggtdigdi`rdocrc\or`c\q`
ajpi_`\mgd`m) oc`kp]gd^n`mqd^`r\n\i äjk`iãn`^ojm) jao`idi]joc
_dm`^odjin+ N`g\odq`gt a`r ja oc` njin ja a\oc`mn di kp]gd^ n`mqd^`
m`h\di`_dioc`n\h`n`^ojmâjigt/0+/k`m^`io+I\itjaoc`h)02+1
k`m^`ioc\__jrir\m_hj]dgdot+ =ghjno`lp\ggtg\mb`kmjkjmodjin
ja oc`h r`io jq`m oj di_pnomt \i_ ^m\ao %.0+1 k`m^`io&) om\_` %6+5
k`m^`io&\i_om\inkjmo\i_^jhhpid^\odjin%./+/k`m^`io&+Djr`q`m)
dor\nm`g\odq`gt^gjn`_dioc`joc`m_dm`^odji+Pm\inkjmo\i_^jhhp*
id^\odji^jiomd]po`_rdoc1+1k`m^`io\i_di_pnomt\i_^m\aonrdoc2
k`m^`io+ =n h`iodji`_ \]jq` oc` ^gjn`no \dcdP[gdifn `sdno`_rdoc
om\_`+/-
) .3- )
?]caP$VT]TaPcX^]P[\^QX[Xch
Rd`rdibdiom\*b`i`m\odji\g hj]dgdotamjhorj_daa`m`iok`mnk`^odq`n
dn kjnnd]g`+ Bdmno) ji` ^\i \nfoc` lp`nodji7 Scjr\n m`^mpdo`_oj \
nk`^dad^hd__g`^g\nnj^^pk\odji<Pj\inr`mnp^c\lp`nodjir`^jh*
k\m` \i di_dqd_p\gçn g\no %jm ]`no& j^^pk\odji\g odog` rdoc cdn admno+
O`^ji_)ji`^\i\nfoc`lp`nodji7Sc\o]`^\h`jaocjn`rcjno\mo`_
oc`dm^\m``mndi\hd__g`^g\nnj^^pk\odji<Einp^c\^\n`r`^jhk\m`
oc`admnoj^^pk\odjirdococ`g\no+Pc`orj\kkmj\^c`nrdggj]qdjpngt
_`\g rdoc _daa`m`io kjkpg\odjin \i_ dia`m ojo\ggt _daa`m`io \inr`mn+
Ki`rjpg_`sk`^ooc\oocjn`orjh`ocj_nrjpg_^ji^`\ghp^cjaoc`
_ti\hd^ndinj^d\g\i_,jmj^^pk\odji\ghj]dgdot)]podiocdn\mod^g`r`
c\q`^cjn`iojaj^pnjigtjim`^mpdoh`iohj]dgdot+
Eioc`gdbcojaoc`]js*kgjodiBdbpm`.r`m`\gdu`oc\ooc`\q`m\b`
iph]`m ja j^^pk\odji\g ^c\ib`n dn lpdo` a`r TeT] dar` aj^pn jpm
\oo`iodjijidi_dqd_p\gnrcjnk`i_\ghjnooc`dm`iodm`gda`diOpi_n*
q\gg+=i\q`m\b`jaocm``omp`j^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`ndnm`^jm_`_ajmoc\o
nk`^dad^k\mojaoc`hd__g`^g\nnkjkpg\odji+Eioc`ajggjrdib)r`c\q`
TgR[dSTSocjn`rcj nk`io g`nn oc\i adq`t`\mn di oc` ojriamjh oc`
\i\gtndn+=nr`c\q`h`iodji`_`\mgd`m%Bdbpm`/&r`c\q`kgjoo`_oc`
odh`dit`\mn_pmdibrcd^cjpmkjkpg\odji^\i]`j]n`mq`_]`or``i
oc`dmadmno\i_g\noj^^pk\odji+=ao`mhjm`oc\iadq`t`\mn\ao`moc`admno
j^^pk\odji\g j]n`mq\odji) \kkmjsdh\o`gt 05 k`m^`io ja oc` h\no`m
\modn\inm`h\di`_dioc`ojri+=hjiboc`gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn
2-k`m^`iom`h\di`_+10k`m^`iojaoc`ncjkf``k`mnr`m`nodggkm`n`io
\ao`madq`t`\mn+EiBdbpm`1\*^jpmdhh`_d\o`j]n`mq\odjidnoc`g\mb`
_daa`m`i^`dioc`m`^mpdoh`iok\oo`mi]`or``ioc`ncjkf``k`mn\i_oc`
joc`morjbmjpkn+Oo\modibrdocBdbpm`1\)ocjn`oc\oadi\ggth\i\b`_
oj`no\]gdncoc`hn`gq`n\nncjkf``k`mn^\h`amjh\q`mthds`_nj^d\g
]\^fbmjpi_+ Pc` m`o\dg om\_` di Opi_nq\gg ^jpg_ di ocdn m`nk`^o ]`
_`n^md]`_ \n \i äjk`iã j^^pk\odji) ndi^` don h`h]`mn ^\h` amjh \
]mj\_nj^d\gnk`^omph+=hjibncjkf``k`mn1-+0k`m^`ior`m`m`^mpd*
o`_amjhgjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn+Oodgg)dokmj]\]gth`\iooc\ooc`t
c\_njh`fdi_ja`\mgd`m`sk`md`i^`amjhoc`m`o\dgom\_`+ Pc`^\m``m
jaFjc\iH\i_bm`i)]jmi .516diOpi_nq\gg)n`mq`n\n\i`s\hkg`+D`
no\mo`_\n\bW^_PbbXbcP]cdi .541+Bdq`t`\mng\o`mc`\_q\i^`_ojoc`
kjndodji jaQ^^ZZTT_Ta% Ei oc` hd__g` jaoc` .55-n c`no\mo`_\i`r
) . 3 . )
^\m``m\n\R^\\TaRXP[PVT]c\i_di.560c`adi\ggth\i\b`_ojjk`i\
m`o\dgncjkjacdnjri+
N`o\dgdibr\n \gnj jk`iajmk`jkg` amjhoc`rjmfdib^g\nn %.5+3
k`m^`io&)rcd^chdmmjmnoc`a\^ooc\oijnk`^dad^nfdggr\ni``_`_+ Eo
r\n\gnjpnp\ggtdi`sk`indq`ojjk`i\nh\ggncjk+/.Kigt4+6k`m^`io
jaoc`ncjkf``k`mnc\_\i`\mgd`m`sk`md`i^`dioc`c\i_d^m\aon)`doc`m
\nh\no`m\modn\injmejpmi`th`i+K]qdjpngt)oc`ndop\odjidiOpi_n*
q\gg_daa`m`_amjhoc`a\hdgd\mk\oo`miajpi_dijoc`mApmjk`\i^dod`n
rc`m`h\ith\no`m\modn\ing`aooc`dmom\_dodji\gajmhjakmj_p^odji
\i_dino`\_no\mo`_ojn`gg\i_m`k\dmdi_pnomd\gkmj_p^`_kmj_p^on+//
Bdi\ggt) i`\mgtji`ocdm_ %0/+4k`m^`io& jaoc`ncjkf``k`mnno\mo`_\n
ncjkf``k`mn+
Pc`nj^d\g k\oo`mirdocdioc` c\i_d^m\aonncjrnoc\on`ga*m`^mpdo*
h`io kg\t`_ \ ndbidad^\io mjg`+ 06+1 k`m^`io no\mo`_ oc`dm ^\m``mn \n
h\no`m\modn\in\i_/1+-\nejpmi`th`i %Bdbpm`1]&+Pc`c\i_d^m\aon
r`m`km\^od^\ggt^gjn`_oj\itji``gn`amjhoc`hd__g`^g\nn+N`^mpdo*
h`ioamjhjpond_`oc`dmjrim\ifn^\h``s^gpndq`gtamjhoc`rjmfdib
^g\nndiOpi_nq\gg %0/+/k`m^`io&+=hjibh\no`m\modn\inr`\gnjadi_
am`lp`io^c\ib`ndiodog`n)]jocpkr\m_n\i__jrir\m_njioc`nj^d\g
n^\g`7Amino>dgg]`mbdiOpi_nq\ggno\mo`_cdn^\m``m\n\iP__aT]cXRTdi
.54.+Prjt`\mng\o`mc`r\n`hkgjt`_\n\QadbW\PZTa%H\o`m)dioc`
n\h`t`\m)c`]`^\h`\bPSS[Ta%Ei.546c`c\_^c\ib`_cdnj^^pk\odji
ojcP]]Ta)jigtojm`\kk`\m\n\bPSS[Tadi.55-+=ndhdg\mk\oo`mi^\i
]` j]n`mq`_ ajmF\^j] @\cg) rcj r\n `hkgjt`_ di .551 \n \ QadbW
\PZTa% Djr`q`m) cdn^\m``m\nQadbW\PZTa`i_`_\ao`mji`t`\m\i_
c`]`^\h`\iX]ST_T]ST]cR^__Tab\XcW%Pcm``t`\mng\o`mc`r\najm^`_
jpo ja]pndi`nn \i_c\n oj n``f`hkgjth`io\n \R^__Tab\XcW% Pc\o
`hkgjth`iog\no`_jigtji`t`\m\i_c`omd`_ojadi_cdnajmopi`\n\
VaX]STa% Bdi\ggt) di .55-) c` r\n \b\di ]\^f oj cdn jg_ om\_` \n \i
X]ST_T]ST]cR^__Tab\XcW%
=hjiboc`gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn diOpi_nq\ggr`adi_oc`
g\mb`nokmjkjmodjijan`ga*m`^mpdoh`io%Bdbpm`1^&+Pcjpbcoc`tno\mo`_
`\midiboc`dmgdq`gdcjj_q`mttjpibâ/2+.t`\mnâ4.+.k`m^`io]joc
no\mo`_ \i_ `i_`_oc`dm j^^pk\odji\g ^\m``mn \n gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\m
rjmf`mn+ Djr`q`m) \ghjno \adaoc %.6+0 k`m^`io& r\n m`^mpdo`_amjh
oc`rjmfdib^g\nnkjkpg\odji+R`mta`rr`m`m`^mpdo`_amjhoc`joc`m
j^^pk\odji\gn`^ojmnjanj^d`ot+=otkd^\g`s\hkg`jaoc`m`^mpdoh`io
k\oo`mi dn @\id`g =nkgpi_+ D` no\mo`_ cdn ^\m``m di Opi_nq\gg \n \
) . 3 / )
S^\TbcXRbTaeP]cdi.540+Ei.546c`r\nm`^jm_`_\n\f^aZTa\i_oc`i)
di oc` n\h` t`\m) c` ]`^\h` \ _^[XRT ^UUXRTa+ =nkgpi_ r\n adi\ggt
m`^jm_`_\n\bP]XcPahX]b_TRc^adiOpi_nq\ggdi.551)\q`mtdhkjmo\io
kjndodjidioc`pm]\i`iqdmjih`io+Bmjhocdn`s\hkg`r`g`\mioc\o
oc`kjnnd]dgdotjaomp`nj^d\g hj]dgdotr\nhjm`kmjijpi^`_\hjib
gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mrjmf`mn+
<XVdaT+P$R%?]caP$VT]TaPcX^]P[\^QX[Xch+GTRadXc\T]c_PccTa]b%
BRXYTOOYOZ[
:X]ZWOaVOW O\M
%"'
=K[\OZKZ\S[KW[
2*2!
BRXYTOOYOZ[
'&"+
? \ROZMUK[[O[
%,"*
7KM\XZa X_WOZ[
"(
<X_OZ_RS\O MXUUKZ
($"'
) . 3 0 )
=K[\OZKZ\S[KW[
:X]ZWOaVOW O\M
&("$ JJJJJJJJJJ
?\ROZMUK[[O[
7KM\XZaX_WOZ[
*&!
<X_OZ_RS\O MXUUKZ
=K[\OZKZ\S[KW[
'-"( JJJJJJJJJ BRSYVK[\OZ[
!"
FRS\O!MXUUKZ_XZTOZ[
:X]ZWOaVOW O\M
&")
=K[\OZKZ\S[KW[
'")f#M 7S[ROZVOW
"'
BRXYTOOYOZ[
%"-
<X_OZ_RS\O MXUUKZ
+%"%
?\ROZ MUK[[O[
JJJJJJJJ %-"'
7KM\XZa X_WOZ[
JJJJJJJJJJJ %"(
) . 3 1 )
Pc`ojo\g iph]`m jaj^^pk\odji\g ^c\ib`n _daa`m`_^jind_`m\]gt
]`or``i _daa`m`io j^^pk\odji\g bmjpkn+ Odi^`oc`gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\m
rjmf`mnno\mo`_oc`dm^\m``mlpdo``\mgtdigda`)oc`t\gnjm`^jm_`_oc`
cdbc`noiph]`mjaodog`n+EiBdbpm`2]`gjrr`^\in``oc\oocdndnoc`
^\n` di Opi_nq\gg7 oc` gjr`m oc` ^pmq`) oc` cdbc`m oc` iph]`m ja
j^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`n+Jjonpmkmdndibgt)oc`ncjkf``k`mnrcjno\mo`_
oc`dm ]pndi`nn g\o` di gda` \i_ pnp\ggt c\_ oj dic`mdo oc` ]pndi`nn)
`sk`md`i^`_ m`g\odq`gta`r^c\ib`n di gda`+ Djr`q`m) r` hpno \b\di
nom`nnoc`a\^ooc\ooc`gjr`mhd__g`^g\nndiOpi_nq\ggr\n^c\m\^o`mdu`_
]t\cdbc_`bm``jaR[PbbbcPQX[Xch%Ojh`odh`noc`tr`m`ajm^`_oj^c\ib`
j^^pk\odjin)]pooc`dmnj^d\gkjndodjirdocdigj^\gnj^d`otjao`im`h\d*
i`_dio\^o+
<XVdaT,+Dd\QTa^U^RRd_PcX^]P[RWP]VTbfXcWX]cWT\XSS[TR[PbbX]
Hd]SbeP[[
v â ) @ K oc ` mj ^ ^ p k \ odj i n â * T â H j r `mr c do`*^j gg\m â í â O c j k f ` ` k ` m n * * = * *I \ n o` m\ m odn \ i n v
.-- P
5, *
^{
jÉ
\ 3, >
11 *
1,
-*,, .*,, /*,, 0*,, 1*,, 2*,, 3*,, 4*,,
Jjaj^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`n
) . 3 2 )
Bdi\ggt)r`rdgggjjf\odiom\*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdotrc`m`r`jigt
aj^pnjiom\indodjin]`or``iom\_`n)m\oc`moc\inj^d\g^c\ib`n+=ndi
oc`km`qdjpn `s\hkg` jadio`m*j^^pk\odji\gb`i`m\odji\g hj]dgdot) da
\idi_dqd_p\g`i_ncdn^\m``mdi)ajmdino\i^`)oc`om\_`n)oc`iamjhrc\o
n`^ojmdi nj^d`ot _d_c` no\mo< =b\di) oc`kpmkjn`dn oj `i\]g` pnoj
^jinomp^ok\ocnjaj^^pk\odji\g^\m``mn\i_i`orjmfndi\apopm`no\b`
jaocdnkmje`^o+ Ei P\]g`1r`adi_oc`n\h`_dqdndji dioj `^jijhd^
n`^ojmn\ndiP\]g`0+
IPQ[T++?]caP$VT]TaPcX^]P[\^QX[XchX]Hd]SbeP[[PRR^aSX]Vc^TR^]^$
\XRbTRc^ab# (/-'$(/0,+FTab^]_aTbT]cX]Hd]SbeP[[Pc[TPbc,hTPabQT$
cfTT]UXabcaTR^aSTS^RRd_PcX^]P]S[PbcaTR^aSTS^RRd_PcX^]%!D4+/,0"%
N[Yjeh A_i^_d] DdZkijho OhWZ[ OhWdifeh jKkXb_Y Kh_lWj[ Pdif[Y WdZ\Whc_d] WdZYhW\j i[hl_Y[i i[hl_Y[i
A_i^_d]WdZ\Whc_d] 24*/ /*1 -,*0 .*3 -*/ , -/*5
DdZkijhoWdZYhW\j 1*. 20*. ,*4 .*- -*- ,*1 .2*-
OhWZ[ 1 2*- 01*4 .*0 0*0 -2*0 -5*4
OhWdifehj 5*. 1*1 .*- 2-*1 0*1 .*0 -0*5
KkXb_Yi[hl_Y[i 3 3*. 2*4 --*- 05*4 -*3 -2*0
Kh_lWj[i[hl_Y[ , 0 0 , . 3, .,
Pdif[Y ./*/ 2*- -*0 /*/ .*4 -*2 2-*0
Oo\modibrdocdi_pnomt\i_^m\aon) r` adi_oc\o do dn \q`mtno\]g`
`^jijhd^n`^ojmrcd^cdndigdi`rdocrc\or`ajpi_ajmj^^pk\odji\g
diom\*b`i`m\odji\ghj]dgdotâ31+/k`m^`iom`h\di`_dioc`n\h`n`^ojm
ocmjpbcjpooc`dm^\m``m+ Pc`gdifnrdocjoc`mn`^ojmnr`m`q`mtr`\f+
Ojh`jaoc`hr`m`m`^mpdo`_amjhoc`m\ifnjaadncdib\i_a\mhdib)
]pooc`k`m^`io\b`â2+/âdnq`mtnh\gg+Pc`g\mb`nom`^mpdoh`io]\n`
^\h`amjhoc`pink`^dad`_^\o`bjmt)rcd^cdiopmic\_donn`^ji_*^gj*
n`nogdifrdocdi_pnomt\i_^m\aon)\gocjpbcji\q`mtnh\ggn^\g`)3+.
k`m^`io+
) . 3 3 )
=b\di) om\_` %hjnogt m`o\dgdib) rcjg`n\g`) `o^+& kmjq` oj ]`q`mt
jk`irc`ido^ji^`minoc`m`^mpdoh`iok\oo`mi+N`g\odq`gta`râ12+5
k`m^`ioâno\mo`_diom\_`\i_`i_`_diom\_`+Opmkmdndibgt)don^gjn`no
gdifn`sdno`_]`or``ikmdq\o`n`mqd^`n%.3+1k`m^`io&\i_oc`pink`^dad*
`_n`^ojm%.6+5k`m^`io&)]podor\n\ji`*r\t^jhhpid^\odji+Pc`n`
n`^ojmnjigtm`^mpdo`_1+-\i_.+1k`m^`io)m`nk`^odq`gt)amjhoc`om\_`n+
Lp]gd^n`mqd^`r\noc`hjnoäjk`iãn`^ojmjajpmocm``om\_`n+ 16+5
k`m^`iom`h\di`_dioc`n\h`n`^ojmocmjpbcjpooc`dm^\m``m+>`nd_`n
m`^mpdodib .3+1 k`m^`io amjh oc` pink`^dad`_ ^\o`bjmt) don h`h]`mn
^\h`amjh`q`mtjoc`mn`^ojmdigj^\gnj^d`ot+Pm\inkjmo\i_^jhhp*
id^\odjir\noc`g\mb`no^jiomd]pojmrdoc..+.k`m^`io+Pc`jigt^gjn`_
m`^mpdoh`io]\n`r\noc\oamjhkmdq\o`n`mqd^`n)rdocjigt.+4k`m^`io)
rcd^cdnnjh`rc\onpmkmdndib+=b\didor\n\m`^mpdoh`iodijigtji`
_dm`^odji+Ei_pnomt\i_^m\aojigtm`^mpdo`_.+.k`m^`ioamjhoc`kp]gd^
n`mqd^`n\i_om\_`jigt1+1+Pc`\i\gtndnkjdiondioc`n\h`_dm`^odji
\n jpmkm`qdjpn m`npgon+ Lp]gd^n`mqd^`b\q`\ijkkjmopidotoj \qjd_
nj^d\g _`bm\_\odjirc`iocdibnr`io ]\_gtdioc`joc`mn`^ojmn) ]po
k`jkg` r`m` n`g_jh m`^mpdo`_Ua^\ oc` kp]gd^ n`mqd^`n dioj joc`m
n`^ojmnjaoc`gj^\g`^jijhtdiOpi_nq\gg+
4XWMU]NSWQ ZOVKZT[
A\mgd`mm`n`\m^c c\n`hkc\ndu`_oc`dino\]dgdotjanh\gg]pndi`nn)d+`+
oc` m`o\dg om\_` \i_ oc` c\i_d^m\aon+ I\it ncjkf``k`mn \i_ h\no`m
\modn\ingdq`_pi_`mm`g\odq`gtkjjm^dm^phno\i^`n)rcd^ch`\iooc\o
oc`tr`m`q`mtqpgi`m\]g`ojo`hkjm\mt`^jijhd^^mdn`n+Pc`tam`lp*
`iogtr`io]\ifmpko\i_oc`ncjkf``k`mjmoc`h\no`m\modn\ic\_oj
n``f`hkgjth`ionjh`rc`m``gn`+=gnj)`\mgd`mm`n`\m^cc\nnom`nn`_
oc\ooc`k`mdj_dircd^cncjkf``k`mn\i_h\no`m\modn\inr`m`o`hkj*
m\mdgtjpoja]pndi`nnr\nm`g\odq`gtncjmo+Pc`m`ajm`)h\no`m\modn\in
\i_ncjkf``k`mn^jhhjigtomd`_ojadi_\go`mi\o``hkgjth`ionajm
oc`dm njin \i_ _\pbco`mn jpond_` oc` m`o\dg om\_` \i_ c\i_d^m\aon+/0
Qnp\ggt) oc`n` \go`mi\odq`n h`\io oc\o oc`t njpbco oc`dm kmjqdndji
rdocdioc`gjr`mrcdo`*^jgg\mj^^pk\odjin+Pcdnh`\io)di\n`in`)oc\o
oc`t^jpg_f``k oc`dmnj^d\gno\opnrdocjpo]`dibnp]e`^o`_ojnj^d\g
_`bm\_\odji+
) . 3 4 )
Ei jpmnop_tr` c\q` ajpi_oc\o jigtoc` m`o\dg om\_` _dnkg\t`_
_daad^pgod`n dic\i_dibjq`moc` ]pndi`nn amjhji`b`i`m\odjiojoc`
joc`m+ Djr`q`m) ji^` oc` m`g\odq`gt a`r njin ja ncjkf``k`mn c\_
h\i\b`_ oj `no\]gdnc oc`hn`gq`n di oc` m`o\dg om\_` oc`tr`m` lpdo`
np^^`nnapg di m`h\didib di oc`m`+ Eo dn gdf`gt oc\o oc` `sk\indji ja
Opi_nq\gg dioj\g\mb`^`iom`ajmom\_`\i_^jhh`m^`dioc`n\rhdgg
_dnomd^o jk`i`_ pk kjnnd]dgdod`n oc\o i`q`m j^^pmm`_ di joc`mojrin+
I\no`m \modn\in _dnkg\t`_ \ npmkmdndibgtno\]g` k\oo`mi di Opi_nq\gg+
J`\mgt1-k`m^`iojaoc`njinjah\no`m\modn\inâijo^jpiodibocjn`
oc\o`i_`_pkjigt\nejpmi`th`iâm`h\di`_dioc`n\h`om\_`\i_
oc`t n`g_jh g`ao oc` c\i_d^m\aon+ Eo npbb`non oc\o di_pnomd\gdu\odji
c\m_gt\aa`^o`_oc`c\i_d^m\aondioc`ojri+Pc`n\rhdggdi_pnomti`q`m
]`^\h`\m`\gocm`\oojgj^\g^m\aonh`idiOpi_nq\gg]`^\pn`dor\nnj
_daa`m`io amjh om\_dodji\g c\i_d^m\ao kmj_p^odji+ =gnj) ji` ^jpg_
nk`^pg\o` oc\o ndi^` oc` n\rhdggn m`^mpdo`_ oc`dm g\]jpm ajm^` amjh
jpond_` oc` ojri oc`m` r\n ij m`\g ^jhk`ododji ajm g\]jpm+ Pc`
jkkjmopidod`n ajm oc` c\i_d^m\aon \i_ m`g\o`_ om\_`n \gnj kmj]\]gt
di^m`\n`_ ]`^\pn` ja oc` adm` di .555+ Pc` hjno j]qdjpn bmjpk oj
`sk\i_dioc`g\no_`^\_`jaoc`^`iopmtr\noc`]pdg_dibom\_`)rdoc
ndibg`j^^pk\odjingdf`\PbcTaQdX[STa\i_ \PbcTaRPa_T]cTa7
Opi_nq\gLn`sk\indjidioj\h\ejm^jhh`m^d\g^`iom`\gnjh`\io
oc\ooc`^dqdgn`mqd^`\i_oc`kmdq\o``hkgjth`ion`^ojmnbm`rm\kd_gt+
Pc`m`ajm`)m`h\didibdioc`n\h``^jijhd^n`^ojm\noc`dma\oc`mnr\n
`\nt ajm njin ja gjr`m rcdo`*^jgg\m rjmf`mn+ Pc` `sk\indji \gnj
jk`i`_pk`s^`gg`iojkkjmopidod`najmj^^pk\odji\g\i_nj^d\g\_q\i*
^`h`io+Bjmdino\i^`)r`jao`iadi_oc\onjinja^g`mfn\_q\i^`_dioj
kjndodjin rdocdi oc` pkk`m `^c`gjin ja rcdo`*^jgg\m `hkgjth`io+
Odhpgo\i`jpngt)oc`n`^ojmn`mq`_ojm`n^p`ocjn`dijoc`mhd__g`^g\nn
j^^pk\odjin rcj rjpg_ joc`mrdn` c\q` `sk`md`i^`_nj^d\g _`bm\_\*
odji+=n\bmjpk)oc`gjr`mhd__g`^g\nndiOpi_nq\ggr\n^c\m\^o`mdu`_
]tno\]dgdot+K^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`nj^^pmm`_amjha\oc`mojnji)]podo
n`g_jhh`\io\^c\ib`di^g\nnkjndodji+?\m``mhj]dgdot%diocdn\mod^g`
\i\gtn`_ \n m`^mpdoh`io hj]dgdot& \gnj ncjr`_ oc` n\h` cdbc ^g\nn
no\]dgdot+
Bdi\ggt) oc`nop_tjaoc`hd__g`^g\nndiOpi_nq\ggkjdionojg\mb`
_daa`m`i^`n]`or``ij^^pk\odji\g^c\ib`n\i_^c\ib`njanj^d\gkjnd*
odji+Ojh`di_dqd_p\gn^c\ib`_oc`dmj^^pk\odji\godog`n`q`m\godh`n)
]poâ\nr`epnoc\q`pi_`mgdi`_âÇoc`tn`g_jh^c\ib`_oc`dmno\opn+
) . 3 5 )
Pc`m`r\n \^g`\mm`g\odjincdk ]`or``ioc`iph]`mjaj^^pk\odji\g
^c\ib`n \i_ oc` odh`nk\i ]`or``i oc` admno \i_ oc` g\no m`^jm_`_
j^^pk\odji+ Pcdndn\ghjno\ompdnh) ]podio`m`nodibgt`ijpbcdo_j`n
ijo bm`\ogt \aa`^o ^c\ib`n di nj^d\g kjndodjin+ Ear` c\_gdhdo`_ jpm
diq`nodb\odjioj ocjn`oc\o m`h\di`_diOpi_nq\ggajm\hdidhphja
o`it`\mn) dorjpg_ijoc\q`_m\h\od^\ggt^c\ib`_jpmm`npgon+Eiom\*
b`i`m\odji\g hj]dgdotk\oo`minrjpg_m`h\di \ghjnooc`n\h`dar`
dhkjn`_ g`nn`m m`nomd^odjin \i_ di^gp_`_ di_dqd_p\gn rcj c\_ jigt
m`h\di`_diOpi_nq\ggajm.*1t`\mn+Djr`q`m)ocdnadi_dibhdbco]`
q`mtnk`^dad^ajmhd__g`^g\nnj^^pk\odjindiOpi_nq\gg+Pc`ctkjoc`ndn
i``_n oj ]` o`no`_ ji joc`m j^^pk\odji\g bmjpkn di oc`ojri+ Pcdn
\mod^g`dnjigt\o`io\odq`gjjf\ooc`nj^d\g^c\ib`ndiOpi_nq\gg\i_
oc`r\tdircd^cnj^d\gi`orjmfn\_\ko`_ojpm]\idu\odji\i_di_pno*
md\gdu\odjidijm_`majmdonh`h]`mnojh\dio\dijmdhkmjq`oc`dm^g\nn
kjndodjin+
) . 4 , )
>X\O[
.+ Amdfnji)N+\i_Cjg_ocjmk`)F+D+) IWT9^]bcP]c<[dg17bcdSh^U
R[Pbb\^QX[XchX]X]SdbcaXP[b^RXTcXTb#?g\m`i_jiLm`nn)Ksajm_.66/+
O``\gnj O\q\b`) I+) äOj^d\g hj]dgdot\i_ ^g\nn \i\gtndn7 =i`r
\b`i_\ajmnj^d\gcdnojmt<ã)H^RXP[>Xbc^ah) .661+
/+ Cjg_ocjmk`)F+D+)äEio`gg`^op\gn\i_oc`rjmfdib^g\nndihj_`mi
>mdo\diã) Ei Njn`) @ %A_+&) H^RXP[ bcaPcXUXRPcX^] P]S TR^]^\XR
RWP]VT# .655+
0+ Ijm`hj_`mirjmfjiocdnnp]e`^o\m`)ajm`s\hkg`)C?mjnnd^f
#D*CD\pko%`_n&)HW^_ZTT_TabP]S\PbcTaPacXbP]bX]]X]TcTT]cW$
RT]cdah ;da^_T% Hji_ji .6518 Rjgfjq) O) IWT aXbT ^U_^_d[Pa
P]cX\^ST\Xb\X]=Ta\P]h+Lmdi^`oji.6468Jjm_)L)FPaXbbW^_$
ZTT_TabP]ScWT_^[XcXRb^ UaTbT]c\T]c%Lmdi^`oji .6538Odi^` .66.
PjhAmd^nnjidnc`\_ja\Jjm_d^m`n`\m^ckmje`^oä.--t`\mnrdoc
oc` hd__g` ^g\nn+ Pc` hd__g` ^g\nn di oc` Jjm_d^ ^jpiomd`n
.51-*.61- adi\i^`_]tJKO*D+
1+ Pc`ad`g_c\nijo]``i`iodm`gti`bg`^o`_+O``ajm`s\hkg`O``ajm
`s\hkg`D G\`g]g`%cmnb&)=TbRWXRWcTSTab^iXP[T]C^QX[XclcbTXcSTa
X]SdbcaXT[[T]GTe^[dcX^]%G}idbno`di.645\i_oc`m`a`m`i^`nh\_`
oc`m`+
2+ O``ajmdino\i^` ?\mgnnji) C) H^RXP[\^QX[XchP]SR[PbbbcadRcdaT#
Hpi_.625)\i_Amdfnji)N)F^[XcXRbP]SR[Pbb\^QX[Xch#Ooj^fcjgh
.651+
3+ O``ajm`s\hkg`D G\`g]g`%cmnb&)=TbRWXRWcTSTab^iXP[T]C^QX[Xclc
bTXcSTaX]SdbcaXT[[T]GTe^[dcX^]%G}idbno`di.645+
4+ As\hkg`njihjm`hj_`minop_d`n\m` Pjmno`i_\cg)N) :Xb_Ta$
bX^] ^UT]VX]TTab X] P caP]bXcX^]P[ b^RXTch% HfTSXbW cTRW]XRXP]b
(/-'$(0+'%Qkkn\g\.6428 Bgjmdi)?#AP\_T]^\ZPcTST\%Qh`{
.6548Amd^nnji) P)CT[[P]ZP_XcP[^RWPaQTcT% Qh`{.6558 Amd^n*
) . 4 - )
